First WaveFirst Wave Agriculture 8000 B.C. - Agriculture 8000 B.C. -

First wave evolved First wave evolved over thousands of over thousands of years. Hunters and years. Hunters and gatherers foraged gatherers foraged for food.for food.

First WaveFirst Wave

Large and extended Large and extended families were commonfamilies were common

The land was the The land was the family’s source of family’s source of income and business; income and business; crops tied family to crops tied family to the landthe land

Travel was by foot Travel was by foot and/or by horseand/or by horse

Communication via Communication via letters (Pony Express)letters (Pony Express)

First Wave First Wave Education was not a priorityEducation was not a priority Children were educated through oral Children were educated through oral

tradition and,tradition and, Multi-age groups of students were Multi-age groups of students were

educated in a one room schoolhouseeducated in a one room schoolhouse School resources/supplies were School resources/supplies were

severely limitedseverely limited

During the dominance of the During the dominance of the agricultural age in special cases of agricultural age in special cases of the phenomenon - agricultural the phenomenon - agricultural civilization was spread by the first civilization was spread by the first wave. There were embryonic mass-wave. There were embryonic mass-production factories in ancient production factories in ancient Greece and Rome and oil was drilled Greece and Rome and oil was drilled in one of the Greek islands in 400 B. in one of the Greek islands in 400 B. C. and in Burma in A.D. 100C. and in Burma in A.D. 100

1650 – 17501650 – 1750

First wave loses momentumFirst wave loses momentum

Agricultural systems soon replaced byAgricultural systems soon replaced by

systems that responded to the needs of systems that responded to the needs of the factory model.the factory model.

Second Wave ~ Industrial AgeSecond Wave ~ Industrial Age1755 - 1955 1755 - 1955

The second wave brought with it more powerful technologies bigger cities, faster transport, and mass education. Families separated, nuclear families; mass production and factories

purpose of production shifted from purpose of production shifted from use to exchange; large companies use to exchange; large companies

bureaucracies and government bureaucracies and government monopolized the country; textile, monopolized the country; textile, coal, railroads; economic growth coal, railroads; economic growth

primary goal; , commercialism and primary goal; , commercialism and consumerism reigned; civilization consumerism reigned; civilization

now said to be based on contractual now said to be based on contractual ties; travel face-to-face, by ties; travel face-to-face, by

automobile, plane, or railway; automobile, plane, or railway; education now included books, video, education now included books, video,

filmstripsfilmstrips

Third WaveThird Wave1955 - present1955 - present

Third Wave was defined by either Third Wave was defined by either blended, and/or one-parent blended, and/or one-parent families, Divorced, and/or two families, Divorced, and/or two working parentsworking parents

Business and the workplace was a Business and the workplace was a collaborative, teamwork, this collaborative, teamwork, this included flex-time, and locations, included flex-time, and locations, working from home; workers also working from home; workers also had diverse skills. had diverse skills.

Third WaveThird Wave Transportation: Transportation:

automobile, plane, trainautomobile, plane, train

Communication: Communication: telephone, cell phone, telephone, cell phone, computer-to-computer. computer-to-computer. During this age methods of During this age methods of communication reach communication reach unprecedented proportions unprecedented proportions - communication now - communication now "supplants" information."supplants" information.

Fourth Wave - the FutureFourth Wave - the Future

Biotechnology is characterized byBiotechnology is characterized by

innovations in health care,innovations in health care,

environment, space explorationenvironment, space exploration

and roboticsand robotics Biotechnologies include Biotechnologies include organ organ

harvestingharvesting, , limb replacementlimb replacement, , face face transplantstransplants, stem cell replacement, , stem cell replacement, cytologycytology; and; and

Drugs for heightened sensory Drugs for heightened sensory experiences, experiences, memory retentionmemory retention

Strand II - Technology

• 1900

Windows 3.0 was released

Electronic Frontiers was formed

1910

• 1911 Thomas Edison released a series of historical films about the American Revolution, is one of the first producers of films for classroom use. http://mlmiller.myweb.uga.edu/timeline/1910s.html

• 1914 The Educational Motion Pictures Bureau, Inc. is formed.

1920

• 1925 The Association of College and Universities Broadcasting Stations is formed. http://mlmiller.myweb.uga.edu/timeline/1920s.html

• 1928 Eastman Kodak produces the first comprehensive series of silent educational films;

1930

• 1935- The Office of Education undertakes the Radio Education Project, using unemployed talent to produce educational programs in association with the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC )

• 1937 The Ohio Evaluation of School Broadcasts project begins. The project provided teachers with training in the use of educational radio

1940

• 1941 the U.S. Office of Education forms the Division of Visual Aids for War Training

• 1944 the ACE creates The Commission on Motion Pictures (CMP) to determine what type of education film are needed to set standards for the production of films.

1950

• Lasik Technique Developed is a type of refractive surgery for correcting myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. LASIK is performed by ophthalmologists using a laser

• 1951 Ford Foundation establishes the Fund for Adult Education (FAE) and the Fund for the Advancement of Education

1960

• 1960 Holographic Images created using lasers

• 1962 The Agency for Instructional Television is formed. (AIT).

1970

•1971 The premiere episode of The Electric Company is broadcast

•1972 Home Box Office (HBO) first cable network transmitted by Time, Inc.

1980

• 1984 Supreme Court rules that home taping of television programs does not violate copyright laws.

• Hard Disk Drive for Microcomputers

1990

• 1990 Smartboard Technologies introduced

• 1991 Tim Berners-Lee inventor of the World Wide Web in 1991

2000

2002 Virtual Keyboard invented

2007 iPhone makes it debut

Strand III Business and Corporate Strand III Business and Corporate DevelopmentsDevelopments

1900 - 1900 - Progressive EraProgressive Era, corporate leaders drew on science to , corporate leaders drew on science to advance their own cultural and political goals. Many of today's U.S. advance their own cultural and political goals. Many of today's U.S. regulatory agencies were created during these years, including the regulatory agencies were created during these years, including the Interstate Commerce CommissionInterstate Commerce Commission and the and the Federal Trade CommissionFederal Trade Commission. . MuckrakersMuckrakers were journalists who encouraged readers to demand more were journalists who encouraged readers to demand more regulation of business. regulation of business.

1910 - 1910 - Age of the Age of the great industrialist and financiergreat industrialist and financier. This was the age of . This was the age of managers and engineers. Increase of 66% in supervisory personnel. managers and engineers. Increase of 66% in supervisory personnel. Efficiency scientific management, and mechanization ruled this decade. Efficiency scientific management, and mechanization ruled this decade.

1920 – 1920 – Prohibition Era/Roaring Twenties Prohibition Era/Roaring Twenties was a time of excess, after WWI and was a time of excess, after WWI and pandemic nation partied and reveled inpandemic nation partied and reveled in

excess. excess. 1929 1929 Stock Market Crash Stock Market Crash fueled rising fueled rising

unemployment and demise of banks unemployment and demise of banks and companies. and companies. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/crash/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/crash/

1940s1940s

1940 1940 Dominated by WWIIDominated by WWII. War production . War production ended depression. Unemployment was low ended depression. Unemployment was low due to reclassification of jobs left by men due to reclassification of jobs left by men in armed forces. Automobile production all in armed forces. Automobile production all but ceased.but ceased.

World War II allowed women to workWorld War II allowed women to work, and , and

America needed workers and supplies. America needed workers and supplies. Again, the employers looked towards the Again, the employers looked towards the women for labor. Unmarried and married women for labor. Unmarried and married women were once again invited to work. women were once again invited to work.

1930s1930s

1930 1930 Depression Era, farmers left dust bowl Depression Era, farmers left dust bowl to to seek work, most incomes reduced by seek work, most incomes reduced by over 40%. Economics dominated politics. over 40%. Economics dominated politics. Federal programs funded by Federal programs funded by government, commissions were created government, commissions were created to regulate Wall Street and banking to regulate Wall Street and banking industry. industry.

1935 1935 Wagner Act Wagner Act gave workers right to gave workers right to unionize. unionize.

1950s1950s 1950 Saw the 1950 Saw the expansion of American industry expansion of American industry overoverthe next few decades saw one of the longest sustained the next few decades saw one of the longest sustained

economic expansions the country had ever known. This economic expansions the country had ever known. This prosperity helped the United States solidified its position as prosperity helped the United States solidified its position as the richest nation in the world.the richest nation in the world.

The gross national product (GNP) jumped dramatically The gross national product (GNP) jumped dramatically between 1945 and 1970, while per capita personal income between 1945 and 1970, while per capita personal income also rose. Almost sixty percent of all families in the country also rose. Almost sixty percent of all families in the country were now part of the middle class.were now part of the middle class.

Anti-Communism/McCarthyismAnti-Communism/McCarthyism fueled anti-communism fueled anti-communism crusades. Steep rise in firings within radio and television crusades. Steep rise in firings within radio and television industry, collaboration of private employers and major industry, collaboration of private employers and major corporations (U.S. Steel and General Electric) with FBI to corporations (U.S. Steel and General Electric) with FBI to not hire and/or fire anyone suspected or listed as being not hire and/or fire anyone suspected or listed as being communist or communist-friendly. communist or communist-friendly.

19601960

The 60s saw a The 60s saw a booming housing market booming housing market with the growth of suburbs, with the growth of suburbs, businesses moved into the new areas. Large shopping centers containing a businesses moved into the new areas. Large shopping centers containing a great variety of stores, the number of these centers rising from eight at the great variety of stores, the number of these centers rising from eight at the end of World War II to 3,840 in 1960. New highways all over the United end of World War II to 3,840 in 1960. New highways all over the United States linked the cities with the suburbs. The Highway Act of 1956 States linked the cities with the suburbs. The Highway Act of 1956 provided $26 thousand-million, the largest public works expenditure in provided $26 thousand-million, the largest public works expenditure in U.S. history, to build more than 64,000 kilometers of federal roads to link U.S. history, to build more than 64,000 kilometers of federal roads to link together all parts of the country. together all parts of the country.

1967 Society was concerned about the environment. 1967 Society was concerned about the environment. The Environmental Defense Fund The Environmental Defense Fund was created by a small group of was created by a small group of volunteer conservationists fighting to halt DDT spraying. Founded volunteer conservationists fighting to halt DDT spraying. Founded in 1967 as the Environmental Defense Fund, they tackle t serious in 1967 as the Environmental Defense Fund, they tackle t serious environmental problemsenvironmental problems

19701970

During and after the energy crisis of 1973 , the impact upon americans was great. Gasoline

cost more and reduced the demand for large cars, which did not sell as well as the newly

introduced four-cylinder subcompacts and six-cylinder compacts-

Meanwhile, the Meanwhile, the shock produced chaos shock produced chaos in the West. In the United States, the retail pricein the West. In the United States, the retail price

of a gallon of gasoline rose . Meanwhile, New York Stock Exchange shares was said toof a gallon of gasoline rose . Meanwhile, New York Stock Exchange shares was said to

have lost $97 billion in value in six weeks. State governments requested citizens not puthave lost $97 billion in value in six weeks. State governments requested citizens not put

up Christmas lights, with states banning Christmas as well as commercial lightingup Christmas lights, with states banning Christmas as well as commercial lighting

altogether.altogether.

To help reduce consumption of oil, in 1974 a national maximum speed limit of 55 mph (about 90 km/h) was imposed

through the Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act. Development of the United StatesStrategic Petroleum Reserve

began in 1975, and in 1977, the cabinet-level Department of Energy was created, followed by the National

Energy Act of 1978

19801980 The nation endured a deep recession throughout 1982. The nation endured a deep recession throughout 1982. Business bankruptcies rose Business bankruptcies rose

50 percent over the previous year. Farmers were especially hard hit, as agricultural 50 percent over the previous year. Farmers were especially hard hit, as agricultural exports declined, crop prices fell, and interest rates rose.exports declined, crop prices fell, and interest rates rose.

The 80s also found The 80s also found 4.3 million workers who had been with their employers for at least 3 4.3 million workers who had been with their employers for at least 3 years lost their jobs because their plants or businesses closed down or moved, their positions years lost their jobs because their plants or businesses closed down or moved, their positions or shifts were abolished, or not enough work was available for them to do. The 4.3 million or shifts were abolished, or not enough work was available for them to do. The 4.3 million compared with 5.1 million workers reported displaced during an earlier survey period that compared with 5.1 million workers reported displaced during an earlier survey period that included the recessions of 1980 and 1981-82. included the recessions of 1980 and 1981-82.

19901990 The labor market weakened considerably The labor market weakened considerably during 1990, reflecting in weakening the U.S. during 1990, reflecting in weakening the U.S.

economy. Employment was almost non-existent in mid-1990; employment continued to economy. Employment was almost non-existent in mid-1990; employment continued to decline in the second half. Both manufacturing and construction industries felt the brunt of the decline in the second half. Both manufacturing and construction industries felt the brunt of the loss. hit. Construction also suffered staggering losses. Soon the service-producing sector in loss. hit. Construction also suffered staggering losses. Soon the service-producing sector in trade and finance, insurance, and real estate industries also saw a downward spiral as did other trade and finance, insurance, and real estate industries also saw a downward spiral as did other service-producing industries.service-producing industries.

1990s also was also characterized by many scandals involving 1990s also was also characterized by many scandals involving ethics, moral and valuesethics, moral and values. Many . Many charges involved racial and/or sexual harassment, and fights for equal work equal pay. . Home charges involved racial and/or sexual harassment, and fights for equal work equal pay. . Home Depot, Mitsubishi, Texaco, and CoCo-Cola were among those charged. The dark side of Depot, Mitsubishi, Texaco, and CoCo-Cola were among those charged. The dark side of corporate business was revealed. The Tobacco industry was also embroiled in battles with the corporate business was revealed. The Tobacco industry was also embroiled in battles with the Food and Drug Administration for false and misleading advertising. Many lawsuits were Food and Drug Administration for false and misleading advertising. Many lawsuits were brought against these large corporations. brought against these large corporations.

20002000 2001 2001 The terrorist bombing of the World Trade Center The terrorist bombing of the World Trade Center in New York forced the US to redirect in New York forced the US to redirect

its energies and money to protect its homelands, skies, and borders. Many cities focused on its energies and money to protect its homelands, skies, and borders. Many cities focused on heightened security measures and resources. heightened security measures and resources.

In 2000, the In 2000, the United States Dept. of Labor Statistics United States Dept. of Labor Statistics produced statistics that showed 31 million produced statistics that showed 31 million people, or 11.3 percent of the population lived at or below the official poverty level—1.1 people, or 11.3 percent of the population lived at or below the official poverty level—1.1 million fewer than in 1999. While the bulk of these individuals were children and adults who million fewer than in 1999. While the bulk of these individuals were children and adults who did not participate in the labor force, about 6.4 million were classified as the “working poordid not participate in the labor force, about 6.4 million were classified as the “working poor

Strand IV – Educational Theories of Learning and Instruction

1900 Instrumentalism - Dewey's philosophy of education, instrumentalism (also called pragmatism), focused on learning-by-doing rather than rote learning and dogmatic instruction, the current practice of his day

1910 Constructivist theories of Learning Inquiry is an example of constructivist teaching. Dewey described the basic inquiry learning format in 1910 the teacher usually presents a puzzling event, question, or problem. The students formulate hypotheses to explain the event or solve the problem, collect data to test the hypotheses, draw conclusions, and reflect on the original problem and on the thinking processes needed to solve it. Dewey distinguished abstract from concretethinking and indicated that many training regimensproceeded from the concrete to the abstract.

1920s

StageTheory of Cognitive Development Piaget’s Stages are a description of cognitive development as four distinct stages in children: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete, and formal, assimilation.

Gestalt Theory Max Wertheim. was one of the principal proponents of Gestalt theory which emphasized higher-order cognitive processes in the midst of behaviorism. The focus of Gestalt theory was the idea of "grouping” Principles: 1. The learner should be encouraged to discover the underlying nature of a topic or problem (i.e., the relationship among the elements). 2. Gaps, incongruities, or disturbances are an important stimulus for learning 3. Instruction should be based upon the laws of organization: proximity, closure, similarity and simplicity.

Scope/Application: Gestalt theory applies to all aspects of human learning, although it applies most directly to perception and problem-solving.

1930s NeoBehaviorism Clark Hull

the view held by behavior sciences is that science must be investigated by public,observable events – that mental events, such as thoughts and images andconsciousness had no place in the science of psychology because they could not beobserved.

Contiguity Theory E. Guthrie Scope/Application Contiguity theory is intended to be a general theory of learning…. Guthrie posits that stimuli and responses affect specific sensory-motorpatterns; what is learned are movements, not behaviors. In contiguity theory,rewards or punishment do not play an important role in learning since theyoccur after the relationship between stimulus and response has been made.Learning takes place in one trial. But, since each stimulus pattern to someextent is different, several trials may be necessary to produce a generalresponse

1940s

Edwin Sutherland’s theory of Differential Association further developed the learning perspective. Sutherland’s model for learning in a social environment is still the most recognized within the learning perspective. Sutherland posited that it is culture conflict, which is the struggle between different factions in a society, is specifically over who has the power to determine what is deviant.

Clark L. Hull conducted research demonstrating that his theories could predict and control behavior. His most significant works were the Mathematico-Deductive Theory of Rote Learning (1940), and Principles of Behavior (1943), which established his analysis of animal learning and conditioning as the dominant learning theory of its time

1950s

B.F. Skinner’s theory of Behavioral teaching and learning seems to concentrate on skills that will be used later. Behavioral approaches to teaching usually entail the following:

1. Breaking down the skills and content to be learned into manageable units. 2. Assessing student's work at intervals and providing feedback as well as

encouragement (reinforcement). 3. Behaviorists believe that students can be taught best when the focus is

directly on the subject to be taught. Behavioral instruction often takes the material out of the context in which it will be used.

4. Includes direct or teacher centered instruction, lectures, tutorials, drills, and demonstrations.

1956 Bloom’s Taxonomy refers to a classification of the different objectives that educators set for students (learning objectives). It is also a multi-tiered model of classifying thinking according to six cognitive levels of complexity. Throughout the years, the levels have often been depicted as a stairway, leading many teachers to encourage their students to "climb to a higher (level of) thought." The lowest three levels are: knowledge, comprehension, and application. The highest three levels are: analysis, synthesis, and evaluation…. Behaviors that were believed to be important in the processes of learning.

Cognitive/Experiential Theory Jerome Bruner developed a theory of cognitive growth. His approach looked to environmental and experiential factors.  Bruner suggested that intellectual ability developed in stages through step-by-step changes in how the mind is used.

Subsumption Theory : David Ausubel: A primary process in learning is subsumption in which new material is related to relevant ideas in the existing cognitive structure on a substantive, non-verbatim basis. Cognitive structures represent the remainder of each learning experience; forgetting occurs due to specific details that get integrated and lose their distinct identity.

One important instructional tool as explained by Ausubel is the use of advance organizer(s) prior to learning, whose content is chosen on its appropriateness in explaining, integrating, and interrrelating the content

1960s

1970s Albert Bandura The social learning theory of Bandura emphasizes theimportance of observing and modeling the behaviors, attitudes, and emotionalreactions of others. Scope/Application: Social learning theory has been applied extensively to theunderstanding of aggression and psychological disorders….. Example: The most common (and pervasive) examples of social learning situations are televisioncommercials. Commercials suggest that drinking a certain beverage or using aparticular hair shampoo will make us popular and win the admiration of attractivepeople…. Principles: The highest level of observational learning is achieved by first organizing andrehearsing the modeled behavior symbolically and then enacting it overtly. Codingmodeled behavior into words, labels or images results in better retention than simplyobserving.

Criterion-Referenced Instruction:The Criterion Referenced Instruction (CRI) framework developed by Robert Mager isa comprehensive set of methods for the design and delivery of training programs.Some aspects include: (1) goal/task analysis -- to identify what needs to be learned, (2)performance objectives -- exact specification of the outcomes to be accomplished andhow they are to be evaluated (the criterion), (3) criterion referenced testing –evaluation of learning in terms of the knowledge/skills specified in the objectives, (4)development of learning modules tied to specific objectives. CRI is based upon theideas of mastery learning and performance-oriented instruction. It also incorporatesmany of the ideas found in Gagne’s theory of learning (e.g., task hierarchies,objectives) Scope/Application: Criterion referenced instruction is applicable to any form of learning; however, it hasbeen applied most extensively in technical training including trouble-shooting.

1970s

1980s Multiple Intelligences Howard Gardner’s Theory posits that there are seven ways people understandin the world, described by Gardner as seven intelligences.Originator: Howard Gardner in 1983.Key Terms: Linguistic, Logical-Mathematical, Visual-Spatial, Body-Kinesthetic, Musical-

Rhythmic,Interpersonal, Intrapersonal. Scope/Application : The theory of multiple intelligences has been focused mostly on childdevelopment although it applies to all ages.

Adult Learning Theory - K.P. Cross The model attempts to integrate other theoretical frameworks for adult learning such as andragogy ,experiential learning, and lifespan psychology. The CAL model consists of two classes of variables:personal characteristics and situational characteristics. Personal characteristics include: aging, lifephases, and developmental stages. These three dimensions have different characteristics as far aslifelong learning is concerned. Aging results in the deterioration of certain sensory-motor abilities(e.g., eyesight, hearing, reaction time) while intelligence abilities (e.g., decision-making skills,reasoning, vocabulary) tend to improve. Life phases and developmental stages (e.g., marriage, jobchanges, retirement) involve a series of plateaus and transitions which may or may not be directlyrelated to age.

1980s

1990s

Situated Learning - Jean Lave and Etienne Wenger. Supposing learning is social and comes largely from of our experience of participating in daily life? It was this thought that formed the basis of a significant rethinking of learning theory by two researchers from very different disciplines - Their model of situated learning proposed that learning involved a process of engagement in a 'community of practice'. 

1993 Learning on Demand William J. Clancey posits that Learning on demand can help people formulate what they are attempting to accomplish within a group, make transparent individual contributions, and establish a culture of building on each other's work

2000 Perceptual Learning:Association and Differentiation Geoffrey Hall

An animal (or person) trained to respond in a given way to onestimulus will tend to show the same behavior although usually with reduced vigor when confronted with similar stimuli.

Project-Based Learning Frank Kurzel and Michelle Rath. The problem based learning model is an example of a constructivist learning theory - a design for multimedia’ that had a multi-phase project as the major assessment component. A blended delivery mode was used; non required lectures were given and were enhanced with sessions that involved support groups Issues in informing science and information technology

Strand V – Nature of Society and CultureStrand V – Nature of Society and Culture

1901 through the next ten years experienced a 21 percent population growth. 1901 through the next ten years experienced a 21 percent population growth. An influx of immigrants An influx of immigrants entered the united states they were driven from the homelands by violence or entered the united states they were driven from the homelands by violence or poverty and drawn to industrial jobs in the northeast and midwest. Urbanization was also altering poverty and drawn to industrial jobs in the northeast and midwest. Urbanization was also altering the landscape . as-powered cars became available; new roads and highways produced jobs for the landscape . as-powered cars became available; new roads and highways produced jobs for construction, auto sales industry, car repairs and filling stationsconstruction, auto sales industry, car repairs and filling stations

1910 America’s focus now turned to their health and well-being being the major concern as the 1910 America’s focus now turned to their health and well-being being the major concern as the outbreak of what was called the outbreak of what was called the “Sixth Cholera” “Sixth Cholera” pandemic occurred in the United States in 1910 – pandemic occurred in the United States in 1910 – 1911. . The last outbreak in the United States was in 1910-1911 when the steamship Moltke brought 1911. . The last outbreak in the United States was in 1910-1911 when the steamship Moltke brought infected people to New York City infected people to New York City

1920 1920 as soldiers returned from WWI, and the advent of the radio, and the dawn of jazz, quickly as soldiers returned from WWI, and the advent of the radio, and the dawn of jazz, quickly became a decade of economic prosperity; a culture of excess – dubbed the “Roaring Twenties” became a decade of economic prosperity; a culture of excess – dubbed the “Roaring Twenties” Congress passes 19Congress passes 19thth Amendment to the Constitution, which allowed women the right to vote. Amendment to the Constitution, which allowed women the right to vote.

This decade soon ended with the stock market crash in 1929 – “This decade soon ended with the stock market crash in 1929 – “Black Tuesday.” Black Tuesday.” the decade ended on the decade ended on a sour note with a nation in despair and high rates of unemployment that translated into huge a sour note with a nation in despair and high rates of unemployment that translated into huge financial losses which affected all of society and economies around the world. Banks closed as financial losses which affected all of society and economies around the world. Banks closed as people panicked and withdrew their money, many overwhelmed committed suicide; trade markets people panicked and withdrew their money, many overwhelmed committed suicide; trade markets were almost non-existent aswere almost non-existent as families migrated to areas with crops to become migrant workers to families migrated to areas with crops to become migrant workers to survive. survive.

1930s Characterized by economic turmoil and mistrust of 1930s Characterized by economic turmoil and mistrust of GovernmentGovernment

1930 1930 This was a decade that continued on an economic downward spiral which began the This was a decade that continued on an economic downward spiral which began the year before. With the nation in a state of economic turmoil, the need for entertainment year before. With the nation in a state of economic turmoil, the need for entertainment was vast. Public panic and the role of government in the free markets were blamed for was vast. Public panic and the role of government in the free markets were blamed for the economic woes of the nation. “The New Deal” were programs that then President the economic woes of the nation. “The New Deal” were programs that then President Roosevelt proposed to restructure the economy which helped to stimulate the economy Roosevelt proposed to restructure the economy which helped to stimulate the economy by providing federal relief; and put the society confidence back in the banking system. by providing federal relief; and put the society confidence back in the banking system. Thirties also became a nation of avid movie-goers, and escaped from reality through Thirties also became a nation of avid movie-goers, and escaped from reality through animation classics like Disney Studios produced hits like snow white, and the Mickey animation classics like Disney Studios produced hits like snow white, and the Mickey Mouse series, and comic book superheroes.Mouse series, and comic book superheroes.

A nation still reeling from the economic downturn, the 30s A nation still reeling from the economic downturn, the 30s Social SecuritySocial Security, a public , a public programs designed to provide income and services to individuals in the event of retirement, programs designed to provide income and services to individuals in the event of retirement, sickness, disability, death, or unemployment was created. sickness, disability, death, or unemployment was created.

1940s1940s

1940 A nation in recovery from the throes of the great depression, now saw The 1940 A nation in recovery from the throes of the great depression, now saw The Cold WarCold War was a was a geopolitical, ideological, and economic struggle that transpired soon after World War II between the geopolitical, ideological, and economic struggle that transpired soon after World War II between the Soviet Union and the United States. Soviet Union and the United States.

The culture of this decade was best known and characterized by war, fear, suspicion and The culture of this decade was best known and characterized by war, fear, suspicion and conflict. A conflict between Allied Powers and Axis powers continued from 1941, which conflict. A conflict between Allied Powers and Axis powers continued from 1941, which included the bombing of included the bombing of Pearl Harbor Pearl Harbor by Japan in1941 and went on until 1945. The wars involved by Japan in1941 and went on until 1945. The wars involved more than 70 countries, and took the lives of over 62 million. It is known as the deadliest conflict in more than 70 countries, and took the lives of over 62 million. It is known as the deadliest conflict in human history. The repercussions of these wars, both sociological and economical still persist today.human history. The repercussions of these wars, both sociological and economical still persist today.

1950s1950s 1950s 1950s Rock music Rock music , was now the rage, but it was also characterized by political activism, reform , was now the rage, but it was also characterized by political activism, reform

movements, mass mobilization, civil unrest and disobedience. Amid many protest and court hearings movements, mass mobilization, civil unrest and disobedience. Amid many protest and court hearings a Supreme Court Ruling in 1954 found segregation in schools unconstitutional. a Supreme Court Ruling in 1954 found segregation in schools unconstitutional.

The 50s The 50s also saw America's increasing fascination with the media which was said to have led to a also saw America's increasing fascination with the media which was said to have led to a decline in the moral fabric of Americans. As the popularity of television grew in the 1950s, so did decline in the moral fabric of Americans. As the popularity of television grew in the 1950s, so did America's passion for celebrities and the latest in technology.America's passion for celebrities and the latest in technology.

1960s 1960s was characterized by women’s liberation and moral philosophies;was characterized by women’s liberation and moral philosophies;

women’s movements, equal pay for equal work; equal opportunity, abortionwomen’s movements, equal pay for equal work; equal opportunity, abortion

rights and reform of unfair and outdated laws. rights and reform of unfair and outdated laws.

1960s The death of then John Kennedy in 1963 sparked a nation that no longer 1960s The death of then John Kennedy in 1963 sparked a nation that no longer would tolerate injustices. Amid mass demonstrations and protests the would tolerate injustices. Amid mass demonstrations and protests the Anti-War Movements Anti-War Movements were the voice of Americans angry about the were the voice of Americans angry about the Vietnam WarVietnam War. . Americans now made a concerted effort by vehemently protesting the shame and Americans now made a concerted effort by vehemently protesting the shame and dishonor of America by what they felt were the needless deaths of many who dishonor of America by what they felt were the needless deaths of many who served in the war.served in the war.

1969 – July, 1969 – July, Apollo 11Mission Apollo 11Mission is successful! - Americans celebrate as Neil is successful! - Americans celebrate as Neil Armstrong lands on the moon. Armstrong lands on the moon.

1970s1970s A nation of discontent and change A nation of discontent and change

The 1970's saw a growing sense of disillusionment for America's government and for the nation’s leaders The Vietnam war continued to The 1970's saw a growing sense of disillusionment for America's government and for the nation’s leaders The Vietnam war continued to divide the country divide the country The Kent State Massacre The Kent State Massacre which occurred on May 4, 1970 only added to the nation’s discontent .Members of the Ohio which occurred on May 4, 1970 only added to the nation’s discontent .Members of the Ohio National Guard fired into a crowd of Kent State University demonstrators, killing four and wounding nine. National Guard fired into a crowd of Kent State University demonstrators, killing four and wounding nine.

The The seventiesseventies were full of historical changes. There was a shift from the sixties social activism to social activities, society had become a were full of historical changes. There was a shift from the sixties social activism to social activities, society had become a culture of pleasure-seekers - for such as all night disco's and drug use . The moral fabric of the nation was said to be on the decline.culture of pleasure-seekers - for such as all night disco's and drug use . The moral fabric of the nation was said to be on the decline.

1980s Saw a rise in Capitalism and self-interest1980s Saw a rise in Capitalism and self-interest

1980 1980 ReganomicsReganomics (tax-cutting for the rich, probusiness, cutting of social programs that assisted the impoverished) and (tax-cutting for the rich, probusiness, cutting of social programs that assisted the impoverished) and Self-interest Self-interest American capitalism regain strength and along with self-interest again propelled an American infatuation with wealth and success. American capitalism regain strength and along with self-interest again propelled an American infatuation with wealth and success. http://www.answers.com/topic/reaganomicshttp://www.answers.com/topic/reaganomics

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) , it came close to creating mass national hysteria in the late 1980s. It is hard to (AIDS) , it came close to creating mass national hysteria in the late 1980s. It is hard to overestimate the impact of AIDS on American society in the 1980s. AIDS became a topic of daily conversation and banner headlines, overestimate the impact of AIDS on American society in the 1980s. AIDS became a topic of daily conversation and banner headlines, generating tremendous fear and uncertainty as the public, as well as the medical and scientific communities Almost 80% of reported AIDS generating tremendous fear and uncertainty as the public, as well as the medical and scientific communities Almost 80% of reported AIDS cases in the United States were concentrated in six metropolitan areas, predominantly on the east and west .the number of cases per cases in the United States were concentrated in six metropolitan areas, predominantly on the east and west .the number of cases per million population reported from June 1, 1981, to September 15, 1982, in New York City and San Francisco was roughly 10 times greater million population reported from June 1, 1981, to September 15, 1982, in New York City and San Francisco was roughly 10 times greater than that of the entire country than that of the entire country

1990s1990s

With the 90s came the election of a new president, (Bill Clinton) the nation With the 90s came the election of a new president, (Bill Clinton) the nation experienced a experienced a economic growth economic growth with new trade opportunities. The world also found with new trade opportunities. The world also found that new technological developments also brought a wide range of new electronic that new technological developments also brought a wide range of new electronic products. Innovations in telecommunications and computer networking opened the products. Innovations in telecommunications and computer networking opened the way for a vast computer hardware and software industry and revolutionized the way for a vast computer hardware and software industry and revolutionized the way many industries operate. The nation’s economy grew as did corporate earnings way many industries operate. The nation’s economy grew as did corporate earnings .The nation now experienced with low inflation and low unemployment. .The nation now experienced with low inflation and low unemployment.

The The 90s was also known as the electronic age90s was also known as the electronic age.  The World Wide Web was born in .  The World Wide Web was born in 1992, changing means of communication (email), spend our money (online 1992, changing means of communication (email), spend our money (online gambling, stores),  and do business (e-commerce).  By 1994, 3 million people were gambling, stores),  and do business (e-commerce).  By 1994, 3 million people were online.  And by 1998, this figure increased to 100 million people.  With the advent online.  And by 1998, this figure increased to 100 million people.  With the advent of new ways of communicating, the culture of our nation had been changed forever.of new ways of communicating, the culture of our nation had been changed forever.

20002000

2001, the deadly terrorist attack on the 2001, the deadly terrorist attack on the World Trade Center World Trade Center committed by committed by Islamic fundamentalist who hijacked four U.S. airliners and crash them Islamic fundamentalist who hijacked four U.S. airliners and crash them into the Pentagon and the World Trade Center in New York City.  The into the Pentagon and the World Trade Center in New York City.  The attack of two planes leveled the World Trade Center and the crash of one attack of two planes leveled the World Trade Center and the crash of one plane inflicts serious damage to the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, plane inflicts serious damage to the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, causing nearly 3,000 deaths. A nation forever changed by this traumatic causing nearly 3,000 deaths. A nation forever changed by this traumatic event vowed to put an end to terrorism. Homeland security cabinet created event vowed to put an end to terrorism. Homeland security cabinet created as counterterrorism now the primary focus of government.as counterterrorism now the primary focus of government.

2003 As a result of, and shortly after the World Trade Center Terrorist 2003 As a result of, and shortly after the World Trade Center Terrorist

attack and nation numbed by fear of more attacks, a attack and nation numbed by fear of more attacks, a War waged by the U.S. and Britain War waged by the U.S. and Britain against Iraq begins against Iraq begins

Strand VI – ArtStrand VI – Art

1900 –Early 201900 –Early 20thth Expressionism   Expressionism    ExpressionismExpressionism developed during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.. developed during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.. The subjects of expressionist works were frequently The subjects of expressionist works were frequently distorted, or otherwise altered. Artists Vincent Van Gogh, distorted, or otherwise altered. Artists Vincent Van Gogh, Edvard Munch, James Ensor were a few of the early Edvard Munch, James Ensor were a few of the early expressionists. expressionists.

1908:   1908:   CubismCubism was the joint invention of two men, was the joint invention of two men, Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque. Their achievement Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque. Their achievement was built the foundation of Picasso's early work then was built the foundation of Picasso's early work then developed to a Synthetic developed to a Synthetic

1910 1910 PrecisionismPrecisionism The Precisionists in 1915 endeavored The Precisionists in 1915 endeavored to create a representational system that would be in tune to create a representational system that would be in tune with their time.with their time.in particular the architecture of industrial buildings was in particular the architecture of industrial buildings was their favorite subject. In their pictures people and nature their favorite subject. In their pictures people and nature were usually absent. The visual language that were usually absent. The visual language that Precisionists developed combined realism and geometric Precisionists developed combined realism and geometric schematization. Charles Sheeler, Charles Demuth and schematization. Charles Sheeler, Charles Demuth and Georgia O'Keeffe, as the most typical representatives, Georgia O'Keeffe, as the most typical representatives, were inspired by the development of Cubism.were inspired by the development of Cubism.

1910 – 1950 1910 – 1950 The School of Paris The School of Paris was the name of a was the name of a period when Paris was attracting artists from all over the period when Paris was attracting artists from all over the world - a time when the French capital was regarded by world - a time when the French capital was regarded by one and all as the greatest laboratory of modern art. Even one and all as the greatest laboratory of modern art. Even with New York City's emergence as a center of with New York City's emergence as a center of contemporary international art, Paris has continued to this contemporary international art, Paris has continued to this day to produce artists of major significance. day to produce artists of major significance.

1920 1920 Mural Painting Mural Painting  The Mexican Mural movement represents one of  The Mexican Mural movement represents one of the most powerful and significant achievements in public art during the the most powerful and significant achievements in public art during the 20th century20th century

The Harlem The Harlem RenassianceRenassiance 1920s-1930sThe Harlem Renaissance was an 1920s-1930sThe Harlem Renaissance was an expression of African-American social thought and culture which took a expression of African-American social thought and culture which took a place in newly-formed Black community in neighborhood of Harlem. place in newly-formed Black community in neighborhood of Harlem. The Harlem Renaissance flourished from early 1920 to1940. The Harlem Renaissance flourished from early 1920 to1940.

1930 constructivism 1930 constructivism ConstructivismConstructivism art art refers to the optimistic, refers to the optimistic, non-representational relief construction, sculpture, kinetics and non-representational relief construction, sculpture, kinetics and painting. The artists did not believe in abstract ideas, rather painting. The artists did not believe in abstract ideas, rather

they tried to link art wit concrete and tangible ideasthey tried to link art wit concrete and tangible ideas.. Regionalism is a realist modern American art movement wherein Regionalism is a realist modern American art movement wherein

artists shunned the city and rapidly developing technological artists shunned the city and rapidly developing technological advances to focus on scenes of ruraladvances to focus on scenes of rural

1940 1940 CobraCobra was a post-World War II European avant-garde was a post-World War II European avant-garde movement. The name was derived from the initials of the members' movement. The name was derived from the initials of the members' home cities: Copenhagen, Brussels, and Amsterdam. Copenhagen is the home cities: Copenhagen, Brussels, and Amsterdam. Copenhagen is the head, Brussels is the body, and Amsterdam is the tail of the Cobra. head, Brussels is the body, and Amsterdam is the tail of the Cobra.

  Lyrical Abstraction Lyrical Abstraction is a French style of abstract painting in the 1945 - is a French style of abstract painting in the 1945 - 1960. Very close to Art Informel presents the European equivalent to 1960. Very close to Art Informel presents the European equivalent to Abstract Expressionism The name Tachisme is sometimes used to Abstract Expressionism The name Tachisme is sometimes used to describe the style.describe the style.

19501950 Art Brut Art Brut (Raw Art" or "Rough Art" in French) is a label created by (Raw Art" or "Rough Art" in French) is a label created by French painter Jean Dubuffet to describe art created outside the boundaries of French painter Jean Dubuffet to describe art created outside the boundaries of official culture. Dubuffet focused particularly on the art of the insane. official culture. Dubuffet focused particularly on the art of the insane.

Art Art InformelInformel After WWII painters contemplated the legacy of After WWII painters contemplated the legacy of geometric abstraction characterized in the early 20th century geometric abstraction characterized in the early 20th century developments (through Cubism, Futurism, Suprematism, developments (through Cubism, Futurism, Suprematism, Constructivism and De Stijl) as a load and the cold Constructivism and De Stijl) as a load and the cold intellectualism, out of touch with the post WWII reality of intellectualism, out of touch with the post WWII reality of poverty and despair. poverty and despair.

1960s - Geometric abstraction appealed through large planes of 1960s - Geometric abstraction appealed through large planes of solid, high energy color. Op Art’s sizzling lines separated colors solid, high energy color. Op Art’s sizzling lines separated colors or let them vibrate against each other. Color Field Abstraction or let them vibrate against each other. Color Field Abstraction melted pools of luscious color or formed hue rainbows, and in the melted pools of luscious color or formed hue rainbows, and in the hands of Morris Louis or Kenneth Nolandhands of Morris Louis or Kenneth Noland

Conceptual Art Conceptual Art This term came into use in the late 1960s to describe a wide This term came into use in the late 1960s to describe a wide range of types of art that no longer took the form of a conventional art object. range of types of art that no longer took the form of a conventional art object.

1970 1970 GraffitiGraffiti is a type of deliberate marking on property, both is a type of deliberate marking on property, both private and public. It can take the form of pictures, drawings, private and public. It can take the form of pictures, drawings, words, or any decorations inscribed on any surface usually words, or any decorations inscribed on any surface usually outside walls and sidewalksoutside walls and sidewalks

Op Art made its appearance in the United States and Europe in the late Op Art made its appearance in the United States and Europe in the late 1950s and on through the 80s. Op Art, also called Optical Art, was 1950s and on through the 80s. Op Art, also called Optical Art, was popular along side Pop Art. Branching from the geometric abstraction popular along side Pop Art. Branching from the geometric abstraction movement, Op Art includes paintings concerned with surface kinetics. movement, Op Art includes paintings concerned with surface kinetics.

1980 Pop Art has started in England in late 50's and 1980 Pop Art has started in England in late 50's and grown in United States in early 60's. Among the Pop Art grown in United States in early 60's. Among the Pop Art forerunners are two unique models - prototypes of the forerunners are two unique models - prototypes of the modern artists: the French artist Marcel Duchamp and modern artists: the French artist Marcel Duchamp and the German Kurt Schwitters.the German Kurt Schwitters.

Post-Modernism (1975 – present) Post-Modernism (1975 – present) Postmodernism was a Postmodernism was a

late 20th century movement that opposed the Modernist late 20th century movement that opposed the Modernist preoccupation with purity of form and technique, and preoccupation with purity of form and technique, and aimed to eradicate the divisions between art, popular aimed to eradicate the divisions between art, popular culture, and the media. Postmodern artists employed culture, and the media. Postmodern artists employed influences from an array of past movements, applying influences from an array of past movements, applying them to modern formsthem to modern forms

Art of the 1990s The exhibition does not have a categorization of Art of the 1990s The exhibition does not have a categorization of style, school, or medium, but a number of key ideas recur throughout, style, school, or medium, but a number of key ideas recur throughout, such as the body; the construction of identity (gender, personal, social, such as the body; the construction of identity (gender, personal, social, or ethnic); the role of the artist; and one's relationship to everyday or ethnic); the role of the artist; and one's relationship to everyday occurrences and objects.occurrences and objects.

1990s Water Colors Ronald Davis's resin works in fact proved to be a 1990s Water Colors Ronald Davis's resin works in fact proved to be a high water mark for American geometric based abstraction. high water mark for American geometric based abstraction.

3D studios3D studios

20002000

Laquer Art mostly figurative lacquer painting. Using this Laquer Art mostly figurative lacquer painting. Using this medium he treats subjects such as feelings and emotions.  Often medium he treats subjects such as feelings and emotions.  Often a single figure depicted in his paintings, can bring forth feelings a single figure depicted in his paintings, can bring forth feelings of loneliness, sadness, or happiness and love.  Often his of loneliness, sadness, or happiness and love.  Often his paintings show couples with warm feelings for each other - or paintings show couples with warm feelings for each other - or the opposite.  His figures seem to have feelings inside which the opposite.  His figures seem to have feelings inside which they unleash within his paintings. they unleash within his paintings. 

Super Nova Art more than 80 works drawn from the collection Super Nova Art more than 80 works drawn from the collection

of Vicki and Kent Logan—including painting, sculpture and of Vicki and Kent Logan—including painting, sculpture and photography—offers a survey of visual artistic practices of the photography—offers a survey of visual artistic practices of the 1990s, a decade that produced some of the most challenging 1990s, a decade that produced some of the most challenging and exciting contemporary artand exciting contemporary art. .