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Fisheries Privatization, Social Transitions & Wellbeing
in Kodiak Alaska
COURTNEY CAROTHERS & CATHERINE CHAMBERS S C HOOL OF FI S HE RI E S A ND OC E A N S C I E NC E S
U NI VE RS I TY OF A L A S K A FA I RBA NK S
FIS HING PE OPL E OF THE NORTH S E PTE MB E R 201 1
Fisheries Privatization
� Big driver of change & deeply polarizing
Bonzon et al. 2010. Environmental Defense Fund 2010
Alaska Context: IFQ Survey
Carothers 2008
IFQs are changing the fishing lifestyle
Strongly Agree
Agree
IFQs are changing the values in fishing
0
20
40
60
Alaska Native Non-native
Agree Disagree
More fisheries should be managed with IFQs
Alaska Context: Ethnographic Research
Carothers 2011, 2010, 2008; Carothers, Lew, & Sepez 2010; Kamali 1984; Langdon 1980; NOAA 2010
1980s
1970s Alaska Native
0 20 40 60 80
100
1995
2010
Outflow of Fishing Rights: Small remote villages in Gulf of Alaska
Declines in Alaska Native Fishing Rights
Limited Entry Salmon Permits
Objectives
1. To document experiences of privatization across diverse groups
2. To compare privatization to other drivers of change 3. To explore links between privatization & wellbeing
Eythorsson, Helgason, Jentoft, Langdon, Lowe, Mackino, Mansfield, McCay, Palsson, Reedy-Maschner, et al.
Kodiak Alaska
Kodiak Alaska
Alaska Department of Fish & Game; Kodiak Chamber of Commerce 2011
Value 2010
Pacific halibut Pacific cod Walleye pollock Sablefish Pink salmon Sockeye salmon Crab Chum salmon Other
$132.3 million
Volume 2010 Pacific halibut Pacific cod Walleye pollock Pink salmon Sockeye salmon P. ocean perch Pacific herring Arrowtooth Flatfish other
313 million lbs
Kodiak Alaska
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
White Alaska Native Asian Hispanic
City of Kodiak Population
Employment
Seafood Processing Fish Harvesting Government US Coast Guard Trade, Trans., Utilities Education & Health Leisure & Hospitality
Kodiak Chamber of Commerce 2011
Methods
� Key informants (n=20) � Semi-structured interviews (n=75)
¡ Qualitative data analysis
� Participant observation � Survey (n~500)
Vessel Owners
Skippers
Crew
Plant Managers
Plant Workers
Community Leaders
Support Businesses
Tribal Community
Progress to Date
� 53 Interviews
0 2 4 6 8
10 12
What are people saying?
Wordle: Jonathan Feinberg
Qualitative Data Analysis
� Code book & emergent themes � 8 thematic codes; 55 specific codes
Qualitative Data Analysis
� Atlas.ti
Code Frequency
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
OBJECTIVE 1: Experiences of Privatization
� Diverse groups – similar themes � Core values in fishing
¡ Hard Work ¡ Opportunity ¡ Fairness
Hard Work
� “Fishing used to be about hard work. You work hard, you work your way up. Now you have to be “made” – have a rich dad or something…”
� “Those guys that didn’t get w/ the program now just sit in the coffee shop and complain about IFQs. They think ‘I shouldn’t have to perform to achieve.’…those people that were smart, were thinking 30 years ahead, worked aggressively, they are doing just fine”
Opportunity
� “I came to Kodiak with $6 in my pocket”
� “Opportunity was a lot riper
(before IFQs). There is still the wild west opportunity if you look for it, but it’s harder…”
Opportunity
� “Crew guys used to aspire to do what you were doing. So you’d get good guys. Now you just get guys looking for a wage…”
� “You no longer have any power as a crewman.” The people who actually do the work are powerless. Some people will hire only one good crewman & take out their families, or $100/day guys.”
Fairness
� “Those guys [that were issued IFQs] were never charged a rent on their fish…For red crab the lease fees are 70%...”
� “(For halibut), at first people weren’t
charging anything, then it was 20%, 50%, 60%, 65%.”
� “Big impact changes” ¡ “When the oil spill happened, it tore the community apart, it
made enemies. As it did when IFQs came down. Both of those things just really tore us part, socially...money was thrown at us…it just didn’t fall out right for a lot of people.”
OBJECTIVE 2: Privatization Compared to Other Changes
OBJECTIVE 3: Privatization & Well-being
� Do you think that Kodiak is a healthy community? ¡ “IFQs did affect the community, but I suppose its all relative…
It’s a healthy fishing community compared to other fishing communities that their bread and butter is fishing. We’re so diversified here, we don’t depend on one species of fish, so I think that’s saved us….Yeah, I think we’re the center of the universe when it comes to commercial fishing.”
Chuenpagdee, Clay, Garcia-Quijano, Kooiman, Olmer, Olson, Pollnac, Poggie, et al.
“Just Look at the Harbor”
Centrality of Fishing
� “Kodiak community is still very tied to the resources. Everyone in the community feels that. If the fish are here, you are working – everybody is really tied to it. They were icing boats for salmon yesterday, you hear the chattering on the radio…”
Diversity
� “Our neighbor might be the greatest neighbor in the world, but he might be a dragger…but we get along. Everybody in town seems to get along. The cannery workers need the product. The canneries need the fish to sell to people. It's just one big working community even though you might not agree with your neighbor.”
Next Generation
� “We’re an aged, aging fleet. When a bunch of us die, I don’t know if turning over that quota share is going to be a positive effect cause I think it’s gonna have to disperse – I don’t know how many young guys have a cash flow to buy into it.”
� “That’s the only thing that worries me. How are you going to get those kids into the fishery?”
Moving Forward
� Survey Development ¡ Experiences of privatization ¡ Perceptions of privatization & other changes ¡ Measures of wellbeing
Pollnac & Poggie 2008
Vessel Owners
Skippers
Crew
Plant Managers
Plant Workers
Community Leaders
Support Businesses
Tribal Community
Thank You
� National Science Foundation � University of Alaska Fairbanks, School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, Fisheries Industrial Technology Center
� Key informants and interviewees: Robert Agbayani, Nora Agmada, Stosh Anderson, Julie Bonney, Trevor Brown, Al Burch, Benny Daquilanea, Kathryn Daquilanea, Ben Docterlero, Jane Eisemann, Greg Egle, Chris Fiala, Fred Fogle, Sune Forsman, GroundKish DataBank, Bill Harrington, Erin Harrington, Steve Harvey, Mary Guilas-‐Hawver, Chris Holland, Ken Holland, Eva Holm, Oliver Holm, Darius Kasprzak, Lina Kozak, Dave Kubiak, Rhonda Kwatchka, Rhonda Maker, Kathy Metalinski, Matt Moir, Dave Monture, Kenny Newman, Kevin O’Leary, Marty Owen, Enrique Perez, Chris Sannito, Gabriel Saravia, Bruce Schactler, Jerome Selby, Jeffrey Stephan, John Whiddon, and several other informants who wished not to be named.
References
Bonzon et al. 2010. Catch shares design manual. Environmental Defense Fund. Carothers, C. 2011. Equity and Access to Fishing Rights: Exploring the Community Quota Entity Program
in the Gulf of Alaska. Human Organization 70(3). (forthcoming) Carothers, C. 2010. Tragedy of commodiKication: Transitions in Alutiiq Kishing communities in the Gulf of
Alaska. MAST 90(2): 91-‐115. Carothers, C., D. Lew and J. Sepez. 2010. Fishing rights and small communities: Alaska halibut IFQ
transfer patterns. Ocean and Coastal Management 53: 518-‐523. Carothers, C. 2008. “Rationalized out:” Discourses and realities of Kisheries privatization in Kodiak,
Alaska.In Lowe, M. and C. Carothers (editors). Enclosing the Fisheries: People, Places, and Power. American Fisheries Society , Symposium 69, Bethesda, MD.
Carothers, C. 2008. Privatizing the right to Kish: challenges to livelihood and community in Kodiak, Alaska. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Washington, Seattle.
Kamali, N. 1984. Alaskan Natives and limited Kisheries of Alaska: A study of the changes in the distribution of permit ownership amongst Alaska Natives, 1975-‐1983. CFEC Report 84-‐8. Alaska Commercial Fisheries Entry Commission, Juneau.
Kodiak Chamber of Commerce. 2011. Kodiak community proKile and economic indicators report. Kodiak, AK.
Langdon, S. 1980. Transfer patterns in Alaskan limited entry Kisheries. Final report prepared for the Limited Entry Study Group of the Alaska State Legislature. Juneau.
NOAA Fisheries Service. 2010. Report on holdings of individual Kishing quota (IFQ) by residents of selected Gulf of Alaska Kishing communities. NOAA Fisheries Service, Juneau.
Pollnac, R. and J. Poggie. 2008. Happiness, well-‐being and psychocultural adaptation to the stresses associated with marine Kishing. Human Ecology Review 15(2): 194-‐200.