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FIRST MULTICOLOUR ILLUSTRATIVE EDITION

PRINCIPLESOF

POWER SYSTEM

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S. CHANDAN ISO 9001 : 2000 COMPANY

PRINCIPLES OFPOWER SYSTEM

MULTICOLOUR ILLUSTRATIVE EDITION

[INCLUDING GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION,SWITCHGEAR AND PROTECTION]

V.K. MEHTAROHIT MEHTA

2005S. CHAND & COMPANY LTD.

RAM NAGAR, NEW DELHI-110 055

[For B.E. / B.Tech., AMIE and other Engineering Examinations]


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(vii)

!"#$%#$&1. Introduction 1—8

!"#$%&'()* $+ ,-*)&%.)'- ,(*%/012*(*%'&.$( $+ ,-*)&%.)'- ,(*%/013$4%)*5 $+ ,(*%/016$"#'%.5$( $+,(*%/0 3$4%)*517(.&5 $+ ,(*%/018*-'&.$(59.# '"$(/ ,(*%/0 7(.&51,++.).*()016'-$%.+.) :'-4* $+ ;4*-51<=:'(&'/*5 $+ >.?4.= ;4*-5 @:*% 3$-.=;4*-51<=:'(&'/*5 $+ 3$-.= ;4*-5 @:*%>.?4.= ;4*-5A

2. Generating Stations 9—402*(*%'&.(/ 3&'&.$(513&*'"

B$C*% 3&'&.$(13)9*"'&.) <%%'(/*D"*(& $+ 3&*'" B$C*% 3&'&.$(169$.)* $+ 3.&* +$% 3&*'" B$C*%3&'&.$(51,++.).*()0 $+ 3&*'" B$C*%3&'&.$(1,?4.#"*(& $+ 3&*'" B$C*%3&'&.$(1E0=%$*-*)&%.) B$C*%3&'&.$(13)9*"'&.) <%%'(/*"*(&$+ E0=%$*-*)&%.) B$C*% 3&'&.$(169$.)* $+ 3.&* +$% E0=%$*-*)&%.)

B$C*% 3&'&.$(516$(5&.&4*(&5 $+ E0=%$*-*)&%.) B-'(&1F.*5*- B$C*% 3&'&.$(13)9*"'&.) <%%'(/*"*(& $+ F.*5*- B$C*% 3&'&.$(1G4)-*'% B$C*% 3&'&.$(13)9*"'&.) <%%'(/*"*(& $+ G4)-*'% B$C*% 3&'&.$(13*-*)&.$( $+ 3.&* +$%G4)-*'% B$C*% 3&'&.$(12'5 H4%I.(* B$C*% B-'(&13)9*"'&.) <%%'(/*"*(&$+ 2'5 H4%I.(* B$C*% B-'(&16$"#'%.5$( $+ &9* J'%.$45 B$C*% B-'(&5A


(viii)

3. Variable Load on PowerStations 41—683&%4)&4%* $+ ,-*)&%.) B$C*% 305&*"1>$'= 64%:*51!"#$%&'(& H*%"5 '(=;')&$%517(.&5 2*(*%'&*= #*%<((4"1>$'= F4%'&.$( 64%:*51H0#*5$+ >$'=51H0#.)'- =*"'(= '(==.:*%5.&0 +')&$%51>$'= )4%:*5 '(= 5*D-*)&.$( $+ 2*(*%'&.(/ 7(.&51!"#$%&'(&#$.(&5 .( &9* 5*-*)&.$( $+ 7(.&51K'5*-$'= '(= B*'L -$'= $( B$C*% 3&'&.$(1M*&9$= $+ "**&.(/ &9* >$'=1!(&*%)$((*)&*= /%.= 505&*"A

4. Economics of PowerGeneration 69—86,)$($".)5 $+ B$C*% 2*(*%'&.$(16$5& $+ ,-*)&%.)'- ,(*%/01,N#%*55.$(5+$% 6$5& $+ ,-*)&%.)'- ,(*%/01M*&9$=5$+ =*&*%".(.(/ F*#%*).'&.$(1!"#$%&'()* $+ E./9 >$'= ;')&$%A

5. Tariff 87—100H'%.++1F*5.%'I-* )9'%')&*%.5&.)5 $+ 'H'%.++1H0#*5 $+ H'%.++A

6. Power FactorImprovement 101—126B$C*% ;')&$%1B$C*% H%.'(/-*1F.5'=:'(&'/*5$+ >$C ;')&$%16'45*5 $+ >$C B$C*% ;')&$%1B$C*% ;')&$% !"#%$:*"*(&1B$C*% ;')&$%!"#%$:*"*(& ,?4.#"*(&16'-)4-'&.$(5 $+B$C*% ;')&$% 6$%%*)&.$(1!"#$%&'()* $+ B$C*%;')&$% ."#%$:*"*(&1M$5& ,)$($".)'- B$C*%;')&$%1M**&.(/ &9* !()%*'5*= LO =*"'(= $(B$C*% 3&'&.$(5A


(ix)

7. Supply Systems 127—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

8. Mechanical Design of Overhead Lines 159—201M'.( )$"#$(*(&5 $+ @:*%9*'=

>.(*516$(=4)&$% M'&*%.'-51>.(* 34##$%&51!(54-'&$%51H0#* $+!(54-'&$%51B$&*(&.'- F.5&%.I4&.$( $:*%345#*(5.$( !(54-'&$% 3&%.(/13&%.(/,++.).*()01M*&9$=5 $+ !"#%$:.(/3&%.(/ ,++.).*()01!"#$%&'(& B$.(&516$%$('1;')&$%5 '++*)&.(/ 6$%$('1!"#$%&'(& H*%"51<=:'(&'/*5 '(=F.5'=:'(&'/*5 $+ 6$%$('1M*&9$=5$+ 8*=4).(/ 6$%$(' ,++*)&13'/ .(@:*%9*'= >.(*516'-)4-'&.$( $+3'/13$"* M*)9'(.)'- #%.().#-*5A

9. Electrical Design of Overhead Lines 202—2276$(5&'(&5 $+ ' H%'(5".55.$( >.(*18*5.5&'()* $+ ' H%'(5".55.$( >.(*13L.(*++*)&1;-4N >.(L'/*51!(=4)&'()* $+ '3.(/-* B9'5* @:*%9*'= >.(*1!(=4)D&'()* $+ ' QDB9'5* @:*%9*'= >.(*16$()*#& $+ 5*-+D2MF '(= "4&4'-2MF1!(=4)&'()* ;$%"4-'5 .( &*%"5 $+2MF1,-*)&%.) B$&*(&.'-16'#').&'()*$+ ' 3.(/-* B9'5* @:*%9*'= >.(*16'#').&'()* $+ ' QDB9'5* @:*%9*'= >.(*A


(x)

10.Performance of Transmission Lines 228—2636-'55.+.)'&.$( $+ $:*%9*'=H%'(5".55.$( >.(*51!"#$%&'(& H*%"51B*%+$%"'()* $+ 3.(/-* B9'5* 39$%&H%'(5".55.$( >.(*51H9%**DB9'5* 39$%&H%'(5".55.$( >.(*51,++*)& $+ -$'= #A+A$( 8*/4-'&.$( '(= ,++.).*()01M*=.4" H%'(5".55.$( >.(*51,(=6$(=*(5*% M*&9$=1G$".('- HM*&9$=1G$".('- M*&9$=1 >$(/H%'(5".55.$( >.(*51<('-05.5 $+ >$(/H%'(5".55.$( >.(*12*(*%'-.5*=6$(5&'(&5 $+ ' H%'(5".55.$( >.(*1F*&*%".('&.$( $+ 2*(*%'-.5*=6$(5&'(&5 +$% H%'(5".55.$( >.(*5A

11.Underground Cable 264—299

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


(xi)

12.Distribution Systems—General 300—309F.5&%.I4&.$( 305&*"16-'55.+.)'&.$( $+F.5&%.I4&.$( 305&*"51<A6A F.5&%.I4D&.$(1FA6A F.5&%.I4&.$(1M*&9$=5 $+$I&'.(.(/ QDC.%* FA6A 305&*"1@:*%D9*'= !"#$%$ 7(=*%/%$4(= 305&*"16$((*)&.$( 3)9*"*5 $+ F.5&%.I4&.$(305&*"18*?4.%*"*(&5 $+ ' F.5&%.I4D&.$( 305&*"1F*5./( 6$(5.=*%'&.$(5 .(F.5&%.I4&.$( 305&*"A

13.D.C. Distribution 310—355H0#*5 $+ FA6A F.5&%.I4&$%51FA6A

F.5&%.I4&.$( 6'-)4-'&.$(51FA6A=.5&%.I4&$% +*= '& $(* *(=R)$()*(&%'&*= -$'=.(/S17(.+$%"-0-$'=*= =.5&%.I4&$% +*= '& $(* *(=1F.5&%.I4&$% +*= '& I$&9 *(=5R)$()*(&%'&*= -$'=.(/S17(.+$%"-0-$'=*= =.5&%.I4&$% +*= '& I$&9 *(=51F.5&%.I4&$% C.&9 I$&9 )$()*(&%'&*= '(=4(.+$%" -$'=.(/18.(/ F.5&%.I4&$%18.(/"'.( =.5&%.I4&$%5 C.&9 !(&*%)$((*)&$%1QDC.%* FA6A 505&*"164%%*(& =.5&%.I4&.$(.( QDC.%* FA6A 305&*"1K'-'()*%5 .(QDC.%* FA6A 505&*"1K$$5&*%516$"#'%.5$( $+ QDC.%* '(= TDC.%* =A)A=.5&%.I4&.$(12%$4(= =*&*)&$%5A

14.A.C. Distribution 356—373<A6A F.5&%.I4&.$( 6'-)4-'&.$(51M*&9$=5 $+ 5$-:.(/ <A6A F.5&%.I4&.$(B%$I-*"51QD#9'5* 4(I'-'()*=-$'=51UDC.%*V 5&'%D)$((*)&*=4(I'-'()*= -$'=512%$4(==*&*)&$%5A


(xii)

15.Voltage Control 374—386!"#$%&'()* $+ J$-&'/* 6$(&%$-1>$)'&.$( $+ J$-&'/* 6$(&%$-,?4.#"*(&1M*&9$=5 $+ J$-&'/*6$(&%$-1,N).&'&.$( 6$(&%$-1H.%%.-8*/4-'&$%1K%$C(DK$:*%. 8*/4-'&$%1H'# 69'(/.(/ H%'(5+$%"*%51<4&$&%'(5+$%"*% &'# )9'(/.(/1K$$5&*% H%'(5+$%"*%1!(=4)&.$(8*/4-'&$%51J$-&'/* )$(&%$- I030()9%$($45 6$(=*(5*%A

16. Introduction toSwitchgear 387—3953C.&)9/*'%1,55*(&.'- +*'&4%*5 $+3C.&)9/*'%13C.&)9/*'% ,?4.#"*(&K45DI'% <%%'(/*"*(&513C.&)9/*'%<))$""$='&.$(139$%& ).%)4.&139$%& ).%)4.& )4%%*(&51;'4-&5 .( 'B$C*% 305&*"A

17.Symmetrical FaultCalculations 396—42130""*&%.)'- ;'4-&5 $( QD#9'5*505&*"1>.".&'&.$( $+ ;'4-& )4%%*(&1B*%)*(&'/* 8*')&'()*1B*%)*(&'/* %*')&'()* '(= K'5*LJ<139$%& ).%)4.& LJ<18*')&$%)$(&%$- $+ 59$%& ).%)4.& )4%%*(&51>$)'&.$( $+ 8*')&$%513&*#5 +$%50""*&%.)'- +'4-& )'-)4-'&.$(5A


(xiii)

18.Unsymmetrical FaultCalculations 422—4597(50""*&%.)'- ;'4-&5 $( QD#9'5*305&*"130""*&%.)'- 6$"#$(*(&5M*&9$=1@#*%'&$% W'X130""*&%.D)'- 6$"#$(*(&5 .( &*%"5 $+ B9'5*)4%%*(&513$"* ;')&5 'I$4&3*?4*()* )4%%*(&513*?4*()*. " # * = ' ( ) * 5 1 3 * ? 4 * ( ) *!"#*='()*5 $+ B$C*% 305&*",-*"*(&51<('-05.5 $+ 7(50""*&%.)'-;'4-&513.(/-* >.(*D&$D2%$4(=;'4-&1>.(*D&$D-.(* ;'4-&1F$4I-*>.(*D&$D2%$4(= ;'4-&13*?4*()*G*&C$%L5 18*+*%*()* K45 +$%3*?4*()* G*&C$%L5A

19.Circuit Breakers 460—4866.%)4.& K%*'L*%51<%) B9*($"*($(1B%.().#-*5 $+ '%) *N&.()&.$(1M*&9$=5 $+ '%)*N&.()&.$(1!"#$%&'(& H*%"516-'55.+.)'&.$( $+).%)4.& I%*'L*%[email protected] ).%)4.& I%*'L*%51H0#*5$+ $.- ).%)4.& I%*'L*%51B-'.( I%*'L $.- ).%)4.&I%*'L*%51<%) )$(&%$- $.- ).%)4.& I%*'L*%51>$C $.- ).%)4.& I%*'L*%51M'.(&*('()* $+ $.-).%)4.& I%*'L*%51<.% I-'5& ).%)4.& I%*'L*%51H0#*5 $+ '.% I-'5& ).%)4.& I%*'L*%513;Y 6.%)4.&K%*'L*%1J')44" ).%)4.& I%*'L*%513C.&)9/*'% 6$"#$(*(&51B%$I-*"5 $+ ).%)4.&.(&*%%4#&.$(18*5.5&'()* 3C.&)9.(/16.%)4.&K%*'L*% 8'&.(/5A

20. Fuses 487—496;45*51F*5.%'I-* 69'%')&*%.5&.)5 $+;45* ,-*"*(&51;45* *-*"*(& "'&*%.D'-51!"#$%&'(& H*%"51H0#*5 $+;45*51>$C :$-&'/* +45*51E./9 :$-&D'/* +45*5164%%*(& )'%%0.(/ )'#')D.&0 $+ +45* *-*"*(&1F.++*%*()* I*D&C**( ' +45* '(= ).%)4.& I%*'L*%A


(xiv)

21.Protective Relays 497—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

22.Protection of Alternators andTransformers 521—540

B%$&*)&.$( $+ <-&*%('&$%51F.++*%*(&.'-B%$&*)&.$( $+ <-&*%('&$%51M$=.+.*= F.++*%*(&.'-B%$&*)&.$( +$% <-&*%('&$%51K'-'()*= ,'%&9;'4-& B%$&*)&.$(13&'&$% !(&*%&4%( B%$&*)&.$(1B%$&*)&.$( $+ H%'(5+$%"*%51B%$&*)&.:* 505&*"5+$% &%'(5+$%"*%51K4)99$-P 8*-'01,'%&9 +'4-& $%-*'L'/* B%$&*)&.$(16$"I.(*= -*'L'/* '(=$:*%-$'= B%$&*)&.$(1<##-0.(/ 6.%)4-'&.(/)4%%*(& 505&*" &$ &%'(5+$%"*%516.%)4-'&.(/64%%*(& 5)9*"* +$% H%'(5+$%"*% B%$&*)&.$(A

23. Protection of Bus-barsand Lines 541—551K45DI'% B%$&*)&.$(1B%$&*)&.$( $+>.(*51H."* 2%'=*= @:*%)4%%*(&B%$&*)&.$(1F.++*%*(&.'- #.-$&DC.%*B%$&*)&.$(1F.5&'()* B%$&*)&.$(A


Principles of Power System (MulticolorEdition)

Publisher : SChand Publications ISBN : 9788121924962Author : V K Mehta AndRohit Mehta

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