finn gunnar nielsen geophysical institute - uib.no fileeksempler 2017 bow side 10 innstallert effekt...
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![Page 1: Finn Gunnar Nielsen Geophysical Institute - uib.no fileEksempler 2017 BOW SIDE 10 Innstallert effekt (GW) Produksjon (TWh) Kapasitets-faktor Gjennom-snittlig turbin-størrelse (MW)](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022020319/5d0ac5a288c993b74c8b7142/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Vindenergi - faktagrunnlagFinn Gunnar Nielsen
Geophysical Institute
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Innhold
• Energien i vind – ressurser i Norge.
• Noen begreper:
– Kapasitetsfaktor – fulldriftstimer – energikostnad.
• Typiske vindparker
• Arealbruk land – sjø.
• Kostnadsutvikling - Eksterne kostnader.
• Vind til havs – mulighetene
• Bergen Offshore Wind centre
BOW SIDE 2
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Vindenergi i verden (2017)
• Installert på land: 495 GW
• Havvind: 19 GW
• Norsk vannkraftsystem: 33,8 GW
BOW SIDE 3
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Vindturbiners størrelse
Mars 2018:
GE lanserer 12 MW, 220m
offshore turbin
16.01.19:
Siemens Gamesa lanserer 10MW
193m offshore turbin
BOW SIDE 4
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Vindressurser (80 m høyde)
BOW SIDE 5
http://www.nve.no/Global/Publikasjoner/Publikasjoner%202009/Oppdragsrapport%20A%202009/oppdragsrapportA9-09.pdf
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Effekten (energien) i vind
BOW SIDE 6
Effekt: 3U
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Regionale ressurser (80 m høyde)
BOW SIDE 7
Rapport nr 10/2009
Analyser av offshore modellsimuleringer av vind:
http://publikasjoner.nve.no/oppdragsrapportA/2009/oppdragsrapport
A2009_10.pdfhttps://www.nve.no/media/2462/vind_80m_kartbok1a_4140.pdf
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Wind from sea to land
BOW SIDE 8
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Kapasitetsfaktor / full-last timer
• Kapasitetsfaktor:
• Full-last timer:
BOW SIDE 9
Årlig energiproduksjon
Teoretisk maximum produksjon 8760p
turbine
AEPC
P
Antall timer med full last for å oppnå årsproduksjonen
AEP= 8760P
turbine
T
CP
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Eksempler 2017
BOW SIDE 10
Innstallert effekt
(GW)
Produksjon
(TWh)
Kapasitets-
faktor
Gjennom-snittlig
turbin-
størrelse (MW)
Referanse
Norge 1,165 2,85 0,32 2,5 Vindinfo.no
Midtfjellet 0,110 0,325 0,34 2,5 Midtfjellet.no
Midtfjellet estimat
2018
0,150 0,434 0,33 2,73 Midtfjellet.no
EU offshore 15,78
(4149 turbiner)
55,31 0,29 – 0,48 5,92 Windeurope.org
Hywind Scotland
(1. år)
0,030 0,147 0,56 6,0 Equinor.com
Sheringham
Shoal (UK)
0,317 Ca 1,1 Ca. 0,40 3,6 http://www.sheringh
amshoal.co.uk/
1): Antatt Cp = 0.4
2): Gjelder nye turbiner i 2017
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BOW SIDE 11
Appr. 80 * 80 km
4125 8 MW turbines
130 TWh/year
• Reduce national emissions
• Power to Europe
Appr. 18 * 18 km
204 8 MW turbines
8 TWh/year
Arealbehov til havs
Forutsetninger:
8 MW turbiner
Diameter: 164m
Avstand: 1250m
Kapasitetsfaktor: 0,45
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Arealbehov land
BOW SIDE 13
Appr. 60 * 60 km
11200 4 MW turbines
130 TWh/year
Forutsetninger:
4 MW turbiner
Diameter: 110 m
Avstand: 550 m
Kapasitetsfaktor: 0,33
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Energikostnad
Gjennomsnittlig energikostnad (Levelized cost of energy):
NB diskontering. Valg av rentenivå viktig!
BOW SIDE 14
Investeringer + sum(drift & vedlikehold)
sum(Levert energi)LCOE
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• Tyskland (2017), landvind: 0,38 NOK/kWh (snitt)
0,22 NOK/kWh (minimum)
BOW SIDE 15
Kostnader – auksjoner
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Kostnadsutvikling havvind
Energimeldingen 2015 -16
BOW SIDE 16
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Nyere kostdata
BloombergNEF 26 mars,
2019:
Siste år:
• Kostnader for Lithium-
ion batterier ned 35%
• Kostnader for havvind
ned 24%
FGN NHH
3. april 2019
SIDE 17
Source: https://about.bnef.com/blog/battery-powers-latest-plunge-costs-threatens-coal-gas/
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Eksterne kostnader
• Hva skal inkluderes?
• Klimaeffekter
• Helseeffekter
• Biologisk mangfold
• Konflikter i arealbruk
• …
• Hvordan verdisette og veie ulike hensyn?
• Se f.eks.
– European Env. Agencyhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/en35-
external-costs-of-electricity-production-1
– IPPC SREEN, Special report on renewable energy (2011)
BOW 18
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The role of offshore wind in Norway
• New industrial opportunities
• Reduce Norwegian emissions (on- and
offshore)
• Contribute in a future North-European power
market
BOW SIDE 19
Fjellstrand
Hywind Tampen
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BOW SIDE 20
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Vindenergi viktig for Norge
Kilde: Menon Economics, okt. 2018: Kartlegging av omsetning, sysselsetning, eksport og
utenlandsomsetning i fornybarnæringen i Norge i 2017.
BOW SIDE 21
Antall årsverk 2017
Omsetning 2017 (mrd kr)
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BOW SIDE 22
https://www.multiconsult.no/spennende-fremtid-med-flytende-havvind/
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Norwegian and mid-European winds have
low correlation
• 19.06.2018 kl 11:00 9.09.2018 kl 06:00
BOW SIDE 23
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Bergen Offshore Wind Centre (BOW)
A multidisciplinary approach to offshore wind
BOW is:
• A resource centre contributing with Research and Education at a high international
level.
• Addresses aspects related to resources, environment, and technical solutions, as well
as legal, economic and social aspects of offshore wind energy.
• Provides professional support and advices to industry, authorities and the society at
large.
• Use the wide range of competences within a multi-disciplinary University.
BOW SIDE 24
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Wind resources• Resource mapping
– Map and understand wind at
various spatial and time-scales.
– Wind boundary layer over sea
– Infrastructure for observations
– Stability and turbulence
evaluations
– Establish detailed numerical
models
• Inside the wind farm
– Wake models and multiple wakes
– Importance of stability on wake
flow
Focus areas of Bergen Offshore Wind Centre
BOW SIDE 25
Site evaluation Wind farm operations• Environmental issues
– Mapping of ecology
– Mapping of soil properties
– Interaction wind, waves and current.
• Planning issues
– Use of areas, combined use, conflict
handling
– Dynamic response of wind turbines
– Turbine localization and cable routing
– Sustainable finance
• Law issues
– Jurisdiction, national / International
laws.
– Integration of offshore wind in the
power market
• Production forecasts
– Prognosis & Now-casting
• Marine operations
– Operational windows
– Optimum scheduling
• Information handling
– Collection and analysis of «big
data». Visualization and
digitalization
– Decision support systems
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Energiomstilling
• Fra fossil til fornybar – Karbon-nøytralt Europa i 2050!
– Er kvotehandel et egnet virkemiddel?
• Energieffektivisering
• Elektrifisering
BOW SIDE 26
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BOW SIDE 27
100
35
65
31 28
CoalPrimary
ElectricitySecondary
ElectricityConsumed
Light LightUseful service
4
32
1
Losses: Heat Transmission Heat Idle etc
From coal to light - incandescent light bulb
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Primær energi eller energitjenester?
BOW SIDE 28
100
Kullkraft
glødelyspære
35
Fornybar
glødelyspæreFornybar
LED lys7
Samme tjeneste!
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Tillegg
BOW SIDE 30
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Navn på turbindeler
BOW SIDE 31
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Units
• Energy, E: Joule (J) = Newtonmeter (Nm)
• Power: P = dE/dt: Newtonmeter/sec (Nm/s)= Watt (W)
– 1 kW = 1000W
– 1kWh = 3600Ws = 3600J
– 1 year: 8760.25 hours, i.e. 1kW average power
means 8.76kWh/y
BOW SIDE 32
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Prefixes (SI system) Some revant quantities
• Norwegian Hydropower plants:
• Installed power: approx. 33 GW
• Yearly production: 145 TWh,
• I.e. «capacity factor» =
Kilo k 103
Mega M 106
Giga G 109
Tera T 1012
Peta P 1015
Exa E 1018
Zetta Z 1021
Notations and reference values
BOW SIDE 33
145000 / 33*8760 0.50
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Conversion of units
BOW SIDE 34
kJkiloJoule
kWhkiloWatthours
BTUBritish Termal
Units
toeTon oil
equivalents
kJ 1 0.2778×10-3 0.9478 23.39×10-9
kWh 3600 1 3.412×103 85.99×10-6
BTU 1.055 0.2931×10-3 1 25.20×10-9
toe 41.87×106 11.63×103 3.968×107 1
Note: Definition of non-SI units may vary
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Eksempel Midtfjellet (Fitjar)
• Årlig produksjon 433,7 GWh
• 34 vindturbiner av typen N90, 2500kW
• 10 vindturbiner av typen N100, 2500kW
• 11 vindturbinar av typen N117, 3600kW
• Totalt: 149,6 MW , Cp = 0,33
• Parkens areal ca 8 km2
BOW SIDE 35
Kilde: Midtfjellet.no
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Testaktivitet ved Karmøy
BOW SIDE 36
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Energikostnad –fornybar energi
BOW SIDE 37
Note:
Cost of
capital
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Kostnadsutvikling fornybar energi
BOW SIDE 38
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Kostnad flytende havvind
– grovt overslag
BOW SIDE 39
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CO2 avtrykk for el-kraft
BOW SIDE 40
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
g C
O2
e /k
Wh
Source: M. Jacobson, Energy & Env. science (2009)
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Primary energy versus energy services
BOW SIDE 41
Source: Brown, T.W et al. (2018) Response to “Burden of proof”: A comprehensive review of the feasibility of
100% renewable-electricity systems”. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 92 (2018) 834-847.
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BOW SIDE 42
100
35
65
31 28
CoalPrimary
ElectricitySecondary
ElectricityConsumed
Light LightUseful service
4
32
1
Losses: Heat Transmission Heat Idle etc
From coal to light - incandescent light bulb
![Page 42: Finn Gunnar Nielsen Geophysical Institute - uib.no fileEksempler 2017 BOW SIDE 10 Innstallert effekt (GW) Produksjon (TWh) Kapasitets-faktor Gjennom-snittlig turbin-størrelse (MW)](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022020319/5d0ac5a288c993b74c8b7142/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
From renewables to light - incandescent light bulb
BOW SIDE 43
35 31 28
ElectricityHydro / Wind / Solar
ElectricityConsumed
Light LightUseful service
4
32
1
Losses: Transmission Heat Idle etc
![Page 43: Finn Gunnar Nielsen Geophysical Institute - uib.no fileEksempler 2017 BOW SIDE 10 Innstallert effekt (GW) Produksjon (TWh) Kapasitets-faktor Gjennom-snittlig turbin-størrelse (MW)](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022020319/5d0ac5a288c993b74c8b7142/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
BOW SIDE 44
ElectricityHydro / Wind / Solar
ElectricityConsumed
Light LightUseful service
1
32
1
Losses: Transmission Heat Idle etc
67
3
From renewables to light - LED light bulb