firm innovation and productivity in latin ......firm innovation and productivity in latin america...
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FIRM INNOVATION AND PRODUCTIVITY IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN The Engine of Economic Development
Carlo Pietrobelli IDB - Competitiveness and Innovation Division [email protected]
www.firmsinlatinamerica.com
MEIDE Conference, HSE, Moscow, June 16-17, 2016
OPEN ACCESS https://publications.iadb.org/handle/11319/7690
What is the problem? GDP pc growth is not fast
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1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Latin America & Caribbean
China
Korea, Rep.
East Asia & Pacific
OECD members
Table 1: Growth Accounting: LAC vs Comparison Countries (1960-2011) (%)
Country/ Region D GDP per capita (a)
D Factor Accumulation (b)
D TFP (c) % Share (c) / (a)
LAC 1.79 1.80 -0.01 -0.6%
East Asia &Pac. 3.69 2.85 0.83 22.5%
United States 1.99 1.21 0.78 39.2%
China 6.04 4.21 1.83 30.3%
Finland 2.74 1.44 1.30 47.4%
Why? Low Productivity Growth
Low Productivity Growth
TFP Relative to the US, 1960–2013 (in percent)
How can we explain this?
Focusing on aggregate
data, we miss the
effects of resource
reallocation and
within firms dynamics
Two microeconomic sources of productivity growth drive aggregate efficiency over time:
1 Efficiency gains that occur within firms, due to better production methods, organization, innovation at the plant-level, learning and capability development, etc.
Efficiency gains derived from the reallocation of resources from less productive firms to more productive ones - due to competition and processes of (Schumpeterian) creation and destruction - entry (exit) of more (less) efficient firms.
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Huge Heterogeneity among firms in productivity and innovation (also within sectors)
Why we focus on 1
Grazzi & Pietrobelli, 2016, Busso et al., 2012 Hsieh and Klenow 2009 Syverson 2011
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5.0
00e-
06
.00
001
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0015
Den
sity
Labor Productivity
Manufacturing
Services
Many low productive
firms
Few highly productive
firms
Huge Heterogeneity among firms in productivity and innovation (also within sectors)
Why we focus on 1 – heterogeneity in productivity in LA
Data
We use World Bank Enterprise Survey data to empirically analyze the determinants of productivity at the firm level.
Together with other databases such as EPFE (Productivity and Human Resources Training Establishments Survey), TIVA, Foreign banks’ international presence, PROTEQIN (firm-level innovation datasets for 14 Caribbean countries)
WBES: firm-level data on 135 countries, 2006, 2010, with collaboration WB-IDB http://www.enterprisesurveys.org
It covers 17 countries from Latin America and 14 countries from the Caribbean from manufacturing and service sector
ES in LAC includes questions on innovation, and access to policies
1. Determinants of Enterprise Performance in Latin America and the Caribbean: what does the micro-
evidence tell us?
Carlo Pietrobelli, Matteo Grazzi, Eddy Szirmai
2. Innovation Dynamics and Productivity: Evidence for Latin America
Gustavo Crespi, Fernando Vargas, Ezequiel Tacsir
3. Innovative Activity in the Caribbean: Drivers, Benefits, and Obstacles
Patrick K Watson, Eric Strobl, Preeya Mohan
4. ICT, Innovation and Productivity: Evidence from Latin American and the Caribbean Firms
Matteo Grazzi, Juan Jung
5. On-the-Job Training in Latin America and the Caribbean: Recent Evidence
David Rosas Shady, Carolina González Velosa, Roberto Flores Lima
6. Business Performance in Young Latin American Firms
Hugo Kantis, Juan Federico, Pablo Angelelli, Sabrina Ibarra Garcia
7. Different Obstacles for Different Productivity Levels? An Analysis of Caribbean Firms
Alison Cathles, Siobhan Pangerl
8. Credit Access in Latin American Enterprises
Roberta Rabellotti, Andrea F. Presbitero
9. International Linkages, Value Added Trade and LAC Firms' Productivity
Pierluigi Montalbano, Silvia Nenci, Carlo Pietrobelli
10. Innovation and Productivity in Latin America and the Caribbean Firms: Conclusions
Carlo Pietrobelli, Matteo Grazzi, Eddy Szirmai
RESULTS
Innovation improves productivity
1. First, LA firms are more likely to introduce product or process innovation if they spend more on innovation. +10% in R&D spending = +1.7 percent increase in the probability to innovate and an increase of innovative sales of 1.3%.
2. Second, labor productivity of innovative firms in LA is on average 50% higher than that of non-innovative firms.
3. These mechanisms vary largely depending on firm capabilities and characteristics. e.g. size, product diversification and fixed investment, the quality of human capital.
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Ln(Q/L) Ln(Q/L) Ln(Q/L) Ln(Q/L)
(1) (2) (3) (4) Materials 0.5025*** 0.5028*** 0.5028*** 0.5070***
(0.0208) (0.0191) (0.0190) (0.0174)
Capital 0.0919*** 0.0914*** 0.0918*** 0.0903***
(0.0075) (0.0078) (0.0089) (0.0080)
Human capital 0.4821*** 0.4915*** 0.5170*** 0.4957***
(0.0557) (0.0548) (0.0556) (0.0637)
Employment 0.0777*** 0.0783*** 0.0909*** 0.0766***
(0.0110) (0.0099) (0.0093) (0.0112)
Manager experience −0.0003 −0.0005 −0.0007 −0.0004
(0.0007) (0.0006) (0.0006) (0.0007)
Innovation 0.5543*** — — —
(0.0879)
Product innovation — 0.3635*** — —
(0.1195)
Process innovation — 0.1860 0.0636 —
(0.1307) (0.1746)
Innovative sales — — 0.5225** —
(0.2113)
IPRs — — — 0.3477***
(0.0865)
N 4376 4376 4376 4376
Ll −3596.6234 −3596.8416 −3597.4046 −3607.396
chi2 14787.2106 9124.5645 13287.8438 17278.7706
P 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Source: Authors’ elaboration using WBES. Notes: Coefficients reported are marginal effects. Bootstrapped standard errors in parentheses. *Coefficient is statistically significant at the 10% level; ** at the 5% level; *** at the 1% level; no asterisk means the coefficient is not different from zero with statistical significance.
Positive significant impacts of
innovation on productivity
Caribbean firms: Are they special?
Spending on innovation has a higher return than in most LA. A unit increase in logged innovation expenditure per employee increases the probability of an innovation by 56%.
Innovation improves productivity performance. Labor productivity of innovative firms is on average 63 percent higher than that of non-innovative firms.
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1
Den
sity
0 1 2 3 4
Productivity
Innovative Non-Innovative
The productivity benefits of innovation and human capital are greater for firms that are already productive
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Broadband matters both for innovation and productivity, but only if is utilized well
Broadband adoption has a positive and significant effect on innovation (both in products and processes) and productivity
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Use of Internet also affects probability to innovate, but…
Only if used for Research
the broader the variety of activities for which broadband is used, the greater the impact on innovation
Broadband matters both for innovation and productivity, but only if is utilized well! 3 Variables
Product innovation Process innovation (1) (2) (3) (4)
Broadband adoption 0.214*** 0.064 0.255*** 0.094**
(0.036) (0.044) (0.039) (0.047)
Internet use for purchases 0.016 0.019
(0.019) (0.020)
Internet use to deliver
services
0.013 0.038*
(0.020) (0.020)
Internet use for research 0.112*** 0.105***
(0.020) (0.021)
Internet for purchases +
deliver services + research
0.060** 0.048*
(0.024) (0.025)
Log Likelihood -4929,68 -4868,86 -5017,95 -4961,54
Rho -0.170** -0.145** -0.269*** -0.242***
(0.067) (0.067) (0.071) (0.072)
/athrho -0.172** -0.146** -0.276*** -0.247***
(0.069) (0.069) (0.076) (0.077)
Observations 5930 5930 5926 5926 Source: Grazzi and Jung (2016)
Notes: Estimated average marginal effects from bivariate Probit Estimations; Delta-Method
standard errors in parentheses; * Significant at 10%. ** Significant at 5%. *** Significant at 1%
Firms decide to invest in training only if they also spend in R&D, innovate, have credit, face demand for (higher) skills 4
Has ISO certificate
% Expenditure in R&D
Improved processes
Credit with financial institition
Introduced new products
Lack of skills is a major obstable
Age of the firm
Number of employees
Number of competitors
Fraction of domestic sales
Fraction of temporary workers
Experience of highest manager
Fraction of skilled workers
Fraction of domestic property
-.2 0 .2 .4 -.2 0 .2 .4 -.2 0 .2 .4
Small Medium Large
Marginal Effects
Training in firms has effect on productivity only for large firms 5
EFFECT OF TRAINING ON PRODUCTIVITY
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Intensity −0.001 −0.001 −0.001 −0.001
(0.001) (0.001) (0.001) (0.001)
Intensity * Large Firm 0.006* 0.007* n.a. n.a.
(0.004) (0.004)
Intensity * Improved Processes n.a. n.a. -0.003 0.002
(0.002) (0.002)
Observations 1479 1461 1479 1461
Firm-level fixed effects Yes Yes Yes Yes
Time varying controls No Yes No Yes Source: Authorsʼ calculations based on WBES.
Notes: This table presents estimates of the effect of increasing the proportion of trained workers. Standard errors are in parentheses. * Coefficient is statistically significant at the 10% level, ** at the 5% level, *** at the 1% level; no asterisk means the coefficient is not different from zero with statistical significance. n.a. = not applicable.
Young firms tend to be less productive in the region 6
Neither the introduction of innovations nor the adoption of diversification strategies do seem to affect young firms’ productivity significantly
Productivity Gap between Young and Mature Firms (Median Values)
Sector Productivity Gap in 2009
(Mature firms=100) Productivity Gap in 2007
(Mature firms=100)
Manufacturing 79.4 73.7
Commerce 73.9 84.4
Services 81.1 70.3
Total 79.2 72.8 Source: Own elaboration based on Enterprise Survey
The productivity gap between young and mature firms is around 20%
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Access to credit (in the Caribbean) 7 In the Caribbean, among credit constrained firms
those that suffer most from poor access to credit for their productivity performance are both the most and the least productive
The latter are trapped in a low productivity - low credit access cycle, whilst the most productive ones appear to miss credit for innovation activities
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Openness to international markets – via Exports, FDI, Global Value Chains – helps productivity
Positive productivity premia associated with the participation in trade and the presence of inward FDI
The actual level of involvement into GVCs matters for the firms productivity in four big Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico),
Moreover, being upstream in a GVC has a positive impact on firms’ productivity. …. Firms operating in the industries exporting intermediates and primary goods used in other countries’ exports
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Participation and position in GVCs….. 8
Source: Adapted from Koopman et al. (2011)
Figure 1. Gross Export Decomposition in Value Added
GVC participation=IVA+FVA and GVC position=IVA/FVA 8
Trade in Value Added Components: IVA and FVA Higher productivity for firms upstream in GVCs (IVA>FVA)
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What do we learn for public policies?
Policies are needed that target within-firm improvements (Crespi et al., 2014). So far macroeconomic reforms in LAC have not been sufficient to foster productivity and growth to satisfactory levels.
Heterogeneity of firms requires policies tailored to distinct firm needs. For example in innovation policies, specific policies for specific kinds of firms:
Low productivity firms: Technology extension services, on-the-job training, etc.
High Productivity firms: University industry collaborations, contract research, specialized labs, etc.
THANK YOU!
OPEN ACCESS
https://publications.iadb.org/handle/11319/7690
http://www.palgrave.com/us/book/9781349581504
www.firmsinlatinamerica.com
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CDM Model as baseline model