first aid for colleges and universities 10 edition chapter 16 © 2012 pearson education, inc....

First Aid for Colleges and Universities

10 Edition

Chapter 16

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cardiovascular and Stroke Emergencies

Slide Presentation prepared by

Randall Benner, M.Ed., NREMT-P

Learning Objectives

• Identify the two types of coronary artery disease.• Describe the physiological process involved in

– Angina pectoris– Congestive heart failure– Myocardial infarction– Stroke


Learning Objectives

• List the signs and symptoms, and demonstrate management of– Angina– Congestive heart failure– Myocardial infarction– Stroke

• Describe and demonstrate the first aid care of– A victim who does not have a pulse– A victim who is responsive


Introduction

• Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) encompasses many conditions leading to low oxygen states to the heart.

• Heart attacks and associated heart disease are the #1 killer of Americans annually.

• The First Aider should consider every patient with chest pain as having an acute coronary event until proven otherwise.


Coronary Artery Disease

• What is coronary artery disease?– A serious disease that affects the functioning of the

arteries supplying blood to the heart– Results in diminished or occluded blood flow– Victims eventually can experience chest pain or heart

attack.

• Types of coronary artery disease– Atherosclerosis– Arteriosclerosis


Coronary Artery Disease

• Artherosclerosis– Plaque develops on inner lining of arteries– Reduces blood flow to the heart

• Arteriosclerosis– Calcium deposits in arterial walls limits the ability of

the arteries to constrict or dilate


Cardiac Risk Factors


Angina

• Also known as angina pectoris– “Pain in the chest”– Signals the heart’s need for more oxygen– Two types: stable and unstable angina– Symptoms between the two types are often similar


Angina

• Stable and unstable angina– Stable often occurs with exertion– Unstable often occurs without any prediction

• Other common signs and symptoms– Dyspnea (shortness of breath)– Profuse perspiration– Light-headedness– Palpitations– Nausea and/or vomiting– Pale and cool skin


Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

• Heart fails to pump blood effectively to the body• Can occur from hypertension, heart attacks, etc.• Fluid can build up behind a failing left heart

ventricle• Fluid then shifts into alveoli impairing

oxygenation


Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

• Signs and symptoms– Pain may or may not be present– Severe respiratory distress is common– Wheezing in the lungs, rapid breathing– Distended neck veins– Swelling of feet and lower legs– Confusion or anxiousness– Tripod positioning and abdominal distension


Congestive Heart Failure Symptoms


Myocardial Infarction (MI)

• Commonly known as heart attack• Death to heart muscle occurs• Complete blockage of a coronary blood vessel• Can result in quick deterioration into cardiac

arrest• Generally associated with coronary artery

disease• Among the most severe/dangerous of the ACS

conditions


Myocardial Infarction (MI)

• Signs and symptoms– Depends on degree of heart damage– Chest pain is most common symptom– 25% of MI’s are “silent”– Shortness of breath, profuse sweating,

nausea/vomiting, weakness, anxiety, rapid or slow heart rate, fainting, cyanosis (“blueness”)


First Aid Care for Cardiac Emergencies

• Time is critical in treating any acute coronary syndrome– Activate EMS.– Perform an initial assessment.– Note type, quality, and location of pain.– Encourage the victim to chew one adult aspirin or two

low-dose baby aspirins.– Loosen restrictive clothing.– Monitor vital signs.– Know location of closest AED and be prepared to

start CPR.


Stroke

• Any condition that impairs circulation to the brain– Cells die from a lack of oxygen in minutes– Characteristics depend on extent of stroke and

amount of brain damage

• Causes and types of strokes– Ischemic (thrombotic and embolic)– Hemorrhagic stroke


Causes of Strokes


Types of Strokes

• Thrombotic– Cerebral artery blocked by a clot that develops in the

blood vessel– A type of ischemic stroke– Often preceded by a transient ischemic attack (TIA)

• Embolic– Blocked cerebral blood vessel from clot that travels

from elsewhere in the body– A type of ischemic stroke


Types of Strokes

• Transient ischemic attack (TIA)– Brief spell, similar to a stroke– Occurs when there is a temporary blockage of

cerebral blood vessel– Lasts from a few minutes to usually less than one

hour– Presents like a traditional stroke


Types of Strokes

• Hemorrhagic stroke– Vessel in brain bursts– Blood floods the surrounding brain tissue– Loss of blood flow and compression causes brain

injury


Brain of a victim of stroke from cerebral hemorrhage.

General Signs and Symptoms of Stroke


Stroke Management

• Activate EMS.• Handle the victim carefully.• Place victim in semi-sitting position if conscious.• Use left lateral positioning if unconscious.• Assess airway, breathing, and circulation

functions.• Support any impaired ABC functions.• Maintain normal body temperature.


Stroke Management

• Give nothing by mouth.• Don’t get distracted by the type of stoke; use

general stroke protocols.• Keep victim warm, quiet, and shielded from

onlookers if needed.


Summary

• Cardiovascular diseases are the number one killer of Americans annually.

• Encountering a victim of CHF, MI, angina, or stroke is very common.

• Ensure that the airway, breathing, and circulatory functions are intact until EMS arrives.

• These type of patients can rapidly deteriorate into cardiac arrest.

• All victims with chest pain should be suspected of having ACS, and treated accordingly.


first aid for colleges and universities 10 edition chapter 16 © 2012 pearson education, inc....

Documents

pearson education

heart attacks

associated heart disease

heart results

heart muscle

heart attack death

nremtp slide

unstable angina symptoms