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C++ Programming

Preliminaries


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Origins of C++

Creation started in 1979 by Bjarne Stroustrup

Initially called C with classes

In 1983 it was called C++

19791980s 1990s development and refinementof C++.

May 1990 C++ was released

1998 ANSI version of C++ was adopted

C++ is the object-oriented version of C.C++ began as a set of object-oriented extensions toC

Presently, C++ is twice the size of C, it is one of the

most powerful programming languages ever devised.


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What is OOP

OOP is a new way of approaching the job ofprogramming.

Evolution Binary machines toggle instructions

Assembly Language for larger programs, usessymbolic representations of the machineinstructions.

High level languages (fortran, 1stwidely usedlanguage)impressive step

1960s gave birth to structured programming


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OOP

Structured Programming Method encouraged by languages such as C and

Pascal

It made programming a lot easy Size problems (25K100K SLOC)

Object Oriented Programming Takes the best ideas of structured programming

and combines them with powerful, new conceptsthat encourage you to look at the task ofprogramming in a new perspective.


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OOP

Allows you to easily decompose aproblem into subgroups of related

parts.These subgroups can be translated intoself-contained units called objects.


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Objects

The single most important feature of anobject-oriented language.

An object is a logical entity containing dataand code that manipulates that data.

An object is a variable of a user-defined type.

Within an object some of the code or datamaybeprivateto the object and inaccessibleby anything outside the object.


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PrivateObject

Object provides a significant level ofprotection against accidental

modification or incorrect use.The linkage of code and data is oftenreferred to as encapsulation.

In OOP, when you define an object youare implicitly creating a new data type.


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Class

Class is the root of C++.

Before creating objects classes must be

defined first. (to instantiate)It can contain private (by default) andpublic parts

It is suggested to keep all data private.


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Polymorphism

It allows one name to be used for severalrelated but slightly different purposes.

The purpose is to let one name to be used tospecify a general class of action.

Depending upon what type of data it isdealing with, a specific instance of the

general case is executed.


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Inheritance

Is the process by which one object canacquire the properties of another object.

It supports the concept of classification

With classification, an object need only definethose qualities that make it unique within itsclass.

This mechanism makes it possible for oneobject to be a specific instance of a moregeneral case.


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Inheritance Example


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Visual C++ Environment


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Hello World (,)


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// Reads values for the length and width of a rectangle

// and returns the perimeter and area of the rectangle.

#include

void main()

{

int length, width;

int perimeter, area; // declarations

cout > length; // enter length

cout > width; // input width

perimeter = 2*(length+width); // compute perimeter

area = length*width; // compute area

cout


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// Reads values for the length and width of a rectangle

// and returns the perimeter and area of the rectangle.

#include

void main(void)

{

int length, width;

int perimeter, area; // declarations

cout > length; // enter length

cout > width; // input width

perimeter = 2*(length+width); // compute perimeter

area = length*width; // compute area

cout


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C++ Statements

cout


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C++ Statements

cin >> i;

//variable i is int

/*variable i is

char*/

Single line

comment

Multi-line

comment

refers to

the

keyboard

-- input

input

(right shift)

operator


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