FIRST AID

DR.P.RAMESH BABU

M.B;B.S;A.F.I.H

MEDICAL SUPDT

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FIRST AID

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STRUCTURE &

FUNCTIONS

OF

HUMAN BODY

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SKELETON

The Axial Skeleton

The Complete Skeleton•Axial skeleton

–Skull–Hyoid bone–Vertebral column–Thoracic (rib) cage

•Appendicular skeleton–Limbs–Girdles

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• The skeleton is the framework of the human anatomy, supporting the body and protecting its internal organs.

• 206 compose the skeleton, about half of which are in the hands and feet.

• Most of the bones are connected to other bones at flexible joints, which lend the framework a high degree of flexibility.

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Only one bone, the hyoid, is not directly connected to another bone in such an articulation. It anchors the tongue and is attached to the styloid processes of the skull by ligament. The skeletons of male and female bodies are essentially the same, with the only noteworthy exceptions being that female bones are usually lighter and thinner than male bones, and the female pelvis is shallower and wider than the male's. This latter difference makes childbirth easier.

Skeleton contd

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The skull is one of the principle groups of bones in the human anatomy. The skull consists of twenty-six bones: eight bones form the cranium, which houses the brain and ear ossicles, plus fourteen facial bones, which form the front of the face, jaw, nose, orbits, and the roof of the mouth, three more bones make up the inner ear ossicles, and one more, the hyoid bone, is in the neck and is attached to the temporal bone by ligaments and anchors the tongue.

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The Skull contd• The skull is the skeleton of the head and is made up of

the following bones:

1. One on the top called Dome.

2. One in the front corresponding to the face called Frontal.

3. Two-one on either side called the Parietals.

4. Two-one on either side below the Parietals called Temporalis.

5. One behind corresponding to the back of the head is called Occipital.

6. Two forming roof of the mouth or the Upper Jaw.

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Skull Cavity

Contains BrainEmerges Spinal Cord From Foramen Magnum ( a big hole in the baseOf skull) continuous as spinal cord in back bone.

Superior View of Skull or Cranium

• Functions– Protects brain– Supports organs of

special senses

• Superior view of skull– Parietal bones-top of

skull – Frontal bone-

forehead

Modified from Fig. 7.2

Posterior View of Skull

• Hard palate-roof of mouth– Palatine– Maxilla

Occipital

-back of head

Modified from Fig. 7.3

Lateral View of Skull• Temporal bone

External auditory meatus-earhole

• Zygomatic bone- arch of cheek

• Mandible- Jawbone

• Sphenoid bone- at temple

Modified from Fig. 7.4

Frontal View of Skull

• Zygomatic bones

• Nasal bones-top of nose

• Inferior nasal concha-inside nose

• Maxilla-moustache bone

Modified from Fig. 7.6

Bones and Openings of Right Orbit

Modified from Fig. 7.8

• Ethmoid bone

• Lacrimal bone

• Sphenoid bone

Inferior View of Skull

• Foramen magnum

• Occipital condyles

• Styloid processes

Modified from Fig. 7.12

Hyoid Bone and Auditory Ossicles

• Hyoid bone– Unpaired– No direct bony

attachment to skull – Attachment point for

some tongue muscles– Attachment point for

neck muscles that elevate larynx during speech and swallowing

• Auditory ossicles– Malleus, incus and

stapesFig. 7.14

Vertebra

• Parts– Body– Vertebral foramen– Vertebral arch– Superior and inferior

articular processes and facets

– Transverse process– Articular facets for rib– Spinous process

Modified from Fig. 7.19

Vertebral Column

• Regions– Cervical (7

vertebrae)– Thoracic (12

vertebrae)– Lumbar (5 vertebrae)– Sacral bone (1)– Coccygeal bone (1)

Fig. 7.15

Cervical Vertebrae

• Atlas– First vertebra

• Axis– Second vertebra– Dens or odontoid

process

Modified from Fig. 7.22

Thoracic and Lumbar Vertebrae

Modified from Fig. 7.23 Modified from Fig. 7.24

Sacrum and Coccyx

Modified from Fig. 7.25

Thoracic or Rib Cageand Sternum

• Parts– Thoracic vertebrae– Ribs (12 pair)

• True or Vertebrosternal• False

• floating– Sternum (manubrium, body, Xiphoid

process• )

Parts•Thoracic vertebrae•Ribs (12 pair)

•True or Vertebrosternal•False

•floating•Sternum (manubrium, body, Xiphoid process

•)

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Back Bone or Spine ( Vertebral Column)

• It consists of thirty three• Cervical ------07• Thoracic ----- 12 Separate• Lumbar ------ 05• Sacral -------- 05 fused• Coccyx ------- 04• In between each pair of vertebrae there is a thick

space called “Disc” which allows movement as well as shock absorber.Central canal through which spinal cord passes and carries nerve impulses to and from the Brain.

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Ribs & Breast Bone ( Sternum)

• 12 pairs attached to the corresponding vertebrae at the back.

• 1 to 7 pairs – attached Breast bone front• 8 to 10 pairs – attached to ribs above.• 11 & 12 pairs – have no attachment in front

Floating Ribs.

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The Upper Limbs&Shoulder

1.Clavicle ( collar bone)2. Scapula ( Shoulder blade)Bones In Upper Limb1. Humerus ( Upper arm bone)2. Fore arm bones ---two a) Radius – Outer side of fore arm b) Ulna -- Inner side of fore arm.The joint between upper arm & fore arm is called Elbow joint.

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ScapulaThe scapula (shoulder blade) is a rougly triangular bone which, with the clavicle, forms the pectoral, or shoulder, girdle. The humerus, or upper arm bone, articulates with the scapula to form the shoulder joint. This articulation takes place at the glenoid cavity, located at the upper, lateral angle of the scapula. The posterior of the scapula features a laterally running spine ,which separates the posterior surface into two unequal areas. This spine continues laterally and projects in the coracoid process and the acromion (which articulates with the medial end of the clavicle). Both of these projections serve as sites of attachment for connective tissue, and the spine and acromion anchor the trapezius and deltoids, specifically. These connections give the pectoral girdle a high degree of both flexibility and strength.

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There are 8 carpal bones at the Wrist 5 Meta carpal bones in the palm of the Hand. 3 small bones in each finger called Phalanges. 2 bones for each Thumb.

Hand bones

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Pelvis

The pelvis creates the basin of the lower abdominal cavity. It is formed by three separate bones which become fused: the ilium, the ischium, and the pubis. The ilium is the broad, wing-like segment which features the wide, slightly concave surfaces of the back and sides of the pelvic girdle. The ischium forms the smaller, lower, portion which bears the weight of the body while sitting. The pubis creates an archway in the front of the basin which allows the urethra, blood vessels, and nerves to pass through the pelvic girdle to the external genitalia and lower body.

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The Pelvis & Lower Limbs

• 2 Hip bones one on either side joined together form the Pelvis.

• The Pelvis forms a basin – shaped cavity which contains intestines, Urinary bladder and reproductive organs.

• There are two sockets one either side of the Pelvis, where the thigh bones join forming Hip joint

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Femur ( Thigh Bone) Longest & Strongest bone in the body. Upper end ---- Part of Hip joint Lower end ---- Part of Knee joint.Patella ( Knee cap) Small bone over the front of the Knee joint lying loosely in the muscles, ligaments and under the skin.

Lower Limb

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• Lower LimbLeg1. Tibia ( Shin Bone)2. Fibula ( Brooch Bone)Tibia: Extends from Knee joint to Ankle joint.Fibula: Lies on the outer side of Tibia. It does not participate in the formation of Knee joint, But lower end forms outer part of the ankle joint.

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Tarsals ---- 7 Irregular bones at the “Instep” Largest, the heel-bone and the upper most forms the lower part of ankle joint.Meta tarsals – 5 long bones in front of the instep support the toes.Phalanges -- 14 in number, 2 in big toe and three in each of other 4 toes.

FOOT

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Joints

• Joints are at the junction of two or more bones.

• There may be no movement as in skull • Or there may be movements as in Knee,

Elbow, Shoulder and Hip joints.• Ends of the bones are covered by

cartilage and is overall again encased in capsule with some lubricant material inside the joint.

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Primarily meant to produce movement of the Limbs & Organs.There are Broadly two types of muscles 1. Voluntary – cause movement under the will. 2. In voluntary – with out the will like Heart, lungs, brain, kidneys etc.

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Muscle

s of U

pper

Muscle

s of U

pper

Limb

Limb

Muscles of abdominal wallMuscles of abdominal wall

Muscles of backMuscles of back

Muscle

s of

Muscle

s of

Face

Face

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Muscles of Feet

Muscles of LegMuscles of Leg

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Nervous system

The muscles go in action called contraction by stimuli of nerves arising from brain & spinal cord carrying motor impulses.The damage to the nerves results in paralysis of the muscles.

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LigamentsLigaments

Thickened portions of the joint capsule are called ligaments.They check movements beyond normal permissible limits.If there is simple injury to the ligaments of the joints, it is called sprain.

Connective TissueConnective Tissue

Consists of yellow elastic & white fibrous tissue intermixed in varying proportions.Present in many parts of the body & forms a layer between the skin and underlying muscles all over the body.Fat being contained between its meshes, often in large quantitiesChief use is bind parts together.

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• Functions of the Body

• PHYSIOLGY: Study of normal changes and activities which go on living beings.

• Heart,lungs,Kidneys etc are called organs.

• Their special work is called function.

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skin• Covers the whole body.• Protects underlying

structures.• Two layers.

1. Cuticle – outer hard layer.

2. Dermis ( True Skin) inner layer

• The skin has the largest surface area of any organ in the body and is the heaviest

On the surface are the sensitive papillae, and within are certain organs with special functions, the sweat glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands. The skin protects the internal organs of the body against infection, injury, and harmful sun rays. It also plays an important role in the regulation of body temperature. Although the skin of an average-sized adult may weigh as much as twenty pounds, it is only paper thin in some places and not much thicker in others.

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Blood circulation - brain

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Blood - abdomen

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Brain

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Brain

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Brain-post

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Chest-ant

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Diaphragm

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ear

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Eye

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Eye

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EYE-MUSCLE

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KUB

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Reproductive organs

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Glands - Neck

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Heart

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Heart

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Internal ear

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Kidney

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Kidney

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KNee

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Knee post

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larynx

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LARYNX-INNER

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LARYNX - ANT

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LARYNX-POST

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TRACHEA

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LUNG

LTRT

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LUNGS

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abdomen

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Abdomen

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STOMACH

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LIVER - ANT

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LIVER - INT

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LARGE INTESTINE

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MALE – REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

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FACE - MUSCLES

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NASAL PASSAGES

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PANCREAS

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PELVIS

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SHOULDER

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SKULL

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SPINE

ANT POST

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SPINAL CORD- DORSAL

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SPINAL CORD

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VERTEBRA

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VERTEBRA

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TEETH

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TONGUE

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SPLEEN

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STERNUM

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TIBIA

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BLOWING HAND POSITION PUMPING

QUICK

CPR