ADJECTIVE (RELATIVE) CLAUSESUBJECT FUNCTION OBJECT FUNCTION

Saliha read the books which/that were sent by the company.

Ezgi who/that likes reading spends most of her time in library.

Esra got married at a date which will be always remembered.

The contract (that/which) we signed yesterday will take effect tomorrow.

My brother has married somebody (whom/that) I really like.

We have been to the library (which/that) the PM himself opened last week.

OBJECT FUNCTION PREPOSITION KULLANIMI

This is the polician who/whom/that people gossip about.This is the polician about whom people gossip.

The DVD player which/that we are interested in was far too expensive.The DVD player in which we are interested was too fafr expensive.

Not: Boşluk veya That kullanımında preposition başa gelmez.This is the polician ø/that people gossip about.

Michael Jackson________whom I have heard a lot was a famous singer.I saw that girl yesterday_________whom I went to a party.This is the story_________which our film is based.You need to be sure of the word_________which students are familiar.The conditions____________miners are forced to work are appalling.The means________which he tried to solve the problem is still a mystery.Marine sources__________which Japan heavily relies, are not unlimited.White blood cells_________which obesity and smoking have dramatic effects, can never be restored once they are damaged.

POSSESSION WHOSE + NOUN/ THE NOUN OF WHICH

The man whose son was involved in an accident called an ambulance.The latest model of this bus, the exterior dimensions of which/whose exterior dimensions remained unchanged has much more luggage capacity.The bus ran into a bank whose staff was luckily on their lunch break.

NOT: İnsanlar için sadece WHOSE+NOUN, Diğerleri içinse WHOSE+NOUN yada THE NOUN OF WHICH kullanabilirsiniz.

The majority of the subscribers whose country we could identify are in the USA.Our company have spearheaded a national survey, the results of which we hope to share with you soon.

PREPOSITION + WHOSE + NOUNThe boy whose sister I danced with in the party was my friend.The boy with whose sister I danced in the party was my friend.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE WITH QUANTITY-AMOUNT-PROPORTION-POSSESSION-COMPARISON

The scientists made several discoveries, especially two of which(discoveries) were important.

The manager provided me with valuable information, a little of which (information) I will share here.

She has had a total of 17 surgeries, several of which (surgeries) have caused irreversible damage to the brain.

The minister, most of whose (his) speech contained nationalistic viewpoints, was able to calm the people down.

The fort has two watch towers, the taller of which (the towers) was dedicated to Ramesses II, have been found.

A total of eighteen small temples, the largest of which (temples) stands independent of the rest of the structure.

India has approximately 300 crude oil refining units, 60-70 per cent of which (units) are small.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE WITH QUANTITY-AMOUNT-PROPORTION-POSSESSION-COMPARISON

OF WHOM/OF WHICH/WHOSE + NOUN NUMBER

The holigans began throwing bottles, three of which hit the referee.The holigans began throwing bottles, of which three hit the referee.

The police arrested sixty people, 13 of whom were released on political grounds.The police arrested sixty people, of whom 13 were released on political grounds.

USE OF PREPOSITION

Africa’s national parks have become very popular with hunters,………….each of which the government get 50.000 dollars.The president made a long speech,……..90 per cent of which his supporters did not agree.

EXAMPLESThe company,………mainly mid-class people, is in a crisis.a. the share holders of which areb. whose shareholdersc. most of whose shareholdersd. whose one share holdere. all of whom are shareholders

Iran has 32 producing oil fields,…….25 are on shore and 5 offshore.a. whichb. whosec. in whichd. through whiche. of which

This time there emerged from within seven candidates for party leadership,……. a 30 year-old woman member.a. whose youngest one isb. the youngest of whom isc. the younger candidate of whomd. of whose younger candidate e. the younger one of which

The tourist ,……….the police discovered gold coins, was detained.a. the suitcase of whichb. in the first suitcase of whichc. in whose suitcased. of whose small suitcasee. whose suitcase

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE -WHEN-

The yearThe dayThe week

Cretaceous period is the time when flowering plants started to evolve.

Mother’s day is the day when people express the love and thanks that they feel for their mother.

I still remember the two weeks when we went to Datça and had a wonderful holiday.

on which – during which – in which – at which

Turkish nation can’t remember the year 1999 when an eartquake hit İstanbul.Turkish nation can’t forget the year 1999 which/that/ø an earthquake hit İstanbul in.Turkish nation can’t forget the year 1999 in which an earthquake hit İstanbul.

NOT: Zaman ifadesi eğer zaman bildirmiyorsa that/which ile nitelenir.10th of November is the day that/which is remembered.10th of November is the day that/which/ø we remember every year.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE -WHERE-

the housethe islandthe citysituationlevelpointcasepositioninteractionassociationstage

The village where (in which) we spent our childhood is on the south coast.

The human race has entered a stage where everybody is dependent on each other.

in which-on which-at which- through which

WHENCE – WHEREBY(system,method,plan,technique)

Two months later, the ship proceeded Manila, whence she returned to Hawaii.Language is a system of vocal symbols whereby (by means of which) human being communicate.

NOT: Yer bildirmeyen yer isimleri that/which veya ø ile nitelenir.

I live in an house which/that has got a lot of rooms.I live in an house which/that/ø I bought 20 years ago.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE -WHY-

Everybody is trying to find out the reason why he left the meeting in the middle.Everybody is trying to find out the reason for which he left the meeting in the middle.

NOT: THE REASON(S) sebep içermiyorsa that/which/ ø ile nitelenir.

The reason that/which/ ø I found out in his letters about the suicide was persuasive.

The reasons which/that are given in his essay were quite conclusive.

THAT’S WHY=SO

I love Jet Li, that’s why I have bought his movies today.The reason why I have bought Jet Li’s movies is that I love him.

COORDINATE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

Her boss wanted her to type all the letters before she left for lunch, which (and this) was impossible.

She refuses to learn the computer, which I think is nonsense.

Preposition + which + time,point,case,event

I sometimes don’t want to study, in which case I try to sleep and rest.The WW2 finished in 1945, by which time millions had died.

EXAMPLESMany EU members regard energgy as a crucial national issue,……….., according to Spain, is an exaggerated point of view.a. to whichb. whichc. whend. wherebye. why

The language………we derive most of our cooking terms is French.a. whereb. that c. in whichd. whencee. at which

One reason……..drug tests are routine in the USA is that addicted workers count as disabled.a. through whichb. where byc. whichd. whene. why

A team has discovered a mechanism (technique)……..a simple organism can produce 10 trillion variesties of a single protein.a. whichb. whencec. by whichd. for whiche. whose

THE ONE/THAT-THE ONES/THOSE

There are many strong women in Kiraz’s family, but the one that she admired the most is her grandmother.The information that was included in the brochure was different from that the guide gave us(that of the guide’s).

ALL – MUCH – SOME – MANY -SEVERAL“ALL” ve “ MUCH” tan sonra sadece “that veya ø” gelir.

For some people money is all that matters.There is not much you can do.

“SOME-MANY-SEVERAL” dan sonra ø kullanımı yoktur.

Chomsky is among many who came into politics in the Vietman War.He writes poems. He has had several which have been published in magazines.

DISCONTINIOUS ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

1. Ana cümlenin nesnesi olmadığında, yani cümle sadece özne ve yüklemden oluştuğunda ve sıfat cümleciği özneyi nitelemek durumundaysa,

2. Nitelenen isim yer ve zaman bildiren bir öbeğin içindeyse,

For people who are illiterate, instructions have been developed that use special symbols.

Exercises are provided which allow students to be creative.

There were three jackets in the display, one of which was rather expensive.

Last year, through the INTERPOL network, about two million criminal messages were exchanged, 50 per cent of which were related to drug offences.

What kullanılarak kurulan cümlecikler relative clause’lardan biraz farklıdır. What aslında nitelenen ismi de içinde ihtiva eder ve the thing which veya the things which anlamındadır. What clause‘larda hem özne hem de nesne olarak kullanılabilirler.Önce iki ayrı cümlede verip bunların what ile birleştirilmiş halini görelim.He bought something. It was very expensive. O bir şey satın aldı. O çok pahalıydı.What he bought was very expensive. Onun satın aldığı şey çok pahalıydı.Şimdi birkaç örnek daha verelim.What he said surprised me. Onun dedikleri beni şaşırttı.What we saw last night was terrible. Dün gece gördüklerimiz korkunçtu.They don’t understand what he says. Onun dediğini anlamıyorlar.I found what I wanted. Aradığımı buldum.Was what he said interesting? Onun söylediği şeyler ilginç miydi?Did what I did annoy them? Benim yaptıklarım onları kızdırdı mı?He didn’t want to listen to what I said. Benim dediklerimi dinlemek istemedi.

WHAT + CLAUSE(IN NOUN CLAUSES)

EXAMPLES

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