fire regimes and forests of the klamath mountains · 2007. 5. 6. · fire regimes and forests of...
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Fire Regimes and Forestsof the
Klamath Mountains
Carl N. SkinnerScience Team Leader
USFS Pacific Southwest Research StationSilviculture Lab
Redding, CA
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“Of the hundreds of persons who visit the Pacific slope in California every summer to
see the mountains, few see more then the immediate foreground and a haze of smoke which even the strongest glass is unable to
penetrate.”
C. Hart Merriam1898 Visit to Siskiyou CountyChief, Division of Biological Survey
From: Morford 1984
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Long-term History
Fires have been an integral PROCESS
in forested ecosystems of northern California and southwestern
Oregon for millennia.
Much longer than the 3000-4000 years of current forest assemblages.
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KlamathMountainsBioregion
X
XX
X
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Mixed-severity Fire Regimes?
Somewhere betweenMostly Low-severity
and Mostly High-severity
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Severity Patternsin the
Klamath Mts
Spatial Context
NOT Random
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Environmental ControlsEnvironmental Controls
• Climate
• Substrate
• Topography
• Vegetation
• Climate
• Substrate
• Topography
• Vegetation
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- Climate -
• MEDITERRANEAN• Cool/wet Winters
vegetation/fuel• Warm/dry Summer
annual fire season• Lightning• Inter-annual Variability
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Environmental Influence on Fire Regimes
- Climate -
• Fire Frequency –Temperature
• Fire Extent --Moisture
Climate Variation?
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- Substrate -
• Site Productivity• Ultramafics• Limestone• Fuel Breaks
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-Topography-
• Topographic position• Ridge tops• Aspect• Riparian Areas
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- Vegetation -- Vegetation -
• Fuel• Quantity• Spatial pattern
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Tree-ring Evidence
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Tree-ring Evidence of Fires
-Fire Characteristics-
• Mixed-severity fire regimes
• Generally frequent – occur at least several times in the lives of the dominant tree species.
• Generally dominated by low and moderate severityeffects.
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Hayfork Study Area
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Cave Junction Vicinity
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Fire Suppression
Effect
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LSOG StandLSOG Stand
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2
3
4
5
2 3 4 5Number of 60 yr Age Classes
Fires / Age Class
Taylor & Skinner 1998
Fires and Age StructureThompson Ridge
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Tree-ring Evidence of Fires
- Landscapes -
• Forests of variable structure
• Mostly more open than today
• Stands of large, old trees common in the lower slopes and on north and east facing slopes.
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Fire Severity DistributionFire Severity Distribution
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
Biscu
it 02
Dillon
94
Hayfo
rk 8
7
Thom
pson
Rid
ge
HighModerateLow
USDA Forest Service 2003Taylor & Skinner 1998Weatherspoon & Skinner 1995
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Fire Severity Patterns
Fire Severity Patterns
High Complex1999
Shasta-Trinity NFs
High Complex1999
Shasta-Trinity NFs
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Fire Severity DistributionThompson Ridge
North & EastSouth & West
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
Low
er
Mid
dle
Upper
Upper
Mid
dle
Low
er
HighModerateLow
Taylor & Skinner1998Slope Position
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Fire Severity PatternsFire Severity PatternsUpper SlopeUpper Slope
Greater %Greater %High SeverityHigh Severity
Mid SlopeMid SlopeIntermediateIntermediate
Lower SlopeLower SlopeGreater %Greater %
Low SeverityLow Severity
Taylor & Skinner 1998
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Temperature InversionsTemperature Inversions
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Topography &
Fire Regimes
Topography &
Fire Regimes
Fire OccurrenceGroups
Fires were limited by topographic features(ridgetops, streams, aspect changes, etc.)
Taylor & Skinner 2003
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Topography &
Fire Regimes
Topography &
Fire Regimes
Taylor & Skinner 2003
Fire OccurrenceGroups
Fires were limited by topographic features(ridgetops, streams, aspect changes, etc.)
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Reduction in Size of Forest Openings
0.01
1
100
1944 1985
Skinner 1995
Acres (log scale)
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Changes in Fuel Continuity
Skinner 1995
11
2233
11
2233
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Spotted Owls & FireSpotted Owls & Fire
• LSOG• North Slopes• Lower Canyons
• LSOGon North Slopes
• LSOGin Lower Canyons
Nesting
Fire
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Spotted Owls & FireSpotted Owls & Fire
• Open for flying/hunting
• Woodrats• Thickets/Shrubs
• Generally open stands
• Thickets/Shrubs: edge
Foraging
Fire
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Typical Patternin mixedlow-moderateseverity fire regimeswith frequent fires.
Typical patternin high severity fire regimes.
LandscapePatterns
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Topography &
Fire Regimes
Topography &
Fire Regimes
Taylor & Skinner 2003
Fire OccurrenceGroups
Fires were limited by topographic features(ridgetops, streams, aspect changes, etc.)
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Fire Severity PatternsFire Severity PatternsUpper SlopeUpper Slope
Greater %Greater %High SeverityHigh Severity
Mid SlopeMid SlopeIntermediateIntermediate
Lower SlopeLower SlopeGreater %Greater %
Low SeverityLow Severity
Taylor & Skinner 1998
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Fire Severity Patterns
More Severe Fuels TreatmentsMore Severe Fuels Treatments
Mid SlopeIntermediateMid SlopeIntermediate
Least Severe Fuels TreatmentsLeast Severe Fuels Treatments
Taylor & Skinner 1998Taylor & Skinner 1998
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Thank You!Thank You!