flame shape hemorrhage normal nerve fiber layer shape hemorrhage drance hem normal nerve fiber layer...
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Flame Shape HemorrhageFlame Shape Hemorrhage
Drance Hem
Normal Nerve Fiber LayerNormal Nerve Fiber Layer
Wedge Shaped Nerve Fiber LayerWedge Shaped Nerve Fiber Layer
DefectDefect Visual Fields in GlaucomaVisual Fields in Glaucoma
Confirms glaucomaConfirms glaucoma
Severity of glaucoma: early, mild,Severity of glaucoma: early, mild,moderate & severemoderate & severe
PrognosisPrognosis
Effectiveness of treatmentEffectiveness of treatment
Rules out other causes that can mimicRules out other causes that can mimic
glaucomaglaucoma
Progression of Open-Angle GlaucomaProgression of Open-Angle Glaucoma
Symptoms as Seen Through the Eyes ofSymptoms as Seen Through the Eyes ofthe Patientthe Patient
This is an example of normal vision. It is also an example ofThis is an example of normal vision. It is also an example ofhow someone sees during the beginning stages of open-anglehow someone sees during the beginning stages of open-angle
glaucoma. Because there are no symptoms initially, regularglaucoma. Because there are no symptoms initially, regular
eye examinations are very important.eye examinations are very important.
Early Symptoms
Intermediate Symptoms
Advanced Symptoms
Early Symptoms
Early symptoms may include a gradual and oftenEarly symptoms may include a gradual and oftenimperceptableimperceptable failing of peripheral (side) vision. failing of peripheral (side) vision.
Intermediate Symptoms
Early Symptoms
As the disease progresses, the center of vision may still beAs the disease progresses, the center of vision may still beclear; however, peripheral vision begins to fail.clear; however, peripheral vision begins to fail.
Advanced Symptoms
Intermediate Symptoms
During the advanced stages of glaucoma, only a small centralDuring the advanced stages of glaucoma, only a small centralarea of vision remains. If the entire optic nerve is destroyed,area of vision remains. If the entire optic nerve is destroyed,
then total blindness will result.then total blindness will result.
Visual Field DefectsVisual Field Defects
•• Early/Mild: Nasal step or depression,Early/Mild: Nasal step or depression,
isolated isolated paracentralparacentral scotomasscotomas, or, ordiffuse depressiondiffuse depression
•• Moderate: Moderate: ArcuateArcuate BjerrumBjerrum scotomascotoma in in
one one hemifieldhemifield
•• Severe: Complete Severe: Complete arcuatearcuate scotomascotoma in in
both both hemifieldshemifields or or hemifieldhemifield altitudinal altitudinal
•• Far Advanced: Small central and/orFar Advanced: Small central and/ortemporal island of vision remainingtemporal island of vision remaining
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Worsening of Visual FieldsWorsening of Visual Fields
New defectsNew defects
Enlarging of original defectEnlarging of original defect
Deepening of original defectDeepening of original defect
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The SecondaryThe Secondary
GlaucomasGlaucomasPigmentaryPigmentary Dispersion Syndrome (PDS) Dispersion Syndrome (PDS)
Exfoliation Syndrome (XFS)Exfoliation Syndrome (XFS)
UveiticUveitic
Steroid InducedSteroid Induced
NeovascularNeovascular
Trauma: Trauma: HyphemaHyphema/Angle Recession/Angle Recession
PigmentaryPigmentary Glaucoma Glaucoma
4+ pigment in TM
Ciliary Body
Schwalbe’s line
XFS
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XFS
Angle Closure GlaucomaAngle Closure Glaucoma
Primary & Secondary ACG withPrimary & Secondary ACG with
pupillarypupillary block block
Primary & Secondary ACG withoutPrimary & Secondary ACG without
pupillarypupillary block block