THE GROWTH OF A YOUNG NATION

AMERICA EXPANDS IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY

THE JEFFERSONIAN ERA

Election of 1800 pitted Thomas Jefferson and his Democratic-Republican Party vs. John Adams and his Federalist Party

While Jefferson defeated Adams by 8 electoral votes, he tied his running mate, Aaron Burr

For six days the House of Reps took vote after vote until 36 votes later – Jefferson prevailed (Led to 12th Amendment)

3rd President of the U.S. 1800-1808

1800 Election Results

SIMPLIFYING THE GOVERNMENT

Jefferson’s theory of government, known as Jeffersonian Republicanism, held that simple, limited government was the best for the people

Jefferson decentralized the government, cut costs, reduce bureaucracy, and eliminate taxes

Jefferson Memorial

JOHN MARSHALL AND THE POWER OF THE SUPREME COURT

Before leaving office, John Adams (2nd President), attempts to “pack” the Federal courts with Federalists Judges

Jefferson argued this was unconstitutional

Supreme Court Chief Justice Marshall rules in Marbury v. Madison (1803) that part of the Judicial Act was unconstitutional

Established principle of Judicial Review – the ability of the Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional

THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE

By 1803, French leader Napoleon had abandoned his dreams of an American Empire

He needed money to fight European wars, so he accepted Jefferson’s offered of $15,000,000

More than doubled the size of our country

Lewis and Clark ordered to go explore new territory

MADISON ELECTED PRESIDENT

After two terms, Jefferson is succeeded by James Madison

Madison was two-term President 1808-1816

Known as the “Father of the Constitution, Madison also is known for his leadership during the War of 1812

4th President 1808-1816

WAR OF 1812 – U.S. vs. BRITAIN

Causes: British “impressment” (seizing Americans at sea and drafting them into their navy) upset Americans

The War: 1814 – British sack D.C. Burn White house

Andrew Jackson leads great victory in New Orleans

Treaty of Ghent signed, Christmas Eve, 1814

British Impressment of U.S. seamen upset Americans

RESULTS OF WAR OF 1812

Results of the war included:

End of the Federalist Party (opposed war)

Encouraged industries in U.S.

Confirmed status of U.S. as a strong, free, and independent nation

Despite the burning of the President’s mansion, the U.S. emerged strong

NATIONALISM SHAPES POLICY

James Monroe was elected president in 1816

Immediately, Nationalism clearly established as key concern of administration

Treaty with Britain to jointly occupy the Oregon Territory

Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) secured Florida & southern- most areas of SE America

THE MONROE DOCTRINE

In the early 19th Century, various European countries hinted at increased colonization

In his 1823 address to Congress, Monroe made it clear to Europe: Don’t interfere with Western Hemisphere (Monroe Doctrine)

What idea does this political cartoon convey?

THE AGE OF JACKSON

During a time of growing Sectionalism, Andrew Jackson’s election in 1828, ushered in a new era of popular democracy

REGIONAL ECONOMIES CREATE DIFFERENCES

The Northeast continued to develop industry while the South and West continued to be more agricultural

The Industrial Revolution reached America by the early-mid 19th century

New England first to embrace factory system

Especially in textile (fabric) mills

SOUTH REMAINS AGRICULTURAL

Meanwhile, the South continued to grow as an agricultural power

Eli Whitney’s invention of the Cotton Gin (1793) made producing cotton even more profitable

The South became a “Cotton Kingdom”

More labor was needed – 1790 = 700,000 slaves

1820 = 1,500,000 slaves

Cotton Gin quickly separated cotton fiber from seeds

BALANCING NATIONALISM AND SECTIONALISM

Economic differences created political tension between North & South

As the regions moved apart, politicians attempted to keep nation together

House Speaker Henry Clay’s American Plan called for a protective tariff, a National Bank, and an improved infrastructure to help travel

THE MISSOURI COMPROMISE

In 1818 settlers in Missouri applied for statehood

Northerners and Southerners disagreed on whether Missouri should be admitted as a “free” state

Henry Clay organized a compromise in which Missouri was “slave” but Maine would be “free”

Also Louisiana Territory split at 36 30’ north latitude HENRY CLAY: THE GREAT

COMPROMISER

MISSOURI COMPROMISE 1820

ELECTION OF ANDREW JACKSON

Jackson, hero of the common man, won election in 1828 in part because the right to vote had been expanded to more citizens

In the 1824 election, won by John Quincy Adams, 350,000 white males voted

In 1828, over 1,000,000 white males voted

Many of the new voters supported the rugged westerner Jackson who also won re-election in 1832

ANDREW JACKSON IS ON THE $20 BILL

JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY

As part of his political philosophy, Jackson sought to grant political power to the common people

Called The Spoils System or Jacksonian Democracy, Jackson hired his own supporters to replace the previous administration’s staff

Jackson gave away many jobs to his friends and political allies

INDIAN REMOVAL ACT - 1830

Congress, with Jackson’s support, passed the Indian Removal Act in 1830

Under this law, the federal government funded treaties that forced tribes west

The Cherokee Tribe in Georgia refused and were supported by the Supreme Court

Jackson refused to abide by the Court decision Jackson said, “John Marshall (Supreme Court

Chief Justice) has made his decision, now let him enforce it.”

Trail of Tears followed the Court ruling as U.S. troops rounded up the Cherokee and drove them west, mostly on foot. . .thousands died

INDIAN REMOVAL - 1830

TARIFF OF “ABOMINATION”

In 1824 and again in 1828, Congress increased the Import Tariff of 1816

Southerners called the 1828 Tariff, “a Tariff of Abominations,” and blamed it for economic problems in the South

THE NORTH

THE SOUTH

TARIFFS

NULLIFICATION THREAT

In an attempt to free South Carolina from the tariff, John Calhoun (Jackson’s VP from S.C.), developed the Theory of Nullification

He believed if a state found an act of Congress to be unconstitutional, it could declare the law void within its borders

Tensions only relieved by a Clay Compromise Tariff in 1833

JACKSON’S BANK WAR

Jackson opposed National Bank so he created Pet Banks – so called because they were favored by Jackson’s Democrats

Many felt Jackson was acting more like a King than a president

In 1832, his opponents formed a new party – the Whigs

PANIC OF 1837

In 1836, Democrat Martin Van Buren won the Presidency

He inherited problems from the “Bank Wars”

Jackson’s Pet Banks printed money without Gold backing

In 1837 a panic set in and many banks closed, accounts went bankrupted, and unemployment soared

MARTIN VAN BUREN 1837-1841

HARRISON & TYLER Whig William Henry

Harrison defeated Democrat Van Buren in the election of 1840

Harrison, known as “Tippecanoe” for a battle he won against natives, died a month into his term

His VP, John Tyler became president HARRISON

1841

TYLER 1841-1845

MANIFEST DESTINY

In the 1840s Americans became preoccupied with expansion

Many believed that their movement westward was predestined by God

Manifest Destiny was the belief that the U.S. would expand “from sea to shining sea”

UNITED STATES EXPANSION BY 1853 - MANIFEST DESTINY

FAMOUS TRAILS WEST

No highways existed, thus wagon trails served as the roads to the West

Santa Fe Trail ran from Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico

Oregon Trail stretched from Independence to Oregon City, Oregon

Mormons especially utilized the Oregon Trail on their way to Salt Lake City

MEXICO CONTROLS TEXAS

After 300 years of Spanish rule, Mexican settlers felt at home in Texas territory

Mexico won their independence from Spain in 1821 and Texas was theirs

Mexican officials offered land to Americans to make the area more stable

Americans soon outnumbered Mexicans in Texas – trouble started

TEXAS INDEPENDENCE

Stephen Austin established a colony of Americans in Texas

Conflicts intensified between Mexicans and Americans in Texas

One issue was the slaves many Americans had brought with them

Mexico had outlawed slavery in 1829

REMEMBER THE ALAMO Mexican President Santa

Anna was determined to force Texans to obey Mexican law

Santa Anna marched his troops toward San Antonio – at the same time Austin issued a call to arms for all American Texans

American forces moved into a mission known as the Alamo in 1836

After 13 days the Mexican troops scaled the walls and slaughtered all 187 Americans

THE ALAMO IN SAN ANTONIO

MEXICAN-AMERICAN WAR 1844 presidential election

winner, James Polk, eagerly wanted to annex Texas as part of the U.S.

Negotiations failed and U.S. troops moved into Mexican territory in 1845

America victories soon followed, and in 1848 Mexican leader Santa Anna conceded defeat

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed – U.S. gets (larger) Texas, New Mexico & California

MEXICAN PRESIDENT SANTA ANNA

CALIFORNIA GOLD RUSH

After gold was discovered at Sutter’s Mill, migration to California rose from 400 in 1848 to 44,000 in 1850

Folks who rushed to San Francisco in 1849 became known as Forty-niners

By 1857, the total amount of gold mined in California topped $2,000,000,000