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TRANSCRIPT
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FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................1
FINDINGS OF FACT....................................................................................................................1
I. PARTIES ............................................................................................................................1
A. Individual Plaintiffs ...............................................................................................1
B. School District Plaintiffs........................................................................................4
C. Plaintiff-Intervenors……….. ................................................................................4
D. Defendants ..............................................................................................................8
II. A THOROUGH AND UNIFORM SYSTEM OF PUBLIC EDUCATION..................8
A. The Importance of a Public Education ................................................................8
B. The Meaning of a Thorough and Uniform System of Public Education ........10
C. Education Reform: HB 93-1313 and the Inception of Standards-
Based Education...................................................................................................12
D. Education Reform: The Expansion of Content Standards and
Assessments ..........................................................................................................15
E. Education Reform: School District Accountability and Accreditation .........15
F. Education Reform: The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001............................17
G. Education Reform: The Preschool to Postsecondary Education
Alignment Act (CAP4K)......................................................................................20
H. Education Reform: The Education Accountability Act of 2009.....................25
I. Education Reform: The Educator Effectiveness Act of 2010
(SB 10-191)............................................................................................................29
J. Summary...............................................................................................................29
III. THE PUBLIC SCHOOL FINANCE SYSTEM ............................................................30
A. The Public School Finance Act of 1994: Total Program Funding..................30
B. The Public School Finance Act of 1994: State and Local Share.....................32
C. The Public School Finance Act of 1994: Override Mill Levies.......................32
D. Categorical Program Funding............................................................................34
E. Capital Construction Funding; Bonded Indebtedness .....................................34
F. Declining Enrollment...........................................................................................35
G. Boards of Cooperative Education Services (BOCES) ......................................35
IV. ANALYSIS OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SCHOOL FINANCE
SYSTEM AND A THOROUGH AND UNIFORM SYSTEM OF PUBLIC
EDUCATION ...................................................................................................................35
V. UNDERFUNDING OF PUBLIC EDUCATION...........................................................40
A. The APA Study: General....................................................................................40
B. The APA Study: The Successful School District Approach............................42
C. The APA Study: The Professional Judgment Approach ................................42
D. The APA Study: Conclusions.............................................................................43
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E. Costing-out Estimates by Voreta Herrmann.....................................................45
F. Underfunding of the Colorado Department of Education ...............................45
G. Gifts, Grants and Donations ...............................................................................46
H. CAP4K Funding...................................................................................................48
I. SB 191 Funding ....................................................................................................48
VII. SCHOOL FUNDING LEVELS HAVE A SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON
EDUCATIONAL QUALITY..........................................................................................49
VIII. COLORADO STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT ...............................................................54
A. Student Achievement Levels ...............................................................................55
B. Achievement Gap.................................................................................................56
C. Graduation Rates .................................................................................................57
D. Post-secondary and College Readiness ..............................................................57
IX. FACTORS THAT IMPACT STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT .......................................59
A. Plaintiffs’ Expert Witness, Dr. Linda Darling-Hammond...............................59
B. Teacher Quality....................................................................................................60
C. Professional Development ...................................................................................62
D. Class Size...............................................................................................................64
X. LOCAL CONTROL OF INSTRUCTION ....................................................................65
XI. SPECIAL STUDENT POPULATIONS: EARLY CHILDHOOD
EDUCATION ...................................................................................................................65
A. Trial Witnesses .....................................................................................................65
B. Impacts of Preschool Education .........................................................................66
C. Characteristics of Effective Preschool Programs..............................................68
D. Colorado’s Preschool Program...........................................................................69
E. Full-Day Kindergarten ........................................................................................74
F. Early Childhood Conclusions and Recommendations .....................................76
XII. SPECIAL STUDENT POPULATIONS: SPECIAL EDUCATION ..........................77
A. Plaintiffs’ Witnesses.............................................................................................77
B. Background ..........................................................................................................78
C. Special Education Funding .................................................................................80
D. Achievement of Students with Disabilities.........................................................84
E. State and District Compliance with IDEA Requirements................................85
F. Response to Intervention.....................................................................................87
G. Personnel Shortages.............................................................................................87
H. Charter Schools....................................................................................................88
I. CDE Support ........................................................................................................88
J. Other Special Needs Issues..................................................................................88
XIII. SPECIAL STUDENT POPULATIONS: GIFTED AND TALENTED
EDUCATION ...................................................................................................................89
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A. Background ..........................................................................................................89
B. Gifted and Talented Funding..............................................................................89
C. Achievement of Gifted and Talented Students..................................................90
D. Results of State Monitoring.................................................................................91
E. Personnel...............................................................................................................91
F. CDE Support ........................................................................................................92
XIV. SPECIAL STUDENT POPULATIONS: ENGLISH LANGUAGE
LEARNERS......................................................................................................................92
A. Background ..........................................................................................................92
B. Legal Requirements Regarding English Language Learning .........................92
C. Research on Effective English Language Learning Programs........................93
D. English Language Learner Funding ..................................................................94
E. ELL Programs in Colorado ................................................................................95
F. Achievement of ELL Students ............................................................................96
G. CDE Support ........................................................................................................98
XV. SPECIAL STUDENT POPULATIONS: LOW-INCOME STUDENTS...................98
A. Background ..........................................................................................................98
B. Challenges Faced by Low-Income Students ......................................................98
C. Funding for Low-Income Students.....................................................................99
D. Interventions Proven Effective for At-Risk Children.....................................101
E. Achievement of At-Risk Students.....................................................................102
XVI. SPECIAL STUDENT POPULATIONS: NATIVE AMERICAN
STUDENTS ....................................................................................................................102
XVII. CAPITAL CONSTRUCTION......................................................................................103
A. Conditions of School Buildings.........................................................................103
B. Funding for Capital Construction....................................................................103
C. Assessments of Capital Construction Needs....................................................104
D. Building Excellent Schools Today (BEST) ......................................................105
XVIII. TECHNOLOGY ............................................................................................................106
IX. SCHOOL DISTRICTS..................................................................................................108
A. Urban School Districts: Jefferson County School District No. R-1..............108
B. Urban School Districts: Aurora School District No. 28................................111
C. Urban School Districts: Colorado Springs School District No. 11 ...............116
D. Urban School Districts: Pueblo School District No. 60 .................................118
E. Rural School Districts: Center Consolidated School District No. 26JT ......121
F. Rural School Districts: Creede Consolidated School District No. 1.............123
G. Rural School Districts: Sanford School District No. 6...................................125
H. Rural School Districts: Alamosa School District No. RE-11J.......................127
I. Rural School Districts: Centennial School District No. R-1 .........................127
J. Rural School Districts: Del Norte Consolidated School District No. C-7 ....128
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K. Rural School Districts: Moffat School District No. 2.....................................129
L. Rural School Districts: Monte Vista School District No. C-8 .......................131
M. Rural School Districts: North Conejos School District No. RE-1J ..............132
N. Rural School Districts: South Conejos School District No. RE-10...............132
O. Rural School Districts: Mountain Valley School District No. RE-1.............133
P. Rural School Districts: Sargent School District No. RE-33J ........................135
Q. Rural School Districts: Sierra Grande School District No. R-30 .................136
R. Rural School Districts: Sangre de Cristo School District Re-22J.................137
S. Rural School Districts: Montezuma-Cortez School District No. RE-1 ........138
T. Rural School Districts: Moffat County School District Re. No. 1 ................139
U. Rural School Districts: Bethune School District No. R-5..............................140
V. Non-Party School Districts: Woodlin School District R-104 ........................141
W. Non-Party School Districts: Boulder Valley School District No. Re2 ..........144
X. Non-Party School Districts: Adams School District No. 14 ..........................145
Y. Non-Party School Districts: Pueblo County School District 70....................146
XX. INDIVIDUAL PLAINTIFFS ........................................................................................148
A. Taylor Lobato.....................................................................................................149
B. Miguel Cendejas.................................................................................................150
C. Traci Weisensee..................................................................................................150
D. Theresa Wrangham ...........................................................................................151
E. Jessica Spangler .................................................................................................152
F. Lillian Leroux, Sr...............................................................................................153
G. Herbert Conboy .................................................................................................154
XXI. TEACHER TESTIMONY...............................................................................................155
A. Matthew Keefauver ...........................................................................................155
B. Justine Bayles .....................................................................................................157
C. Anastasia Campbell ...........................................................................................158
XXII. THE STATE’S CASE.....................................................................................................158
A. Colorado State Board of Education .................................................................158
B. Key Admissions by Other Witnesses for Defendants .....................................161
C. Important Weaknesses in the Testimony of Defendants’ Witnesses.............163
D. Schools/Districts Cited by Defendants’ Witnesses as Successful...................165
CONCLUSIONS OF LAW .......................................................................................................168
I. THE CLAIMS, THE ISSUES, AND THE STANDARD OF PROOF......................168
II. THE CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS AT ISSUE .............................................170
III. THE DEFINITION AND MEASURE OF A THOROUGH AND UNIFORM
SYSTEM OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS ..............................................................................171
IV. THE SCHOOL FINANCE SYSTEM AND THE EDUCATION SYSTEM ARE
NOT RATIONALLY RELATED TO EACH OTHER..............................................174
V. THE PUBLIC EDUCATION SYSTEM IS SIGNIFICANTLY UNDERFUNDED 177
VI. SCHOOL DISTRICTS ARE FINANCIALLY UNABLE TO PROVIDE
NECESSARY SERVICES, PROGRAMS, MATERIALS AND FACILITIES.......178
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VII. LOCAL CONTROL OF INSTRUCTION .................................................................179
VIII. CONCLUSION ..............................................................................................................181
IX. REMEDY........................................................................................................................182
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INTRODUCTION
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FINDINGS OF FACT
I. THE PARTIES
A. Individual Plaintiffs
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B. School District Plaintiffs
' ?E' $P1'6Y1267[:21']#CP::='!5M645C6'U=85265QQM^'52C=;91f'X1QQ14M:2'&:;267'#CP::='!5M645C6',:E'%[?g'&:=:489:'#T452>M*'#CP::='!5M645C6',:E'??*'52'6P1'&:;267':Q'+='U8M:g'<16P;21'#CP::='!5M645C6',:E'%[Ng'0=8W:M8'#CP::='!5M645C6',:E'%+[??Xg'&12612258='#CP::='!5M645C6',:E'%[?g'&12614'&:2M:=598619'#CP::='!5M645C6',:E'HVX$'52'6P1'&:;2651M':Q'#8>;8CP1'829'%5:'K48291'829'0=8W:M8g'&41191'&:2M:=598619'#CP::='!5M645C6',:E'?'52'6P1'&:;267':Q'J52148=g'!1=',:461'&:2M:=598619'#CP::='!5M645C6',:E'&[Bg'J:QQ86'#CP::='!5M645C6',:E'H'52'6P1'&:;267':Q'#8>;8CP1g'J:261'-5M68'#CP::='!5M645C6',:E'&[Fg'J:;26852'-8==17'#CP::='!5M645C6',:E'%+'?g',:46P'&:21R:M'#CP::='!5M645C6',:E'%+[?Xg'#82Q:49'#CP::='!5M645C6',:E'V'52'6P1'&:;267':Q'&:21R:Mg'#82>41'91'&45M6:'#CP::='!5M645C6',:E'%+[HHXg'#84>126'#CP::='!5M645C6',:E'%+[AAXg'#51448'K48291'#CP::='!5M645C6',:E'%[AGg'#:;6P'&:21R:M'#CP::='!5M645C6',:E'%+[?Gg'0;4:48*'X:526'!5M645C6',:E'HF':Q'6P1'&:;2651M':Q'098WM'829'048T8P:1g'J:QQ86'&:;267'#CP::='!5M645C6'%1f',:E'?g'J:261i;W8[&:461i'#CP::='!5M645C6',:E'%+[?g'829'U;1S=:*'#CP::='!5M645C6',:E'VG'52'6P1'&:;267':Q'U;1S=:'829'#6861':Q'&:=:489:E''#65T;=8619'L8C6M'lHE'
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C. Plaintiff-Intervenors
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8E' 04W829528'(461>8`M'CP5=9412'866129'T;S=5C'MCP::=M'52'6P1'%:CD7'L:49'%[H'#CP::='!5M645C6E''$4E'!87'?N*'AFHO[HFAHE''#E'(461>8'5M'8'?G6P'>4891'M6;9126'86'%:CD7'L:49'X;25:4e#125:4'I5>P'#CP::='829'91M541M'6:'866129'C:==1>1'829'S1C:W1'82'5WW5>4865:2'866:4217E''$4E'!87'?N*'AFA?fN[Vg'AFANf?[@E''<E'(461>8'5M'8'O6P'>4891'M6;9126'86'%:CD7'L:49'X;25:4e#125:4'I5>P'#CP::=E''$4E'!87'?N*'AFAGfHH[AFA?f@E''JME'(461>8'91M541M'6P86'8==':Q'P14'CP5=9412'>489;861'Q4:W'P5>P'MCP::='829'S1'T41T8419'6:'866129'829'C:WT=161'C:==1>1E''$4E'!87'?N*'AFN@fB[AFNNfVE'
SE' %:S146:'U5i82:`M'CP5=9412'866129'T;S=5C'MCP::=M'52'6P1'%:CD7'L:49'%[H'#CP::='!5M645C6E''04E'5M'82'??6P'>4891'M6;9126'86'%:CD7'L:49'X;25:4e#125:4'I5>P'#CP::='829'91M541M'6:'866129'C:==1>1'829'S1C:W1'8'91265M6''$4E'!87'?N*'AFVHf?[A*'AFV@fF[?N*'AFBHf?H[?NE''02E'866129M'X1QQ14M:2'"2614W195861'#CP::=E''J4E'U5i82:'8=M:'P8M'8'7:;2>'98;>P614'YP:'866129M'T41MCP::='86'&P5=9'!131=:TW126'#1435C1M'b&!#cE''$4E'!87'?N*'AFV?f@[?AE''J4E'U5i82:'91M541M'6P86'8==':Q'P5M'CP5=9412'>489;861'Q4:W'P5>P'MCP::='829'S1'T41T8419'6:'866129'829'C:WT=161'C:==1>1E''$4E'!87'?N*'AFBH[AFBAE'''
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8E Sheridan 2 School District (Sheridan)'5M'=:C8619'Y56P52'6P1'C12614':Q'6P1'!12314'W164:T:=5682'8418'829'M56M'52'6P411'R;45M95C65:2Mf''&567':Q'+2>=1Y::9*';252C:4T:48619'048T8P:1'&:;267'829'6P1'&567':Q'#P145982E''AN@Bf?B[AN@Ff@E''#P145982'P8M'Q:;4'MCP::=Mf'+84=7'&P5=9P::9'&12614*'0=5C1'$1447'bK4891M'k[Hc*'L:46'/:>82'bK4891M'A[Nc*'#P145982'J#'bK4891M'V[Fc*'829'#P145982'I#'bK4891M'O[?HcE''ANNAf?B[H@'''
+8CP':Q'6P1'215>PS:4P::9M'52'#P145982'5M'=:Y'52C:W1*'52C=;952>'6P1'L:46'/:>82'C:WW;2567'YP141'6P141'841'9541'P:;M52>'M56;865:2M'829'W:M6=7'8T846W126'S;5=952>M'52'2119':Q'W85261282C1E''ANN?f?N[ANNHfAE'''
#P145982`M'91W:>48TP5CM'P831'CP82>19':314'6P1'T8M6'?N'7184M*'Q4:W'8'T419:W52826=7'02>=:'C:WW;2567'6:'8'T419:W52826=7'I5MT825C'C:WW;2567E''#P145982`M'T14'C8T568'52C:W1'5M'8TT4:_5W861=7'n?V*GGG*'YP5CP'5M'C:2M59148S=7'=:Y14'6P82':6P14'8418ME''ANNGfF[H?E''J827':Q'6P1'#P145982'T84126M'Y:4D'52'6:;>P'=8S:4'T:M565:2M*'T8352>'C:WT8251M*'829'52'6P1'41M68;4826*'Q::9'829'P:61='529;M6451ME''ANNAf?G[?NE'''''
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+//'M6;9126M'C:WT45M1'8TT4:_5W861=7'@No'bBNAc':Q'#P145982`M'M6;9126'T:T;=865:2E''(Q'6P86'2;WS14*'8TT4:_5W861=7'HGo'841',+U'829'VBo'841'/+UE''ANVVf@[HGE''''''
#P145982`M'W:S5=567'4861'482>19'Q4:W'HNo'6:'ANoE''ANN?fF[?@E'''
#P145982'#;T14526129126'J5CP81='&=:;>P'P8M'8'J8M614`M'91>411'52'MCP::='89W525M64865:2*'8'M;T14526129126`M'=5C12M1*'829'5M'52'P5M'Q:;46P'7184'8M'M;T14526129126':Q'#P145982E''"2'&:=:489:'T;S=5C'MCP::=M*'P1'P8M'P1=9'T:M565:2M'8M'8'618CP14*'C:;2M1=:4*'C:8CP*'T452C5T8=*'M;T14526129126'829'41>5:28='W828>14'Q:4'6P1'&:=:489:'!1T846W126':Q'+9;C865:2'b]&!+^cE''$4E'!87'?@*'ANANfN[ANAVf?Og'+_E'HGGG?E'''
' B
SE Weld County School District 6/Greeley-Evans School District 6
(Greeley)'5M'=:C8619'52'6P1'T=852M'52'h1=9'&:;267*'&:=:489:*'Y56P'8'T:T;=865:2':Q'8TT4:_5W861=7'?GG*GGGE''0')E#E'&12M;M'<;418;'M;4317':Q'C:WW;25651M':314'VN*GGG'52'&:=:489:'Q:;29'K411=17'6:'P831'6P1'M1C:29'P5>P1M6'4861':Q'CP5=9P::9'T:31467E''$4E'!87'?V*'AOOGf??[HNg'AOO?fHA[HNE'''
K411=17'P8M'8'95314M1'1C:2:W5C'829'418='1M6861'C:WW;2567*'482>52>'Q4:W'6P1'U4:W:26:47'(QQ5C1'U84D'Y56P'6P1'C:4T:4861'P189\;84614M'Q:4'#6861'L84W'829'X<#'<11Q'829'25C1'M52>=1[Q8W5=7'P:W1'M;S9535M5:2M'52'Y1M6142'K411=17'6:'8'W186[T8CD52>'T=826'829':=914'P:W1M'829'6485=14'T84DM'52'18M6142'K411=17E''Id. AOO?f?[HAE'''
K411=17`M'91W:>48TP5CM'P831'CP82>19'948W865C8==7':314'6P1'7184M*'P8352>'S1C:W1'8'NGo'W52:4567'M6;9126'MCP::='95M645C6'52'HGGN[GV'829'2:Y'124:==52>'VBo'W52:45651M*'Y56P'I5MT825CM'C:WT45M52>'6P1'W8R:4567':Q'6P1'48C58='W52:4567'M6;9126ME''Id.*'AOOHf?N[H@E''NFEAo'K411=17'M6;9126M'841'I5MT825CE''+_E'NOG?'86'$S=E'@g'$4E'!87'?V*'@?BBfN[VE'''
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K411=17'P8M'8'W:S5=567'4861':Q'AGo*'YP5CP'S452>M'CP8==12>1M'S1C8;M1'6P1'95M645C6'P8M'6:'91614W521'YP141'M6;9126M'841'8C891W5C8==7'829'YP86'D529':Q'M1435C1M'6P17'2119E''$4E'!87'?V*'@GN?fHH[@GNHfH?E'
CE Mapleton 1 School District (Mapleton)'5M'=:C8619'R;M6'2:46P':Q'!12314'52'S16Y112'h1M6W52M614'829'&:WW14C1'&567'829'M:;6P':Q'$P:426:2'829'098WM'&:;267'#CP::='!5M645C6'?HE''$P1'95M645C6'5M'HN'M\;841'W5=1M'829'P8M'?B'MCP::=ME''$P1'91W:>48TP5CM':Q'6P1'C:WW;2567'52'YP5CP'J8T=16:2'M56M'P8M'CP82>19':314'6P1'7184M'Q4:W'82'"68=582'64;CD[Q84W52>'C:WW;2567'6:'8'95314M1'=5>P6'529;M6458=*'8>52>'C:WW;2567'C:WT:M19':Q'8S:;6'BGo'M125:4'C565i12ME''$4E'!87'?B*'@A@GfHG[@A@?fH@E'
J8T=16:2'124:==M'8S:;6'F*GGG'M6;9126M'T14'7184*'52C=;952>'82':2=521'C:2648C6'MCP::='6P86'M1431M'M6;9126M'8C4:MM'6P1'M6861*'YP5CP'W8D1M'6P1'95M645C6'6P1'Q8M61M6[>4:Y52>'95M645C6'52'&:=:489:E'',:6'52C=;952>'6P1':2=521'M6;9126M*'8S:;6'BGo':Q'J8T=16:2'M6;9126M'841'I5MT825C*':314'VGo'841'+//'829'VGEHo':Q'M6;9126M'52'K411=17'\;8=5Q519'Q:4'Q411':4'419;C19'=;2CP'52'6P1'HG?G[??'MCP::='7184E''+_E'NOG?'86'$S=E'Ng'$4E'!87'?V*'@?BFf?F[HGE'
"2'HG?G*':Q'6P1'B*VA@'M6;9126M'52'Uk[?H*'6P1'95M645C6'591265Q519'?BA'8M'K$*'VVN'8M'MT1C58='19;C865:2*'829'?BV'8M'P:W1=1MME''Id.*'@A@@f?A[@A@Vf?@E''''
J8T=16:2'#;T14526129126'&P84=:661'&582C5:'P:=9M'8'W8M614M'91>411'Q4:W'6P1')25314M567':Q'&:=:489:'52'<:;=914'829'5M'T;4M;52>'P14'9:C6:4861E''JME'&582C5:'P89'P14'Q54M6'618CP52>'R:S'8M'8'618CP14'52'J8T=16:2'829'8=M:'Y:4D19'8M'8'C::495286:4'Q:4'MT1C58='19;C865:2'M1435C1M*'8'T452C5T8=*'82'1_1C;6531'9541C6:4':Q'=184252>'M1435C1M'829'5M'2:Y'52'P14'??6P'7184'8M'M;T14526129126':Q'J8T=16:2E''$4E'!87'?B*'@AA?[@AANE'
' F
9E Rocky Ford R-2 School District (Rocky Ford).''%:CD7'L:49'5M'8'MW8==*'4;48='6:Y2'52'(614:'&:;267*'&:=:489:E''$4E'!87'?@*'AFHVf??[?VE''K12148==7*'T1:T=1'52'%:CD7'L:49'Y:4D'52'6P1'Q51=9ME''Id.*'AFNFfHG[HHE'
%:CD7'L:49'#CP::='!5M645C6'5M'6P1'M1C:29'=84>1M6'MCP::='95M645C6'52'(614:'&:;267*'124:==52>'FVH'M6;9126M'52'>4891M'Uk[?H'52'6P1'Q8==':Q'HG?GE''"2'6P1'HG?G[HG??'MCP::='7184*'%:CD7'L:49'%[H'#CP::='!5M645C6'Y8M'B?EBo'W52:4567'829'VOo'I5MT825CE''+_E'NOG?*'86'$S=E'@g'$4E'!87'?V*'@?BVfHH[@?BBf@E'''
0TT4:_5W861=7'HA'M6;9126M'Y141'591265Q519'8M'>5Q619'829'68=12619*'OO'8M'MT1C58='19;C865:2*'829'FO'8M'+//E''+_E'?NHE''"2'6P1'HG?G[??'MCP::='7184*'BVo':Q'M6;9126M'52'%:CD7'L:49'\;8=5Q519'Q:4'Q411':4'419;C19'=;2CP*'52C=;952>'??EFo':2'6P1'419;C19[T45C19'=;2CP'T4:>48WE''+_E'NOG?'86'$S=E'Ng'$4E'!87'?V*'@?BFf??[?BEg'+_E'HG?@VE''$P5M'Y8M'Ao'P5>P14'6P82'6P1'BNENo'52'HGGFE''+_E'HGGA?E'
D. Defendants
' ?E' !1Q129826'6P1'#6861':Q'&:=:489:'5M'8'S:97'T:=565CE''#65T;=8619'L8C6M'l@E'
' HE' U;4M;826'6:'8465C=1'"a*'M1C65:2'?':Q'6P1'&:=:489:'&:2M656;65:2'829'=1>5M=865:2'128C619'T;4M;826'6P1416:*'6P1'!1Q129826'&:=:489:'#6861'<:849':Q'+9;C865:2'b#6861'<:849c'1_14C5M1M'6P1']>12148='M;T1435M5:2':Q'6P1'T;S=5C'MCP::=M':Q'6P1'M6861^'829'8TT:526M'6P1'&:WW5MM5:214':Q'+9;C865:2E''#65T;=8619'L8C6M'l'NE'
' AE' %:S146'kE'I8WW:29*'52'P5M':QQ5C58='C8T8C567'8M'6P1'&:WW5MM5:214':Q'+9;C865:2'b]&:WW5MM5:214^c*'5M'6P1'CP51Q'M6861'MCP::=':QQ5C14'829'1_1C;6531':QQ5C14':Q'6P1'&:=:489:'!1T846W126':Q'+9;C865:2'b]&!+^cE''#65T;=8619'L8C6M'lVE'
' @E' X:P2'I5CD12=::T14*'52'P5M':QQ5C58='C8T8C567'8M'K:3142:4*'5M'31M619'Y56P'6P1'M;T41W1'1_1C;6531'T:Y14':Q'6P1'M6861'829'CP84>19'Y56P'6P1'9;67'6:'68D1'C841'6P86'6P1'=8YM'S1'Q856PQ;==7'1_1C;619E''#65T;=8619'L8C6M'lBE'
II. A THOROUGH AND UNIFORM SYSTEM OF PUBLIC EDUCATION'
A. The Importance of a Public Education
' ?E' U;S=5C'19;C865:2'5M':21':Q'5Q'2:6'6P1'W:M6'5WT:46826'Q;2C65:2M':Q'&:=:489:'M6861'>:3142W126E''"6'5M'C4565C8='Q:4'5295359;8=M*'S;M521MM*'829'M:C5167'6P86'Y1'P831'8'Y1==[19;C8619'T:T;=8C1E''See, e.g.,'FeA?e?'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'#12E'<12'0=1_82914'b]0=1_82914'$458='$4E^c'VAAHfHH[VAAAfB*'VAANfV[?Ag'Oe?e??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'#12E'X:P2'02941YM'b]02941YM'$458='$4E^c'VANAf?V[VAN@f?V*'VABHfH?[H@g'FeH@e??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'/51;612826'K:3142:4'X:M1TP'K84C58'b]K84C58'$458='$4E^c'@N??fB[?G*'@N?HfH[O*'@NAGf?A[@NA?f??g'FeHNe??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'!4E'h5==58W'J:=:217'b]J:=:217'$458='$4E^c'NA@BfO[?@g'OeHe??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'#1286:4'k156P'k52>'b]k52>'$458='$4E^c'VBABfHG[HN*'VBAFfF[?AE'
' HE' "2':4914'Q:4'&:=:489:'6:'S;5=9'8'M64:2>'829'C:WT1656531'M6861'1C:2:W7*'8=='M6;9126M'W;M6'P831'6P1':TT:46;2567'6:':S6852'8'\;8=567'19;C865:2E''K84C58'$458='$4E'@NFHfH?[HNg'k52>'$458='$4E'VBABfHG[HNE'
' O
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' @E' $P1'41M184CP'=561486;41':2'6P1'1C:2:W5C'829'M:C58='S121Q56M':Q'19;C865:2'5M'38M6E''$P1M1'S121Q56M'8CC4;1'6:'6P1'M6;9126M'6P1WM1=31M'829'M:C5167'8M'8'YP:=1E''+9;C865:2'=131=M'841'M64:2>=7'C:441=8619'Y56P'P18=6P'M686;M*'C45W528='8C653567*'829'=:Y14'41=582C1':2'Y1=Q841'M7M61WME''$P1';21WT=:7W126'4861'Q:4'P5>P'MCP::='94:T:;6M'5M'Q5Q67'T14C126'P5>P14'6P82'Q:4'P5>P'MCP::='>489;861ME''#T12952>':2'19;C865:2'6P141Q:41'MP:;=9'S1'351Y19'8M'8'T;S=5C'5231M6W126*'751=952>'8'M6418W':Q'S121Q56M'8C4:MM'91C891ME''+_E'NVGA*'$P1'L5MC8='829'#:C58='<;4912':Q'"2891\;861'+9;C865:2'52'&:=:489:*'86'A*'?@*'?Fg'Fe?Be??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'!4E'I1247'/1352'b]/1352'$458='$4E^c'AAAFfH@[AAAOfH*'AA@FfHG[AA@Of?*'AAN?f?O[AANHfV*'AANVf?N[H@*'AAVGf?@[HGE'
NE' !4E'I82D'/1352*'82'1C:2:W5M6'829'2865:28='1_T146':2'6P1'C:M6[1QQ1C653121MM'829'C:M6[S121Q56'M6;951M':Q'95QQ14126'19;C865:28='5261431265:2M*'C8=C;=8619'6P1'1C:2:W5C'C:2M1\;12C1M':Q'Q85=52>'6:'891\;861=7'19;C861'M6;9126M'52'&:=:489:`M'T;S=5C'MCP::='M7M61W*';M52>'Q85=;41'6:'C:WT=161'P5>P'MCP::='8M'6P1'T4:_7'Q:4'82'52891\;861'19;C865:2E''&:WT8452>'6P1'1C:2:W5C'S;4912M'Y56P'6P1'C:M6M':Q'C146852'19;C865:2'41Q:4WM'6P86'P831'S112'T4:312'6:'52C418M1'8CP5131W126*'M;CP'8M'C=8MM'M5i1'419;C65:2*'T41MCP::='1_T82M5:2*'829'618CP14'M8=847'52C418M1M*'6P86'W5>P6'S1'8TT=519'Y56P52'6P1'&:=:489:'T;S=5C'MCP::='M7M61W*'P1'C:2C=;91M'6P86'6P1'S121Q56M':Q'6P1M1'5231M6W126M'M5>25Q5C826=7'1_C119'6P1'C:M6M*'6P141S7'R;M65Q752>'5231M6W126'52'6P1M1'41Q:4WM'6:987'486P14'6P82'T8752>'6P1'Q5MC8='829'M:C58='C:2M1\;12C1M':Q'52891\;861'19;C865:2'=8614E''<7'Q85=52>'6:'W8D1'M;QQ5C5126'5231M6W126M'52'6P1M1'829':6P14'1QQ1C6531'19;C865:28='5261431265:2M*'&:=:489:'5M'648952>'MP:46'4;2'S;9>16'M8352>M'Q:4'T:612658==7'W;CP'=84>14'=:2>'4;2'1C:2:W5C'S;4912ME'/1352'$458='$4E'AHFHf?[B*'AABBf@[??g'+_E'NVGA'86'5*'AA[A@'
' VE' $P1'&:=:489:'!535M5:2':Q'/8S:4'41T:46M'6P86'6P1'Q8M61M6'>4:Y52>':CC;T865:2M'52'6P1'M6861'841'2;4M52>*'41685='M8=1M*'41685='M8=1M'W828>14M*'C:WT;614'M7M61WM'828=7M6M*'C;M6:W14'M1435C1'41T41M12686531M*'C:WT;614'M;TT:46'MT1C58=5M6M*'829'Y1S'9131=:T14ME''0=W:M6'Y56P:;6'1_C1T65:2*'P5>P'MCP::='94:T:;6M'9:'2:6'P831'6P1'MD5==M'6:'T14Q:4W'6P1M1'R:SME''(Q'6P1'EO'W5==5:2'21Y'R:SM'6P86'Y5=='S1'C418619'52'&:=:489:':314'6P1'21_6'91C891*':2=7'612'T14C126'Y5=='S1'8CC1MM5S=1'S7'P5>P'MCP::='94:T:;6M'829':2=7'6Y1267[Q531'T14C126'Y5=='S1'8CC1MM5S=1'Q:4'P5>P'MCP::='>489;861M'Y56P'6P1'41W85252>'6Y:[6P549M'41\;5452>'T:M6[M1C:29847'C41912658=ME''&:=:489:'482DM'Q5Q6P'52'6P1'2865:2'52'614WM':Q'56M'2119M'Q:4'Y:4D14M'6:'P831'T:M6[M1C:29847'19;C865:2E''+_E'NVGA'86'V[Bg'/1352'$458='$4E'AAAVf?[AAABf?BE'
' BE' +8CP'P5>P'MCP::='94:T:;6'5WT:M1M'8'216'Q5MC8='S;4912*'91Q5219'8M'68_'T87W126M'W52;M'1_T12956;41M':2'>:3142W126'P18=6P'8MM5M682C1*'6P1'C45W528='R;M65C1'M7M61W*'Y1=Q841'T4:>48WM*'829'MCP::=eC:==1>1*':Q'nHA*NGG'6:'6P1'Q19148='>:3142W126'829'nNB*BGG'6:'6P1'M6861'>:3142W126'b5E1E*'94:T:;6M'948Y'9:Y2':2'>:3142W126'T4:>48WM'W:41'6P82'6P17'T87'52'68_1McE''"2'C:2648M6*'18CP'P5>P'MCP::='>489;861'5WT:M1M'8'MW8=='Q5MC8='S;4912'6:'6P1'M6861':Q'n@*AGG*'S;6'T4:9;C1M'8'Q5MC8='>852'6:'6P1'Q19148='>:3142W126':Q'nV?*VGGE''U14M:2M'YP:'866129'C:==1>1'C:2645S;61'M5>25Q5C826=7'86'S:6P'6P1'M6861'bpnH?*AGGc'829'Q19148='bpn?GN*BGGc'=131=ME''L528==7*'C:==1>1'>489;861M'C:2645S;61'n@@*AGG'6:'6P1'M6861'Q5MC8='8CC:;26'829'n?OF*FGG'6:'6P1'Q19148='8CC:;26E''L4:W'6P1'T14MT1C6531':Q'6P1'M6861':Q'&:=:489:*'18CP'T14M:2'YP:'Q85=M'6:'>489;861'Q4:W'P5>P'MCP::='5WT:M1M'8'Q5MC8='S;4912':Q'n?@G*?GGE''0C4:MM'18CP'822;8='C:P:46':Q'&:=:489:'T;S=5C'MCP::='M6;9126M*'6P5M'S;4912'5M'n?EV?'S5==5:2E''+_E'NVGA'86'55*'?OE'
' ?G
' FE' $P1'M:C58='S;4912':Q'=:Y'19;C865:28='866852W126*'YP5CP'52C=;91M'=:MM1M'52'Y:4DQ:4C1'T4:9;C653567*'6P1'91=16145:;M'1QQ1C6M':2'1C:2:W5C'>4:Y6P'Q4:W'P8352>'82'52891\;861=7'MD5==19'Y:4DQ:4C1*'829'6P1'S;4912M':2'35C65WM':Q'C45W1*'5M'1_641W1=7'=84>1E''%1=86531'6:'8'P5>P'MCP::='94:T[:;6*'18CP'P5>P'MCP::='>489;861'41T41M126M'8'T41M126'38=;1'M:C58='>852':Q'n@A@*AGGE''+8CP'C:==1>1'124:==11'41T41M126M'8'M:C58='>852':Q'nV@G*OGGE''+8CP'C:==1>1'>489;861'41T41M126M'8'M:C58='>852':Q'n?EAN'W5==5:2E''L4:W'8'M:C58='T14MT1C6531*'6P1'Q;=='41M:;4C1'S;4912'8MM:C58619'Y56P'52891\;861'19;C865:2'52'&:=:489:'5M'nNH@*@GG'T14'M6;9126E''0C4:MM'18CP'822;8='C:P:46':Q'&:=:489:'T;S=5C'MCP::='M6;9126M*'6P5M'S;4912'5M'nVEGA'S5==5:2E''+_E'NVGA'86'55E'
B. The Meaning of a Thorough and Uniform System of Public Education
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C. Education Reform: HB 93-1313 and the Inception of Standards-Based
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D. Education Reform: The Expansion of Content Standards and Assessments
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E. Education Reform: School District Accountability and Accreditation'
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G. Education Reform: The Preschool to Postsecondary Education Alignment Act
(CAP4K)''
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' ?@E' <8M19':2'56M'8CC41956865:2'48652>*'18CP'MCP::='95M645C6'829'MCP::='W;M6'822;8==7'89:T6'829'5WT=1W126'8'T=82*'91M5>28619'8M'8'T14Q:4W82C1'T=82*'5WT4:31W126'T=82*'T45:4567'5WT4:31W126'T=82*':4'6;4284:;29'T=82E''&E%E#E'ZZHH[??[AGA[AGV*'HH[??[@G?*'et seq.g'I1Q67'$458='$4E'AH@fH?[H@.'
' ?NE' 0==':Q'6P5M'52Q:4W865:2'5M'M;WW845i19'829'T;S=5MP19'822;8==7'S7'&!+'52'8'MCP::='95M645C6':4'MCP::='U14Q:4W82C1'L48W1Y:4D'%1T:46E''See e.g., +_E'?G*NGF*'U;1S=:'#CP::='!5M645C6'VG'!5M645C6'U14Q:4W82C1'L48W1Y:4D'%1T:46'HG??g'+_E'?G*GFH'X1QQ14M:2'I5>P'#CP::='U14Q:4W82C1'L48W1Y:4D'%1T:46'HG?GE'
' ?VE' 0'95M645C6`M'8CC41956865:2'M686;M'829'C:441MT:2952>'T=82'P8M'C4565C8='5WT=5C865:2M'Q:4'56M':T14865:2ME''L:4'1_8WT=1*'8'95M645C6':2'8'6;4284:;29'T=82'W;M6'591265Q7']MT1C5Q5C*'41M184CP[S8M19'M64861>51M^'6:'89941MM'6P1'591265Q519'2119M'829'5MM;1M*'52C=;952>'1WT=:752>'8']=189'6;4284:;29'T846214g^'41:4>825i52>'6P1'95M645C6':314M5>P6'829'W828>1W126'M64;C6;41g'41:4>825i52>'5295359;8='MCP::=Mg'P5452>'82'126567'6:':T14861':21':4'W:41'95M645C6'MCP::=Mg'C:2314652>':21':4'W:41'95M645C6'MCP::=M'6:'CP84614'MCP::=Mg':4'C=:M52>'MCP::=ME''&E%E#E'ZHH[??[AGVbAcb9cE'
' ?BE' L85=;41'6:'W8D1'91Q5219*'M;SM682658='T4:>41MM';2914'8'T45:4567'5WT4:31W126':4'6;4284:;29'T=82'Y56P52'Q531'7184M'C82*'86'6P1'52M682C1':Q'&!+'829'6P1'&:WW5MM5:214*'41M;=6'52'8'=:MM':Q'8CC41956865:2'829'MCP::='95M645C6':4'MCP::='41:4>825i865:2*'W828>1W126'68D1:314'S7'8'T453861':4'T;S=5C'126567*'C:2314M5:2'6:'8'CP84614'MCP::=*'829':6P14'41W1958='8C65:2E''&E%E#E'ZHH[??[HGOg'I1Q67'$458='$4E'AHNfB[?Ng'+86:2'$458='$4E'??F?f?G[??FHfOE'
' ?FE' $P;M*'6P1'+9;C865:2'0CC:;268S5=567'0C6'T=8C1M'8'M645C6'Q531[7184'65W1'=5W56'Q:4'8CC:WT=5MP52>'6P1'C:26126'M6829849M'829'W11652>'6P1'8MM1MMW126'>:8=M':Q'&0U@kE''L85=;41'6:'W116'6P86'65W1'=521'41M;=6M'52'W82986:47'MCP::='95M645C6':4'MCP::='41M64;C6;452>':4'C=:M;41E''$P1'&!+'!5M645C6'U14Q:4W82C1'L48W1Y:4D'%1T:46'Q:4W';M19'S7'&!+'M6861Mf'
0'95M645C6'W87'2:6'S1'8CC4195619'Y56P'8'U45:4567'"WT4:31W126'829e:4'$;4284:;29'U=82'Q:4'=:2>14'6P82'8'C:WS5219'6:68=':Q'Q531'C:2M1C;6531'7184M'S1Q:41'6P1'#6861'<:849':Q'+9;C865:2'5M'41\;5419'6:'41M64;C6;41':4'C=:M1'6P1'95M645C6E'
+_E'?G*NGF*'!5M645C6'U14Q:4W82C1'L48W1Y:4D'HG??'Q:4'U;1S=:'#CP::='!5M645C6'VG'v'"25658='!48Q6'Q:4'!5M645C6'%1351Y*'86'Ng'h12252>'$458='$4E'@VVAf?H[?OE'
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HGE' 0=='MCP::='95M645C6M'829'MCP::=M*'Y56P:;6'41>849'6:'6P154'8CC41956865:2'48652>*'W;M6'822;8==7'T41T841'829'M;SW56'6:'&!+'8'])25Q519'"WT4:31W126'U=82^'91MC45S52>'52'91685='6P1'8C65:2'561WM'6P17'526129'6:'5WT=1W126'6:'5WT4:31'T14Q:4W82C1E''$P1'5WT4:31W126'T=82'8==:YM'95M645C6M'6:'=::D'86'6P154'C;44126'M6861'829'6P154'91M5419'M6861'829'Q5>;41':;6'P:Y'6P17'841'>:52>'6:'>16'Q4:W'T:526'0'6:'<E''See, e.g., +_E'?G*ABF*'X1QQ14M:2'&:;267'#CP::='!5M645C6')25Q519'"WT4:31W126'U=82'HG?G[??E''See also +86:2'$458='$4E'?HAOf?[H?g'#61312M:2'$458='$4E'??GHf?[VE'
' H?E' $P1')25Q519'"WT4:31W126'U=82'5M'8'C:WT41P12M531'9:C;W126'6P86'S1>52M'Y56P'6P1'U14Q:4W82C1'L48W1Y:4D'9868'829'6P411'7184'64129M*'828=7i1M'6P1'9868'6:'591265Q7'M6412>6PM'829'CP8==12>1M*'829'6P12'W:31M'6:']4::6'C8;M1'828=7M5ME^''+86:2'$458='$4E'?H@?f?[?H@HfFE'
' HHE' 0'4::6'C8;M1'5M'82';2914=752>'C8;M1'Y56P:;6'YP5CP'6P1'M;SR1C6':Q'C:2C142'Y:;=9'2:6'P831':CC;4419'829'YP5CP*'5Q'C:441C619*'6P1'M;SR1C6':Q'C:2C142'Y:;=9'2:6'41:CC;4E''0'4::6'C8;M1'W;M6'S1'8'C8;M1':314'YP5CP'6P1'MCP::='95M645C6'P8M'C:264:=E''"6'C822:6'S1'8'C8;M1'6P86'5M'S17:29'MCP::='95M645C6'C:264:=*'M;CP'8M'T:31467*'P;2>14*'M6;9126'W:653865:2*'16P25C567*':4'W:S5=567E''L:4'1_8WT=1*'5Q'6P1'CP8==12>1'5M'82'8CP5131W126'>8T'S16Y112'=:Y[52C:W1'M6;9126M'829':6P14'M6;9126M*'=:Y[52C:W1'C822:6'S1'591265Q519'8M'6P1'4::6'C8;M1E''+86:2'$458='$4E'?H@Af?G[?H@NfBE'
' HAE' $P1'T;4T:M1':Q'4::6'C8;M1'828=7M5M'5M'6:'M16'822;8='684>16M'829'526145W'W18M;41M'6:'89941MM'T45:4565i19'2119M'829'6P12'6:'9131=:T']W8R:4'5WT4:31W126'M64861>51M^'21C1MM847'6:'CP82>1'6P1':;6C:W1ME''+86:2'$458='$4E'?H@Hf?B[?H@AfOE'
' H@E' $P1')25Q519'"WT4:31W126'U=82'41\;541M'8'MT1C5Q5C':;6=521':Q'P:Y'6P1'95M645C6'Y5=='89941MM'6P1'W8R:4'5WT4:31W126'M64861>7*'52C=;952>'65W1=521M*'D17'T14M:221=*'21C1MM847'41M:;4C1M*'829'S12CPW84DM'6:'W18M;41'M;CC1MME''+86:2'$458='$4E'?HNGf?G[?HNHfHE'
' HNE' $P1'C4565C8='T:526'5M'6P86'6P1')25Q519'"WT4:31W126'U=82'T4:C1MM'9541C6=7'5WT8C6M'6P1'95M645C6`M';M1':Q'Q5282C58='41M:;4C1ME''"6'41\;541M'6P1'95M645C6'6:'591265Q7'6P1'41M:;4C1M'56'Y5==';M1'6:'5WT=1W126'6P1'W8R:4'5WT4:31W126'M64861>51ME''+86:2'$458='$4E'?HNHf?O[?HNAfBE'''
HVE' hP5=1'P1'Y8M'1WT=:719'S7'&!+*'J4E'h12252>'41C15319'Q41\;126'C:WT=8526M'Q4:W'95M645C6M'8S:;6'52891\;861'41M:;4C1Mg'6P1']C:WT=8526'8S:;6'41M:;4C1M'Y8M'T41667'41>;=84'E'E'E''"2'Q8C6*'M:W165W1M'5WT4:31W126'T=82M'Y:;=9'2:61'6P86'6P1'S844514'Y8M'8'41M:;4C1'S844514E^''h12252>'$458='$4E'@VBVf?G[?BE'
' HBE' hP5=1'6P1'#6861'<:849'W87'>4826'Y85314M'6:'MCP::=M'829'MCP::='95M645C6M'52'C146852'52M682C1M*'2:'MCP::=':4'MCP::='95M645C6'W87':S6852'8'Y85314'Q4:W'6P1'#6861`M'8CC41956865:2'T4:C1MM*'YP5CP'6:;CP1M':2'131476P52>'6P86'8'MCP::='95M645C6'9:1ME''#CP::='95M645C6M'=5D1Y5M1'W87'2:6'Y8531':;6':Q'�U':4'6P1'21Y'8MM1MMW126'6P86'Y5=='13126;8==7'41T=8C1'6P1'�UE''$P1'T45W847'Q:C;M':Q'Y85314M'5M'6:'1_1WT6'95M645C6M'829'MCP::=M'Q4:W'T14M:221='=8YM'M:'6P86'6P17'P831'6P1'8;6P:4567'6:'P541'829'Q541'M68QQ'829'C:264:='6P1';M1':Q'65W1E''FeAGe??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'%:S146'#CP8QQ14'b]#CP8QQ14'$458='$4E^c'NFOHf?A[HH*'NFOAfA[V*'NOG@fH[Ng'h12252>'$458='$4E'@VB@fF[?N*'@VBNfH[V*'@VFOf?A[HGE'
' HO
' HFE' $P1'+9;C865:2'0CC:;268S5=567'0C6*'&0U@k*'829'+9;C86:4'+QQ1C653121MM'0C6'b95MC;MM19'52'#1C65:2'""E"'S1=:Yc'8=='5WT:M1'W829861M':2'MCP::='95M645C6M'6P86'C822:6'S1'Y85319E''(6P14'6P82'k56'&84M:2'#CP::='!5M645C6*'YP5CP'5M'82'5M:=8619'M56;865:2':Q'8'95M645C6'S152>'>482619'522:3865:2'M686;M'S7'6P1'&:=:489:'#6861'<:849':Q'+9;C865:2*'8==':6P14'MCP::='95M645C6M'52'6P1'M6861'W;M6'W116'8==':Q'6P1'41\;541W126M':Q'6P1M1'6P411'M686;61ME'K826i'<14W82'$458='$4E'NVF@f?B[NVFNfFg'NVFNfHN[NVFBfHAE''
I. Education Reform: The Educator Effectiveness Act of 2010 (SB 10-191)
?E' "2'HG?G*'6P1'K12148='0MM1WS=7'89:T619'#<'?G[?O?*'6P1']+2M;452>'t;8=567'"2M64;C65:2'6P4:;>P'+9;C86:4'+QQ1C653121MM'0C6^'b#<'?O?c*'8M'8'C:WT41P12M531'8W129W126':Q'6P1'/5C12M19'U14M:221='U14Q:4W82C1'+38=;865:2'0C6E''&E%E#E'ZZHH[O[?G?'et seq.'''
' HE' "2'T14652126'T846*'#<'?O?'41\;541M'MCP::='95M645C6M'6:'138=;861'6P1'1WT=:7W126'T14Q:4W82C1':Q'8=='618CP14M*'T452C5T8=M*'829'89W525M6486:4M'13147'7184E''0W:2>'6P1'T;4T:M1M':Q'6P1'138=;865:2'M7M61W'5M'6:'W18M;41'6P1']=131=':Q'1QQ1C653121MM^':Q'8==':Q'56M'=5C12M19'T14M:221='S8M19':2'\;8=567'M6829849M'6:'S1'1M68S=5MP19'S7'6P1'#6861'<:849'829'6P1'=:C8='S:849E''&E%E#E'ZHH[O[?GVb?c*'b?cb9cE'
' AE' 0'618CP14':4'T452C5T8='911W19'6:'S1']521QQ1C6531^'T;4M;826'6:'6P1M1'M6829849M'829'YP:'Q85=M'6:'W116'6P1'41\;541W126M':Q'8'41W195865:2'Q:4'8'T145:9':Q'7184M'5M'M;SR1C6'6:'=:MM':Q'2:2[T4:S865:2847'M686;M'829'95MW5MM8='Q4:W'1WT=:7W126E''&E%E#E'ZHH[O[?GVb@ENcE'
' @E' !5M645C6'=131='5WT=1W126865:2':Q'#<'?O?'Y5=='523:=31'6P1'9131=:TW126':Q'21Y'8MM1MMW126M'829'138=;865:2'W18M;41ME''"6'Y5=='8=M:'523:=31'41M:=;65:2':Q'M:W1'C:WT=1_'5MM;1M*'M;CP'8M'591265Q752>'YP:'5M'6P1'618CP14':Q'41C:49'6:'S1'P1=9'41MT:2M5S=1'Q:4'MT1C5Q5C'M6;9126M`'8C891W5C'>4:Y6Pg'YP5CP'C:26126'8418M'6P1'618CP14'MP:;=9'S1'41MT:2M5S=1'Q:4*'52C=;952>'C:26126'8418M'Q:4'YP5CP'2:'8MM1MMW126M'1_5M6g'829'P:Y'P5>P'M68D1M'61M6M'841'6:'S1'89W525M61419'52'8'Y87'6P86'5M'Q854'829';25Q:4W'8C4:MM'6P1'M6861E''+86:2'$458='$4E'?HVNf?H[?HVFfHAE'
NE' 0M'Y56P'&0U@k*'6P1'#6861'959'2:6'W8D1'M;QQ5C5126'8TT4:T45865:2'Q:4'5WT=1W126865:2':Q'#<'?G[?O?E''$P1'1M65W8619'C:M6M'Q:4'525658='5WT=1W126865:2':Q'#<'?G[?O?'841'nBV'W5==5:2E'$P1'T45W847'M:;4C1':Q'Q;2952>'Y8M'91M5>28619'8M'>5Q6M*'>4826M'829'9:2865:2ME''0M':Q'6P1'9861':Q'6458='bW:41'6P82'8'7184'8Q614'#<'?G[?O?'T8MM19c'8TT4:_5W861=7'nBEO'W5==5:2'P89'S112'485M19E'''I8WW:29'$458='$4E'VNVAf'A[?HE'
J. Summary
' ?E' 0M'C82'S1'M112'Q4:W'?OOA*'8=6P:;>P'Q:4'T48C65C8='T;4T:M1M'Q4:W'?OOB*'6P1'K12148='0MM1WS=7'829'!1Q129826M'P831'5261265:28==7'829'48T59=7'6482MQ:4W19'6P1'T;S=5C'19;C865:2'M7M61W'52'6P1'W:91=':Q'M6829849M[S8M19'19;C865:2E''#52C1'HGGF*'6P1'525658='6482MQ:4W865:2'P8M'S112'8CC1=148619'S7'8'Q;46P14*'W:41'8WS565:;M'1_T82M5:2';T:2'6P1'525658='W:91=ME''0==':Q'6P5M'P8M'S112'MT1C5Q5C8==7'91M5>219'6:'5WT=1W126'6P1'C:2M656;65:28='W829861':Q'8'6P:4:;>P'829';25Q:4W'M7M61W':Q'T;S=5C'19;C865:2E'''
' HE' $P5M'6482MQ:4W865:2'P8M'Q:C;M19':2';25314M8='M6;9126'8CP5131W126':Q'91Q5219'=131=M':Q'T4:Q5C512C7'W18M;419'S7'M68298495i19'8MM1MMW126ME''#6;9126'8CP5131W126'P8M'1_T82919'6:'S1C:W1'6P1'Q:;29865:2'Q:4'MCP::='829'MCP::='95M645C6'8CC41956865:2'829*'W:M6'41C126=7*'618CP14'
' AG
829'T452C5T8='138=;865:2ME''#CP::=M'829'MCP::='95M645C6M'6P86'841';28S=1'6:'418CP'829'M;M6852'6P1'=131=':Q'M6;9126'T4:Q5C512C51M'Y56P52'6P1'65W1'=5W56865:2M'W8298619'S7'6P1'#6861'841'M;SR1C6'6:'8MC12952>'=131=M':Q'M82C65:2M*';T'6:'829'52C=;952>'C=:M;41':4'95MM:=;65:2E'
AE' #;CC1MMQ;='5WT=1W126865:2':Q'M6829849M[S8M19'19;C865:2'52'56M'12654167'91W829M'899565:28='41M:;4C1M*'52C=;952>'41M:;4C1M'Q:4'1_648'19;C865:28='65W1'Y56P'M6;9126M*'899565:28='M68QQ'6:'12M;41'8TT4:T45861'C=8MM'M5i1M*'899565:28='5261431265:2M'Q:4';2914[T14Q:4W52>'M6;9126M*'829'T4:Q1MM5:28='9131=:TW126E''I1Q67'$458='$4E'AHBf?@[AHOfAE'
' @E' 0M'95MC;MM19'Q;46P14'P141528Q614*'6P1'T;S=5C'MCP::='Q5282C1'M7M61W'P8M'Q85=19'6:'41MT:29'6:'6P1'52C418M52>'41M:;4C1'2119M'945312'S7'M6829849M[S8M19'19;C865:2E'']"'R;M6'6P52D'q6P1'MCP::='Q5282C1'M7M61Wr'C:2652;19'6:':T14861'8M'56'959'T45:4'6:'6P1'89:T65:2':Q'21Y'41Q:4WM'52'41=865:2'6:'M6829849M*'8MM1MMW126M*'8CC:;268S5=567*'16'C16148E^''J:M1M'$458='$4E'VO@f?A[?OE'
III. THE PUBLIC SCHOOL FINANCE SYSTEM'
' ?E' K:3142W1268='Q;2952>'Q:4'&:=:489:'MCP::='95M645C6M'5M'9145319'Q4:W'=:C8='68_1M*'M6861'Q;29M*'829'Q19148='Q;29ME''#65T;=8619'L8C6M'l?Gg'+_E'?G*?B@*'&!+*')2914M682952>'&:=:489:'#CP::='L5282C1'829'&861>:45C8='U4:>48W'L;2952>*'X;=7'HG??E''
' HE' $P1'=84>1'W8R:4567':Q'M6861'829'=:C8='Q;2952>'Q:4'T;S=5C'19;C865:2'5M'T4:35919'6P4:;>P'6P1'U;S=5C'#CP::='L5282C1'0C6':Q'?OO@'bU#L0cE''#65T;=8619'L8C6M'l??E'
AE' "2'MCP::='7184'HG?G[??*'U#L0'Q;2952>'6:68=19'8TT4:_5W861=7'nNE@'S5==5:2*':Q'YP5CP'MCP::='95M645C6'T4:T1467'68_'829':6P14'=:C8='M:;4C1M'C:2645S;619'nHEG'S5==5:2'b6P5467[M1312'T14C126c'829'6P1'M6861'C:2645S;619'nAE@'S5==5:2'bM5_67[6P411'T14C126cE''$P5M'6:68='Y8M'419;C19'S7'?HEOBo'6:'M:W1'nNEH'S5==5:2'S7'8TT=5C865:2':Q'8']21>86531'Q8C6:4^'89:T619'S7'6P1'K12148='0MM1WS=7E''I1Q67'$458='$4E'HBGf?A[HBVf?E'
@E' #CP::='95M645C6M'8=M:'41C1531'M;TT=1W1268='M6861'Q;2952>'6P4:;>P']C861>:45C8='T4:>48WM^'M;CP'8M'MT1C58='19;C865:2*'+2>=5MP'=82>;8>1'T4:Q5C512C7*'>5Q619'829'68=12619*'6482MT:46865:2*'829'3:C865:28='19;C865:2E''"2'HG?G[??*'M6861'Q;2952>'Q:4'8=='C861>:45C8='T4:>48WM'6:68=19'nHA?'W5==5:2*'M:W1YP86'=1MM'6P82'No':Q'6P1'6:68='U#L0'Q;2952>E''+_E'?G*?B@E'
A.' The Public School Finance Act of 1994f Total Program Funding
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HE' &8=C;=865:2':Q'8'95M645C6`M'6:68='T4:>48W'S1>52M'Y56P'8'M686;6:47']M6861Y591'S8M1^'T14'T;T5='Q;2952>'=131=E''"2'HG?G[??*'6P1'M6861Y591'S8M1'Y8M'nN*NHOEB?'T14'T;T5=E''&E%E#E'ZHH[N@[?G@bNcE'
AE' $P1'M6861Y591'S8M1'5M'89R;M619'Q:4'18CP'MCP::='95M645C6'S7'8TT=5C865:2':Q'M686;6:47']Q8C6:4M^'41=8619'6:'6P1'38458S5=567':Q'C:M6M'S7'95M645C6*'52C=;952>'8'C:M6[:Q[=5352>'89R;M6W126*'
' A?
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@E' $P1'95M645C6'T14'T;T5='Q;2952>'8W:;26'5M'W;=65T=519'S7'6P1'95M645C6`M']Q;2919'T;T5='C:;26^*'YP5CP'5M'82'8C6;8='C:;26':Q'M6;9126M'b:4'Q;==[65W1'1\;538=126Mc'124:==19'829'86612952>'MCP::='52'6P1'95M645C6E''&E%E#E'ZHH[N@[?GAbBcE'''
NE' $P5M'6:68='5M'6P12'89R;M619'S7'M686;6:47'Q8C6:4M'52612919'6:'89941MM'52614[95M645C6'C:M6'38458S5=567'Y56P'41MT1C6'6:'6P154'M6;9126'91W:>48TP5CM*'52C=;952>'C:2C1264865:2':Q']86[45MD^'bP5>P'T:31467c'M6;9126M*':2=521'19;C865:2'124:==W126*'829']0#&+,$^'bQ5Q6P'7184'P5>P'MCP::=c'T;T5=ME''&E%E#E'ZHH[N@[?G@bHcb0cb"acg'Fe?Ne??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'!8359'UE'I846'b]I846'$458='$4E^c'HOVAfHA[HOV@fOE'
VE' $P1'41M;=6'5M'6P1'95M645C6`M']6:68='T4:>48W^'Q;2952>E'
BE' $P1'Q8C6:4M'Y141'52612919'6:'C41861'95QQ141265865:2'52'MCP::='95M645C6'6:68='T4:>48W'Q;2952>'=131=M'6:'89941MM'=:C8='C:M6'38458S=1ME''"2'HGGO[?G*'6P1']M6861'S;9>16'M68S5=5i865:2'Q8C6:4*^'41Q14419'6:'8M'6P1']21>86531'Q8C6:4^'52'HG?G[??*'Y8M'89919'6:'6P1'Q:4W;=8'8M'6P1'W1CP825MW'6:'5WT=1W126'=1>5M=86531'C;6M'52'6P1':3148=='=131=':Q'M6861'Q;2952>'Q:4'T;S=5C'19;C865:2E''$P1'21>86531'Q8C6:4'5M'8'21>86531'2;WS14'6P86'419;C1M'6P1'6:68='T4:>48WE''"2'HG?G[??*'6P1'21>86531'Q8C6:4'419;C19'18CP'95M645C6`M'6:68='T4:>48W'S7'?HEOBoE'
FE' "2'HG?G[??*'S7'8TT=5C865:2':Q'6P1'21>86531'Q8C6:4*'612M':Q'W5==5:2M':Q'9:==84M'Y141'C;6'Q4:W'T;S=5C'19;C865:2E''L;46P14'C;6M'841'8265C5T8619'Q:4'6P1';TC:W52>'S;9>16'7184E''"6'5M'95QQ5C;=6'Q:4'MCP::='95M645C6M'6:'T=82'8P189'>5312'S;9>16'C;6M'829'6P1'65W168S=1'S7'YP5CP'6P1'#6861'=1>5M=86;41'T8MM1M'6P1'S;9>16E''K826i'<14W82'$458='$4E'NVOHf?B[HH*'NBGBf?N[HGg'#CP8QQ14'$458='$4E'NOGOfA[VE'
?GE' $P1'21>86531'Q8C6:4'419;C1M'6P1'#6861`M'MP841':Q'6P1'6:68='T4:>48W'Q;2952>'2:6'S7'419;C52>'6P1'M6861Y591'S8M1*'S;6'S7'419;C52>'18CP'MCP::='95M645C6`M'Q;2952>'T4:35919'S7'6P1'Q:4W;=8'Q8C6:4M*'M;CP'8M'C:M6':Q'=5352>*'86[45MD'829'MCP::='95M645C6'M5i1E''I846'$458='$4E'HOONf?F[HOOBfH?E'''''
??E' $P1'21>86531'Q8C6:4'C:264895C6M'6P1'526126':Q'6P1'U#L0E''<7'91C418M52>'Q;2952>'Q:4'6P1'Q8C6:4M*'6P1'21>86531'Q8C6:4'P8M'8'95MT4:T:465:2861'5WT8C6':2'95M645C6M'Y56P'=84>1'2;WS14M':Q'86[45MD'M6;9126ME''"2'MW8=='95M645C6M'Y56P'=84>1'2;WS14M':Q'86[45MD'M6;9126M*'6P1'21>86531'Q8C6:4'P8M'82'1312'=84>14'95MT4:T:465:2861'5WT8C6E''"2'1QQ1C6*'6P1'21>86531'Q8C6:4'P8M'8'9:;S=1'486CP16'9:Y2'1QQ1C6'52'6P1M1'95M645C6M'S7'419;C52>':4'1=5W528652>'Q8C6:4'Q;2952>'Q:4'S:6P'86[45MD'829'MW8=='95M645C6'M5i1E''I846'$458='$4E'AGGFf?O[HHg'OeHe??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'K1:4>1'#E'h1=MP'b]h1=MP'$458='$4E^c'VB?Nf?G[HAE'
?HE' $P1';2914=752>'T:=5C7'91C5M5:2':2'P:Y'6:'91M5>2'829'5WT=1W126'6P1'21>86531'Q8C6:4'Y8M'2:6'W891'S8M19':2'M6;9126':;6C:W1M':4'91W:>48TP5CM':Q'M6;9126M'829'95M645C6M*'S;6'486P14'Y8M'8'2;WS14'6P86'Y8M'S8CD19'526:'S7'6P1'#6861E''I846'$458='$4E'AG?AfHG[HN*'Fe?Be??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'X8CD'U:WW14'b]U:WW14'$458='$4E^c'ANGOfHA[HN*'AN?Gf?[@E'
?AE' hP12'138=;8619'8M'8'YP:=1*'6P1'&:=:489:'MCP::='Q5282C1'M7M61W'5M'41>41MM531*'751=952>'=:Y14'C;44126':T148652>'1_T12956;41M'T14'T;T5='829'=:Y14'6:68='M6861'829'=:C8='41312;1'
' AH
T14'T;T5='52'P5>P'2119M'95M645C6ME''0'41>41MM531'M7M61W'5M':21'52'YP5CP'P5>P14'T:31467'95M645C6M'P831'M7M61W5C8==7'=1MM'W:217E''$P1':3148=='T866142':Q'41>41MM53121MM'P8M'41W85219'41=86531=7';2CP82>19'Q:4':314'8'91C891E''+_E'FHGG*'&:=:489:'#CP::='L5282C1*'/:S86:'3E'#6861':Q'&:=:489:*'86'@Hg'FeNe??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'!4E'<4;C1'!E'<8D14'b]<8D14'$458='$4E^c'?AN@fB[??E'
B. The Public School Finance Act of 1994: State and Local Share
?E' +8CP'MCP::='95M645C6`M'6:68='T4:>48W'5M'Q;2919'S7'8'C:WS52865:2':Q'M6861'829'=:C8='68_'41312;1ME''$P1']=:C8='MP841^'C:2M5M6M':Q'6P1'T4:C119M'Q4:W'8'W5=='=137';T:2'6P1'8MM1MM19'38=;865:2':Q'6P1'68_8S=1'T4:T1467'Y56P52'8'MCP::='95M645C6`M'S:;298451M'829*'6:'8'W;CP'=1MM14'91>411*']MT1C5Q5C':Y214MP5T'68_E^''&E%E#E'ZHH[N@[?GVb?cb8cb"cg'I1Q67'$458='$4E'HFFfHAvHFOf??E'
HE' #CP::='95M645C6'8;6P:4567'6:':S6852'Q;2952>'S7'=:C8='T4:T1467'68_865:2'5M'M645C6=7'Q5_19'S7'M686;61E ,:'MCP::='95M645C6'W87'C1465Q7'8'=137'Q:4'56M'>12148='Q;29'52'1_C1MM':Q'56M'M686;6:47'8;6P:4567E''#65T;=8619'L8C6M'l?Hg'&E%E#E'ZHH[N@[?GVbNcb8cE'
AE' 0'MCP::='95M645C6`M'8;6P:4567'6:':S6852'Q;2952>'S7'=:C8='T4:T1467'68_865:2'5M'M686;6:45=7'=5W5619'6:'6P1'=:Y1M6':Qf''b8c'6P1'2;WS14':Q'W5==M'56'=13519'52'6P1'T41C1952>'7184*'bSc'6P1'2;WS14':Q'W5==M'21C1MM847'6:'T87'56M'126541'6:68='T4:>48W*'=1MM'6P1'W525W;W'M6861'MP841'Q;2952>'41C15319*??'bCc'6P1'W8_5W;W'2;WS14':Q'W5==M'8==:Y19'S7'0465C=1'"a*'#1C65:2'a':Q'6P1'&:=:489:'&:2M656;65:2'b6P1'$8_T8714M`'<5==':Q'%5>P6M':4'$0<(%c*':4'b9c'6Y1267[M1312'W5==ME''#52C1'HGGB*'6P5M'T4:35M5:2'P8M'41M;=619'52'YP86'5M'M:W165W1M'C8==19'6P1']Q4:i12'W5==^'S1C8;M1'MCP::='95M645C6'W5=='=1351M'841'M686;6:45=7'C8TT19'829':2C1'6P17'418CP'6P1'W8_5W;W'8==:Y8S=1'=131=*'6P17'841'1QQ1C6531=7']Q4:i12E^''&E%E#E'ZHH[N@[?GVbHcb8cg'I846'$458='$4E'AGAVf?V[AGABfBE'
@E' $P1']M6861'MP841^'5M'91614W5219'S7'M;S648C652>'6P1'MCP::='95M645C6`M'=:C8='MP841'Q4:W'56M'6:68='T4:>48WE''$P1'M6861'MP841'C:W1M'T45W845=7'Q4:W'6P1'M6861'>12148='Q;29'b15>P67[15>P6'T14C126'52'HG?G[??c*'6P1'#6861'+9;C865:2'L;29'b15>P6'T14C126c*'829'8'T:465:2':Q'6P1'4126'Q4:W'M6861'MCP::='=829M'829'Q19148='W52148='=18M1'W:217'bQ:;4'T14C126cE''I1Q67'$458='$4E'HFGfV[HAE'
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C. The Public School Finance Act of 1994: Override Mill Levies'
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D.' Categorical Program Funding.'''
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E. Capital Construction Funding; Bonded Indebtedness.'''
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' AN
F. Declining Enrollment
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G. Boards of Cooperative Education Services (BOCES)
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IV. ANALYSIS OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SCHOOL FINANCE SYSTEM
AND A THOROUGH AND UNIFORM SYSTEM OF PUBLIC EDUCATION
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V. UNDERFUNDING OF PUBLIC EDUCATION
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A. The APA Study: General
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' @H
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B. The APA Study: The Successful School District Approach
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C. The APA Study: The Professional Judgment Approach
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' NE' $P1'T821=5M6M'Y:4D19'6:>16P14'C:==8S:486531=7'6:'591265Q7'41M:;4C1'41\;541W126M'86'6P1'MCP::='829'95M645C6'=131=M'Q:4'8=='41T41M12686531'MCP::='829'95M645C6'M5i1M'Q:4'52M64;C65:28='829':6P14'T14M:221='21C1MM847'6:'T4:3591'8'S8M5C'19;C865:2'6:'M6;9126M'Y56P:;6'MT1C58='2119M*'899565:28='T14M:221='Q:4'M6;9126M'Y56P'MT1C58='2119M*'2:2[T14M:221='C:M6M*'829'61CP2:=:>7*'8W:2>':6P14'6P52>ME''$P1'41M;=6'Y8M'8'C:WT41P12M531'828=7M5M':Q'M68QQ52>'829':6P14'2119M'Q:4'1=1W126847*'W599=1*'829'P5>P'MCP::=M'829'95M645C6M'8C4:MM'6P1'482>1':Q'41T41M12686531'W:91='95M645C6ME''#5=314M6152'$458='$4E'?N?AfHA[?N?VfHHg'+_E'FAGA'86'?O[H@'z'$8S=1M'"""[A0'6:'"""[??&E'
' VE' $P1'21_6'M61T'Y8M'6:'C:M6[:;6'6P1'41M:;4C1M'591265Q519'6P4:;>P'6P1'T821='T4:C1MME''$P5M'T4:C1MM'Y8M'T14Q:4W19'S7'0U0'M68QQ'829'2:6'6P1'T821=5M6ME''0U0';M19'8'3845167':Q'C=184=7'91Q5219'W16P:9M'6:'1M65W861'6P1'C:M6M':Q'6P1'T14M:221='829':6P14'41M:;4C1M'6:'1M65W861'6P1'MCP::='829'95M645C6'=131='C:M6M'Q:4'6P1'M5_'C=8MM5Q5C865:2M':Q'41T41M12686531'MCP::='95M645C6M*'52C=;952>'6P1'899565:28='C:M6M':Q'MT1C58='M6;9126'T:T;=865:2ME''#5=314M6152'$458='$4E'?N?Nf??[?NHHf?@g'+_E'FAGA'86'HA[HB'z'$8S=1M'"""[?H'6:'?@E'
' BE' )M52>'6P1'41T41M12686531'95M645C6'C:M6'9868'829'8Q614'89R;M652>'Q:4'C:M6':Q'=5352>'8C4:MM'6P1'M6861*'0U0'>12148619'8'UX'S8M1'C:M6':Q'nB*BAF'T14'T;T5=E''$P5M'Q5>;41'41T41M126M'8'S8M5C'C:M6'C:WT848S=1'52'286;41'6:'6P1'##!'S8M1'C:M6':Q'nV*GN?'T14'T;T5='829'6:'6P1'U#L0'M6861Y591'S8M1'T14[T;T5='Q;2952>'=131=':Q'nN*NHOEB?E''#5=314M6152'$458='$4E'?NHNf@[?NHVf?@g'&E%E#E'ZHH[N@[?G@bNcb8cba-""cE'
D. The APA Study: Conclusions
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' @@
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' AE' 0TT1295_'!'6:'6P1'0U0'%1T:46'=5M6M'13147'MCP::='95M645C6'Y56P'56M'##!'T14'T;T5='Q;2952>'829'C:M652>':;6'6:68=*'C;44126'1_T12956;41M'b=1MM'6482MT:46865:2'829'Q::9'M1435C1*'YP5CP'841'2:6'52C=;919'52'6P1'C:M652>':;6'828=7M5Mc*'829'6P1'95QQ1412C1'S16Y112'6P1'##!'6:68='Q;2952>'829'6P1'8C6;8='C;44126'1_T12956;41ME''L:4'1_8WT=1*'Q:4'6P1'0;4:48'U;S=5C'#CP::=M'b!5M645C6'&:91'?FG*'098WM[048T8P:1'HFXc*'6P1'##!'Q;2952>'=131='T14'T;T5='5M'n??*GG@*'829'6P1'##!'6:68='Q;2952>'5M'n@GA*AOF*FG@E''$P1'8C6;8='C;44126'1_T12956;41'=131='5M'nHFN*N?H*GBHE''$P141Q:41*'6P1'Q;2952>'MP:46Q8=='5M'n?HH*FFV*HBOE''"Q'6P1'0;4:48':3144591'Q;2952>'5M'41W:319'Q4:W'56M'C;44126'1_T12956;41M*'6P1'Q;2952>'MP:46Q8=='52C418M1M'6:'n?@N*HHA*VOAE''$P5M'C:M652>':;6'Q5>;41'5M'9145319';M52>'6P1'##!'S8M1'829'6P1'UX'Y15>P6M'6:'C8=C;=861'6P1'##!'C:M652>':;6'Q5>;41E''+_E'?G*H?A*'0TT1295_'!'86'?E'
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' @N
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E. Costing-out Estimates by Voreta Herrmann
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F. Underfunding of the Colorado Department of Education
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' BE' &!+'D2:YM'Q4:W'1_T14512C1'6P86'899565:28='41M:;4C1M'C82'P1=T'56'W116'Q19148='41\;541W126M'829'12P82C1'56M':T14865:28='C8T8C567E''L:4'1_8WT=1*'&!+'41C15319'82'899565:28='6Y:'L$+M'6:'8MM5M6'52'W:256:452>'95M645C6M'829'MCP::=M'52'41C126'7184M*'829'86645S;61M'8'419;C65:2'52'2:2[C:WT=582C1'Y56P'6P5M'52C418M1'52'41M:;4C1ME''<:=829'$458='$4E'V?OGfH[V*'V?OOfHH[VHGGfOE'
' FE' !1Q129826M`'Y5621MM'J5D1'J5=1M*'#;T14526129126':Q'6P1'I8445M:2'#CP::='!5M645C6*':Y2M'829':T14861M'8'C:2M;=652>'Q54W*'C8==19'L:C8='U:526*'YP5CP'T4:3591M'95M645C6M'Y56P'Q11[S8M19'M1435C1M'2:6'T4:35919'S7'6P1'#6861*'M;CP'8M'C;445C;=;W'9131=:TW126*'=18914MP5T'6485252>*'829'C:8CP52>E''J4E'J5=1M'S1=5131M'6P86'M:W1':Q'6P1M1'M1435C1M'MP:;=9'S1'T4:35919'S7'6P1'#6861E''J5=1M'$458='$4E'NFNGf?O[NFNHfHNE'
' OE' #13148=':Q'&!+`M'T4:>48W'9541C6:4M'S1=5131'6P154'91T846W126M'P831'52M;QQ5C5126'M68QQ'6:'C8447':;6'6P154'W5MM5:2'829'41MT:2M5S5=5651ME''FeA?e??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'<84S848'J19528'b]<E'J19528'$458='$4E^c'VGAFf?O[VG@Gf?A*'VAGVfF[?V*'VAGVfHA[VAGBf?E''See also FeA?e'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'+9Y849'0E'#6152S14>'b]#6152S14>'$458='$4E^c'VH@Af?[HNE'
G. Gifts, Grants and Donations
?E' $P1'K12148='0MM1WS=7'P8M'C:WT=161=7'Q85=19'6:'T4:3591'827'Q;2952>'6:'89941MM'6P1'899565:28='C:M6M':Q'6P1'C:261WT:4847'8W129W126M'829'899565:2M'6:'6P1'M6829849M[S8M19'19;C865:2'M7M61WE
' @B
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' AE' &4565C8='19;C865:2'=1>5M=865:2'Q;2919'52'6P5M'W82214'52C=;91'&0U@k*'6P1'+9;C865:2'0CC:;268S5=567'0C6':Q'HGGO*'6P1'M6861'9868'41T:4652>'M7M61W'b#CP::=-51Yc*'829'2;W14:;M':6P14'T4:>48WME''+_E'?GGFV*'$8S=1'?*'86'H[?Bg'h5291=M'$458='$4E'86'A@@Nf?H[A@N?fOE'
' @E' L:4W14'#1286:4'h5291=M'61M65Q519'6P86'8==':Q'6P1M1'S5==M'Y141'5WT:46826'6:'Q;=Q5=='6P1'6P:4:;>P'829';25Q:4W'W829861E''h5291=M'$458='$4E'A@N?fA[OE''
' NE' U453861'>4826M'841'2:6'8'41=58S=1'M:;4C1':Q'Q;2952>E''I144W822'$458='$4E'NNV?f?[?BE
' VE' &:WW5MM5:214'I8WW:29'P8M'8MD19'6P1'K12148='0MM1WS=7'2:6'6:'T8MM'827'W:41'k[?H'19;C865:2'=1>5M=865:2'6P86'41=51M':2'>5Q6M*'>4826M*'829'9:2865:2ME''$P1'41=582C1':2'>5Q6M*'>4826M*'829'9:2865:2M'P8M'P89'8'21>86531'5WT8C6':2'&!+E''I1'P8M'8=M:'8MD19'Q:4'8'6Y:[7184'W:486:45;W':2'21Y'5256586531M'6:'8==:Y'Q:4'65W1'6:'5WT=1W126'1_5M652>'M6829849M'829'W829861ME''$P5M'41\;1M6'P8M'2:6'S112'P:2:419E''I8WW:29'$458='$4E'VN@HfH[?@*'VN@GfV[?NE'
BE' $P1'!1T846W126':Q'+9;C865:2'P8M'52C418M52>=7'S1C:W1'41=5826':2'>5Q6M*'>4826M'829'9:2865:2M'6:'C:29;C6'56M'Y:4DE''$P1'X:526'<;9>16'&:WW56611'89941MM19'6P5M'5MM;1'52'56M'S451Q52>'9:C;W126'52'HGGO[HG?Gf'
(314'6P1'=8M6'Q531'7184M*'6P1'8W:;26'52'>4826M'829'9:2865:2M'41C15319'S7'6P1'!1T846W126'P8M'52C418M19'M5>25Q5C826=7E''$P1'8W:;26':Q'>4826M'829'9:2865:2M'6P1'!1T846W126'8265C5T861M'41C15352>'52'L.'HGGO[HG?G'Y5=='S1'2184=7'6P411'65W1M'W:41'6P82'Y8M'41C15319'52'L.'HGGF[GOE'
y' ' ' y' ' ' y' ' ' y'
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$458='+_P5S56'AG?@V*'TTE'V?*'V@E'
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' @F
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099'6:'T848>48TP'H';2914'-'U;S=5C'+9;C865:2'5M')2914Q;2919f'
$P1'#6861'5M'C;44126=7'S16Y112'nBNG[FGG'W5==5:2'S1=:Y'6P1'Q;2952>'=131=M''0W129W126'HA'Y:;=9'41\;541E''&847'k122197'$458='$1M65W:27*'HBVAf'H@[HN*'HBV@f'?[BE'
H. CAP4K Funding
?E' &0U@k'5M'M1=Q[91MC45S19'8M'6P1'C4565C8='21Y'TP8M1':Q'M6829849M[S8M19'19;C865:2E''0M'95MC;MM19'8S:31*'56'W829861M'21Y'C:26126'M6829849M'829'8MM1MMW126M'Q4:W'T41MCP::='6P4:;>P'1=1W126847'829'M1C:29847'19;C865:2'8=5>219'6:'8CC:WT=5MP';25314M8='M6;9126'T4:Q5C512C7*'91Q5219'8M'T:M6M1C:29847'829'Y:4DQ:4C1'4189521MME'
' HE'' $P141'Y141'2:'52C418M1M'52'6P1'MCP::='Q5282C1'8C6'6:'41Q=1C6'6P1'W829861M'52'&0U@kE''I144W822'$458='$4E'NNVGfHA[HNE'
AE' $P1'#6861'C:WW5MM5:219'0;>12S=5CD*'U8=85CP'829'0MM:C5861M'b0U0c'6:'C:29;C6'8'C:M6'M6;97'Q:4'6P1'5WT=1W126865:2':Q'&0U@kE''0U0'Q:;29'6P86'6P1'Q54M6'TP8M1':Q'5WT=1W126865:2'8=:21'Y:;=9'C:M6'8TT4:_5W861=7'n?AO'W5==5:2E''$P1'M6;97'959'2:6'1M65W861'6P1'C:M6':Q'>16652>'M6;9126M'6:'T4:Q5C512C7E''+_E'VB*'028=7M5M':Q'6P1'&:M6M':Q'&:=:489:`M'0CP5131W126'U=82'Q:4'k59M'b&0U@kcf'L54M6'"26145W'%1T:46*'J84CP'?*'HG?G*'86'&!+'VH?Fg'(`<4512'$458='$4E'@BVNfF[@BVVfHA*'@FGVfH[BE'
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I. SB 191 Funding
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' HE' #<'?O?'Y8M'128C619'S7'6P1'#6861'=1>5M=86;41'Y56P:;6'8TT4:T45865:2M'6:'Q;29'6P1'C:M6M':Q'T4:35952>'6P1'W8298619'M1435C1ME''$P1':2=7'M6861'8==:C865:2'Q:4'6P1'5WT=1W126865:2':Q'#<'?O?'Y8M'Q:4'8'T846[65W1'&!+'T:M565:2E''"6'959'2:6'8TT4:T45861'827'W:251M'Q:4'827':Q'&:=:489:`M'?BF'MCP::='95M645C6M'6:'5WT=1W126'6P1'41\;541W126M':Q'#<'?O?*'Q52952>'6P86'6P:M1'21C1MM847'C:M6M'Y:;=9'P831'6:'S1'T859':;6':Q'1_5M652>'MCP::='829'95M645C6'S;9>16ME''$P1'#6861'C:2C;4M'6P86'Q;2952>'=5W56865:2M'Q:4'6P1'5WT=1W126865:2':Q'#<'?O?'841'8'M145:;M'C:2C142E''/:T1i'$458='$4E'NHABfHA[NHAFfHA*'NH@?f?B[HH*'NH@Bf?G[NH@FfA*'NHVHf?@[NHVAf??*'NHB?fA[HGg'+_E'AGGN*'L528='L5MC8=',:61'#<?G[?O?g'+_E'AGGF*'0T45='?A*'HG??'%1T:46*'86'H?E'
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' @E' $P1'#6861'&:;2C5='Q:4'+9;C86:4'+QQ1C653121MM'1M65W8619'6P1'T14[M6;9126'C:M6':Q'R;M6'M684652>'6P1'T4:C1MM':Q'C:WT=582C1'Y56P'#<'?O?'6:'S1'8TT4:_5W861=7'Q5Q67[6P411'9:==84ME''$P1':2>:52>'822;8='C:M6M'6:'C:WT=7'Y56P'#<'?O?'Y5=='91T129'M:W1YP86':2'6P1'618CP14':4'T452C5T8='523:=319*'S;6'C:;=9'482>1'Q4:W'nA@A'Q:4'8'2:35C1'618CP14'6:'nA*FBA'Q:4'82'521QQ1C6531'618CP14E''$P1'&:;2C5='959'2:6'1M65W861'8=='6P1'C:M6M'8MM:C58619'Y56P'5WT=1W126865:2':Q'#<'?O?E Fe?He??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'!4E'I:==7'I;=6>412'b]I;=6>412'$458='$4E^c'HVHGf?[H@g'+_E'AGGF*'%1T:46'z'%1C:WW129865:2M':Q'6P1'#6861'&:;2C5='Q:4'+9;C86:4'+QQ1C653121MM'M;SW56619'6:'&:=:489:'#6861'<:849':Q'+9;C865:2'U;4M;826'6:'#<?G[?O?*'0T45='?A*'HG??'b]0T45='?A*'HG??'%1T:46^c'86'?NH[N@g'/:T1i'$458='$4E'NH@Ff@[NH@Of?B* NHN@fO[H?E
' NE' $P1'0T45='?A*'HG??'%1T:46'8MM;W19'6P86'6P1'#6861':Q'&:=:489:'Y:;=9'T4:3591'Q;2952>'Q:4'8'2;WS14':Q'T51C1M'6P86'841'5WT:46826'829'21C1MM847'Q:4'6P1'M;CC1MMQ;='5WT=1W126865:2':Q'#<'?O?*'52C=;952>'9131=:TW126':Q'8'M6861'W:91='M7M61W'829'41M:;4C1'S82D'Y56P'8MM:C58619'6::=Mg'T4:35952>'M6;9126*'T84126'829'618CP14'M;4317'41M;=6M'6:'95M645C6Mg'W:256:452>'6P1'126541'M7M61Wg'C418652>'8MM1MMW126'6::=M'52'18CP'C:26126'8418g'9131=:T52>'T4:Q1MM5:28='9131=:TW126'W861458=Mg'41T:4652>'138=;865:2'9868g'829'C41865:2':Q'8'M6;9126'648CD52>'M7M61W'=52D52>'M6;9126M'6:'618CP14ME''I:Y1314*'6:'9861*'2:'8TT4:T45865:2M'P831'S112'W891'S7'6P1'#6861'6:'Q;29'6P:M1'41\;541W126ME''/:T1i'$458='$4E'NHN?f?A[NHN@f@E'
' VE' $P1'138=;865:2'41\;541W126M':Q'I8445M:2'#CP::='!5M645C6`M'618CP14'C:WT12M865:2'T4:>48W'841'M5W5=84'6:'6P:M1':Q'#<?O?E''"WT=1W126865:2':Q'6P1M1'41\;541W126M'C:M6'I8445M:2'8TT4:_5W861=7'nVNG*GGG*'YP5CP'52C=;919'89952>'8MM5M6826'T452C5T8=M'6:'13147'MCP::='S;5=952>'6:'>531'41>;=84'Q119S8CD'829':2[6P1[R:S'C:8CP52>'829'9131=:T52>'95M645C6'8MM1MMW126M'829'8'9868'W828>1W126'M7M61W'6:'648CD'52Q:4W865:2E''J5=1M'$458='$4E'NF?Vf?G[HG*'NFANfH?[NFABfHE''
' BE' !12314'U;S=5C'#CP::=M'P8M'8'M7M61W'Q:4'6752>'8'T14C1268>1':Q'618CP14'C:WT12M865:2'6:'M6;9126'T14Q:4W82C1'C8==19'U4:&:WTE''$P1'W8R:4567':Q'6P1'W:217'6:'5WT=1W126'U4:&:WT'C8W1'Q4:W'8'6Y1267[Q531'W5==5:2'9:==84'W5=='=137'52C418M1'8TT4:319'S7'3:614ME''$P1'T5=:6'T4:R1C6'Y8M'Q;2919'6P4:;>P'T453861'Q:;29865:2M*'M;CP'8M'6P1'<4:89'L:;29865:2E''K826i'<14W82'$458='$4E'NVVOfF[?H*'NVFOfN[H?E'
VII. SCHOOL FUNDING LEVELS HAVE A SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON
EDUCATIONAL QUALITY
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! 0U#`M'64;82C7'T4:>48W'P8M'P89'M:W1'=5W5619'M;CC1MM'52'419;C52>'94:T:;6'4861ME''#;T14526129126'<8447'61M65Q519'6P86'6P1'95M645C6`M'94:T:;6'4861'5M'M65==';28CC1T68S=1'829'C:;=9'S1'=:Y1419'Q;46P14'5Q'0U#'P89'6P1'41M:;4C1M'6:'1_T829'56M'64;82C7'T4:>48WE''<8447'$458='$4E'?FGHf@[?FGNf?E'
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! #13148='MCP::=M'52'<-#!'841'2:Y';M52>'8']C:[618CP52>^'W:91='52'86'=18M6'M:W1'C=8MM1ME''"2']C:[618CP52>*^'8']618CP14':Q'8CC1MM^'8MM5M6M'8'C:26126'618CP14'52'91=531452>'C;445C;=;W'6:'8=='M6;9126M*'52C=;952>'M6;9126M'YP:'W87'S1'+//':4'52'MT1C58='19;C865:2':4'YP:'W87'P831'64:;S=1'Q:==:Y52>'8=:2>':4';2914M682952>'6P1'W861458=E''Fe?He??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'+==12'J5==14[<4:Y2'b]J5==14[<4:Y2'$458='$4E^c'HVABfHA[HVAFf?G*'HV@Gf?G[H?E'
! "2'&411DM591'+=1W126847'#CP::=*'YP141']C:[618CP52>^'P8M'S112';M19'W:M6'52612M531=7'52'6P1'95M645C6*'�U'>4:Y6P'MC:41M'P831'52C418M19'52'418952>'829'W86PE''#T1C58='19;C865:2'M6;9126M'M8Y'8'M64:2>'52C418M1E''&411DM591'+=1W126847'#CP::=`M'M6;9126'T:T;=865:2'5M'8S:;6'6Y1267[Q531'T14C126'+//*'6P5467[6P411'T14C126'I5MT825C*'6P5467[15>P6'T14C126'Q411'829'419;C19'=;2CP*'829'M5_6112'T14C126'MT1C58='19;C865:2E''J5==14[<4:Y2'$458='$4E'HV@?fO[?V*'HV@?f?[BE'
! &1268;4;M'I5>P'#CP::='=5D1Y5M1'M8Y'M64:2>'41M;=6M'Q:4'M6;9126M'YP:'41C15319']C:[618CP52>E^''#:W1'M6;9126M'P89'8'>4:Y6P'T14C1265=1'W19582'MC:41'>852':Q'252167E''&1268;4;M'I5>P'#CP::=`M'M6;9126'T:T;=865:2'5M'8S:;6'15>P6'T14C126'+//*'6P5467[:21'T14C126'I5MT825C*'6P5467[:21'T14C126'Q411'829'419;C19'=;2CP*'829'6Y1=31'T14C126'MT1C58='19;C865:2E''J5==14[<4:Y2'$458='$4E'HV@Af?N[H@*'HV@FfH[OE'
! <:;=914'I5>P'#CP::='P8M';M19'8']C:[618CP52>^'W:91='Q:4'56M'MT1C58='19;C865:2'M6;9126ME''U4135:;M=7*'M5_67'MT1C58='19;C865:2'M6;9126M'Y:;=9'67T5C8==7'Q85='0=>1S48'"'6P154'Q54M6'M1W1M614'829'94:T':;6':Q'56'6P1'M1C:29'M1W1M614E''L85=52>'8'C=8MM'52'2526P'>4891'C:441=861M'Y56P'8'Q5Q67'T14C126'=5D1=5P::9':Q'94:TT52>':;6':Q'MCP::='829'Q85=52>'6:'>489;861E''0Q614';M52>'C:[618CP14M*':2=7'6Y:'M6;9126M'94:TT19':;6':Q'0=>1S48'"E''J5==14[<4:Y2'$458='$4E'HV@BfHN[HV@Of?NE'
! 02:6P14'M64861>7'Q:4'C=:M52>'6P1'8CP5131W126'>8T'5M'1_612919'=184252>'T4:>48WM*'52C=;952>'8Q614[MCP::='829'M;WW14'T4:>48WME''(21'<#-!'MCP::=*'#82CP1i'+=1W126847'#CP::=*'M;CC1MMQ;==7'485M19'Q;29M'829':S685219'>4826M'6:':T14861'8'S1Q:41[MCP::='T4:>48W*'82'8Q614[MCP::='T4:>48W*'829'8'M;WW14'T4:>48WE''#82CP1i'+=1W126847':QQ14M'8'M;WW14'MC512C1'T4:>48W'6:'827'CP5=9'YP:'Y826M'6:'866129E''"2'6P1'T8M6'Q:;4'7184M*'#82CP1i'+=1W126847'P8M'1_T14512C19'8'6Y1=31'
' N@
T14C126'52C418M1'52'6P1'W19582'>4:Y6P'T14C1265=1'9868'52'418952>'829'W86PE''#131267'T14C126':Q'#82CP1i'+=1W126847`M'M6;9126'T:T;=865:2'T8465C5T861M'52'Q411[':4'419;C19[T45C1'=;2CP'T4:>48WME''J5==14[<4:Y2'$458='$4E'HVNFfHH[HVVGfA*'HVV?fH[?OE'
' ?VE' !4E'J:=:217'Y8M'6P1'9541C6:4':Q';TT14'MCP::='86'6P1'0W145C82'#CP::=':Q'/:29:2*'YP5CP'P1'91MC45S1M'8M'6P1']Y18=6P51M6'MCP::=':2'6P1'T=8216E^''"2'P5M':T525:2*'6P1'0W145C82'#CP::=':Q'/:29:2'Y8M'8S=1'6:':QQ14'1_C1==126'19;C865:28=':TT:46;25651M':;6M591':Q'6P1'C:41'M;SR1C6'8418M'S1C8;M1':Q'56M'Y18=6PE''J:=:217'$458='$4E'NA@OfF[HAE'
' ?BE' !1Q129826M`'1_T146*'!4E'%:S'#6152*'S1=5131M'6P1'MCP::='P1';M19'6:'4;2*'K48=829'&:;2647'!87'#CP::=*'959'Y1==*'52'T846*'S1C8;M1'56'P89'W:41'41M:;4C1M'6P82'T;S=5C'MCP::=ME''K48=829`M'T14'T;T5=':T148652>'41312;1'5M'8TT4:_5W861=7'n?B*NGG'C:WT8419'6:'8S:;6'nVGGG'52'T;S=5C'MCP::=ME''Ve?Be??'!1T:M565:2'$1M65W:27':Q'!4E'%:S'#6152'b]#6152'!1T:E'$4E^c'H?f?B[HN*'HAf??[?@*'?BVf?@[HAE'
' ?FE' 0M'8'41M;=6':Q'891\;8C7'=565>865:2*'J8MM8CP;M166M'P8M'52Q;M19'=84>1'8W:;26M':Q'W:217'526:'T4:T1467'T::4'95M645C6ME''"6M'8CP5131W126'4861M'841'2:Y'86'6P1'6:T':Q'6P1'C:;2647E''J:=:217'$458='$4E'N@HNf??[HGE'
' ?OE' !4E'I82;MP1D`M'828=7M5M'6P86'6P141'5M'2:6'W;CP'41=865:2MP5T'52'&:=:489:'S16Y112'MT12952>'829'8CP5131W126'C:264895C6M'61M65W:27'829'9:C;W126847'135912C1'Q4:W'9:i12M':Q'Y1==[41MT1C619'19;C86:4M'52'6P1'#6861*'91Q51M'=:>5CM*'829'5M'M6865M65C8==7'Q=8Y19E''!4E'I82;MP1D`M'828=7M5M'41=51M':2'W19582'>4:Y6P'T14C1265=1M'486P14'6P82'T4:Q5C512C7'=131=M*'YP5CP'841'2:6'8'M6485>P6Q:4Y849'W18M;41':Q'8CP5131W126E''J19582'>4:Y6P'T14C1265=1M'841'R;M6'8'W18M;41':Q'6P1'CP82>1'52'8CP5131W126'Q4:W'7184'6:'7184*'2:6'6P1'8C6;8='8CP5131W126':Q'6P1'M6;9126M'52'6P1'95M645C6E''hP12'!4E'!84=52>[I8WW:29';M19'6P1'2;WS14':Q'M6;9126M'YP:'MC:41'T4:Q5C5126':2'�U'Q4:W'6P1'9868'M16'T4:35919'6:'!4E'I82;MP1D'S7'6P1'#6861*'MP1'Q:;29'8'3147'M64:2>'M6865M65C8='41=865:2MP5T'S16Y112'8CP5131W126'52'418952>'829'W86P'829'MT12952>*'W18M;452>'1_T12956;41M'52'Q:;4'95QQ14126'Y87ME''J:41:314*'!4E'I82;MP1D`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fV[NGGBf?V*'NGH@fF[?@*'NGNGf?H[?Ng'FeHOe??'%1S;668='$458='$1M65W:27':Q'!4E'!84=52>[I8WW:29'b]!84=52>[I8WW:29'%1S;668='$458='$4E^c'NBHAfHA[NBHBfO*'NBHOfV[NBA?f?*'NBAVf?H[HNg'+_E'?G*@FF*'%1=865:2MP5T'S16Y112'+_T12956;41M'829'0CP5131W126'bU14'T;T5='+_T12956;41Mcg'+_E'?G*@O?*'$8S=1'?E'+M65W8619'(/#'&:1QQ5C5126M'Q:4'6P1'U14C126':Q'#6;9126M'U4:Q5C5126'52'J86P1W865CM':2'#6;9126'&P848C6145M65CM'829'+_T12956;41M*'S7'&:=:489:'!5M645C6ME'
VIII. COLORADO STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT
' ?E' +3147'CP5=9'P8M'6P1'8S5=567'6:'=1842'829'M;CC119'52'6P1'C=8MM4::WE''J:=:217'$458='$4E'N@AFf?[AE'
' NN
' HE' &:=:489:'P8M':21':Q'6P1'P5>P1M6'T14C1268>1M':Q'C565i12M'Y56P'C:==1>1'829'>489;861'91>411M'T14'C8T568'52'6P1'2865:2E''I:Y1314*'8'=84>1'T14C1268>1':Q'6P1'M6861`M'P5>P=7'19;C8619'C565i12M'C8W1'Q4:W':6P14'M6861ME''$P17'Y141'2:6'19;C8619'52'&:=:489:'T;S=5C'MCP::=ME''0M'8'M6861*'Y1'841'2:6'19;C8652>':;4':Y2'CP5=9412'M:'6P86'6P17'Y5=='S1'C:WT1656531E''$P5M'TP12:W12:2'5M'D2:Y2'8M']6P1'&:=:489:'T8489:_E^''<8447'$458='$4E'?BVAf?G[H?g'k52>'$458='$4E'VFGOf@[?BE'
' AE' $P1'K12148='0MM1WS=7'829'!1Q129826M'P831'591265Q519'M13148='M6829849M'S7'YP5CP'6:'W18M;41'6P1'8CC:WT=5MPW126':Q'6P1'6P:4:;>P'829';25Q:4W'W829861E''$P1M1'52C=;91'M6;9126'8CP5131W126'=131=M*'C=:M52>'6P1']8CP5131W126'>8T*^'P5>P'MCP::='>489;865:2'4861M*'829'T:M6M1C:29847'829'Y:4DQ:4C1'4189521MME''<7'18CP':Q'6P1M1'W18M;41M*'6P1'#6861'5M'Q85=52>'6:'Q;=Q5=='6P1'C:2M656;65:28='W829861E'
' @E' &:=:489:'5M'=:M52>'>4:;29'52'19;C865:2'8M'C:WT8419'6:':6P14'M6861M'829'C:;26451ME''K84C58'$458='$4E'@NF?fHH[@NFHfVE'
' NE' 0CC:4952>'6:'0;4:48'U;S=5C'#CP::=M'#;T14526129126'<8447*'YP:'4165419'8M'8'6Y:[M684'>12148='8Q614'6P5467'7184M':Q'M1435C1'52'6P1'6:T'1CP1=:2':Q':;4'2865:2`M'M1C;4567'Q:4C1M*'&:=:489:`M'=:Y'M6;9126'8CP5131W126'T:M1M'8'6P4186'6:'2865:28='M1C;4567E''<8447'$458='$4E'?F?HfH@[?F?@fFE'''
A. Student Achievement Levels
' ?E' &:=:489:'P8M'Q5Q6112'7184M':Q'�U'9868E''$P86'9868'MP:YM'6P86*'>12148==7'MT18D52>*'8C891W5C'8CP5131W126'52'6P1'M6861'P8M'41W85219'41=86531=7'Q=86E''(`<4512'$458='$4E'@BOBf?G[?@E'
' HE' 0TT4:_5W861=7'@GG*GGG'M6;9126M'52'&:=:489:'841'S1=:Y'T4:Q5C512C7':2'�U'61M6ME''$P1':2=7'8W:;26'MT1C5Q5C8==7'9541C619'6:Y849M'C=:M52>'6P1'8CP5131W126'>8T'52'6P1'S;9>16'5M'n?EF'W5==5:2E''I8WW:29'$458='$4E'VN@NfF[?@*'VNFGfN[?OE'
' AE' $P1'HG??'�U'9868'41318=M'6P86'6P5467[:21'T14C126':Q'6P1'#6861`M'M6;9126M'Y141'S1=:Y'T4:Q5C512C7'52'418952>*'Q5Q67[6P411'S1=:Y'T4:Q5C512C7'52'Y45652>*'829'Q5Q67[Q531'T14C126'S1=:Y'T4:Q5C512C7'52'W86PE''(`<4512'$458='$4E'@BOVfF[@BOBfOE'
' @E' "2'HG??*'T4:Q5C512C7'52'418952>'91C418M19'M=5>P6=7'52'8=='>4891ME''h45652>'T4:Q5C512C7'5M'8S:;6'6P1'M8W1'52'HG??'8M'56'Y8M'52'HGGNE''U4:Q5C512C7'52'W86P1W865CM'91C=5219'52'6P549'>4891'829'6126P'>4891'52'HG??E''#C512C1'MC:41M'41W85219'Q=86'52'HG??'829'C:2M5M6126=7'P831'S112'=:YE''L1Y14'6P82'Q5Q67'T14C126':Q'&:=:489:'M6;9126M'841'T4:Q5C5126'52'MC512C1E''(`<4512'$458='$4E'@BOAfH[@BONf@E'
' NE' $P1'HG??'8C891W5C'>4:Y6P'9868'MP:YM'6P86'F?*GGG'M6;9126M*':4'M131267[:21'T14C126*'841'2:6'W8D52>'M;QQ5C5126'>4:Y6P'829'841'2:6'=5D1=7'6:']C86CP';T^'52'418952>*'bi.e.*'418CP'T4:Q5C512C7'Y56P52'6P411'7184M':4'S7'6126P'>4891cE''"2'Y45652>*'M131267[6Y:'T14C126'959'2:6'W8D1'M;QQ5C5126'>4:Y6P'6:'C86CP';TE''"2'W86P1W865CM*'15>P67[M1312'T14C126'959'2:6'W8D1'M;QQ5C5126'>4:Y6P'6:'C86CP';TE''(`<4512'$458='$4E'@BOVfF[@BOBf?@E'
' VE' L4:W'HGGB[GO*'Q1Y14'6P82'Q:467'T14C126':Q'+//'M6;9126M'MC:419'T4:Q5C5126':4'89382C19':2'6P1'�UE''!;452>'6P86'M8W1'65W1*'Q1Y14'6P82'6P5467'T14C126':Q'+//'M6;9126M'MC:419'
' NV
T4:Q5C5126':4'89382C19'52'Y45652>E''+_E'B?*'&:=:489:'#6861'0CP5131W126'#;WW8451Mg'(`<4512'$458='$4E'@F?Vf??[?OE'
' BE' <16Y112'HGGN'829'HGGO*'8TT4:_5W861=7'Q5Q67'T14C126':Q'=:Y[52C:W1'M6;9126M'52'6P1'M6861'MC:419'T4:Q5C5126':4'89382C19'52'�U'418952>E''"2'6P86'M8W1'65W1'T145:9*':2=7'1=1312'T14C126':Q'=:Y[52C:W1'M6;9126M'MC:419'T4:Q5C5126':4'89382C19'52'W86P1W865CME''(`<4512'$458='$4E'@F?OfA[@FHGf?Vg'+_E'BA*'HGGN[HGGO'�U'%1M;=6M'S7'L411[%19;C19'U45C1'/;2CP'#686;ME'
' FE' $P1',865:28='0MM1MMW126'Q:4'+9;C865:28='U4:>41MM'b,0+Uc*'8=M:'D2:Y2'8M']6P1',865:2`M'%1T:46'&849*^'5M'8'2865:28='8MM1MMW126'>5312'6:'8'M8WT=1':Q'M6;9126M'8C4:MM'6P1')25619'#6861M*'52C=;952>'&:=:489:E''"2'HG?G*'8TT4:_5W861=7'OGGG':;6':Q'@FN*GGG'&:=:489:'M6;9126M'6::D'6P1',0+U'61M6E''&:=:489:'482DM'8S:;6'6Y1267[Q5Q6P'52'6P1'2865:2'52'418952>'829'Y45652>':2',0+U*'829'&:=:489:`M'8CP5131W126'>8T'5M'3147'=84>1':2',0+UE'''(`<4512'$458='$4E'@BVFf?O[@BBGfVE'
' OE' $P1'W:M6'41C126',0+U'9868'MP:YM'6P86'M5_67'T14C126':Q'8=='&:=:489:'M6;9126M'Y141'2:6'T4:Q5C5126'52'Q:;46P'>4891'418952>':2',0+UE''+5>P67[6Y:'T14C126':Q'I5MT825C'M6;9126M'829'252167[M5_'T14C126':Q'=5W5619'+2>=5MP'T4:Q5C5126'M6;9126M'52'&:=:489:'Y141'2:6'T4:Q5C5126'8CC:4952>'6:',0+UE''+5>P67[:21'T14C126':Q'1C:2:W5C8==7'95M8938268>19'829'15>P67[Q531'T14C126':Q'CP5=9412'Y56P'95M8S5=5651M'Y8M'2:6'T4:Q5C5126E''$P1'9868'5M'M5W5=84'Q:4'Q:;46P'>4891'W86P'829'15>P6P'>4891'418952>'829'W86PE''K84C58'$458='$4E'@NFFf?H[@NOGfH@g'J:=:217'$458='$4E'N@?NfH[N@?Vf?@g'+_E'?G@V@*'HG??'#;WW14'+9L8C6M'#6861'$4129M'U4:Q5=1'v'&:=:489:E'
B. Achievement Gap
' ?E' $P1']8CP5131W126'>8T^'5M'8'614W':Q612';M19'6:'41Q14'6:'6P1'>8T'52'8C891W5C'T14Q:4W82C1':Q'M6;9126M'52'C146852'91W:>48TP5C'>4:;TM'8M'C:WT8419'Y56P'6P:M1'YP:'9:'2:6'MP841'6P:M1'91W:>48TP5C'CP848C6145M65CME''J5==14[<4:Y2'$458='$4E'HVHBf?B[H@E'
' H*' &:=:489:'P8M':21':Q'6P1'Y591M6'8CP5131W126'>8TM'52'6P1')25619'#6861ME'K826i'<14W82'$458='$4E'NVO@fF[??E'
' AE' $P141'5M'4:;>P=7'8'6P5467'T14C126'>8T'52'&:=:489:'S16Y112'YP561'829'W52:4567'M6;9126M'829'P5>P[52C:W1'829'=:Y[52C:W1'M6;9126M'Y56P'41MT1C6'6:'8CP5131W126':2'M68298495i19'61M6ME''K84C58'$458='$4E'@NF@fO[?FE'
' @E' &:=:489:'P8M'8W:2>'6P1'=84>1M6'8CP5131W126'>8TM':2',0+U'8C4:MM'8=='6P1'M6861ME''"2'HGGO*':314'P8=Q':Q'6P1'YP561'CP5=9412'52'&:=:489:'MC:419'T4:Q5C5126':4'S16614'52'418952>*'W86P*'829'MC512C1'YP5=1'Q1Y'MC:419'S1=:Y'S8M5C'bM5_6112'T14C126'52'418952>*'M13126112'T14C126'52'W86P*'829'1=1312'T14C126'52'MC512C1cE''<7'C:2648M6*'Q1Y'I5MT825C'829'0Q45C82[0W145C82'CP5=9412'MC:419'T4:Q5C5126*'829'W827'MC:419'S1=:Y'6P1'S8M5C'=131='bI5MT825CM'S1=:Y'S8M5Cf'Q5Q67'T14C126'418952>*'6P5467[:21'T14C126'W86P*'Q:467[Q:;4'T14C126'MC512C1g'0Q45C82[0W145C82M'S1=:Y'S8M5Cf'Q:467[6P411'T14C126'418952>*'6P5467[6P411'T14C126'W86P*'Q:467[15>P6'T14C126'MC512C1cE''0CP5131W126'>8TM'S7'52C:W1'bL411'829'%19;C19'U45C1'/;2CP'314M;M':6P14Mc'841'M5W5=84=7'=84>1E''+2>=5MP'/82>;8>1'/184214M'MC:41'1MT1C58==7'T::4=7'Y56P':2=7'Q:;4'T14C126'T4:Q5C5126'52'%18952>'86'>4891'Q:;4'829'M131267[Q:;4'T14C126'S1=:Y'S8M5C'52'418952>*'Q:467[M1312'T14C126'S1=:Y'S8M5C'52'W86P*'829'M5_67[15>P6'T14C126'S1=:Y'S8M5C'52'MC512C1E''&P5=9412'Y56P'95M8S5=5651M'8=M:'Q841'T::4=7':2'6P1',0+U'Y56P'6P1'T14C1268>1'MC:452>'S1=:Y'S8M5C'86'M5_67[M5_'T14C126'Q:4'418952>*'Q:467[:21'T14C126'Q:4'
' NB
W86P*'829'Q5Q67'T14C126'Q:4'MC512C1E''+_E'NNG@*'hE'#61312'<842166*'%1T:46':2'U41MCP::='+9;C865:2'829'&:=:489:*'86'?AE'
' NE' $P1'4::6M':Q'6P1'95MT845651M'52'8CP5131W126'829'>489;865:2'841'6:'8'C:2M59148S=1'1_6126'1359126'YP12'CP5=9412'12614'D52914>84612E''+_E'NNG@'86'?@E'''
' VE' !1Q129826M`'Y5621MM*'X:'(`<4512*'41T:4619'6:'6P1'#6861'<:849'6P86'&:=:489:'P8M'>:21'8M'Q84'8M'56'C82'>:'52'618CP52>'6P1'M8W1'Y87*'YP5CP':2=7'Y:4DM'Q:4'8S:;6'Q5Q67'T14C126':Q'6P1'M6;9126ME''#P1'5M'Y:44519'8S:;6'6P1':6P14'P8=Q':Q'6P1'M6;9126ME''(`<4512'$458='$4E'@BNNfO[@BNFfHG*'@BNOfB[H@*'@BOFf?H[HA*'@BOOfH[Vg'+_E'?G*@V@E'
C. Graduation Rates
' ?E' $P1'83148>1'P5>P'MCP::='>489;865:2'4861'52'&:=:489:'5M'M131267[Q531'T14C126E''K84C58'$458='$4E'@NFAf?[@g'J:=:217'$458='$4E'N@?Vf?N[HGE''!4E'J:=:217'S1=5131M'&:=:489:`M'>489;865:2'4861M'841'52Q=8619E''J:=:217'$458='$4E'NANNfHG[NANVf@E?E''
' HE' hP561'M6;9126M'52'&:=:489:'P831'8'>489;865:2'4861':Q'15>P67'T14C126E''0Q45C82[0W145C82'M6;9126M'52'&:=:489:'P831'8'W;CP'=:Y14'>489;865:2'4861':Q'M5_67[Q:;4'T14C126E''I5MT825C'M6;9126M'52'&:=:489:'P831'8'>489;865:2'4861':Q':2=7'Q5Q67[Q531'T14C126*'Q84'S1=:Y'6P1'2865:28='83148>1'Q:4'I5MT825C'M6;9126ME''0W145C82'"29582M'52'&:=:489:'P831'8'>489;865:2'4861':Q'R;M6'Q5Q67'T14C126*'8>852'Q84'S1=:Y'6P1'2865:28='83148>1'Q:4'6P5M'>4:;TE''+_E'NNG@'86'?@g'K84C58'$458='$4E'@NFAfN[O*'@NO?f?G[?Ng'J:=:217'$458='$4E'N@?Vf?N[HGg'+_E'?G*@V@E'
D. Post-secondary and College Readiness'
' ?E' +//'829'=:Y[52C:W1'M6;9126M'>489;8652>'Q4:W'&:=:489:'T;S=5C'MCP::=M'841'2:6'8M'8'YP:=1'C:==1>1[41897E''K826i'<14W82'$458='$4E'NBG@f?F[HHg'NBGNfA[NE'
HE' &:=:489:'0&$'%1M;=6ME $P1'&:=:489:'0&$'5M'8'M68298495i19'61M6'89W525M61419'6:'8=='M6;9126M'52'&:=:489:'52'6P154'R;25:4'7184':Q'P5>P'MCP::=E''K84C58'$458='$4E'@NOBfN[?NE'
' 0CC:4952>'6:'6P1'0&$*'BBo':Q'8=='M6;9126M'52'&:=:489:'841'2:6'C:==1>1'41897'52'8=='Q:;4'M;SR1C6M'W18M;419'S7'6P1'0&$E''OAo':Q'<=8CDM'829'OHo':Q'I5MT825CM'841'2:6'C:==1>1'41897'52'8=='Q:;4'M;SR1C6ME''K84C58'$458='$4E'@VGGf?H[@VG?fNg'+_E'?G*@BG*'0&$'U4:Q5=1'%1T:46'[['#6861*'86'HHE'
' 0CC:4952>'6:'6P1'0&$*'ABo':Q'8=='M6;9126M'52'&:=:489:'841'2:6'C:==1>1'41897'52'+2>=5MPE''V?o':Q'<=8CDM'829'V@o':Q'I5MT825CM'841'2:6'C:==1>1'41897'52'+2>=5MPE''K84C58'$458='$4E'@NOFfN[H@g'+_E'?G*@BG*'0&$'U4:Q5=1'%1T:46'[['#6861*'86'?FE'
' 0CC:4952>'6:'6P1'0&$*'VGo':Q'8=='M6;9126M'52'&:=:489:'841'2:6'C:==1>1'41897'52'J86P1W865CME''F@o':Q'<=8CDM'829'FHo':Q'I5MT825CM'841'2:6'C:==1>1'41897'52'J86P1W865CME''K84C58'$458='$4E'@NOOfV[?Ng'+_E'?G*@BG*'0&$'U4:Q5=1'%1T:46'[['#6861*'86'?OE'
' 0CC:4952>'6:'6P1'0&$*'N?o':Q'8=='M6;9126M'52'&:=:489:'841'2:6'C:==1>1'41897'52'%18952>E''B@o':Q'<=8CDM'829'BNo':Q'I5MT825CM'841'2:6'C:==1>1'41897'52'%18952>E''K84C58'$458='$4E'@NOOf?V[@VGGfHg'+_E'?G*@BG*'0&$'U4:Q5=1'%1T:46'[['#6861*'86'HGE'
' NF
' 0CC:4952>'6:'6P1'0&$*'B?o':Q'8=='M6;9126M'52'&:=:489:'841'2:6'C:==1>1'41897'52'#C512C1E''OGo':Q'<=8CDM'829'FOo':Q'I5MT825CM'841'2:6'C:==1>1'41897'52'#C512C1E''K84C58'$458='$4E'@VGGfA[??g'+_E'?G*@BG*'0&$'U4:Q5=1'%1T:46'[['#6861*'86'H?E'
' AE' %1W195865:2'%861ME %1W195865:2'4861M'41Q14'6:'6P1'T14C1268>1':Q'M6;9126M'1261452>'C:==1>1'8M'Q41MPW82'YP:'841'2:6'41897'6:'T14Q:4W'52'C:==1>1[=131='C=8MM1ME''$P17'2119'899565:28='C:;4M1Y:4D'52':4914'6:'9131=:T'6P1'MD5==M'21C1MM847'6:'W:31'526:'Q41MPW82'=131='C=8MM1ME''#6;9126M'9:'2:6'1842'C:==1>1'C41956'Q:4'C:WT=1652>'41W1958='C:;4M1Y:4DE''K84C58'$458='$4E'@NH@f?G[?O*'@NOAfB[?AE'
' $Y1267[2521'T14C126':Q'T;S=5C'P5>P'MCP::='>489;861M'52'&:=:489:'41\;541'86'=18M6':21'41W1958='C:;4M1'6:'866129'T:M6'M1C:29847'19;C865:2'52M656;65:2ME''06'M:W1'&:=:489:'C:==1>1M*'W:41'6P82'Q5Q67'T14C126':Q'52C:W52>'M6;9126M'2119'41W1958='C:;4M1Y:4DE''K84C58'$458='$4E'@NH@fHG[@NHNfHg'(`<4512'$458='$4E'@BABf?B[H?g'Oe?e??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'!4E'J866'K58221MCP5'b]K58221MCP5'$458='$4E^c'V@@OfHN[V@NGfHA*'V@N?f?O[V@NHf?Vg'+_E'H@G@*'HG?G'/1>5M=86531'%1T:46':2'%1W1958='+9;C865:2*'86'NE'
' $P141'841'W52:4567'829'52C:W1'>8TM'52'6P1'41W195865:2'4861M'52'&:=:489:E''#6;9126M'Q4:W'=:Y[52C:W1'MCP::='95M645C6M'6129'6:'2119'41W195865:2'86'>418614'4861M'6P82'M6;9126M'Q4:W'P5>P[52C:W1'95M645C6ME''K84C58'$458='$4E'@NABf?@fHH*'@NOAfHN[@NO@f@E'
' $P1'41W195865:2'4861'Q:4'<=8CD'M6;9126M'5M':314'Q5Q67'T14C126*'Q:4'I5MT825CM'5M':314'Q:467[Q:;4'T14C126*'829'Q:4',86531'0W145C82M'5M'Q:467'T14C126E''K84C58'$458='$4E'@NONf?H[@NOVf@g'+_E'BNGB*'HG?G'/1>5M=86531'%1T:46':2'%1W1958='+9;C865:2*'86'&!+'O@BNOE'
' #6;9126M'41\;5452>'41W195865:2'P831'=:Y14'>489;865:2'4861M'86'S:6P'6Y:[7184'829'Q:;4[7184'52M656;65:2M'6P82'M6;9126M'Y56P:;6'41W1958='2119ME''"2'Q8C6*'M6;9126M'41\;5452>'41W195865:2'P831'=1MM'6P82'8'Q5Q6112'T14C126'CP82C1':Q'1314'>16652>'8'Q:;4[7184'C:==1>1'91>411E''+_E'H@G@'86'Hg'k52>'$458='$4E'VB@Ff?H[?@E'
' $P1'1M65W8619'C:M6M'8MM:C58619'Y56P'41W1958='19;C865:2'841'8TT4:_5W861=7'6Y1267[M5_'W5==5:2'9:==84ME''(`<4512'$458='$4E'@FGFfN[?Ag'K84C58'$458='$4E'@NO@fH@[@NONfHg'+_E'BNGB'86'&!+'O@B@HE'
' /51;612826'K:3142:4'K84C58*'YP:'5M'6P1'+_1C;6531'!541C6:4':Q'6P1'!1T846W126':Q'I5>P14'+9;C865:2*'S1=5131M'52C418M19'#6861'19;C865:2'Q;2952>'Y5=='P1=T'89941MM'41W195865:2'4861ME''K84C58'$458='$4E'@NHNf?N[HHE'
' $P1'2119'Q:4'41W195865:2'52'P5>P14'19;C865:2'C82'S1'91614W5219'8M'184=7'8M'6P1'M5_6P'>4891E''K418614'5261431265:2'5M'211919'86'6P1'1=1W126847'MCP::='=131='6:'419;C1'41W195865:2'4861M'=8614E''+_E'VF*'#P5252>'8'/5>P6':2'&:==1>1'%1W195865:2'52'&:=:489:f'$P1'U4195C6531')65=567':Q'6P1'0&$'Q:4'&:=:489:'829'6P1'&:=:489:'#6;9126'0MM1MMW126'U4:>48W'b�Uc*'86'Hg'(`<4512'$458='$4E'@BABf?N[@BAOfH*'@FGOf??[?OE'
' $P1'P5>P'41W195865:2'4861'52'&:=:489:'5295C861M'6P86'D59M'841'2:6'S152>'891\;861=7'T41T8419'Q:4'T:M6[M1C:29847'19;C865:2E''k52>'$458='$4E'VBFOf?H[HHE'
' NO
' @E' U:M6[M1C:29847'124:==W126E +24:==W126'52'T:M6[M1C:29847'19;C865:2'T4:>48WM'38451M'641W129:;M=7'Q4:W'95M645C6'6:'95M645C6E''#:W1'95M645C6M'M129'3546;8==7'8==':Q'6P154'M6;9126M':2'6:'T:M6[M1C:29847'52M656;65:2M'YP1418M':6P14M'M129'8'3147'=:Y'T14C1268>1E''K84C58'$458='$4E'@N@AfA[?HE'
' $P141'5M'8'W;CP'=:Y14'C:==1>1'124:==W126'829'>489;861'4861'Q:4'I5MT825C'M6;9126M'8M'C:WT8419'6:'YP561'M6;9126ME''"2'HG?G*'Q1Y14'6P82'612'T14C126':Q'I5MT825C'W8=1M'124:==19'52'C:==1>1*'YP5CP'Y8M'9:Y2'Q4:W'15>P6112'T14C126'52'HGGGE''K84C58'$458='$4E'@NFNf?N[@NFVf?FE'
' &:=:489:'P8M':21':Q'6P1'P5>P1M6'91>411'866852W126'>8TM'52'6P1'C:;2647*'91Q5219'8M'6P1'T14C1268>1':Q'YP561'W8R:4567'M6;9126M'Y56P'8'C:==1>1'91>411'8M'C:WT8419'6:'6P1'=84>1M6'W52:4567'>4:;T*'YP5CP'52'&:=:489:'5M'I5MT825CME''$P1'>8T'5M'4:;>P=7'6P5467[M5_'T14C126E''K84C58'$458='$4E'@NFVf?O[@NFBf@g'K58221MCP5'$458='$4E'V@NBf?O[V@NFf?GE''
' NE' $P1'M6861`M'T;S=5C'19;C865:2'M7M61W'5M'2:6'T4:35952>'8=='M6;9126M'Y56P'6P1':TT:46;25651M'6:'>852'6P1'67T1':Q'MD5==M'211919'Q:4'6P1'Y:4DT=8C1E''J5=1M'$458='$4E'NFNVfHH[NFNBfHHE''
IX. FACTORS THAT IMPACT STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT'
A. Plaintiffs’ Expert Witness, Dr. Linda Darling-Hammond
' ?E' !4E'/5298'!84=52>[I8WW:29'5M':21':Q'6P1'=18952>'1_T146M'52'6P1'C:;2647':2'618CP14'\;8=567'829'618CP14'9131=:TW126'829'6485252>E''"2'899565:2'6:'618CP14'5MM;1M*'P14'41M184CP'52C=;91M'5MM;1M':Q'19;C865:28='41M:;4C1M'829'6P154'95M645S;65:2*'1\;567'5MM;1M*'MCP::='41Q:4W*'MCP::=':4>825i865:2*'829'MCP::='5WT4:31W126'T:=5C51ME''#P1'P8M'Y:4D19'Y56P'=:C8='MCP::='95M645C6M*'M6861M*'829'526142865:28='C:;26451M':2'W827'T:=5C7'5MM;1M*'52C=;952>'M6829849M'829'5WT=1W126865:2':Q'M6829849M*'9131=:T52>'T4:Q1MM5:28='=184252>'829'T4:Q1MM5:28='9131=:TW126'M7M61WM*'=5C12M52>'829'C1465Q5C865:2'5MM;1M*'9131=:T52>'6P1'\;8=567':Q'618CP52>*'829'8==:C8652>'41M:;4C1ME''#P1'P8M'S112'C:29;C652>'41M184CP'52'6P1M1'8418M'Q:4':314'6P5467'7184M'829'P8M'8;6P:419':314'AGG'T;S=5C865:2M'829'M13148='S::DME''''!84=52>[I8WW:29'$458='$4E'AFBFfA[AFFGfHN*'AFFHfN[??E'
' HE' !4E'!84=52>[I8WW:29'5M'C;44126=7'6P1'&P84=1M'+E'!;C:WW;2'U4:Q1MM:4':Q'+9;C865:2'86'#682Q:49')25314M567'829'6P1'&:[!541C6:4':Q'#682Q:49`M'&12614'Q:4'(TT:46;2567'U:=5C7'52'+9;C865:2E''$P1'&12614'=::DM'86'Y87M'6:'12P82C1':TT:46;25651M'Q:4'M6;9126M'6:'918='Y56P'5MM;1M':Q'19;C865:28='1\;567'829'\;8=567E''"6'9:1M'41M184CP'6P86'5M'526142865:28=*'2865:28='829'=:C8='52'MC:T1*'829'8935M1M'T48C6565:214M'829'T:=5C7W8D14M':2'6P1'41M184CP'6P86'T146852M'6:'6P154'5MM;1ME''!84=52>[I8WW:29'$458='$4E'AFBVfHA[AFBBf?Ag'+_E'VHGG*'&E-E':Q'!4E'/5298'!84=52>[I8WW:29*'86'?E'
' AE' !4E'!84=52>[I8WW:29'Y8M'89W56619'8M'82'1_T146'52'6P1'8418':Q'19;C865:2'Y56P'8'Q:C;M':2'618CP14'\;8=567*'618CP52>'\;8=567*'618CP14'1QQ1C653121MM*'MCP::='5WT4:31W126'829'41Q:4W*'829'19;C865:28='1\;567E''#P1'Y8M'8=M:'89W56619'8M'82'1_T146'52'M6865M65C8='828=7M5M':Q'M6;9126'8CP5131W126'829'Q8C6:4M'6P86'5WT8C6'=184252>'829'8CP5131W126E''!84=52>[I8WW:29'$458='$4E'AFFAf?V[HNg'FeHOe??'%1S;668='$458='$1M65W:27':Q'!4E'/5298'!84=52>[I8WW:29'b]!84=52>[I8WW:29'%1S;668='$458='$4E^'NB?Of?B[H@*'NBHHfA[@E'
' VG
B. Teacher Quality
' ?E' 0'\;8=567'618CP14'5M':21':Q'6P1'W:M6'5WT:46826'Q8C6:4M'Q:4'M6;9126'8CP5131W126E''+3147'8MT1C6':Q'MCP::='41Q:4W'91T129M':2'P5>P=7'MD5==19'618CP14M'Q:4'M;CC1MME''$P5M'5M'1MT1C58==7'64;1'YP141*'8M'52'&:=:489:*'19;C865:2'M6829849M'P831'S112'485M19'829'6P1'95314M567':Q'6P1'M6;9126'S:97'5M'52C418M52>E''+_E'VHGH'86'?g'K826i'<14W82'$458='$4E'NVOAf??[NVO@f@g'#61312M:2'$458='$4E'?GFVfA[?Gg'!84=52>[I8WW:29'$458='$4E'AFO?f?O[HHE'
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' FE' &:=:489:'P8M'9131=:T19'M:W1':Q'6P1'21C1MM847'1=1W126M':Q'82'1QQ1C6531'T4:Q1MM5:28='9131=:TW126'T4:>48W*'S;6'2:6'8==':Q'6P1WE''"2'HGGF*'8S:;6'252167'T14C126':Q'&:=:489:'618CP14M'41C15319'M:W1'Q:4W':Q'T4:Q1MM5:28='9131=:TW126'M;TT:46*'S;6'Q1Y14'6P82'P8=Q'41T:4619'41C15352>'6P1'M;M685219*'52612M531'M;TT:46'6P86'41M184CP'M;>>1M6M'6482M=861M'526:'M6;9126'=184252>'>852ME''L1Y14'6P82'Q5Q6112'T14C126'41T:4619'6P86'6P141'Y8M'M;SM682658='C:==8S:4865:2'Y56P52'6P154'MCP::=ME''+312'6P:;>P'&:=:489:'P8M'M:;>P6'6:'1M68S=5MP'W827'C:WT:2126M':Q'8'M;CC1MMQ;='T4:Q1MM5:28='9131=:TW126'T4:>48W*'T4:Q1MM5:28='9131=:TW126'52'&:=:489:*'1MT1C58==7'52'4;48='8418M*'9:1M'2:6';25314M8==7'8TT184'6:'W116'6P1'=131=':Q'41C:WW12919'T48C65C1ME''+_E'VHGH'86'BE'
' OE' $:'128S=1'891\;861'829'1\;568S=1':TT:46;25651M'Q:4'618CP14'=184252>*'56'5M'1MM12658='6P86'M;CP'W:91=M'S1'W891'8385=8S=1'6:'8=='618CP14M'52'8=='95M645C6M*'41>849=1MM':Q'M5i1'829'Y18=6PE''"WT=1W12652>'8'T4:Q1MM5:28='9131=:TW126'M7M61W'6P86'M;TT:46M'8=='618CP14M'41\;541M'=:2>[614W'C:WW56W126'829'M5>25Q5C826'5231M6W126'Q4:W'6P1'#6861E''%1C126'C;6M'P831'14:919'6P1'C8T8C567':Q'&!+*'6P1'<(&+#*'829'95M645C6M'6:'8CC1MM'829'W828>1'W827'T4:Q1MM5:28='9131=:TW126'T4:>48WME''+_E'VHGH'86'BE'
' ?GE' #CP::=M'6P86'P831'S112'M;CC1MMQ;='52'41M64;C6;452>'6:'W116'52C418M52>'M6829849M'829':;6C:W1'41\;541W126M'829'52'52C418M52>'>489;865:2'4861M'829'C:==1>1[>:52>'4861M'Q:4'6489565:28==7';2914[8CP51352>'M6;9126M'P831'9131=:T19'829'89:T619'6P1'Q:==:Y52>'T48C65C1Mf''?c'MW8=='=184252>'C:WW;25651M'829'MW8=='C=8MM1M*'8=:2>'Y56P'8935M:47'M7M61WM'6P86'T4:3591'
' V@
C:;2M1=52>*'8C891W5C'M;TT:46M*'829'Q8W5=7'C:221C65:2Mg'Hc'C:==1>1[T41T8486:47'C;445C;=;W*':Q612'52'T846214MP5T'Y56P'=:C8='C:==1>1M*'C:;T=19'Y56P'M64:2>'8C891W5C'M;TT:46M*'52C=;952>'S=:CD'MCP19;=52>*'P:W1Y:4D'P1=T*'829'6;6:452>g'Ac'8;6P1265C'=184252>'1_T14512C1M'6P86'C:221C6'6:'6P1'Y:4=9':;6M591'MCP::='829'841'=52D19'6:'T14Q:4W82C1'8MM1MMW126Mg'@c':4>825i865:2':Q'618CP14M'526:'618WM'6P86'MP841'M6;9126M'829'T=82'C;445C;=;W'829'=184252>'1_T14512C1M'6:>16P14*'829'Nc'65W1'829'41M:;4C1M'6:'M;TT:46'1_612M531'T4:Q1MM5:28='9131=:TW126'829'41>;=84'65W1'Q:4'618CP14'C:==8S:4865:2'84:;29'C;445C;=;W*'8MM1MMW126M*'829'MCP::='5WT4:31W126E''-546;8==7'8==':Q'6P1'MCP::=M'6P86'8CP51319'6P1M1'D529M':Q':;6C:W1M'Y141'Q;2919'86'P5>P14'=131=M':4'41C15319':;6M591'T453861'Q;2952>'6:'M;TT=1W126'M6861'Q;2952>E''+_E'VHGH'86'Og'!84=52>[I8WW:29'$458='$4E'AOVHf?@[AOV@f?VE'
' ??E' 0=6P:;>P'485M52>'618CP14'T4:9;C653567'W87'68D1'W827'Q:4WM*':21'M6485>P6Q:4Y849'8TT4:8CP'5M'6:'T87'618CP14M'W:41E''I5>P14'T87'Y5=='P831'M13148='1QQ1C6Mf''56'Y5=='485M1'6P1'\;8=567':Q'6P1'8TT=5C826'T::='Q:4'618CP52>'R:SM*'56'Y5=='419;C1'6P1'\;56'4861*'829'56'Y5=='W8D1'618CP14M'W:41'W:6538619'6:'83:59'=:M52>'6P154'R:SME''$P141'5M'C:2M59148S=1'=561486;41'v'6:'C:WT=1W126'8'S8M5C'T452C5T=1':Q'1C:2:W5C'6P1:47'v'6P86'T8752>'T1:T=1'W:41'Y5=='751=9'6P1M1'1QQ1C6ME''"29119*'6P1'W:31'6:Y849'T14Q:4W82C1[41=8619'T87'5M'W:6538619'S7'6P1'2:65:2'6P86'618CP14M'Y5=='T14Q:4W'S16614'5Q'6P141'5M'8'41Y849'Q:4'M:'9:52>E''$P141'W87'S1'8'T48C65C8='5MM;1'52'12M;452>'6P86'P5>P14'T87'>:1M'6:'6P1'W:M6'1QQ1C6531'618CP14M*'S;6'6P5M'9:1M'2:6'C:264895C6'6P1'>12148='T452C5T=1':Q'1C:2:W5C'6P1:47'829'56'5M'2:6'41=13826'Q:4'6P1'84>;W126'6P86'P5>P14'T87'Y5=='86648C6'8'S16614'8TT=5C826'T::=E''!4E'I82;MP1D'1312'41C:>25i1M'6P86']P5>P14'=131=M':Q'M8=8451M'Y:;=9'6129'6:'52C418M1'6P1'T::=':Q'T:612658='618CP14M^'829'6P5M'Y:;=9'52C418M1'618CP14'\;8=567'b;2=1MM'Y1'8MM;W1'6P86'T452C5T8=M'41C4;56'S8M19':2'86645S;61M'6P86'841'negatively'8MM:C58619'Y56P'618CP14'\;8=567cE''+_E'NVGA*'+_T146'%1T:46':Q'!4E'/1352*'86'HVE'
D. Class Size'
' ?E' $P1'19;C865:28='=561486;41':314YP1=W52>=7'Q529M'6P86*':2'83148>1*'M6;9126M'YP:'866129'MCP::=M'Y56P'MW8==14'C=8MM1M'6129'6:'P831'P5>P14'8C891W5C'8CP5131W126E''$P5M'5M'1MT1C58==7'64;1'Q:4'7:;2>'CP5=9412'829'T4135:;M=7'=:Y[8CP51352>'M6;9126ME''&=8MM'M5i1'829'T;T5=[618CP14'4865:M'b829'M:W165W1M'1312'MCP::='M5i1c'128S=1'618CP14M'6:'D2:Y'6P1'2119M':Q'6P1'=184214M'891\;861=7'M:'6P17'C82'898T6'6P154'52M64;C65:2'6:'6P:M1'2119ME''L;46P14W:41*'C=8MM'M5i1*'=5D1'M8=847*'5M'8'Q8C6:4'6P86'86648C6M'\;8=5Q519'618CP14M'6:'8'MCP::='95M645C6E''+_E'BB?G*'+C:2:W5C'&:2M5914865:2M'829'&=8MM'#5i1*'86'LVGg'+_E'VHGH'86'O[?Gg'!84=52>[I8WW:29'$458='$4E'AOVNfHG[AOVVE'
' HE' $P1'>:=9[M6829849'M6;97':2'C=8MM'M5i1'5M'6P1'$1221MM11'#$0%'M6;97*'YP5CP'=::D19'86'AGG'C=8MM4::WM'bB*GGG'M6;9126M'Q4:W'k[Ac'829'Q:==:Y19'6P1W'=:2>56;9528==7'Q:4'W827'7184ME''$P1'M6;97'Q:;29'6P86'6P141'Y141'M64:2>*'M;M685219'1QQ1C6M':Q'419;C52>'C=8MM'M5i1'Q4:W'S16Y112'6Y1267[6Y:'6:'6Y1267[M5_'M6;9126M'6:'S16Y112'6P546112'6:'M13126112'M6;9126ME''$P1'M6;97'Q:;29'MW8==14'C=8MM'M5i1M'2:6':2=7'41M;=619'52'P5>P14'8CP5131W126'Q:4'6P1'M6;9126M*'S;6'=1MM'>4891'4161265:2'829'Q1Y14'MT1C58='19;C865:2'T=8C1W126ME''J827'41M184CP14M'P831'41T=5C8619'6P1'M6;97':4'41[828=7i19'6P1'9868'829'6P1M1'41M;=6M'P831'41T18619=7'S112'8QQ54W19E''+312'!4E'I82;MP1D'8>411M'6P1'#684'M6;97'MP:YM'6P86'C=8MM'M5i1'419;C65:2'=189M'6:'82'52C418M1'52'8CP5131W126'Q:4'D52914>8461214ME''!84=52>[I8WW:29'$458='$4E'AOVVfO[AOVBf?*'AOVOfO[?Ag'I82;MP1D'$458='$4E'@OBHf?H[HH*'@OF?fHA[@OFAf?V*'NGF@fV[?NE'
' VN
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' @E' $P1'1QQ1C6':Q'419;C52>'C=8MM'M5i1'5M'6Y5C1'8M'=84>1'Q:4'86'45MD'M6;9126ME''/1352'$458='$4E'AAHGfH@[AAH?fVE'
' NE' #13148='#6861'Y5621MM1M'8>411'6P86'MW8==14'C=8MM'M5i1M'841'S16614'Q:4'=184252>*'T8465C;=84=7'Q:4'=:Y'52C:W1':4';2914'T14Q:4W52>'M6;9126ME'K84C58'$458='$4E'@NB@f@[?Og'#6152'!1T:E'$4E'?NGf?[?Fg'k52>'$458='$4E'VFGFf?O[H?E'
' VE' hP12'!4E'J:=:217'Y8M'&:WW5MM5:214':Q'+9;C865:2'52'&:=:489:*'6P1'K:3142:4'829'#6861':Q'&:=:489:'W8298619'6P86'0W129W126'HA'W:217'S1';M19'6:'=:Y14'C=8MM'M5i1E''J:=:217'$458='$4E'N@AGfH?[HNE''
X. LOCAL CONTROL OF INSTRUCTION
?E' 0==':Q'6P1'MCP::='95M645C6'Y5621MM1M'61M65Q519'6P86'6P17'841';28S=1'6:'1_14C5M1'=:C8='C:264:=':314'52M64;C65:2'S1C8;M1'8==':Q'6P154'41M:;4C1M'>:'6:'W11652>'M6861'41\;541W126M'8M':TT:M19'6:'6P1'MT1C5Q5C'2119M':Q'6P154'C:WW;25651ME''$P141'5M'2:'Q;2952>'=1Q6':314'6:'T4:3591'T4:>48WM'5WT:46826'6:'6P154'C:WW;25651ME''See, e.g., NeHe??'!1T:M565:2'$1M65W:27':Q'%:M1'&4:2D'b]&4:2D'!1T:E'$4E^c'HVVf?V[HVFfFg'AeHHe??'!1T:M565:2'$1M65W:27':Q'<1314=7'J81M68M'b]J81M68M'!1T:E'$4E^c'H@@f?H[H@Nf?g'Fe@e??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'&726P58'#61312M:2'b]#61312M:2'$458='$4E^c'???VfV[???BfH?g'!1T:M565:2'$1M65W:27':Q'k54D'<82>P846'b]<82>P846'!1T:E'$4E^c'FOfH?[OGfNg'!1T:M565:2'$1M65W:27':Q'&P45M6521'/E'-5==849'b]-5==849'!1T:E'$4E^c'?Vf?[?Bf?HE'
HE' 0M'=:2>'8M'95M645C6M'9:'2:6'P831'Q;2952>'6:'T4:3591'CP:5C1M'829'W;=65T=1'T86PY87M'Q:4'D59M'86'6P1'=:C8='=131=*'6P17'9:2`6'P831'W;CP'C:264:=':314'52M64;C65:2E''/:C8='C:264:='5M'8S:;6'CP:5C1M'6:'>16'D59M'6:'6P1'45>P6'41M;=6ME''$P1'Q1Y14'Q;29M'8'95M645C6'P8M*'6P1'Q1Y14'CP:5C1M'56'P8ME''#61312M:2'$458='$4E'???Vf?B[???BfH?E'
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@E' h56P'#<'GO[?VA*'6P141'P8M'S112'8'MP5Q6'52'&:=:489:'Q4:W'=:C8='C:264:='6:'W:41'C12648=5i19'C:264:=E''"Q'6;4284:;29'95M645C6M'9:'2:6'MP:Y'M;QQ5C5126'T4:>41MM'Y56P52'Q531'7184M*'6P1'M6861'C82'41M64;C6;41':4'68D1:314'6P1'95M645C6E''<8447'$458='$4E'?BB?f?O[?BBAfBg'+MC84C1>8'%1S;668='$458='$4E'VN?FfH?[VN?Of@E'
XI. SPECIAL STUDENT POPULATIONSf''EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION''
A. Trial Witnesses
' ?E' !4E'h5==58W'<842166'5M'82'1C:2:W5M6'829'19;C865:28='41M184CP14E''I1'P8M'C:29;C619'41M184CP':2'184=7'CP5=9P::9'19;C865:2'829'56M'=:2>[614W'1QQ1C6M'Q:4'M13148='91C891ME''
' VV
(21':Q'P5M'W827'8418M':Q'Q:C;M'5M'6P1'1C:2:W5CM':Q'T41MCP::='19;C865:2*'YP5CP'52C=;91M'C:M6[S121Q56'828=7M5ME''I1'P8M'9:21'C:2M;=652>'Y:4D'Q:4'MCP::='95M645C6M*'M6861M*'6P1'Q19148='>:3142W126*'829':6P14'2865:2M'52'6P1'8418':Q'184=7'CP5=9P::9'19;C865:2E''I1'P8M'8;6P:419':314'?VG'T;S=5C865:2M*'6P1'38M6'W8R:4567':Q'YP5CP'41=861'6:'184=7'CP5=9P::9'19;C865:2E''+_E'NNG@*'%1T:46':2'U41MCP::='+9;C865:2'829'&:=:489:*'86'?g'Fe?Ve??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'!4E'h5==58W'#61312'<842166'b]<842166'$458='$4E^c'AGNFf?O[AGNOfH@*'AGVHfH[AGVNf@E'
' HE' !4E'<842166'5M'C;44126=7'8'<:849':Q'K:3142:4M'U4:Q1MM:4':Q'+9;C865:2'86'%;6>14M')25314M567'829'8'&:[!541C6:4':Q'6P1',865:28='"2M656;61'Q:4'+84=7'+9;C865:2'%1M184CP'b,"++%cE'',"++%'C:29;C6M'829'95MM1W52861M'41M184CP':2'6P1'19;C865:2':Q'7:;2>'CP5=9412'Y56P'8'351Y'6:Y849M'52Q:4W52>'T;S=5C'T:=5C7E''+_E'NNG?*'&-':Q'h5==58W'#61312'<842166*'86'Hg'<842166'$458='$4E'AGNFf?O[AGNOfH@*'AGVGf?N[AGV?f@E'
' AE' !4E'<842166'5M':21':Q'6P1'=18952>'1_T146M'52'6P1'C:;2647'52'184=7'CP5=9P::9'19;C865:2E''<842166'$458='$4E'AGVNfN[HAg'+_E'NNG?E'
' @E' /:45'K::9Y52'<:Y14M'5M'6P1'#;T1435M:4':Q'6P1'&:=:489:'U41MCP::='U4:>48W'b&UUc'86'6P1'&:=:489:'!1T846W126':Q'+9;C865:2E''JME'<:Y14M'9:1M'2:6'P831'8'9:C6:4861'91>411E''(6P14'6P82'8'=5W5619'8W:;26':Q'41M184CP'86'U;49;1')25314M567'52'6P1'184=7'?OFGM*'MP1'P8M'2:6'9:21'827'MCP:=84=7'41M184CP':4'Y45652>'52'6P1'8418':Q'184=7'CP5=9P::9'19;C865:2E''Oe?e??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'/:45'<:Y14M'b]<:Y14M'$458='$4E^c'VVG@fHH[HN*'VVVFf?[?@g'+_E'@NGG*'-568':Q'/:45'K::9Y52'<:Y14ME'
' NE' JME'<:Y14M'41MT1C6M'6P1'Y:4D':Q'!4E'<842166'829',"++%E''#P1':Q612'C561M'6:'!4E'<842166`M'41M184CP'52'6P1'W861458=M'MP1'T41T841M'Q:4'&!+E''#P1'8=M:'Q41\;126=7';M1M',"++%`M'Y1SM561'829'C:2M;=6M'Y56P'56M'M68QQ':2'5MM;1M'6P86'C:W1';T'Y56P'&UUE''<:Y14M'$458='$4E'VVVVfHN[VVVBfHNE'
B. Impacts of Preschool Education'''
' ?E' 0'M;SM682658='S:97':Q'41M184CP'Q529M'6P86'P5>P[\;8=567'T41MCP::='19;C865:2'C82'M;SM6826531=7'5WT4:31'6P1'=184252>'829'9131=:TW126':Q'7:;2>'CP5=9412E''J;=65T=1'W168[828=7M1M'C:29;C619':314'6P1'T8M6'6Y1267[Q531'7184M'P831'Q:;29'T41MCP::='19;C865:2'6:'T4:9;C1'82'83148>1'5WW195861'1QQ1C6':Q'8S:;6'P8=Q'8'M6829849'9135865:2':2'C:>256531'9131=:TW126E''$P5M'5M'6P1'1\;538=126':Q'M1312':4'15>P6'T:526M':2'82'"t'61M6*':4'8'W:31'Q4:W'6P1'6P546516P'6:'6P1'Q5Q6516P'T14C1265=1':2'82'8CP5131W126'61M6E''0'P8=Q'M6829849'9135865:2'5M'12:;>P'6:'419;C1'S7'P8=Q'6P1'MCP::='4189521MM'>8T'S16Y112'CP5=9412'52'T:31467'829'6P1'2865:28='83148>1'86'D52914>84612'12647E''+_E'NNG@'86'HE'''
' HE' "2'6P1'=:2>'614W*'P5>P[\;8=567'52612M531'T41MCP::='19;C865:2'52C418M1M'8CP5131W126'61M6'MC:41Mg'91C418M1M'MT1C58='19;C865:2'829'>4891'41T16565:2g'52C418M1M'P5>P'MCP::='>489;865:2g'91C418M1M'S1P835:4'T4:S=1WM*'91=52\;12C7*'829'C45W1g'52C418M1M'1WT=:7W126*'184252>M*'829'Y1=Q841'91T12912C7g'91C418M1M'45MD7'S1P835:4M'=5D1'MW:D52>'829'94;>';M1g'829'P8M'T:M56531'5WT8C6M':2'W1268='P18=6P*'6P141S7'419;C52>'T4:S=1WM'=5D1'91T41MM5:2E''0==':Q'6P1M1'5WT8C6M'P831'C:2M1\;12C1M'Q:4'>:3142W126E''"Q'7:;'419;C1'MT1C58='19;C865:2*'>4891'41T16565:2*'829'41W195865:2*'MCP::=52>'C:M6M'91C418M1E''"Q'7:;'419;C1'T4:S=1WM'=5D1'Y1=Q841'91T12912C7*'CP5=9'8S;M1*'829'21>=1C6*'7:;'419;C1'M:C58='M1435C1M'C:M6ME''<842166'$458='$4E'AGB?fHG[AGBAfFg'+_E'
' VB
?G@NB*'+QQ1C6M':Q't;8=567'+84=7'&P5=9P::9'+9;C865:2*'86'"WT8C6M':Q'+&!'"231M6W126Mg'+_E'NNG@'86'VE''See also'<:Y14M'$458='$4E'VVVGf?A[H@g'FeH@e??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'/51;612826'X:M1TP'K84C58'b]K84C58'$458='$4E^c'@NB?f?V[H?E'
' AE' $P1'5WT8C6':Q'T41MCP::=':2'=82>;8>1*'=56148C7*'829'W86P'8CP5131W126'841'1312'=84>14'Q:4'=:Y'52C:W1'829'W52:4567'CP5=9412'829'6129'6:'S1'6P1'=84>1M6'Q:4'+2>=5MP'=82>;8>1'=184214ME''<842166'$458='$4E'A?NGfB[A?N?f?A*'A?NBf@[A?NFf?Gg'+_E'NNG@'86'?HE''See also <:Y14M'$458='$4E'VVVGfV[OE'
' @E' U:31467'829':6P14'45MD'Q8C6:4M'T=8C1'C:2M648526M':2'8'Q8W5=7`M'5231M6W126'52'=184252>'W861458=M'829'T:M56531'T8412652>'S1P835:4M*'YP5CP'C82'8QQ1C6'CP5=9412`M'MCP::='4189521MM'MD5==ME''%1M184CP'5295C861M'6P86'S1Q:41'1261452>'D52914>84612*'6P1'83148>1'C:>256531'MC:41M':Q'T41MCP::=[8>1'CP5=9412'52'6P1'P5>P1M6'M:C5:[1C:2:W5C'
>4:;T'841'M5_67'T14C126'8S:31'6P1'83148>1'MC:41M':Q'CP5=9412'52'6P1'=:Y1M6'M:C5:[1C:2:W5C'>4:;TE''06'8>1'Q:;4*'CP5=9412'YP:'=531'S1=:Y'6P1'T:31467'=521'841'15>P6112'W:26PM'S1=:Y'YP86'5M'2:4W8='Q:4'6P154'8>1'>4:;Tg'Q:4'CP5=9412'=5352>'52'6P1'T::41M6'Q8W5=51M*'6P1'>8T'5M'1312'=84>14E''U::4'CP5=9412'841'8M'W;CP'8M'6Y:'65W1M'W:41'=5D1=7'6:'=8CD'T4:Q5C512C7'52'=82>;8>1'9131=:TW126'829'W86P'MD5==M'6P82'CP5=9412'YP:'841'2:6'T::4E''+_E'A*'&:=:489:'U41MCP::='U4:>48W'HG?G'/1>5M=86531'%1T:46*'86'&!+'VFFFg'<842166'$458='$4E'AGBAf??[HHg'K84C58'$458='$4E'@NBAf?[FE'
' NE' I5>P'\;8=567'T41MCP::='T4:>48WM'P831'S112'Q:;29'6:'C=:M1'8M'W;CP'8M'M131267'T14C126':Q'6P1'8CP5131W126'>8TM'S16Y112'P5>P14['829'=:Y14[52C:W1'M6;9126M'829'S16Y112'W8R:4567'829'W52:4567'M6;9126M'86'D52914>84612'12647'829':21'\;84614'6:':21'6P549':Q'6P1'>8TM'52'6P1'=:2>'614WE''<842166'$458='$4E'AGBAf??[HH*'AGBVf?[AGBBf?@g'+_E'NNG@'86'Vg'+_E'?G*@NB'86'J168[028=7M5M':Q')#'%1M184CP'#52C1'?OVGE'
' VE' U41MCP::='T4:>48WM'C82'S1'>4:;T19'526:'6P411'C861>:451M'v'T453861'CP5=9[C841*'T;S=5C'T41MCP::='T4:>48WM'b156P14'M6861[Q;2919':4'=:C8=c*'829'I189'#6846E''(4952847'CP5=9[C841'P8M'6P1'MW8==1M6'1QQ1C6M':2'CP5=9412`M'=184252>'829'9131=:TW126E''$P1'1M65W8619'1QQ1C6M':Q'I189'#6846'841'=84>14'6P82'6P:M1'Q:4'CP5=9[C841*'S;6'C:2M59148S=7'MW8==14'6P82'6P1'83148>1'52'6P1'W168[828=7M1ME''$P1'M64:2>1M6'M6;97'6:'9861*'6P1'I189'#6846',865:28='"WT8C6'#6;97*'5295C861M'6P86'I189'#6846'P8M*'86'S1M6*'3147'W:91M6'5WT8C6M':2'C:>256531'9131=:TW126'829'8C891W5C'8CP5131W126E''<7'C:2648M6*'P5>P[\;8=567'T41MCP::='19;C865:2'T4:>48WM'T4:35919'S7'T;S=5C'MCP::=M'P831'S112'Q:;29'6:'T4:9;C1'M;SM682658==7'=84>14'5WT4:31W126M'52'CP5=9'9131=:TW126*'S:6P'MP:46['829'=:2>[614WE''+_E'NNG@'86'@g'<842166'$458='$4E'AGFHf@[AGF@f?FE'
' BE' 0'Q:==:Y[;T'M6;97':Q',1Y'X14M17`M'Abbott T41MCP::='T4:>48W'5295C861M'86'=18M6'8'\;84614':Q'6P1'8CP5131W126'>8T'C=:M19'Y56P':21'7184':Q'T41MCP::='829'Q:467'T14C126':Q'6P1'>8T'C=:M19'Y56P'6Y:'7184M':Q'T41MCP::='S7'6P1'65W1'6P1'M6;9126M'418CP19'6P1'M1C:29'>4891*'YP5CP'5M'6P1'W:M6'41C126'Q:==:Y[;TE''$P1'Abbott'T41[k'T4:>48W'P8M'MW8==14'C=8MM1M'829'W:41'1_612M531'M;TT:46M'Q:4'618CP14M'6P82'W827':6P14'M6861'T41[k'T4:>48WME''$P1'Abbott T41[k'T4:>48W'Y8M'8=M:'Q:;29'6:'419;C1'>4891'4161265:2E''<842166'$458='$4E'AGFVf?@[AGFFfFg'+_E'NNG@'86'Ng'+_E'?G*@NB'86',X'H29'K4891'L:==:Y[;TE'
' FE' J;=65T=1'M6;951M'P831'Q:;29'6P86'6P1'1C:2:W5C'S121Q56M'6:'6P1M1'T:M56531'1QQ1C6M'C82'Q84'1_C119'6P1'C:M6M'6:'68_T8714M':Q'T4:35952>'M;CP'T4:>48WM'8M'T846':Q'T;S=5C'19;C865:2E''L:4'
' VF
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' OE' U:M56531'1QQ1C6M':Q'T41MCP::='P831'S112'Q:;29'Q:4'CP5=9412'Q4:W'8=='M:C5:[1C:2:W5C'M64868'829'8=='W8R:4'16P25C'S8CD>4:;29ME''hP5=1'6P1'M5i1':Q'M:W1'1QQ1C6M'38451M'Y56P'CP5=9412`M'Q8W5=7'S8CD>4:;29*'Y56P'6P1'=84>1M6'1QQ1C6M'Q:4'1C:2:W5C8==7'95M8938268>19'829'W52:4567'CP5=9412*'1QQ1C6M'841'M;SM682658='1312'Q:4'CP5=9412'YP:'841'2:6'Q4:W'=:Y[52C:W1'Q8W5=51ME''+_E'NNG@'86'BE''See also <:Y14M'$458='$4E'VVH?f?N[?O*'VVVGf?G[?HE'
' ?GE' $P1'MCP::='Q85=;41'T4:S=1W'52'0W145C8'5M'2:6':2=7'8'T4:S=1W'Q:4'CP5=9412'52'T:31467*'829'W;CP':Q'6P1'T4:S=1W'Y5=='41W852';26:;CP19'5Q'M:=;65:2M'Q:C;M':2=7':2'CP5=9412'Q4:W'=:Y[52C:W1'Q8W5=51ME''(QQ1452>'1QQ1C6531'T41MCP::='19;C865:2'6:'all CP5=9412'5M':21'41MT:2M1'6P86'Y5=='P1=T'419;C1'6P1'MCP::='Q85=;41'T4:S=1W'Q:4'CP5=9412'YP:'841'2:6'52'=:Y[52C:W1'Q8W5=51ME''+_E'NNG@'86'Bg'<842166'$458='$4E'AGFFfO[AGFOf?AE'
' ??E' 0';25314M8='T41MCP::='T4:>48W'5M'T41Q148S=1'6:'8'684>1619'T4:>48W'Q:4'8'2;WS14':Q'418M:2ME''$84>1652>'5M'1C:2:W5C8==7'521QQ5C5126E''"Q'6P1'>:8='5M'6:'418CP'95M8938268>19'D59M*'C:3148>1'5M'W:41'C:WT=161'Y56P'8';25314M8='6P82'8'684>1619'T4:>48WE''L8W5=7'52C:W1'T41M126M'8'W:352>'684>16'9;1'6:'6P1'5WT14W8212C1':Q'T:31467'Q:4'W827'Q8W5=51ME''0M'Q8W5=7'52C:W1M'CP82>1*'W182M[61M619'T4:>48WM'1_C=;91'Q4:W'124:==W126'W827'CP5=9412'YP:'S1C:W1'T::4'9;452>'6P1'MCP::='7184':4'YP:'P831'S112'T::4'52'6P1'T8M6'829'Y5=='S1'T::4'52'6P1'Q;6;41E''$P141'5M'8=M:'135912C1'6P86'T41MCP::='T4:>48W'1QQ1C6M':2'=:Y14[52C:W1'CP5=9412'841'=84>14'YP12'T41MCP::='T4:>48WM'M1431'CP5=9412'Q4:W'95314M1'1C:2:W5C'S8CD>4:;29M'S1C8;M1'CP5=9412'=1842'Q4:W'18CP':6P14E''+_E'NNG@'86'B[Fg'<842166'$458='$4E'AGFFfO[AGO?fHAE'
C. Characteristics of Effective Preschool Programs
?E' %1M184CP'Q529M'6P86'6P1'T41MCP::='T4:>48WM'Y56P'6P1'=84>1M6'829'=:2>1M6'=8M652>'1QQ1C6M'841'W:41'19;C865:28==7'52612M531'829'1_T12M531E''$P1'T4:>48WM'591265Q519'8M'W:41'1QQ1C6531'P831'P89'W:41'P5>P=7'19;C8619*'S16614[T859*'829'S16614[6485219'618CP14ME''$P17'P831'W:41'M;T1435M5:2'829'M;TT:46M'Q:4'618CP14M*'MW8==14'C=8MM'M5i1M'829'4865:M*'>::9'C;445C;=;W*'8'C:2652;:;M'5WT4:31W126'T4:C1MM*'829'W:41'P:;4M':Q'M1435C1ME''(3148==*'6P1'135912C1'5295C861M'6P86'M684652>'184=514'T4:9;C1M'=84>14'=:2>[614W'>852M'Y56P'6Y:'7184M'S16614'6P82':21*'829'M684652>'T45:4'6:'8>1'6P411'T4:9;C1M'1312'S16614'41M;=6ME''+_E'NNG@'86'Fg'<842166'$458='$4E'AGO?fH@[AGOHf?F*'AGO@f?[??E'
' HE' $P1',865:28='"2M656;61'Q:4'+84=7'+9;C865:2'%1M184CP'822;8==7'138=;861M'M6861'Q;2919'T41MCP::='T4:>48WM'8>852M6'612'S12CPW84DM'Q:4'W525W;W'T41MCP::='T4:>48W'M6829849M'52'8'M6861'T41MCP::='7184S::DE''0W:2>'6P1'W:M6'M8=5126':Q'6P1'S12CPW84DM'841'6P86'618CP14M'P831'86'=18M6'8'Q:;4[7184'C:==1>1'91>411'829'MT1C58=5i19'6485252>'52'184=7'CP5=9P::9'19;C865:2'829'6P86'6P1'M68QQ[CP5=9'4865:'2:6'1_C119':21'6:'612E''$P1'S12CPW84DM'9:'2:6'>;8482611'1QQ1C653121MM'S7'6P1WM1=31ME''$P17'841'4:;>P'5295C86:4M':Q'W525W;W'41\;541W126M'S8M19':2'YP86'P8M'M;CC11919'52'6P1'T8M6E''$P1'T;4T:M1':Q'6P1'7184S::D'5M'6:'T4:3591'8CC;4861'829'C;44126'52Q:4W865:2':2'M6861'T:=5C51M'Y56P'41MT1C6'6:'T41MCP::='M:'6P86'T1:T=1'D2:Y'YP86'1_5M6M'52'6P154'M6861'829'C82'C:WT841'56'6:':6P14'M6861ME''+_E'NNG@'86'Og'+_E'NNGN*'$P1'#6861':Q'U41MCP::='HG?G*'#6861'U41MCP::='.184S::D*'86'HH*'HNg'<842166'$458='$4E'A?GAfF[A?G@fB*'A?G@f??[A?GVfVE'
' VO
' AE' "2':4914'6:'12M;41'>::9'618CP52>'52'T41MCP::='6P141'W;M6'S1'891\;861'M;TT:46'86'S:6P'6P1'=:C8='829'M6861'=131=M*'YP5CP'52C=;91M'8'Q5282C58='8CC:;268S5=567'M7M61W'829'8'C:2652;:;M'5WT4:31W126'T4:C1MME''#CP::='95M645C6M'9:'2:6'21C1MM845=7'P831'6P1'C8T8C567'6:'9:'6P5M'Y56P:;6'M;TT:46'Q4:W'6P1'M6861'91T846W126':Q'19;C865:2*'829'6P5M'M;TT:46'Q4:W'6P1'M6861'=131='>:1M'Q84'S17:29'M5WT=7'5MM;52>'41>;=865:2M':4'1312'W:256:452>E''#6861M'W;M6'S1'8S=1'6:':S6852':SR1C6531'52Q:4W865:2':2'CP5=9412`M'=184252>'829'9131=:TW126'bQ4:W'M68298495i19'8MM1MMW126M'829'2:6'R;M6'618CP14'41T:46Mc'829':2'C=8MM4::W'12354:2W126'829'618CP14'T14Q:4W82C1'b2:6'R;M6'95M645C6'41T:46McE''#6861M'8=M:'W;M6'P831'6P1'C8T8C567'6:'41MT:29'Y56P'61CP25C8='8MM5M682C1'486P14'6P82'R;M6'W:256:4'C:WT=582C1E''+_E'NNG@'86'?Gg'<842166'$458='$4E'AGO@fHG[A?GGf?Hg'+_E'?G*@NB'86'&:2652;:;M'"WT4:31W126'&7C=1E'
' @E' L;==[987'T41MCP::='19;C865:2'T4:9;C1M'=84>14'1QQ1C6M'YP12'618CP14M';M1'6P1'899565:28='65W1'Q:4'=184252>'8C6535651ME''hP12':2=7'P8=Q[987'T4:>48WM'841':QQ1419'b829'Y48T[84:;29'84482>1W126M'841'2:6':QQ1419c*'M:W1'CP5=9412'52'=:Y14[52C:W1'Y:4D52>'Q8W5=51M'Y5=='Q85='6:'T8465C5T861'86'8=='S1C8;M1'6P154'Q8W5=51M'C822:6'W828>1'6P1'W;=65T=1'84482>1W126M'41\;5419'6:'8CC:WW:9861'T84126M`'Y:4D'MCP19;=1ME''+_E'NNG@'86'??g'<842166'$458='$4E'A?GOfHA[A??GfHNE'
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D. Colorado’s Preschool Program
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@E' $P1'K12148='0MM1WS=7'P8M'91C=8419'6P86']q8r=='CP5=9412'52'&:=:489:'91M1431'6P1'CP82C1'6:'866129'8'Q;==[987'D52914>84612*'8M'6P1'S121Q56M':Q'Q;==[987'D52914>84612'C:2652;1'6P4:;>P:;6'8'CP5=9`M'19;C865:28='1_T14512C1'829'M16'6P1'6:21'Q:4'Q;6;41'8C891W5C'M;CC1MME^''!1MT561'6P1'135912C1':Q'6P1'S121Q56M':Q'Q;==[987'D52914>84612'T4:>48WM*'6P1'K12148='0MM1WS=7'P8M'41C:>25i19'6P86'56'9:1M'2:6'T4:3591'M;QQ5C5126'Q;2952>'Q:4'13147'1=5>5S=1'CP5=9'52'6P1'M6861'6:'866129'8'Q;==[987'D52914>84612'T4:>48WE''<:Y14M'$458='$4E'VVBVf?B[VVBBf@g'&E%E#E'ZZHH[AH[??OENb?cb8cb"-c'z'b?cbScE'
NE' $P1'#6861'8TT4:T45865:2'Q:4'D52914>84612'52'6P1'MCP::='Q5282C1'Q:4W;=8'5M'ENF':Q'8'Q;==[65W1'M6;9126E''<:Y14M'$458='$4E'VVNAfV[?G*'VVBBfN[FE'
VE' "2'HGGF*'6P1'K12148='0MM1WS=7'M16'Q:46P'52'M686;61'8'MCP19;=1'Q:4'52C418M52>'6P1'822;8='8TT4:T45865:2'Q:4'Q;==[987'D52914>84612'18CP'7184';265='HG?A[?@E''$P86'MCP19;=1'P8M'2:6'S112'Q:==:Y19E''<:Y14M'$458='$4E'VVBBfO[?Vg'&E%E#E'ZHH[N@[?A?bVcE'
BE' L;==[987'D52914>84612'5M';21312=7'T4:35919'52'&:=:489:E''$P1'#6861`M'W:M6'41C126'829'C:WT41P12M531'M;4317':Q'95M645C6M'41>84952>'Q;==[987'D52914>84612'Q:;29'6P86'Q:467[:21'T14C126':Q'D52914>84612'CP5=9412'52'6P1'M6861'Y141'86612952>'Q;==[987'T4:>48WME''(2=7'H*@N@':Q'6P1'HN*H@?'CP5=9412'52'Q;==[987'D52914>84612'T4:>48WM*':4'OEBo*'Y141'Q;==7'Q;2919'S7'6P1'#6861E''$P1'41M6'Y141'Q;2919'S7'8'C:WS52865:2':Q'M6861'Q;2952>*'6;565:2*'$56=1'?'Q;29M*':4'>12148='Q;29ME''0W:2>'6P1'6Y1267[:21'U=85265QQ'#CP::='!5M645C6M'829'6P1'Q531'899565:28='95M645C6M'YP141'"295359;8='U=85265QQM'41M591*'M:W1':QQ1419'Q;==[987'D52914>84612'6:'8=='CP5=9412'829'W827'959'2:6E''#:W1'95M645C6M*'M;CP'8M'<:;=914*'J:QQ86*'829'U;1S=:'BG*'P89'=1MM'6P82'6Y1267[Q531'T14C126':Q'D52914>84612'M6;9126M'52'Q;==[987'T4:>48WME''/8CD':Q'Q8C5=5651M'829'6P1'C:M6M':Q'899565:28='M68QQ'Y141'C5619'8M'2119ME''0=='95M645C6M':QQ1452>'Q;=='987'D52914>84612'5295C8619':21'P;29419'T14C126'T8465C5T865:2E''!5M645C6'C:WW126M'5295C8619'82';2914M682952>':Q'6P1'38=;1':Q'Q;==[987'D52914>84612'Q:4'M6;9126'8CP5131W126E''#:W1'5295C8619'6P86':6P14'8MT1C6M':Q'6P1'95M645C6`M'19;C865:2'T4:>48W'M;QQ1419'S1C8;M1'6P1'95M645C6'8==:C8619'Q;29M'Q:4'Q;==[987'D52914>84612E''02:6P14'41C;4452>'W1MM8>1'Y8M'6P86'95M645C6M'Y:447'Q4:W'7184'6:'7184'YP16P14'6P17'Y5=='S1'8S=1'6:'W8526852'6P154'Q;==[987'D52914>84612'T4:>48WME''+_E'NNG@'86'?B[?Fg'+_E'B*'L;==[!87'k52914>84612'UP8M1["2'U=82'%1T:46*'L1S4;847'HGGF*'86'&!+'V?NH@*'V?NHO[V?NA@g'+_E'?G*@N@*'&P846'Y56P'HGGB[GF'L;2919'k52914>84612'+24:==W126'Q:4'#1=1C619'!5M645C6M'b68D12'Q4:W'0TT1295_'0':Q'+_E'Bcg'<842166'$458='$4E'A?@?f?G[A?@AfHAg'<:Y14M'$458='$4E'VVBBf?B[VVBFfHNE'
' BV
FE' JME'<:Y14M'S1=5131M'CP5=9412'52'&:=:489:'MP:;=9'P831'6P1':TT:46;2567'6:'866129'Q;==[987'D52914>84612'T4:>48WM'5Q'6P154'Q8W5=51M'M:'CP::M1E''<:Y14M'$458='$4E'VVBVf?A[?VE'
OE' $P141'5M'M64:2>'135912C1'6P86'MW8=='C=8MM'M5i1'W86614M'M5>25Q5C826=7'Q:4'6P1'1QQ1C653121MM':Q'D52914>84612'829'6P86'MW8==14'D52914>84612'C=8MM'M5i1'P8M'8'T8465C;=84=7'=84>1'1QQ1C6'Q:4'95M8938268>19'M6;9126ME''U45:4'6:'6P1'HGGF[GO'MCP::='7184*'YP12'M6861'T41MCP::='Q;29M'C:;=9'S1';M19'Q:4'Q;==[987'D52914>84612*'C=8MM'M5i1'Y8M'=5W5619'6:'6Y1267'CP5=9412E'',:Y'6P86'Q;==[987'D52914>84612'5M'M1T84861=7'Q;2919'829'T41MCP::='Q;29M'C822:6'S1';M19'Q:4'D52914>84612*'6P141'5M'2:'=5W56':2'C=8MM'M5i1E''+_E'NNG@'86'?B[?Fg'<842166'$458='$4E'A?@@fH?[A?@Nf?Fg'<:Y14M'$458='$4E'VVBOf?[?Ng'+_E'AGGAG*'&:=:489:'U41MCP::='z'k52914>84612'U4:>48W'HGGF'/1>5M=86531'%1T:46*'86'&!+'VBOGE'
?GE' &!+'=1>5M=86531'41T:46M'T45:4'6:'HGGO'C:26852'41M;=6M'6P86'91W:2M64861'Q;==[987'D52914>84612'52'&:=:489:'P8M'T:M56531'1QQ1C6M':2'MCP::='M;CC1MME''+_E'NNG@'86'?Fg'+_EAGGAH*'&:=:489:'U41MCP::='U4:>48W'HGGV'/1>5M=86531'%1T:46*'86'&!+'VBVAE
F. Early Childhood Conclusions and Recommendations
?E' !4E'<842166`M'1_T146':T525:2'5M'6P86'899565:28='5231M6W126M'52'52612M531*'P5>P'\;8=567'T41MCP::='19;C865:2'829'Q;==[987'D52914>84612'C:;=9'W8D1'8'M5>25Q5C826'C:2645S;65:2'6:Y849'C=:M52>'6P1'=84>1'19;C865:28='8CP5131W126'829'866852W126'b5E1E*'>489;865:2'829'94:T[:;6c'>8TM'52'&:=:489:E''+_E'NNG@'86'?g'<842166'$458='$4E'AGB?f?[?HE'
HE' "6'5M'126541=7'T:MM5S=1'6:'C=:M1'Q:467'6:'Q5Q67'T14C126':Q'6P1'8CP5131W126'>8TM'Q:4'95M8938268>19'D59M'52'&:=:489:'S7'M14352>'W:41'D59M'52'6P1'&:=:489:'U41MCP::='U4:>48W'829'5WT4:352>'6P1'\;8=567':Q'6P1'T4:>48W'S7'5231M652>'W:41'41M:;4C1M'52'56E''<842166'$458='$4E'A?@FfF[?NE'
AE' $P1'C:M6M':Q'MCP::='Q85=;41'52'&:=:489:'841'612'65W1M'W:41'1_T12M531'6P82'YP86'56'Y:;=9'C:M6'6:'89941MM'6P1'T4:S=1W':2'6P1'Q4:26'129'Y56P'P5>P'\;8=567'T41MCP::='829'Q;==[987'D52914>84612'T4:>48WM'Q:4'8=='1=5>5S=1'CP5=9412E''<842166'$458='$4E'A?@Ff?V[HNE'
@E' $P1'T41MCP::='7184M'841'6P1'C4;C58='7184M'Q:4'=82>;8>1'=184252>'829'9131=:TW126E''"Q'6P:M1'7184M'T8MM'S7'Y56P:;6'M;SM682658='5231M6W126'52'95M8938268>19'CP5=9412*'56'5M'3147'P849'6:'C=:M1'6P1'>8TM'=8614E''<842166'$458='$4E'A?VBfF[HNE'
NE' 0CC1MM'6:'T41MCP::='5M'21C1MM847'Q:4'86[45MD'D59M'52'&:=:489:'6:'>16'82'891\;861'19;C865:2E'',13146P1=1MM*'6P1'#6861'5M'2:6'T4:35952>'M;QQ5C5126'Q;2952>'Q:4'8=='1=5>5S=1'CP5=9412'6:'866129'&:=:489:'U41MCP::='U4:>48WE''"Q'6P141'Y141'899565:28='M6861'Q;2952>'Q:4'T41MCP::=*'W:41'CP5=9412'Y:;=9'S1'8S=1'6:'S1'M14319'52'6P1'&:=:489:'U41MCP::='U4:>48WE''<:Y14M'$458='$4E'VVFNfB[HGE'
VE' L;==[987'D52914>84612'5M'21C1MM847'Q:4'86[45MD'CP5=9412'52'&:=:489:'6:'>16'82'891\;861'19;C865:2E'',13146P1=1MM*'6P1'#6861'5M'2:6'T4:35952>'M;QQ5C5126'Q;2952>'Q:4'95M645C6M'6:'T4:3591'Q;==[987'D52914>84612'6:'8=='8>1[1=5>5S=1'M6;9126ME''$P1'W:M6'41C126'9868'5M'6P86':2=7'M5_67[Q:;4'T14C126':Q'D52914>84612'M6;9126M'52'&:=:489:'841'52'Q;==[987'T4:>48WME''"Q'6P141'Y141'899565:28='M6861'Q;2952>'Q:4'Q;==[987'D52914>84612*'W:41'CP5=9412'Y:;=9'S1'8S=1'6:'S1'M14319'52'Q;==[987'T4:>48WME''<:Y14M'$458='$4E'VVFNfH?[VVFVf?NE'
' BB
BE' !4E'<842166'W891'8'2;WS14':Q'41C:WW129865:2M'Q:4'5WT4:352>'6P1'MCP::='4189521MM'829'M;CC1MM':Q'&:=:489:`M'CP5=9412E''$P1M1'41C:WW129865:2M'52C=;91':QQ1452>'52612M531'P5>P[\;8=567'T41MCP::='19;C865:2'829'Q;==[987'D52914>84612'6:'8=='CP5=9412*'485M52>'M6829849M'Q:4'618CP14M'829'618CP14'8MM5M6826'\;8=5Q5C865:2M'829'=5W5652>'C=8MM'M5i1'52'D52914>84612*'5WT=1W12652>'8'M64:2>'C:2652;:;M'5WT4:31W126'T4:C1MM'Q:4'T41MCP::='19;C865:2*'8MM1MM52>'829'41W:352>'S844514M'6:'T8465C5T865:2'52'T41MCP::=*'829'M;TT:4652>'C:WT41P12M531'41Q:4WM'6:'89R;M6'k[?H'19;C865:2'6:'W8_5W5i1'T4:>41MM'S;5=6';T:2'6P1'=184252>'829'9131=:TW126'>852M'T4:35919'S7'W:41'Y591MT4189'829'1QQ1C6531'184=7'CP5=9P::9'T4:>48WME''+_E'NNG@'86'H*'?F[H?g'<842166'$458='$4E'A?AVf?G[A?AFf?GE'
XIIE' SPECIAL STUDENT POPULATIONSf''SPECIAL EDUCATION'
A. Plaintiffs’ Witnesses'
' ?E' /;C5298'I;29=17'Y8M'6P1'0MM5M6826'#;T14526129126':Q'#6;9126'#;TT:46'#1435C1M'86'/566=16:2'U;S=5C'#CP::=M'Q:4'1=1312'7184ME''"2'6P86'4:=1*'MP1'Y8M'6P1'9541C6:4':Q'MT1C58='19;C865:2'829':314M8Y'6P1'8=614286531'19;C865:2*'>5Q619'829'68=12619*'+2>=5MP'=82>;8>1'=184214*'P18=6P'M1435C1M*'64;82C7'5261431265:2*'P:W1S:;29'M1435C1M*'#1C65:2'NG@*'829'M6;9126'95MC5T=521'T4:>48WM'829'M1435C1ME''FeOe??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'/;C5298'I;29=17'b]I;29=17'$458='$4E^c'?O?@fHH[?O?Nf?H*'?O?Vf?A[HH*'?O?VfHA[?O?Of@g'+_E'V?G?*'&;445C;=;W'-5681':Q'/;C5298'I;29=17E'
' HE' JME'I;29=17'P8M'S112'8'W1WS14':Q'6P1'#6861'!541C6:4M'/18914MP5T'$18W*'#T1C58='+9;C865:2'!541C6:4M'&:2M:465;W*'#T1C58='+9;C865:2'L5MC8='0935M:47'&:WW56611*'829'K:3142:4'%56614`M'U[HG'&:;2C5=E''I;29=17'$458='$4E'?OHGf?H[?OH?fHg'+_E'V?G?E'
' AE' JME'I;29=17'5M'8M'82'1_T146'52'MT1C58='19;C865:2'52'&:=:489:E''I;29=17'$458='$4E'?OH@f?N[HGE'
' @E' !4E'J84>8416'JC/8;>P=52'P8M'S112'8'T4:Q1MM:4'52'MT1C58='19;C865:2'86'6P1')25314M567':Q'J847=829'M52C1'?OFHE''#P1'8=M:'M1431M'8M'6P1'0MM:C5861'!182'Q:4'%1M184CP'829'K489861'+9;C865:2'52'6P1'&:==1>1':Q'+9;C865:2'829'5M'6P1'0MM:C5861'!541C6:4':Q'6P1'"2M656;61'Q:4'6P1'#6;97':Q'+_C1T65:28='&P5=9412'829'.:;6P'86'6P1')25314M567':Q'J847=829E''FeOe??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'!4E'J84>8416'JC/8;>P=52'b]JC/8;>P=52'$458='$4E^c'HGHFfH?[HGHOf?Ag'+_E'NBGH*'&;445C;=;W'-5681':Q'J84>8416'JC/8;>P=52E'
' NE' !4E'JC/8;>P=52`M'41M184CP'Q:C;M'5M'MT1C58='19;C865:2'T:=5C7*'Y56P'82'1WTP8M5M':2'P:Y'MT1C58='19;C865:2'526148C6M'Y56P'>12148='19;C865:2'41Q:4WM*'M;CP'8M'M6829849M*'8MM1MMW126*'8CC:;268S5=567*'>:314282C1'41Q:4WM*'829'Q5282C1'41Q:4WME''#P1'P8M'M14319'8M'8'C:2M;=6826':2'8'2;WS14':Q'MT1C58='19;C865:2'C:M6'M6;951M'86'6P1'M6861'829'2865:28='=131=ME''JC/8;>P=52'$458='$4E'HGHOf?V[HGAGfNE'
' VE' !4E'JC/8;>P=52'5M'8'2865:28='1_T146'52'MT1C58='19;C865:2'Q5282C1'829'T:=5C7E''JC/8;>P=52'$458='$4E'HGABfB[?HE'
' BE' %8297'kE'<:714'P8M'M14319'8M'6P1'+_1C;6531'!541C6:4'829e:4'#T1C58='+9;C865:2'!541C6:4':Q'6P1'#82'X;82'<:849':Q'&::T1486531'#1435C1M'b<(&+#c'M52C1'HGGHE''<1Q:41'W:352>'6:'&:=:489:'52'HGGH*'J4E'<:714'Y:4D19'Q:4'6Y1267[15>P6'7184M'52'8'=84>1';4S82'045i:28'MCP::='95M645C6'52'T:M565:2M'52C=;952>'MT1C58='19;C865:2'618CP14*'MT1C58='19;C865:2'T4:>48W'M;T1435M:4*'
' BF
9541C6:4':Q'MT1C58='19;C865:2*'829'P5>P'MCP::='T452C5T8=E''+_E'VBGG*'&;445C;=;W'-5681':Q'%8297'kE'<:714E'
' FE' J4E'<:714'P8M'S112'8'W1WS14':Q'6P1'&:=:489:'+9;C865:28='!868'0935M:47'&:WW56611*'6P1'&:=:489:'#T1C58='+9;C865:2'L5MC8='0935M:47'&:WW56611*'6P1'&:=:489:'&:2M:465;W':Q'#T1C58='+9;C865:2'!541C6:4M*'829'6P1'&:=:489:'&:WW5MM5:214`M'#;T14526129126'0935M:47'&:;2C5=E''+_E'VBGGE'
B. Background'
?E' #T1C58='19;C865:2'41Q14M'6:'6P1'T4:C1MM'S7'YP5CP'8'CP5=9'5M'591265Q519'8M'P8352>'8'95M8S5=567'8CC:4952>'6:'T41MC45S19'1=5>5S5=567'C4561458*'P5M':4'P14'19;C865:28='2119M'841'91614W5219*'829'8'T4:>48W':Q'MT1C58==7'91M5>219'52M64;C65:2'829'41=8619'M1435C1M'C8==19'82'"295359;8=5i19'+9;C865:2'U4:>48W'b"+Uc'5M'9131=:T19'M:'6P86'P1':4'MP1'C82'41C1531'19;C865:28='S121Q56E''I;29=17'$458='$4E'?OH@fH?[?OANfO*'?OHOf?[?@g'FeA?e??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'!4E'+9Y849'#6152S14>'b]#6152S14>'$458='$4E^c'VH?HfN[HNE'
' HE' $P1'Q19148='"295359;8=M'Y56P'!5M8S5=5651M'+9;C865:2'0C6'b"!+0c'829'&:=:489:`M'MT1C58='19;C865:2'=8Y*'+_C1T65:28='&P5=9412`M'+9;C865:28='0C6'b+&+0c*'41\;541'MCP::='95M645C6M'6:'T4:3591'MT1C58='19;C865:2'T4:>48WM'6:'8=='CP5=9412'Y56P'95M8S5=5651M'52'6P1'M6861E''#65T;=8619'L8C6M'l?NE'
' AE' &:=:489:'P8M'8=5>219'+&+0'Y56P'"!+0E''+31476P52>'41\;5419'52'Q19148='MT1C58='19;C865:2'=8Y'5M'8=M:'41\;5419'52'M6861'MT1C58='19;C865:2'=8YE''$P141'841'8'Q1Y'52M682C1M'52'YP5CP'&:=:489:`M'MT1C58='19;C865:2'=8Y'1_C119M'Q19148='=8Y*'M;CP'8M'6P1'41\;541W126'6P86'6482M565:2'M1435C1M'S1>52'86'8>1'Q5Q6112'486P14'6P82'M5_6112E''"Q'"!+0'Y141'41T18=19*'&:=:489:'Y:;=9'M65=='P831'82'526141M6'52'8MM;452>'6P86'M6;9126M'Y56P'95M8S5=5651M'841'T4:35919'8TT4:T45861'19;C865:28='M1435C1M'C8=C;=8619'6:'=189'6:'19;C865:28='S121Q56E''&P5=9412'Y56P'95M8S5=5651M'841'12656=19'6:'6P1'M8W1'45>P6M'829'T4:61C65:2M';2914'&:=:489:`M'C:2M656;65:2'8M'8==':6P14'CP5=9412'52'6P1'#6861E''I;29=17'$458='$4E'?OHNf?V[H@*'?OHVf?B[?OHBfO*'?OHBf?B[HG*'HGHNfHA[HGHVf@g'#6152S14>'$458='$4E'VHGBfH[H@E'
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' NE' &:=:489:'591265Q51M'829'M1431M'Q1Y14'M6;9126M'Y56P'95M8S5=5651M'6P82'8=W:M6'827':6P14'M6861'52'6P1'C:;2647E''$P1'T14C126':Q'M6;9126M'6P86'P8M'S112'591265Q519'Y56P'95M8S5=5651M'52'&:=:489:'T;S=5C'MCP::=M'5M'?GEHo'C:WT8419'6:'8'2865:28='83148>1':Q'?AEAoE''+_E'?G*G@N*'#T452>'HG?G'+!L8C6M'#6861'U4:Q5=1x&:=:489:*'86'?g'JC/8;>P=52'$458='$4E'H?GVfO[HHg'#6152S14>'$458='$4E'VHVBf?V[HHE'
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' FG
C. Special Education Funding'''
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' HAE' "+U'618WM'52'&:=:489:':T14861'Y56P52'6P1'Q48W1Y:4D':Q'YP86'6P17'P831E''!;1'6:'=5W5619'Q;2952>'Q:4'MT1C58='19;C865:2*'6P17'841'Q:4C19'6:'Y4561'"+UM'S8M19':2'YP86'6P17'D2:Y'6P17'C82'T4:3591'486P14'6P82'YP86'6P1'CP5=9'2119ME''$P5M'T48C65C1'5M'D2:Y2'8M']4865:252>^':Q'M1435C1ME''L:4'1_8WT=1*'5Q'82'"+U'618W'D2:YM'56'P8M'6Y:'Q;=='65W1'MT1C58='19;C865:2'1WT=:711M'52'
' F@
8'S;5=952>':Q'OGG'CP5=9412*'56'5M';2=5D1=7'6:'>531'8'CP5=9':21[6:[:21'5261431265:2'Q:4'827'T145:9':Q'65W1'91MT561'P5M':4'P14'2119M*'S1C8;M1'56'9:1M'2:6'P831'6P1'M68QQ'6:'T4:3591'6P1'M1435C1E''JC/8;>P=52'$458='$4E'HGBNfH[HGBFf@g'<:714'!1T:E'$4E'?AAf?G[H@E'
' H@E' L:4'1_8WT=1*'h::9=52'#CP::='!5M645C6'W;M6'Y4561'"+UM'S8M19':2'6P1'8W:;26':Q'65W1'56'P8M'Y56P'M1435C1'T4:35914M'486P14'6P82':2'6P1'M6;9126M`'2119ME''0'M6;9126'W87'2119'MT11CP'6P148T7'13147'987*'S;6'6P1'95M645C6'C82':2=7':QQ14'56':2C1'8'Y11DE''$P1'"+U'Q:4'6P86'M6;9126'Y5=='C:2M1\;126=7'S1'Y456612'6:'T4:3591'MT11CP':21'65W1'T14'Y11DE''$P1'"+U'T4:C1MM'6P141Q:41'S1C:W1M'8'\;1M65:2':Q'P:Y'C82'6P1'95M645C6'W116'6P5M'M6;9126`M'2119M'Y56P'6P1'41M:;4C1M'56'P8ME''NeHe??'!1T:M565:2'$1M65W:27':Q'%:M1'&4:2D'b]&4:2D'!1T:E'$4E^c'OBfF[OOf?A*'H@HfHN[H@Af?B*'HVFfO[HVOfVE'
' HNE' !4E'#6152S14>'8>411M'95M645C6M'C:;=9'S121Q56'Q4:W'899565:28='Q;2952>'Q:4'MT1C58='19;C865:2E''#6152S14>'$458='$4E'VHVVfHN[VHVBfAE'
D. Achievement of Students with Disabilities'
?E' $P1'2119M':Q'8=='M6;9126M'Y56P'95M8S5=5651M'841'2:6'C;44126=7'S152>'W16'52'&:=:489:E''$P1'8CP5131W126'=131=M':Q'6P1M1'M6;9126M'5295C861'6P17'841'2156P14'>4:Y52>'2:4'41C15352>'19;C865:2'S121Q56E''"2'Q8C6*'>4:Y6P'Q:4'&:=:489:'M6;9126M'Y56P'95M8S5=5651M'Y8M'8C6;8==7'21>86531'Q4:W'HGG@[GF*'YP1418M':6P14'M6861M'M8Y'T:M56531'>4:Y6P'52'6P1'T4:Q5C512C7':Q'M6;9126M'Y56P'95M8S5=5651ME''I;29=17'$458='$4E'?OFVf?@[?B*'HG?VfHG[HG?BfAg'JC/8;>P=52'$458='$4E'GFBfN[HGFFf@*'H?GBf?@[H?GFfB*'H??Gf?[?@E'
' HE' $P1'#6861'!541C6:4':Q'#T1C58='+9;C865:2*'!4E'#6152S14>*'61M65Q519'P1'5M'C:2C14219'8S:;6'6P1'8CP5131W126':Q'M6;9126M'Y56P'95M8S5=5651M'52'&:=:489:*'8M'Y1=='8M'>489;865:2'4861M*'94:T:;6'4861M*'829'T:M6'M1C:29847':;6C:W1M'Q:4'M6;9126M'Y56P'95M8S5=5651ME''#6152S14>'$458='$4E'VHGOf?G[H@*'VH@Gf?G[?A*'VH@?f?A[?VE'
' AE' 0CP5131W126'52'418952>'829'W86P'Q:4'M6;9126M'Y56P'95M8S5=5651M'P8M'41W85219'Q=86'Q:4'7184M'829'5M'M684652>'6:'91C=521E''#6152S14>'$458='$4E'VHANf?F[HN*'VH@Gf?@[HGE'
' @E' !4E'#6152S14>'8=M:'P8M'C:2C142M'8S:;6'6P1'T14C126':Q'95M645C6M'W11652>'0.U'684>16M'Q:4'M6;9126M'Y56P'95M8S5=5651ME''#6152S14>'$458='$4E'VH@?fO[??E'
' NE' $P141'5M'8'P;>1'8CP5131W126'>8T'52'&:=:489:'S16Y112'CP5=9412'Y56P'"+UM'829'CP5=9412'Y56P:;6'"+UM'6P86'5M'Y591252>'486P14'6P82'C=:M52>E''$P1'>8TM'841'6P1'Y591M6'8W:2>'8==':Q'6P1'95M8>>41>8619'M;S[>4:;TME''K5312'6P86'W:M6'M6;9126M'Y56P'95M8S5=5651M'P831'83148>1'5261==1C6;8='8S5=567*'8M'Y591'82'8CP5131W126'>8T'MP:;=9'2:6'1_5M6E''JC/8;>P=52'$458='$4E'HGFBfN[HGFFf@*'H?G@fHH[H?GVfF*'H?GFf?@[H?GOfHNg'+_E'?G*G@N'86'?g'#6152S14>'$458='$4E'VH@?fH@[VH@Hf?GE'
' VE' $P1'8CP5131W126':Q'M6;9126M'Y56P'95M8S5=5651M'52'/566=16:2'5M'Q=86E''0CP5131W126'C:;=9'S1'5WT4:319'Y56P'W:41'41M:;4C1M'Q:4'1WS19919'M68QQ'9131=:TW126*':2>:52>'C:8CP52>*'829':2>:52>'W126:452>'Q:4'>12148='829'MT1C58='19;C865:2'M68QQ'Y:4D52>'Y56P'D59M'Y56P'95M8S5=5651ME''I;29=17'$458='$4E'?OFOf?[?OOGfVE'
' FN
' BE' $P1'W8R:4567':Q'M6;9126M'Y56P'95M8S5=5651M'841'52C=;919'52'>12148='19;C865:2'M16652>M*'YP5CP'!4E'#6152S14>'S1=5131M'841*'S7'829'=84>1*'2:6'W18252>Q;=':4'1QQ1C6531'S1C8;M1'>12148='19;C865:2'618CP14M'841'2:6'M;QQ5C5126=7'6485219'52'P:Y'6:'W116'6P1'2119M':Q'M6;9126M'Y56P'95M8S5=5651M'52'6P154'C=8MM4::WM':4'P:Y'6:'95QQ141265861'52M64;C65:2E''$P17'41=7'T45W845=7':2';26485219'T848T4:Q1MM5:28=M'6:'M;TT:46'6P1'M6;9126M'Y56P'95M8S5=5651M'52'6P154'C=8MM1ME''0'C:[618CP52>'W:91='Y:;=9'S1'W:41'1QQ1C6531'829'1QQ5C5126'5Q'9:21'Y1==E''#6152S14>'$458='$4E'VHN@f??[VHNNf?@E'''
' FE' !4E'#6152S14>'S1=5131M'MT1C58='19;C865:2'618CP14M'9:'2:6'P831'6P1'6485252>'829'MD5==M'41\;5419'6:'91=5314'\;8=567'418952>'829'W86P'52M64;C65:2'6:'M6;9126M'Y56P'95M8S5=5651ME''I1'S1=5131M'6P1'8CP5131W126':Q'M6;9126'Y56P'95M8S5=5651M'Y:;=9'52C418M1'Y56P'=56148C7'C:8CP1M'52'18CP'95M645C6*'W:41':21[6:[:21'>4:;T'829'MW8=='>4:;T'41W1958='6;6:452>*'829'W:41'52[M1435C1'T4:Q1MM5:28='9131=:TW126'Q:C;M19':2'6P1'MC512C1':Q'418952>'829'W86P'52M64;C65:2E''#6152S14>'$458='$4E'VH@Hf?O[VH@AfHHE'
' OE' $P141'841'8'2;WS14':Q'41M184CP[S8M19'5261431265:2M'6P86'P831'S112'MP:Y2'6:'P831'=84>1'1QQ1C6M':2'6P1'8CP5131W126':Q'M6;9126M'Y56P'95M8S5=5651ME''$P1M1'5261431265:2M'2119'6:'S1'5WT=1W12619'52'MW8=='>4:;T'M16652>M':4':21[6:[:21*'YP5CP'5M'41M:;4C1'52612M531E''JC/8;>P=52'$458='$4E'H??Gf?N[H??AfVE'
E. State and District Compliance with IDEA Requirements
' ?E' $P1'#6861'W;M6'W:256:4'6P1'5WT=1W126865:2':Q'U846'<':Q'"!+0E''$P1'T45W847'Q:C;M':Q'6P1'#6861`M'W:256:452>'8C6535651M'W;M6'S1':2f''b?c'5WT4:352>'19;C865:28='41M;=6M'829'Q;2C65:28=':;6C:W1M'Q:4'8=='CP5=9412'Y56P'95M8S5=5651Mg'829'bHc'12M;452>'6P86'MCP::='95M645C6M'W116'"!+0'T4:>48W'41\;541W126M*'Y56P'8'T8465C;=84'1WTP8M5M':2'6P:M1'41\;541W126M'6P86'841'W:M6'C=:M1=7'41=8619'6:'5WT4:352>'19;C865:28='41M;=6M'Q:4'CP5=9412'Y56P'95M8S5=5651ME''A@'&L%'ZZAGGEVGGb8cg'AGGEVGGbScE'
' HE' +3147'M5_'7184M*'6P1'#6861'5M'41\;5419'6:'M;SW56'8'#6861'U14Q:4W82C1'U=82'b#UUc'6:'6P1'Q19148='(QQ5C1':Q'#T1C58='+9;C865:2'U4:>48WM'b(#+Uc*'52'YP5CP'56'138=;861M'56M'1QQ:46M'6:'5WT=1W126'6P1'41\;541W126M':Q'"!+0'829'91MC45S1M'P:Y'6P1'#6861'Y5=='5WT4:31'5WT=1W126865:2E''A@'&L%'ZAGGEVG?b8cE'
' AE' +8CP'7184*'6P1'#6861'W;M6'5MM;1'82'022;8='U14Q:4W82C1'%1T:46'b0U%c':2'6Y1267'MT1C5Q5C'5295C86:4M*'52C=;952>'>489;865:2'829'94:T:;6'4861M*'T14Q:4W82C1':2'M6861Y591'8MM1MMW126M*'T41MCP::=':;6C:W1M*'T:M6'MCP::=':;6C:W1M*'829'M1C:29847'6482M565:2E''+_E'?G*@NO*'02'"264:9;C65:2'6:'6P1'#6861'U14Q:4W82C1'U=82e022;8='U14Q:4W82C1'%1T:46*'86'&!+'NNNBB[NNNBFg'JC/8;>P=52'$458='$4E'HGFFfHH[HGO@f?Og'#6152S14>'$458='$4E'VHGFf??[H?E'
' @E' $P141'841'2:'2865:28='M6829849M'Q:4'6P1'6Y1267'5295C86:4ME''+8CP'M6861'9131=:TM'56M':Y2'684>16M'Q:4'6P1'5295C86:4ME''"2'&:=:489:`M'W:M6'41C126';T9861'6:'56M'#6861'U14Q:4W82C1'U=82*'6P1'#6861'=:Y1419'56M'8CP5131W126'684>16M'Q:4'W86P'829'418952>'T4:Q5C512C7'Q:4'M6;9126M'Y56P'95M8S5=5651M'S1C8;M1'1_8W52865:2':Q'64129'9868'MP:Y19'T14Q:4W82C1':Q'6P1M1'M6;9126M'P8M'S112'91C=5252>E''$P1'#6861'8=M:'=:Y1419'56M'684>16'Q:4'6P1'T14C126':Q'95M645C6M'W11652>'6P1'#6861`M'0.U':SR1C6531M'Q:4'6P1'M;S[>4:;T':Q'M6;9126M'Y56P'95M8S5=5651M'Q4:W'6Y1267[2521'6:'6Y1267[6P411'T14C126E''%86P14'6P82'W8526852'6P1'684>16M'829'T4:3591'W:41'41M:;4C1M'Q:4'52M64;C65:28='M;TT:46'
' FV
829'5261431265:2M'6:'52C418M1'6P1'>4:Y6P'4861':Q'M6;9126M'Y56P'95M8S5=5651M*'6P1'#6861'=:Y1419'56M'1_T1C6865:2M'Q:4'6P1M1'M6;9126M*'82'8C65:2'!4E'#6152S14>'5M'2:6'1_C5619':4'T4:;9'8S:;6E''+_E'N?GV*'&:=:489:'LL.'HGGN[HG?G'#6861'U14Q:4W82C1'U=82'Q:4'#T1C58='+9;C865:2*')T98619'0T45='?F*'HG??*'86'HV[HBg'JC/8;>P=52'$458='$4E'HGONf@[HGOOf?Ng'#6152S14>'$458='$4E'VH@?f?B[HHE'
' NE' J827':Q'6P1'U=85265QQ'#CP::='!5M645C6M'841'2:6'W11652>'M6861'684>16M'Q:4'CP5=9412'Y56P'95M8S5=5651M'52'8'2;WS14':Q'8418M*'52C=;952>'>489;865:2'829'94:T:;6'4861M*'8CP5131W126':2'M6861'8MM1MMW126M*'T841268='523:=31W126*'184=7'CP5=9P::9'6482M565:2*'T41MCP::='829'T:M6[M1C:29847':;6C:W1ME''L:4'1_8WT=1*'6P1'>489;865:2'4861'Q:4'M6;9126M'Y56P'95M8S5=5651M'52'0;4:48'52'HGGO[?G'Y8M'HNE@Ao'C:WT8419'6:'6P1'M6861'684>16':Q'VAoE''$P1'T4:Q5C512C7'4861':2'418952>'8MM1MMW126M'52'0;4:48'6P86'7184'Y8M'ANE@@o'C:WT8419'6:'6P1'M6861'684>16':Q'NOo'86'6P86'65W1E''$P1'T4:Q5C512C7'4861':2'W86P'8MM1MMW126M'Y8M'ANEVHo'C:WT8419'6:'8'684>16':Q'NAENoE''+_E'?G*?FF*'09W525M6486531')256'#6861'U14Q:4W82C1'U=82'"295C86:4M'HGGO[?G*'86'N[Fg'JC/8;>P=52'$458='$4E'HGOOf?V[H?G@fOE'
' VE' $P1'52C418M19'Q:C;M':2'C:WT=582C1'S7'6P1'Q19148='>:3142W126'829'6P1'#6861'68D1M'41M:;4C1M'8Y87'Q4:W'95M645C6M`'8S5=567'6:'W116'M6;9126M`'2119ME''099565:28='41M:;4C1M'Y:;=9'128S=1'95M645C6M'6:'T;4CP8M1'9868'C:==1C65:2'M7M61WM'829'64852'W:41'M68QQ'6:'C:==1C6'829'W828>1'9868E''J:41'5WT:46826=7*'56'Y:;=9'Q411';T'=:C8='41M:;4C1M'6:'C41861'21C1MM847'T4:>48WM'6:'89941MM'6P1'19;C865:28='2119M'829':;6C:W1M':Q'CP5=9412'Y56P'95M8S5=5651ME''I;29=17'$458='$4E'?OBHf?A[?OBAfVE'
' BE' $P1')25619'#6861M'!1T846W126':Q'+9;C865:2*'(QQ5C1':Q'#T1C58='+9;C865:2'U4:>48WM'b(#+Uc'W:256:4M'&:=:489:`M'C:WT=582C1'Y56P'6P1'"295359;8=M'Y56P'!5M8S5=5651M'+9;C865:2'0C6E''+3147'7184*'(#+U'W8D1M'8'91614W52865:2'8S:;6'&:=:489:`M'C:WT=582C1'Y56P'6P1'41\;541W126M':Q'"!+0'S8M19':2'6P1'6:68=567':Q'6P1'#6861`M'9868'52'56M'#6861'U14Q:4W82C1'U=82'829'022;8='U14Q:4W82C1'%1T:46*';M52>'6P1'C861>:451M'J116M'%1\;541W126M*',119M'0MM5M682C1*',119M'"261431265:2*'829',119M'#;SM682658='"261431265:2E''&:441MT:2952>=7*'6P1'#6861'W8D1M'91614W52865:2M'8S:;6'6P1'Q5Q67[15>P6'0)M'52'&:=:489:';M52>'6P1'M8W1'Q:;4'C861>:451ME''#6152S14>'$458='$4E'VH?GfV[?O*'VH@NfA[?@*'VH@BfF[??*'VH@OfF[?AE'
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v'HG?G'829'HG??'v'&:=:489:'P8M'S112'52'6P1'],119M'0MM5M682C1^'C861>:47E''#6152S14>'$458='$4E'VH?GfHG[VH??fN*'VH@Bf?[VH@OfBg'+_E'OO*'Ve?NeGB'/16614'Q4:W'(#+U'6:'&:WW5MM5:214'X:21Mg'+_E'?GG*'VeNeGF'/16614'Q4:W'(#+U'6:'&:WW5MM5:214'X:21Mg'+_E'?GH*'Ve?eGO'/16614'Q4:W'(#+U'6:'&:WW5MM5:214'X:21Mg'+_E'OF*'VeAe?G'/16614'Q4:W'(#+U'6:'&:WW5MM5:214'X:21Mg'+_E'?G*HGH*'VeHGe??'/16614'Q4:W'(#+U'6:'&:WW5MM5:214'I8WW:29E'
' OE' "2'HGGB[GF*':Q'6P1'Q5Q67[M1312'&:=:489:'0)M*'6Y1267'Y141'52'6P1'],11919'0MM5M682C1^'C861>:47'829'612'41C15319'8'91614W52865:2':Q'],119M'"261431265:2^E''#6152S14>'$458='$4E'VH@Of?@[?Fg'+_E'OV*'/:C8='"!+0'!1614W52865:2ME'
' FB
F. Response to Intervention'
?E' %1MT:2M1'6:'"261431265:2'b%$"c'5M'8'651419'W:91=':Q'5261431265:2'91M5>219'6:'8MM5M6'M6;9126M'YP:'841'MP:Y52>'M5>2M':Q'8C891W5C'95QQ5C;=67'S1Q:41'6P17'841'591265Q519'Q:4'MT1C58='19;C865:2E''$P1'S8M5C'19;C865:28='T4:>48W'5M'C8==19'6P1';25314M8='=131=':4'$514'?'829'5M'91M5>219'6:'W116'6P1'2119M':Q'8TT4:_5W861=7'15>P67'T14C126':Q'M6;9126ME''$7T5C8==7*'Q5Q67'T14C126':Q'M6;9126M'2119'M:W1'=131=':Q'5261431265:2'52'>12148='19;C865:2'6P86'5M'MP:46[614W'829'684>1619'6:'6P154'MT1C5Q5C'2119M*'YP5CP'5M'C8==19'$514'HE''0S:;6'Q531'T14C126':Q'D59M'2119'W:41'52612M531'829'1_T12M531'684>1619'5261431265:2'86'6P1'$514'A'=131=E''I;29=17'$458='$4E'?OO?f?A[?OOHfOg'Fe@e??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'&726P58'#61312M:2'b]#61312M:2'$458='$4E^c'??GOfA[HAE''See also JC/8;>P=52'$458='$4E'HGFHf?B[HGFNfOE'
' HE' %$"'5M'41\;5419'52'&:=:489:'T45:4'6:'591265Q752>'8'CP5=9'Y56P'8'MT1C5Q5C'=184252>'95M8S5=567E''"6'5M'M64:2>=7'41C:WW12919'S7'&!+'Q:4'8==':6P14'M6;9126ME''I;29=17'$458='$4E'?OOHf?G[?OOAf?g'#6152S14>'$458='$4E'VHAAf?[NE'
' AE' #5>25Q5C826'41M:;4C1M'841'211919'6:'1QQ1C6531=7'5WT=1W126'82'%$"'W:91=E''%$"'8MM;W1M'6P86'8=='>12148='19;C865:2'618CP14M'C82'W116'6P1'2119M':Q'15>P67'T14C126':Q'6P1'M6;9126M*'YP5CP'5M':Q612'2:6'6P1'C8M1E''U4:Q1MM5:28='9131=:TW126'5M'211919'6:'>531'>12148='19;C865:2'618CP14M'6P1'6::=M'6:'95QQ141265861'52M64;C65:2'6:'W116'6P1'95314M1'=184252>'M67=1M'829'2119M':Q'15>P67'T14C126':Q'M6;9126ME''U4:Q1MM5:28='9131=:TW126':2'C:2652;8='T4:>41MM'W:256:452>'5M'8=M:'211919E''$P1'%$"'W:91='8=M:'8MM;W1M'6P86'95M645C6M'P831'591265Q519'829'T;4CP8M19'41M184CP[S8M19'5261431265:2M'829'P831'M;QQ5C5126'M68QQ'6485219'6:'91=5314'6P:M1'5261431265:2M'86'6P1'$514'H'829'$514'A'=131=ME''"2'/566=16:2*'$514'H'829'A'5261431265:2M'841'S152>'5WT=1W12619'S7'MT1C58='19;C865:2'M68QQ':2'6:T':Q'6P154'MT1C58='19;C865:2'C8M1=:89M'S1C8;M1'8==':Q'6P1'95M645C6`M'5261431265:25M6M'P831'S112'C;6E''!5M645C6M'41C1531'=566=1'6:'2:'Q5282C58='M;TT:46'Q4:W'6P1'#6861'6:'5WT=1W126'%$"'W:91=ME''I;29=17'$458='$4E'?OO@f?@[?OONfVg'JC/8;>P=52'$458='$4E'HGFNf?G[HGFVfNg'#6152S14>'$458='$4E'VHNVf?H[?Ng'+_E'@FGG'86'H?E'
' @E' !4E'#6152S14>`M'S1=51Q'6P86'%$"'Y5=='S1'C:M6'21;648=':4'41M;=6'52'C:M6'M8352>M'Q:4'95M645C6M':314'65W1'5M'P7T:6P165C8='829'2:6'>4:;2919'52'827'9868E''&!+'P8M'2:6'9:21'82'828=7M5M':4'1_8W5219'MCP::='95M645C6'S;9>16M'6:'91614W521'6P1'C:M6':Q'%$"'5WT=1W126865:2'8C4:MM'6P1'M6861E''#6152S14>'$458='$4E'VHANf??[?B*'VHNNf?N[VHNVf?*'VHBVf?F[HAE''
G. Personnel Shortages
' ?E' "2'&:=:489:'829'8C4:MM'6P1'C:;2647*'6P141'5M'8'M5>25Q5C826'MP:468>1':Q'MT1C58='19;C865:2'829'41=8619'M1435C1M'T4:35914M*'M;CP'8M'MT11CP'829'=82>;8>1'T86P:=:>5M6M*':CC;T865:28='6P148T5M6M*'829'918Q'829'P849':Q'P18452>'52614T41614ME''$P1'MP:468>1M'P831'52C418M19'M52C1'HGGB'829'841'T8465C;=84=7'8C;61'52'4;48='8418ME''$P1'MP:468>1M'1_5M6*'52'T846*'S1C8;M1':Q'C:WT16565:2'6P86'95M645C6M'Q8C1'Y56P'P:MT568=M'829'T453861'C=525CM'6P86'841':Q612'8S=1'6:'T87'P5>P14'M8=8451ME''0=W:M6'8==':Q'6P1'1QQ1C6531'M64861>51M'6:'89941MM'T14M:221='MP:468>1M*'M;CP'8M'=:82'Q:4>53121MM'T4:>48WM*'95QQ14126'M8=847'MCP19;=1M*'829'P5452>'S:2;M1M*'41\;541'899565:28='41M:;4C1ME''I;29=17'$458='$4E'?OBNf?@[?OBVf?Hg'#6152S14>'$458='$4E'VHH?fO[VHHHfN*'VHHAfHH[VHH@fHG*'VHVGf@[?A*'VHVHfA[Vg'<:714'!1T:E'$4E'AHfN[?V*'?GVf?F[?GBfA*'?A@fV[?ABf??g'+_E'@FGG'86'H?E'
' FF
' HE' $18CP14'4161265:2'5M'8=M:'8'S5>'5MM;1'Y56P'41MT1C6'6:'MT1C58='19;C865:2'618CP14ME''#T1C58='19;C865:2'618CP14M'841'=18352>'6P1'Q51=9'6:'>:'526:':6P14'8418M':4'T4:Q1MM5:2ME''!4E'#6152S14>'S1=5131M'6P86'5Q'MT1C58='19;C865:2'618CP14M'41C15319'W:41'6485252>'829'T4:Q1MM5:28='9131=:TW126*'6P17'W5>P6'S1'W:41'52C=5219'6:'M687'52'6P1'Q51=9E''#6152S14>'$458='$4E'VHV?f@[?OE'
' AE' &!+'T84621419'Y56P'6P1'&:=:489:'<(&+#'0MM:C5865:2'6:'Q:4W'8'68MD'Q:4C1'CP84>19'Y56P'=::D52>'86'9868':2'MT1C58='19;C865:2'T14M:221='MP:468>1M'829'9131=:T52>'41C:WW129865:2M'6:'89941MM'MP:468>1ME''$P1'D17'41C:WW129865:2':Q'6P1'68MD'Q:4C1'Y8M'52C418M19'Q;2952>'Q:4'=:82'Q:4>53121MM'T4:>48WM*'YP5CP'P8M'2:6'S112'5WT=1W12619E''#6152S14>'$458='$4E'VHH@f?H[VHHNfH*'VHVAfB[?Bg'+_E'N???*'#T1C58='+9;C865:2'$18CP14'#P:468>1M'52'&:=:489:*'0'%:89'J8T'6:'+=5W528652>'6P1'#P:468>1*'X;=7'HO*'HG?G*'86'&!+'?G@*AVGE'
H. Charter Schools
&P84614'MCP::=M'P831'6P1'M8W1':S=5>865:2M'8M'6489565:28='T;S=5C'MCP::=M'6:'M1431'M6;9126M'Y56P'95M8S5=5651M*'S;6'6129'6:'M1431':2=7'W5=9=7'95M8S=19'CP5=9412*'=18352>'95M645C6M'6:'M1431'6P1'D59M'Y56P'W:41'T4:Q:;29'95M8S5=5651ME''&P84614'MCP::=M'6P86'89W56'M6;9126M'Y56P'95M8S5=5651M'M:W165W1M']C:;2M1=^'6P1W':;6':Q'6P1'CP84614'MCP::='YP12'6P154'Q;=='2119M'S1C:W1'D2:Y2*'M;>>1M652>'6P17'Y:;=9'S1'S16614'M14319'52'8'6489565:28='MCP::=E''$P5M'5MM;1'P8M'1_5M619'Q:4'7184M'829'C:2652;1M'6:987E''I;29=17'$458='$4E'?OBVfH@[?OBFf?Vg'#6152S14>'$458='$4E'VHNVf?V[VHNBfA*'VHNOf?H[VHVGfAE'''
I. CDE Support'
&!+'41T:4619'6:'(#+U'52'HGGF'6P86'6P141'Y141'M13148='S844514M'5WT1952>'6P1'#6861`M'8S5=567'6:'C:441C6'2:2[C:WT=582C1'Y56P'"!+0'52'8'65W1=7'W82214*'52C=;952>'9868'C:==1C65:2*'M68QQ*'65W1*'829'41M:;4C1ME''#52C1'6P12*'6P1'!1T846W126'P8M'2:6'P5419'827'21Y'M68QQ'52'6P1'MT1C58='19;C865:2'91T846W126E''"6'959*'P:Y1314*'41:4>825i1'56M'M68QQ'6:'Q:C;M'W:41':2'W:256:452>'6P82'61CP25C8='8MM5M682C1E''0M'8'41M;=6*'&!+'P8M'2:6'S112'8S=1'6:'T;6'M;QQ5C5126'Q:C;M':2'M6;9126'8CP5131W126E''I;29=17'$458='$4E'?OOVfF[?Fg'#6152S14>'$458='$4E'VHNAf?[HNE'
J. Other Special Needs Issues'
?E' $P141'5M'52M;QQ5C5126'M6861'Q;2952>'6:'891\;861=7'T=82'Q:4'829'W116'6P1'2119M':Q'CP5=9412'Y56P'M5>25Q5C826'P18=6P'2119M*'M;CP'8M'CP5=9412'Y56P'R;3125=1'958S161M':4'M13141'8==14>51ME''$P1M1'CP5=9412'841'41\;5419'S7'=8Y'6:'P831'8'P18=6P'C841'T=82'Y456612'S7'8'2;4M1E''$P1'2;4M1'5M'41\;5419'6:'C:2M;=6'Y56P'6P1'CP5=9`M'TP7M5C582*'591265Q7'P5M':4'P14'P18=6P'2119M*'829'91614W521'P:Y'6P:M1'2119M'841'>:52>'6:'S1'89941MM19'52'MCP::=E''/566=16:2'P8M'=1MM'6P82'Q:;4'Q;==[65W1'2;4M1M'Q:4'?N*NGG'M6;9126M*'OGG':Q'YP:W'P831'P18=6P'C841'T=82ME''+8CP'2;4M1'5M'8MM5>219'6:'Q531'6:'M5_'MCP::=ME''I;29=17'$458='$4E'?O?Ff?@[?FE'
' HE' &P5=9412'Y56P'95M8S5=5651M'6P86'5WT8C6'8'W8R:4'=5Q1'8C653567*'M;CP'8M'18652>*'Y8=D52>*'S4186P52>*':4'=184252>*'841'12656=19'6:'8CC:WW:9865:2M';2914'#1C65:2'NG@':Q'6P1'%1P8S5=56865:2'0C6':Q'?OB@'b#1C65:2'NG@cE''$P1'#6861'T4:3591M'2:'Q;2952>'M6418W'6:'95M645C6M'Q:4'6485252>*'9131=:TW126*'5WT=1W126865:2*':4'W:256:452>':Q'#1C65:2'NG@'T=82ME''0M'8'41M;=6*'95M645C6M'W;M6'Y4561'6P1'T=82M'84:;29'8CC:WW:9865:2M'829'W:95Q5C865:2M'6:'8'CP5=9`M'19;C865:28='T4:>48W'486P14'6P82'84:;29'9541C6'M1435C1M'6:'6P1'CP5=9E''I;29=17'$458='$4E'?OOOf@[HGGGf?BE'
' FO
' AE' $P141'5M'52M;QQ5C5126'M6861'Q;2952>'Q:4'8=614286531'19;C865:2'T4:>48WM'829'M1435C1M'Q:4'M6;9126M'Y56P'95MC5T=521'T4:S=1WME''!5M645C6M'841'41\;5419'6:'19;C861'M6;9126M'6P86'P831'S112'1_T1==19E''$P1M1'M6;9126M'841'S1M6'M14319'52'8=614286531'M16652>M'8M':TT:M19'6:'6489565:28='MCP::=ME''$P1'#6861'T4:3591M'2:'Q;2952>'M6418W'Q:4'M;CP'M1435C1M*'41\;5452>'95M645C6M'6:'Q;29'6P1W'6P4:;>P'>4826'W:217':4'6P154'>12148='Q;29E''L:4'1_8WT=1*'/566=16:2'P8M'8'%19541C65:2'U4:>48W'6P86'8661WT6M'6:'D11T'M6;9126M'86[45MD':Q'1_T;=M5:2':2'648CDE''hP12'6P1'>4826'Q:4'6P86'T4:>48W'482':;6*'6P1'95M645C6'P89'6:'485M1'C=8MM'M5i1M'86'56M'C:WT41P12M531'MCP::=M'52':4914'6:'M68QQ'56M'8=614286531'19;C865:2'T4:>48WME''I;29=17'$458='$4E'HGGGf?F[HGGHfAE'
XIIIE' SPECIAL STUDENT POPULATIONSf''GIFTED AND TALENTED
EDUCATION'
A. Background'
' ?E' K5Q619'829'68=12619'bK$c'19;C865:2'5M'6P1'52M64;C65:2':Q'M6;9126M'YP:M1'8S5=5651M*'1_C1T65:28=5651M*'829'T:612658='841'M:':;6M682952>'6P86'6P17'41\;541'MT1C58='T4:35M5:2M'Y56P52'6P1'T;S=5C'k[?H'M7M61W*'M;CP'8M'95QQ14126'52M64;C65:2*'T4:>48WW52>*'829'8661265:2'6:'6P154'M:C58='829'1W:65:28='2119ME''&E%E#E'ZHH[HG[HGHbVcg'FeA?e??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'X8C\;1=52'J19528'b]XE'J19528'$458='$4E^c'VHFOf?H[HG*'VA?AfF[??g'#6152S14>'$458='$4E'VHHFf?G[H?E'
' HE' &:=:489:'89W525M6486531';256M'M1431':314'NV*GGG'K$'M6;9126M'52'&:=:489:'T;S=5C'MCP::=M*'41T41M12652>'8S:;6'M5_'T14C126':Q'6P1'M6;9126'T:T;=865:2E''+_E'?G*?B@*')2914M682952>'&:=:489:'#CP::='L5282C1'829'&861>:45C8='U4:>48W'L;2952>*'X;=7'HG??*'86'?AE'
' AE' $P141'8'2;WS14':Q'M6861'W829861M'84:;29'K$'19;C865:2E''09W525M6486531';256M'841'41\;5419'6:'591265Q7'829'M1431'>5Q619'M6;9126ME''$P17'W;M6'9131=:T'829'M;SW56'8'T4:>48W'T=82'6P86'91MC45S1M'P:Y'6P17'841'91=531452>'>5Q619'19;C865:2'829'C:26852M'>:8=M'Q:4'5WT4:31W126E''02'89382C19'=184252>'T=82'b0/Uc'W;M6'S1'9131=:T19'Q:4'13147'M6;9126'591265Q519'8M'K$E''XE'J19528'$458='$4E'VHFOfH?[VHOGf?Ag'#6152S14>'$458='$4E'VHHFfHH[VHHOfVg'Fe?He??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'!4E'I:==7'I;=6>412'b]I;=6>412'$458='$4E^c'HNFVf@[?OE'
B. Gifted and Talented Funding
' ?E' K5Q619'19;C865:2'>16M'82'822;8='8==:C865:2'Q4:W'6P1'=1>5M=86;41*'YP5CP'5M'95M645S;619'6:'0)M'S8M19':2'8'Q:4W;=8'6P86'5M'2:6'Y456612'52'M6861'=8Y':4'41>;=865:2E''"2'Q5MC8='7184'HGGO[?G*'6:68='M6861'C861>:45C8='Q;2952>'Q:4'MCP::='95M645C6'K$'T4:>48WM'Y8M'8TT4:_5W861=7'nO'W5==5:2*':4'n?NG'T14'M6;9126E''#65T;=8619'L8C6M'l?Bg'XE'J19528'$458='$4E'VAGGf?F[VAG?fN*'VAGHf?V[HAE'''
' HE' "2'HGGF[GO*'?BEFo':Q'6:68='K$'1_T12956;41M'Y141'Q;2919'S7'6P1'#6861*'F?o'S7'=:C8='41312;1*'829'?EHo'S7'6P1'Q19148='>:3142W126E''XE'J19528'$458='$4E'VA?VfHH[VA?BfB*'VAHGf?V[HHg'+_E'@?GB*'K5Q619'829'$8=12619'#6;9126'+9;C865:2'L;29M'L.'HGGO'bHGGF[HGGOc'+29[:Q[.184'%1T:46*'86'NE'
' AE' 0)M';M19'6:'S1'41\;5419'6:'W86CP'6P1'M6861'Q;2952>'6P17'41\;1M619'Q:4'K$'19;C865:2E''$P86'41\;541W126'Y8M'41C126=7'41W:319E''h56P'6P1'1=5W52865:2':Q'6P1'W86CP52>'41\;541W126*'Q;2952>'Q:4'K$'19;C865:2'91C418M19'S7'M5_'W5==5:2'9:==84M'52'HG?G[??E''XE'J19528'$458='$4E'VAG@f?B[VAGNf@g'+_E'N??H*'L.'HGGO'K[+9'0==:C865:2E'''''
' OG
' @E' #6861'Q;2952>'Q:4'K$'M6;9126M'5M'2:6'S8M19':2'6P1'8C6;8='C:M6':Q'K$'T4:>48WME''X8C\;1=52'J19528*'6P1'#6861'!541C6:4':Q'K5Q619'829'$8=12619'+9;C865:2*'S1=5131M'56'5M'5WT:46826'6:'\;8265Q7'6P1'C:M6':Q'82'891\;861'19;C865:2'Q:4'K$'M6;9126ME''XE'J19528'$458='$4E'VA?Bf?O[VA?FfNE'
' NE' $P1'T4:35M5:2':Q'>5Q619'19;C865:2'P8M'M5>25Q5C826'41M:;4C1'5WT=5C865:2ME''L:4'618CP14M'6:'T4:3591'891\;861'M1435C1M'6:'K$'M6;9126M*'6P17'2119'6:'S1'6485219'52'P:Y'6:'9131=:T'829'898T6'C;445C;=;WE''$18CP14M'8=M:'2119'6485252>*'899565:28='C=8MM4::W'65W1*'829'W861458=M'6:'T4:3591'95QQ1412658619'52M64;C65:2'6:'K$'M6;9126ME''I;=6>412'$458='$4E'HV?GfH[HNE'
' VE' #6861'Q;2952>'Q:4'>5Q619'829'68=12619'19;C865:2'W87':2=7'S1';M19'Q:4'M8=8451M':Q'=5C12M19*'129:4M19'618CP14M'YP:'Y:4D'Y56P'>5Q619'829'68=12619'M6;9126ME''"6'C822:6'S1';M19'Q:4'6;6:4M*'618CP14`M'8591M*':4';2=5C12M19'618CP14M'YP:'67T5C8==7'8MM5M6'Y56P'8MM1MMW126*'0/U'T8T14Y:4D*'829'1245CPW126'8C6535651ME''I;=6>412'$458='$4E'HNFOfHN[HNO?fFE'
' BE' $P1'T4:35M5:2':Q'891\;861'>5Q619'829'68=12619'19;C865:2'52C=;91M'T4:>48WM'829'8C6535651M'MT1C5Q5C'6:'K$'M6;9126M`'M6412>6PME''$P1'#6861`M'K$'8==:C865:2'5M'52M;QQ5C5126'6:'T4:3591'6P1M1'67T1M':Q'M1435C1M'Q:4'K$'M6;9126ME''I;=6>412'$458='$4E'HNONfN[?A*'HNONfHH[HNOVf?G*'HV??f?[?AE'
' FE' JME'J19528'P8M'M68619'T;S=5C=7':2'W:41'6P82':21':CC8M5:2'6P86'MP1'S1=5131M'W:41'Q;2952>'Q:4'K$'19;C865:2'52'&:=:489:'5M'211919E''L:4'1_8WT=1*'MP1'P8M'41T:4619'6:'6P1'M6861'8935M:47'C:WW56611'Q:4'>5Q619'829'68=12619'19;C865:2'6P86'K$'19;C865:2'5M';2914Q;2919'86'S:6P'6P1'M6861'829'=:C8='=131=ME''XE'J19528'$458='$4E'VA?OfH@[VAHGfFg'+_E'?G*@OF*'HGGF[HGGO'#6861':Q'6P1'#6861M'52'K5Q619'+9;C865:2*'"WT8C6':Q'L:4C1M':2'!1=53147':Q'K5Q619'+9;C865:2'#1435C1M'v'&:=:489:`M'%1MT:2M1E'
' OE' JME'J19528'5M'2:6'8Y841':Q'827'95M645C6'52'6P1'M6861'6P86'5M'2:6';M52>'56M'K$'Q;29M'1QQ1C6531=7E''XE'J19528'$458='$4E'VA?BfF[??E'
C. Achievement of Gifted and Talented Students'
' ?E' $P1'M6861'8CC41956865:2'M7M61W'P:=9M'95M645C6M'8CC:;268S=1'Q:4'6P1'T14Q:4W82C1'829'>4:Y6P':Q'8=='M6;9126M*'52C=;952>'K$'M6;9126ME''K4:Y6P'Q:4'>5Q619'M6;9126M'M6861Y591'5M'Q=86'C:WT8419'6:':6P14'>4:;TME''J:41'T4:Q1MM5:28='9131=:TW126'829'C;445C;=;W'W861458=M'841'211919'6:'89941MM'6P1'8CP5131W126':Q'>5Q619'M6;9126ME''XE'J19528'$458='$4E'VA?HfA[H?E'
' HE' "2'T=8C1M'52'6P1'#6861'YP141'6P141'5M'C:WT41P12M531'K$'T4:>48WW52>*'6P141'5M'9868'6P86'MP:YM'M5>25Q5C826'8CP5131W126'>852M'Q:4'K$'M6;9126ME''&:WT41P12M531'K$'52M64;C65:2'8=M:'C82'S1'S121Q5C58='6:'6P1'126541'MCP::=*'2:6'R;M6'K$'M6;9126ME''#64:2>'T4:35M5:2':Q'K$'M1435C1M'C82'CP82>1'6P1'8C891W5C'C;=6;41':Q'6P1'MCP::='6:'T4:W:61'=184252>'Q:4'8=='M6;9126ME''XE'J19528'$458='$4E'VHOAfHG[VHO@f@g'I;=6>412'$458='$4E'HV?@f?[?GE'
' AE' $P141'841'K$'M6;9126M'52'&:=:489:'YP:'841'2:6'41C15352>'M;QQ5C5126'T4:>48WW52>'6:'418CP'6P154'T:612658='829'841'6P141Q:41'2:6'>16652>'82'891\;861'19;C865:2E''XE'J19528'$458='$4E'VA?AfH@[VA?@fHE'
' @E' $P1'Q85=;41'6:'591265Q7'829'891\;861=7'M1431'K$'M6;9126M'C:;=9'41M;=6'52';29148CP5131W126g'95M12>8>1W126'Q4:W'=184252>g'8'W825Q1M6865:2':Q'S1P835:48='T4:S=1WMg'
' O?
5WT8C6M':2'W::9*'91T41MM5:2*'829'M:C58=5i865:2*':4'94:T:;6E''XE'J19528'$458='$4E'VA?Af?H[HAg'I;=6>412'$458='$4E'HV??f?@[HV?HfOE'
D. Results of State Monitoring
' ?E' 0)M'52'&:=:489:'841'2:6'Q;==7'C:WT=752>'Y56P'6P1'#6861`M'>5Q619'829'68=12619'W829861M'829'41>;=865:2ME''$P1'#6861'C:29;C6M'8'T114'41351Y':Q'18CP'0)'8TT4:_5W861=7'13147'Q:;4'7184M'6:'8MM1MM'6P1'0)`M'T4:>41MM'52'W11652>'6P1'1=1W126M':Q'6P1'K$'M6861'T14Q:4W82C1'T=82E''(Q'6P1'6P5467[:21'0)M'6P86'P831'S112'41351Y19*':2=7'6P411'W16'M6861'M6829849M'Q:4'>5Q619'19;C865:2'8M'91Q5219'S7'M6861'41>;=865:2E''XE'J19528'$458='$4E'VA?GfH[F*'VA??f?[@*'VA??fH@[VA?HfHE'
' HE' 0)M'C822:6'Y8531':;6':Q'827':Q'6P1'W829861M'84:;29'>5Q619'829'68=12619'19;C865:2E''XE'J19528'$458='$4E'VAH?fB[?GE'
' AE' t;8=567'>5Q619'19;C865:2'41\;541M'Q;=='5WT=1W126865:2':Q'6P1'>:8=M'829'5295C86:4M'52'6P1'M6861'T14Q:4W82C1'T=82E''0)M'52'6P1'#6861'841'2:6'C;44126=7'W11652>'8==':Q'6P1'>:8=M'829'5295C86:4ME''L:4'1_8WT=1*'Q:;46112':;6':Q'Q5Q67[15>P6'0)M'959'2:6'W8D1'T4:>41MM'6:Y849M'6P154'=:C8==7'91614W5219'418952>'684>16ME''(2=7'VVo':Q'0)M'841'5WT=1W12652>'0/UM'Q:4'13147'>5Q619'M6;9126'91MT561'6P1'M6861'W829861'6P86'13147'>5Q619'M6;9126'P831'82'0/UE''XE'J19528'$458='$4E'VAGFfB[HA*'VAGOfF[VA?Gf?g'+_E'?OF*'&:=:489:'['K5Q619'+9;C865:2'%1351Yf'&[K+%*'0TT1295_'&*'86'&!+'N?FNV[N?FNOg'+_E'@?G@*'K5Q619'829'$8=12619'#6861'U14Q:4W82C1'U=82'L.'HGGO'bHGGF[HGGOc'%1M;=6M*'86'B*'AA*'AVE'
' @E' "6'5M'5WT:46826'Q:4'MCP::=M'6:'89941MM'6P1'M:C58=*'1W:65:28=*'829'S1P835:48='2119M':Q'>5Q619'M6;9126M*'YP5CP'841'D2:Y2'8M'8QQ1C6531'2119ME''$P1'8S5=567'6:'89941MM'M6;9126M`'8QQ1C6531'2119M'5M'82'8418':Q'Y18D21MM'52':;4'#6861E''XE'J19528'$458='$4E'VA?HfHH[VA?AfBE''
E. Personnel
' ?E' $P1'&:=:489:'K$'41>;=865:2M'1_T41MM'8'T41Q1412C1'6P86'41M:;4C1'618CP14M'829'618CP14M'52'MT1C58=5i19'C=8MM4::WM':Q'>5Q619'M6;9126M'S1'\;8=5Q519E'']t;8=5Q519'T14M:221=^'5M'91Q5219'52'6P1'41>;=865:2M'8M'82'19;C86:4'Y56P'82'129:4M1W126':4'89382C19'91>411'52'>5Q619'19;C865:2E''L1Y'19;C86:4M'52'&:=:489:'P831'82'129:4M1W126':4'P5>P14'91>411'52'>5Q619'19;C865:2E''XE'J19528'$458='$4E'VA?@fB[?N*'VA?NfV[Fg'+_E'@?GV*'HHHG[%[?HEGG*'K5Q619'829'$8=12619'#6;9126'U4:>48WW52>*'86'?HEG?b?Fc*'?HEGHb?cbQcb5cE'
' HE' "6'5M'5WT:46826'Q:4'>5Q619'M6;9126M'6:'S1'68;>P6'S7'618CP14M'YP:'P831'M:W1'6485252>':4'C:;4M1Y:4D'52'>5Q619'19;C865:2E''%1M184CP'MP:YM'6P86'618CP14M'Y56P'6485252>'52'>5Q619'19;C865:2'P831'8'P5>P14'8C891W5C'1QQ1C6':2'>5Q619'=184214'8CP5131W126'6P82':6P14'618CP14ME''"2'&:=:489:*'3147'Q1Y'618CP14M'C:W1':;6':Q'618CP14'19;C865:2'T4:>48WM'T41T8419'6:'Y:4D'Y56P'>5Q619'M6;9126ME''0'M6;9126'C:;=9'>489;861'Q4:W'8'618CP14'T41T84865:2'T4:>48W'52'6P5M'M6861'Y56P:;6'P8352>'41C15319'827'C:;4M1'C:26126'52'>5Q619'829'68=12619'19;C865:2E''XE'J19528'$458='$4E'VA?NfHA[VA?VfH?E'
' AE' J:41'T4:Q1MM5:28='9131=:TW126'5M'211919'52'>5Q619'829'68=12619'19;C865:2'6:'P1=T'618CP14M'95QQ141265861'52M64;C65:2*';2914M6829'6P1'8C891W5C*'M:C58='829'1W:65:28='2119M':Q'>5Q619'M6;9126M*'829'5WT8C6'M6;9126'8CP5131W126E''(2=7'6Y1267'T14C126':Q'>12148='19;C865:2'618CP14M'52'
' OH
&:=:489:'41C1531'822;8='T4:Q1MM5:28='9131=:TW126'52'>5Q619'829'68=12619'19;C865:2E''XE'J19528'$458='$4E'VAH@fH[?Hg'+_E'@??V*'HGGF[GO'#6861':Q'6P1'#6861M'52'K5Q619'+9;C865:2*',865:28='U:=5C7'829'U48C65C1'!868*'86'H@FE''
F. CDE Support
' $P1'K$';256'86'&!+'P8M':2=7':21'T14M:2*'X8C\;1=52'J19528*'YP:'5M'Q;2919'86'P8=Q'65W1'Q:4'>5Q619'829'68=12619'19;C865:2E''JME'J19528'Y:;=9'=5D1'W:41'41M:;4C1M'52':4914'6:'S16614'8CP5131'6P1'!1T846W126`M'>:8=M'Y56P'41MT1C6'6:'K6'19;C865:2E''XE'J19528'$458='$4E'VAGVfF[?V*'VAGVfHA[VAGBf?E'
XIVE' SPECIAL STUDENT POPULATIONSf''ENGLISH LANGUAGE LEARNERS'
A. Background
' ?E' $P1'614W']+2>=5MP'=82>;8>1'=184214^'b+//c'5M'82';WS41==8'614W'6P86'>12148==7'12C:WT8MM1M'6P411'M;S[C861>:451M':Q'M6;9126Mf'?c'2:2[+2>=5MP'T4:Q5C5126'M6;9126M'b,+Ucg'Hc'=5W5619[+2>=5MP'T4:Q5C5126'M6;9126M'b/+Ucg'829'Ac'Q;==7'+2>=5MP'T4:Q5C5126'M6;9126M'bL+Uc*'YP5CP'841'M6;9126M'YP:'Y141'Q:4W14=7'591265Q519'8M'+//M'S;6'YP:'P831'8C\;5419'Q=;126'+2>=5MP'T4:Q5C512C7'52'=5M61252>*'MT18D52>*'418952>*'829'Y45652>E''Fe?Fe??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'!4E'k86P7'+MC8W5==8'b]+MC8W5==8'$458='$4E^c'ABGNf@[?@g'FeAGe??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'!4E'<84S848'J19528'b]<E'J19528'$458='$4E^c'NOBGf?[?BE'
' HE' &:=:489:'P8M':314'?GG*GGG'b?Hoc'M6;9126M'52'>4891M'k[?H'YP:'841'=8S1=19'+2>=5MP'=82>;8>1'=184214M*'41T41M12652>':314'?V@'=82>;8>1ME''?NV':Q'6P1'?BF'MCP::='95M645C6M'52'&:=:489:'M1431'+//'M6;9126ME''$P1'+//'T:T;=865:2'52'&:=:489:'P8M'>4:Y2'S7'HNGo'M52C1'?OON'YP5=1'6P1':3148=='k[?H'T:T;=865:2'P8M'>4:Y2'S7':2=7'?HoE''#:W1'C:WW;25651M'52'&:=:489:'P831'P89':314'FGGo'>4:Y6P'52'6P154'+//'T:T;=865:2'52'6P1'=8M6'612':4'6Y1=31'7184ME''&:=:489:'5M':21':Q':2=7'6Y1=31'M6861M'6P86'P831'P89':314'HGGo'>4:Y6P'52'6P1'+//'M6;9126'T:T;=865:2'52'6P1'=8M6'91C891E''+_E'?N@*'K;591S::D':2'!1M5>252>*'!1=53147*'829'+38=;8652>'#1435C1M'Q:4'+2>=5MP'/184214M'b+//Mc*'86'&!+'FAAN?g'<E'J19528'$458='$4E'NOFVfH?[H@*'NOFBf?@[H?*'VGAHf?N[HH*'VGA@f?A[?VE'
' AE' +5>P67'T14C126':Q'6P1'+//'M6;9126M'52'6P1'M6861'841'C=8MM5Q519'8M'156P14',+U'b6P5467[M5_'T14C126c':4'/+U'bQ:467[Q:;4'T14C126cE''(2=7'Q:;46112'T14C126':Q'6P1M1'M6;9126M'841'21Y'6:'&:=:489:*'W18252>'6P1'38M6'W8R:4567':Q'+//'M6;9126M'52'M1C:29'>4891':4'P5>P14'P831'S112'52'6P1'MCP::='M7M61W'=:2>14'6P82'6Y:'7184ME''+_E'N@G?*'+_T146'%1T:46':Q'!4E'k86P7'+MC8W5==8*'86'BE'
' @E' $P141'5M'8'P5>P'C:441=865:2'S16Y112'M1C:29'=82>;8>1'=184214M'829'Q411':4'419;C19'=;2CP'M686;ME''"2'0;4:48'U;S=5C'#CP::=M*'Q:4'1_8WT=1*'M131267[Q531'T14C126':Q'+//M'841':2'6P1'Q411':4'419;C19'=;2CP'T4:>48WE''FeOe??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'!4E'/5M8'+MC84C1>8'b]+MC84C1>8'$458='$4E^c'?FVOfHH[?FBGfAE'
B. Legal Requirements Regarding English Language Learning
' ?E' $P1'&:=:489:'+2>=5MP'/82>;8>1'U4:Q5C512C7'0C6'b+/U0c'41\;541M'6P86'MCP::='95M645C6M'P831'8'T4:C1MM'52'T=8C1'Q:4'6P1'591265Q5C865:2':Q'+2>=5MP'=82>;8>1'=184214M';M52>'8'M6861'MC411214'61M6'829'8MM1MM'6P1'M6;9126M`'=131=':Q'+2>=5MP'T4:Q5C512C7E''!5M645C6M'W;M6'648CD'829'
' OA
C1465Q7'6P1'2;WS14'6:'6P1'#6861'Q:4'T;4T:M1M':Q'Q;2952>E''$P17'W;M6'8=M:'5WT=1W126'829'T4:3591'8'41M184CP[S8M19'T4:>48W'6:'M1431'+2>=5MP'=82>;8>1'=184214ME''!5M645C6M'841'8=M:'41\;5419'6:'8MM1MM'8==':Q'6P154'+//'M6;9126M'822;8==7';M52>'6P1'&:=:489:'+2>=5MP'/82>;8>1'0MM1MMW126*'41Q14419'6:'8M'&+/0T4:E''+MC84C1>8'$458='$4E'?FVNf?A[?FVVfOg'+MC8W5==8'$458='$4E'ABGBfN[?Bg'+_E'@H*'+2>=5MP'/82>;8>1'U4:Q5C512C7'0C6*'86'",-'?VAGE'
' HE' $56=1'"""':Q',&/<'41\;541M'6P86'=:C8='19;C865:28='8>12C51M'9131=:T'829'5WT=1W126'=82>;8>1'52M64;C65:28='T4:>48WM'Q:4'184=7'CP5=9P::9*'1=1W126847*'829'M1C:29847'MCP::='T4:>48WM'S8M19':2'W16P:9M'829'8TT4:8CP1M'6P86'841'MC51265Q5C8==7[41M184CP19'829'T4:312'6:'S1'6P1'S1M6'52'618CP52>'+//ME''0CC:4952>'6:',&/<*'S8M5C'1=1W126M'829'T4:>48WM'W;M6f'?c'12M;41'6P86'+//M'866852'+2>=5MP'T4:Q5C512C7*'9131=:T'P5>P'=131=M':Q'8C891W5C'C:26126'D2:Y=19>1*'829'W116'M6861'8CP5131W126'M6829849Mg'Hc'Q:C;M':2'6P1'9131=:TW126':Q'MD5==M'52'6P1'C:41'8C891W5C'M;SR1C6Mg'Ac'9131=:T'P5>P'\;8=567*'M6829849M'S8M19'=82>;8>1'T4:>48Wg'@c'Q:C;M':2'T4:Q1MM5:28='9131=:TW126'6P86'S;5=9M'C8T8C567'6:'T4:3591'P5>P'\;8=567'52M64;C65:28='T4:>48WM'Q:4'+//Mg'Nc'T4:W:61'T841268='829'C:WW;2567'T8465C5T865:2'52'=82>;8>1'52M64;C65:2'Q:4'6P1'T84126M':Q'+//Mg'Vc'1QQ1C6531=7'CP846'6P1'5WT4:31W126'52'+2>=5MP'T4:Q5C512C7'829'C:41'8C891W5C'C:26126'D2:Y=19>1':Q'+//Mg'829'Bc'C41861'1QQ1C6531'M64;C6;41M'Q:4'CP84652>'891\;861'7184=7'T4:>41MM'Q:4'+//ME''+_E'N@G?'86'Hg'+MC84C1>8'$458='$4E'?FVBfHG[?FVFfNE'
' AE' !5M645C6M'W;M6'W116'=82>;8>1'T4:Q5C512C7'684>16M'D2:Y2'8M'022;8='J18M;48S=1'0CP5131W126'(SR1C6531M'b0J0(c';2914'$56=1'"""E''#6;9126M'841'1_T1C619'6:'W:31'6P4:;>P'Q531'=131=M'52'8'M5_[7184'T145:9E''+MC84C1>8'$458='$4E'?FVVf?G[?@*'?FVBf?[?OE'
' @E' &:=:489:'9:1M'2:6'41\;541'MCP::='95M645C6M'6:'P541'618CP14M'YP:'841'C1465Q519'6:'618CP'+2>=5MP'=82>;8>1'=184214ME''&1465Q5C865:2'52'S5=52>;8='19;C865:2':4'+2>=5MP'8M'8'M1C:29'=82>;8>1'5M'5WT:46826'Q:4'618CP14M':Q'+//'M6;9126M'S1C8;M1'56'>531M'618CP14M'Q8W5=584567'Y56P'6P1'67T1M':Q'M6;9126M'6P17'Y5=='618CP'829'6P1'MD5==M'211919'6:'618CP'6P:M1'M6;9126ME''&:=:489:'P8M'HGHV'C1465Q519'+//'618CP14M'6:'M1431'?GG*GGG'+//'M6;9126M'52'6P1'M6861E''+MC8W5==8'$458='$4E'ABGBfHN[ABGFfB*'ABGOf?@[?Fg'<E'J19528'$458='$4E'NOOHfHA[NOOAf??*'VGFOf?G[?@*'VGFOfHN[VGOGfHNE'
' NE' 02'+//'T4:>48W'5M'82'1MM12658='T846':Q'8']6P:4:;>P'829';25Q:4W^'19;C865:2'M7M61WE''+//'T4:>48WM'841'S1C:W52>'52C418M52>=7'W:41'5WT:46826'S1C8;M1':Q'6P1'=84>1'2;WS14':Q'21Y'5WW5>4826M'C:W52>'6:':;4'M6861E''<E'J19528'$458='$4E'VGV?f?G[?@g'K84C58'$458='$4E'@NBAf?V[H?E'
CE' Research on Effective English Language Learning Programs'
' ?E' /184252>'8'M1C:29'=82>;8>1'5M'8'=:2>'829'C:WT=1_'T4:C1MME''%1M184CP'C=184=7'MP:YM'6P86'+2>=5MP'=82>;8>1'=184252>'T4:>48WM'C822:6'S1']MP:46[614W^':4']\;5CD'Q5_^'52'286;41E''"6'68D1M'+//M'S16Y112'Q:;4'6:'M1312'7184M'6:'Q;==7'9131=:T']8C891W5C'+2>=5MPE^''"6'5M'2:6'M5WT=7'12:;>P'6:'S1'C:WW;25C86531'52'+2>=5MPE''+2>=5MP'=82>;8>1'=184214M'2119'6:'D2:Y'P:Y'6:';M1'+2>=5MP'6:'=1842'829'8C\;541'6P1'D2:Y=19>1'829'MD5==M'41\;5419'Q:4'T:M6[M1C:29847'19;C865:2'829'Y:4DQ:4C1'4189521MME''+_E'N@G?'86'H[Ag'+MC84C1>8'$458='$4E'?FBFf?F[HNg'+MC8W5==8'$458='$4E'AB??fHN[AB?Hf?@*'AB?VfB[AB?Ff?g'+_E'?N@'86'?@E'
' O@
' HE' $P1'W:M6'1QQ1C6531'T4:>48WM'Q:4'+//M'841'6P:M1'6P86'W8D1';M1':Q'CP5=9412`M'286531'=82>;8>1M'52'6P1'52M64;C65:28='T4:>48W*'M;CP'8M'9;8='=82>;8>1'T4:>48WME''L531'41C126'W168[828=7M1M':Q'1QQ1C6531'T4:>48WM'Q:4'S5=52>;8='=184214M'P831'C:W1'6:'6P1'C:2C=;M5:2'6P86'618CP52>'CP5=9412'6:'4189'52'6P154'286531'=82>;8>1'12P82C1M'M;SM1\;126'8C\;5M565:2':Q'=56148C7'52'+2>=5MPE''+_E'N@G?'86'Hg'+MC8W5==8'$458='$4E'ABHHf?N[ABHAf?OE'
' AE' +QQ1C6531'T4:>48WM'Q:4'+//M'T4:3591'8CC1MM'6:'C:41'8C891W5C'M;SR1C6M'YP5=1'+//M'841'=184252>'+2>=5MP'829'8=M:'T4:3591'T4:Q1MM5:28='9131=:TW126'6:'618CP14M'M:'6P86'6P17'C82'T4:3591'P5>P'\;8=567'52M64;C65:2E''+_E'N@G?'86'Vg'+MC84C1>8'$458='$4E'?FBFfA[FE'
' @E' +QQ1C6531'T4:>48WM'W;M6'89941MM'6P1'C:>256531*'=52>;5M65C*'TM7CP:=:>5C8=*'1W:65:28=*'829'M:C58='2119M':Q'+//ME''$P17'W;M6'8=M:'52C=;91'T841268='523:=31W126'C:WT:2126M'829'P831'T4:C19;41M'Q:4'138=;8652>'T4:>48W'1QQ1C653121MME''$P17'W;M6'8=M:'P831'M18W=1MM'829'6P:4:;>P'T4:C1MM1M'Q:4'591265Q752>'M6;9126M*'8M'Y1=='8M'8'W16P:9'Q:4'W:256:452>'W:31W126'6:Y849'C:26126'829'=82>;8>1'T4:Q5C512C7'M6829849ME''+_E'N@G?'86'Ag'+MC84C1>8'$458='$4E'?FBBfHA[HN*'?FF?f?H[H?E'
D. English Language Learner Funding
' ?E' $P141'841'6P411'M:;4C1M':Q'Q;2952>'Q:4'+//M'52'899565:2'6:'6P1'41>;=84'T14'T;T5='1_T12956;41M'8385=8S=1'6:'8=='CP5=9412'52'6P1'M6861E''#;TT=1W1268='+//'Q;29M'52C=;91f'?c'+/U0'[['n?H*?H?*HGGg'Hc'$56=1'"""':Q',&/<'[['n??*H?@*FOHg'829'Ac'$56=1'"[&':Q',&/<*'YP5CP'C82':2=7'S1';M19'Q:4'W5>4826'M6;9126M'[['nN*BNA*G?FE''b$P141'841'V*AHA'+//M'52'&:=:489:'6P86'841':QQ5C58==7'C:;2619'8M'W5>4826'M6;9126MEc''$P5M'W182M'6P86'6P141'5M'8S:;6'nHO*GFO*??G':Q'M;TT=1W1268='Q19148='829'M6861'M;TT:46'Q:4'+//'T4:>48WM'829'M6;9126M'52'&:=:489:E''+_E'N@G?'86'N[Vg'+MC84C1>8'$458='$4E'?FBAf?@[?FB@fNg'<E'J19528'$458='$4E'NOBNfN[?AE'
' H' "Q':21'953591M'6P1'6:68='2;WS14':Q'M6861'+/U0'9:==84M'S7'6P1'2;WS14':Q',+U'829'/+U'M6;9126M'bO@*BNFc*'6P1'M6861'M;TT:46'=131='5M'8S:;6'n?HB'T14'M6;9126E''L;46P14*'5Q'6P1'126541'+//'T:T;=865:2':Q'??G*NGG'M6;9126M'b,+Up/+UpL+Uc'5M'52C=;919'52'6P1'2;WS14':Q'M6;9126M'41C15352>'+/U0'W:217*'6P12'6P1'T14'T;T5='M;TT:46'=131='94:TM'6:'8S:;6'n??G'T14'M6;9126E''&:WS5252>'6P1'M6861'829'Q19148='9:==84M'8385=8S=1'6:'M;TT:46'+//'M6;9126M'9:1M'2:6'948W865C8==7'5WT4:31'6P1'T5C6;41E''"Q':21':2=7'C:;26M'6P1',+Ue/+U'T:T;=865:2*'6P12'6P141'5M'8S:;6'nAGB'T14'T;T5=':Q'M;TT:46E''"Q':21'52C=;91M'6P1',+Ue/+UeL+U'M6;9126M'52'6P1'C:;26*'6P1'6:68='M;TT:46'Q8==M'6:'nHVA'T14'CP5=9E''+_E'N@G?'86'VE'
' AE' $56=1'"""'829'W5>4826'W:251M'841'W1826'6:'M;TT=1W126'S8M5C'T4:>48WM'Q:4'+//ME''$P1'Q;2952>'MP:;=9'2:6'M;TT=826'M1435C1M'829'T4:>48WM'6P86'6P1'#6861'5M'T4:35952>E''+_E'N@G?'86'VE'
' @E' "2'MP:46*'6P141'5M'52M;QQ5C5126'Q;2952>'52'&:=:489:'6:'T4:3591'6P1'67T1M':Q'1QQ1C6531'52M64;C65:28='829'M;TT:46'T4:>48WM'Q:4'+//M'W8298619'S7',&/<*'M;TT:4619'S7'41M184CP*'829'41C:WW12919'S7'&!+'52'56M':Y2'>;591S::D'M:'6P86'+//M'C82'W116'=82>;8>1'8C\;5M565:2'829'M6861'M6829849ME''#6861'Q;29M'S841=7'C:314'6P1'C:M6M':Q'89W525M61452>'6P1'&:=:489:'+2>=5MP'/82>;8>1'0MM1MMW126'b&+/0c'61M6E''+_E'N@G?'86'V[Bg'+MC84C1>8'$458='$4E'?OGVfN[?Vg'+MC8W5==8'$458='$4E'AB@GfH[HNg'<E'J19528'$458='$4E'VGFGf?G[?O*'VGFHf?N[HGE'
' ON
' NE' L:4'1_8WT=1*'6P1'#P1=61419'+2>=5MP'"2M64;C65:28='U4:6:C:='b#"(Uc'5M'8'T:T;=84'T4:Q1MM5:28='9131=:TW126'T4:>48W'Q:4'618CP14ME''$P1'#"(U'T4:6:C:='5M'8'T4:>48W'6:'P1=T'C:26126'8418'618CP14M'b1E>E'W86P*'MC512C1*'M:C58='M6;951Mc'618CP'+2>=5MP'829'C:26126'M;SR1C6M'M5W;=6821:;M=7E''"6'5M'W1826'6:'>531'M6;9126M'8CC1MM'6:'C:41'8C891W5C'C:26126'YP5=1'6P17'=1842'+2>=5MPE''$P1'#"(U'6485252>'T4:>48W'C:M6M'482>1'Q4:W'nHNG[nFGG'T14'618CP14*'2:6'52C=;952>'52M64;C65:28='W861458=ME''#"(U'5M':21':Q'6P1'=18M6'1_T12M531'6485252>'T4:>48WM':Q'56M'67T1E''+_E'N@G?'86'V[Bg'+MC8W5==8'$458='$4E'AB@Hf?H[AB@@f?@E'
' VE' #6861'+/U0'W:217'5M':2=7'8385=8S=1'6:'8'M6;9126'Q:4'6P1'Q54M6'6Y:'7184M'P1':4'MP1'5M'52'6P1'M6861'b2:6'6P1'95M645C6c*'YP5CP'5M'Q84'MP:46':Q'6P1'Q:;4'6:'M1312'7184M'6P86'41M184CP'P8M'1M68S=5MP19'Q:4'8C\;5M565:2':Q'Q;=='T4:Q5C512C7E''"6'5M'84S564847'829'544865:28='6:'T4:3591':2=7'6Y:'7184M':Q'Q;2952>'Q:4'+//'52M64;C65:2E''"6'5M'C=184'Q4:W'41M184CP'829'T48C65C1'6P86'+2>=5MP'=82>;8>1'=184214M'2119'899565:28='M;TT:46'829'M1435C1M'S17:29'6Y:'7184ME''+_E'N@G?'86'Hg'+MC84C1>8'$458='$4E'?FB@fF[?FBNfN*'?FOGf?H[HAg'+MC8W5==8'$458='$4E'AB?OfF[?Og'<E'J19528'$458='$4E'NOBNfH?[HA*'NOFNfA[H?*'VGF@fN[VGFNfH*'VGFNfHG[VGFBf?G*'V?GNf??[?@g'FeAGe??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'%:S146'#CP8QQ14'b]#CP8QQ14'$458='$4E^c'NOAHfA[?AE'
' BE' $P1'+_1C;6531'!541C6:4':Q'&!+`M'(QQ5C1':Q'/82>;8>1*'&;=6;41*'829'+\;567*'!4E'<848S48'J19528*'P8M'\;1M65:219'6P1'4865:28=567':Q'6P1'6Y:[7184'=5W56':2'+/U0'Q;2952>'829'893:C8619'Q:4'52C418M19'+/U0'Q;2952>*'T8465C;=84=7'52'=5>P6':Q'6P1'52C418M1'52'6P1'2;WS14':Q'+//'M6;9126M'52'6P1'M6861E''#P1'5M':Q612'6:=9'S7'MCP::='95M645C6M'6P86'+/U0'Q;2952>'5M'52M;QQ5C5126E''<E'J19528'$458='$4E'NOFHfHG[NOFAfHA*'NOFVfA[NOFBfH?*'NOOGf?O[NOO?f?FE'
' FE' +/U0'Q;2952>'5M'8385=8S=1':2=7'Q:4'>4891M'k[?HE''$P141'5M'C;44126=7'2:'M6861'Q;2952>'Q:4'+2>=5MP'=82>;8>1'=184214M'52'T41MCP::='T4:>48WM'8=6P:;>P'6P1'>41861M6'T14C1268>1':Q'+//M'b?Noc'841'52'T41MCP::='829'6P154'2;WS14M'P831'>4:Y2'Q4:W'8S:;6'?G*GGG'52'HGGB'6:':314'?@*GGG'52'HG?GE''+_E'N@G?'86'AE'
' OE' +/U0'Q;2952>'5M'2:6'S8M19':2'827'C:2M5914865:2':Q'8'M6;9126`M'S8CD>4:;29':4'19;C865:28='P5M6:47*'156P14'5295359;8==7':4'8M'8'>4:;T'52'8'MCP::=':4'95M645C6E''<E'J19528'$458='$4E'V?GFf?F[V?GOf?AE'
' ?GE' $P1'=131=':Q'Q;2952>'T4:35919'Q:4'+//M'52'&:=:489:'S184M'2:'41=865:2MP5T'6:'6P1'C:M6':Q'W11652>'6P1'M6829849M'829'41\;541W126M'W8298619'S7'6P1'#6861E''"2'Q8C6*'6P1'#6861'P8M'2:'52Q:4W865:2':2'6P1'6:68='C:M6M':Q'+//'T4:>48WM'52'&:=:489:E''+MC84C1>8'$458='$4E'?FOGfF[??g'<E'J19528'$458='$4E'VGFOfA[VE'
E. ELL Programs in Colorado
' ?E' $P1'W8R:4567':Q'T4:>48WM'Q:4'+//M'52'&:=:489:'841'684>1619'86'S1>52252>'=131='+//M'b,+Uc'Y56P'M:W1'M;TT:46'Q:4'52614W195861'+//M'b/+UcE''$P141'5M'=566=1'M;TT:46'52'6P1'Q:4W':Q'T4:>48WM*'P5>P=7'\;8=5Q519'618CP14M*':4'891\;861'8MM1MMW126'T48C65C1M'Q:4'+//M'86'6P1'W59[P5>P'52614W195861'=131=M'829'716'41M184CP'P8M'1M68S=5MP19'6P86'6P5M'5M'YP141'6P1'M6;9126M'2119'6P1'W:M6'M;TT:46E''"2614W195861'829'89382C19'+//'M6;9126M'841'M6;9126M'YP:'D2:Y'6P1'S8M5CM':Q'+2>=5MP*'S;6'P831'2:6'716'W8M61419'6P1'W:41'
C:WT=1_'M64;C6;41M':Q'+2>=5MP'52C=;952>'6P1'W;=65T=1'W18252>M':Q'Y:49M'91T12952>':2'C:261_6E''"2614W195861'+//M'M65=='M64;>>=52>'Y56P'8C\;5452>'6P1'W:41'C:WT=1_'8MT1C6M':Q'+2>=5MP'841'
' OV
899565:28==7'CP8==12>19'S7'C:41'8C891W5C'C:26126'6P86'5M'52C418M52>=7'W:41'95QQ5C;=6'8C4:MM'>4891'=131=ME''L:4'6P5M'418M:2*'6P1'41M184CP'5295C861M'6P86'52614W195861'+//'M6;9126M'b/+Uc'2119'6P1'W:M6'M;TT:46'52'6P154'MCP::='T4:>48WME''+_E'N@G?'86'B[Fg'+MC8W5==8'$458='$4E'AB@Nf?V[HHE'
' HE' +5>P67[M1312'T14C126':Q'+//M'52'&:=:489:'841'52'T4:>48WM'YP141'+2>=5MP'5M'6P1'M:=1'W195;W':Q'52M64;C65:2'Y56P'=566=1':4'2:'8C891W5C'M;TT:46'52'6P154'286531'=82>;8>1ME''$P141'841'3147'Q1Y'9;8='=82>;8>1'T4:>48WM'52'&:=:489:E''+_E'N@G?'86'Hg'+MC8W5==8'$458='$4E'ABAOfV[H?E'
' AE' "2'6P1'6Y1=31'7184M'6P86'U=85265QQM`'1_T146'!4E'+MC84C1>8'P8M'S112'Y:4D52>'Y56P'95M645C6M'8C4:MM'6P1'M6861':2'6P154'+2>=5MP'=82>;8>1'=184214'T4:>48WM*'MP1'P8M'2:6'P1849':Q'8'95M645C6'6P86'P8M'8'M;CC1MMQ;='+//'T4:>48W'6P86'5M'W11652>'56M'>:8=M*'52C=;952>'P14':Y2'95M645C6'b0;4:48cE''+MC84C1>8'$458='$4E'?FFVfF[?FFBfHE'
' @E' !5M645C6M'P831'6:'C:2M5914'8385=8S=1'41M:;4C1M'YP12'M1=1C652>'829'5WT=1W12652>'+2>=5MP'=82>;8>1'=184214'T4:>48WME''+//'T4:>48WM'52'6P1'M6861':Q612'Q85='S1C8;M1'19;C86:4M'P831'6::'Q1Y'41M:;4C1M'6:'8CC:WT=5MP'6P154'>:8=ME''<E'J19528'$458='$4E'VGVOf?V[VGBGfFE'''
F. Achievement of ELL Students
' ?E' +//'M6;9126M'841'P1=9'6:'6P1'M8W1'8C891W5C'M6829849M'8M':6P14'M6;9126ME''J:41:314*'MCP::=M'829'618CP14M'841'P1=9'8CC:;268S=1'Q:4'6P1'8CP5131W126':Q',+U'829'/+U'M6;9126M'52'6P1'M8W1'Y87M'6P86'6P17'841'P1=9'8CC:;268S=1'Q:4',86531'+2>=5MP'MT18D14ME''+_E'N@G?'86'Fg'+MC84C1>8'$458='$4E'?FVVf?G[HG*'?FBHf?H[?FBAf?g'+MC8W5==8'$458='$4E'AB?Nf?A[?F*'AF?GfHA[AF??f?E'
' HE' $P141'841'M5>25Q5C826'829'=84>1'8CP5131W126'>8TM'S16Y112'+//'M6;9126M'829'286531'+2>=5MP'MT18D14M'8C4:MM'8=='C:26126'8418M'6P86'6129'6:'Y5912'8M'M6;9126M'>16':=914E''+MC84C1>8'$458='$4E'?FFFf?O[H@g'+MC8W5==8'$458='$4E'AB@Nf?G[?NE'
' AE' $P1'=84>1M6'95MC41T82C51M'52'+//'8CP5131W126':2'�U'M6846'52'M5_6P'>4891'829'C:2652;1'6P4:;>P'6Y1=Q6P'>4891E''$P5M'5M'2:6'M;4T45M52>'8M'56'5M'52'6P1M1'>4891M'YP141'6P1'C:26126':Q'6P1'C;445C;=;W'5M'W:41'95QQ5C;=6'829'YP141'6P141'5M'=566=1'+/U0'W:217'8==:C8619E''+_E'N@G?'86'BE'
' @E' 06'8=='>4891'=131=M'829'52'8=='C:26126'8418M'61M619*'Q1Y14'6P82'612'T14C126':Q',+U'M6;9126M'MC:419'T4:Q5C5126':2'�U'52'418952>*'Y45652>*'829'W86P'52'HGGOE''$P1'>8TM'52'8CP5131W126'S16Y112',+U'829'8=='&:=:489:'M6;9126M'52C418M1'52'P5>P14'>4891ME''+_E'N@G?'86'F[O'z'$8S=1'?g'+MC8W5==8'$458='$4E'AB@VfF[AB@BfHE'
' NE' h56P'41>849'6:'418952>*'6P1'T14C126':Q'&:=:489:'M6;9126M'MC:452>'86'6P1'T4:Q5C5126'482>1'5M'Q854=7'M68S=1'8C4:MM'>4891'=131=ME''$P1'8CP5131W126':Q'/+U'M6;9126M'52'418952>'91C=521M'MP84T=7'8C4:MM'>4891'=131=M'829'52'W599=1'829'P5>P'MCP::='Q1Y14'6P82'6Y1267'T14C126':Q'/+U'M6;9126M'5M'T4:Q5C5126'52'418952>'86'827'>4891'=131=E''0CP5131W126'52'418952>'Q:4'/+UM'5M'86'8'P5>P'52'6P549'>4891'bQ:467[:21'T14C126c'829'M61895=7'91C418M1M'52'M;SM1\;126'>4891M'5295C8652>'3147'=:Y'=131=M':Q'8CP5131W126E''+_E'N@G?'86'?G'z'$8S=1'HE'
' VE' $P1'M8W1'64129'C:2652;1M'YP12'1_8W5252>'6P1'Y45652>'MC:41M':2'6P1'�U'8C4:MM'>4891'=131=ME''L:4'8=='&:=:489:'M6;9126M*'6P1'T14C126':Q'CP5=9412'YP:'841'T4:Q5C5126'52'Y45652>'5M'Q854=7'M68S=1'Q4:W'>4891M'6P411'6:'612'Y56P'T14C1268>1M'482>52>'Q4:W'6P5467[15>P6'6:'Q:467[Q531E''
' OB
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' OF
G. CDE Support
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XVE' SPECIAL STUDENT POPULATIONSf''LOW-INCOME STUDENTS''
A. Background
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B.' Challenges Faced by Low-Income Students'
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NE' "2'614WM':Q'M:C58='C8T568=*'6P141'841'8=M:'M5>25Q5C826'95QQ1412C1M'52'6P1'19;C865:28='41M:;4C1M'8385=8S=1'52'6P1'C:WW;2567'Q:4'=:Y[52C:W1'CP5=9412E''I141'6P141'841'6Y:'C4565C8='Q8C6:4Mf'6P1'MCP::='41M:;4C1M'829'6P1'C:WW;2567'41M:;4C1ME''/:Y[52C:W1'M6;9126M'67T5C8==7'866129'MCP::=M'6P86'P831'Q1Y14'41M:;4C1M'Q:4'=184252>*'YP5CP'W825Q1M6M'56M1=Q'52'6P1'\;8=567':Q'618CP52>*'6P1'8>1':Q'6P1'Q8C5=5651M*'829'6P1'8385=8S5=567':Q'M;TT:46M'b=5S48451M*'P18=6P'C:;2M1=52>*'829'W126:452>cE''$P1'M1C:29'Q8C6:4'5M'6P1'C:WW;2567'56M1=Qf''=:Y[52C:W1'CP5=9412'>12148==7'41M591'52'215>PS:4P::9M'Y56P'P5>P14'C45W1'4861M'829'35:=12C1'829'Q1Y14'C;=6;48='41M:;4C1ME''+_E'NVGA'86'HAg'/1352'$458='$4E'AAGNf?H[HGE''
C. Funding for Low-Income Students
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#1C:29*'56'5M'84S564847'829'544865:28='6:'1_C=;91'M6;9126M'YP:'\;8=5Q7'Q:4'419;C19[T45C1'=;2CP'Q4:W'6P1']86'45MD^'C861>:47'52'6P1'U;S=5C'#CP::='L5282C1'0C6E''#6;9126M'YP:'\;8=5Q7'Q:4'419;C19'=;2CP'Q8C1'6P1'M8W1'CP8==12>1M'6:'=184252>'8M'M6;9126M'YP:'\;8=5Q7'Q:4'Q411'=;2CP'829'=5D1Y5M1'41\;541'899565:28='Q;2952>'6:'W116'6P154'19;C865:28='2119ME'''FeAGe??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'%:S146'#CP8QQ14'b]#CP8QQ14'$458='$4E^c'NOAHf?@[?Bg'OeHe??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'#12E'k156P'k52>'b]k52>'$458='$4E^c'VFHOf?A[?Og'/1352'$458='$4E'AAGOfO[HHg'I14W822'$458='$4E'NNVGf@[H?E'
$P549*'6P141'841'W827'95QQ14126'45MD'Q8C6:4M'Q8C52>'=:Y[52C:W1'CP5=9412E''$P141Q:41*'56'5M';2=5D1=7'6P86'8'M52>=1'W1645C'v':4'8'2844:Y'W1645C'M;CP'8M'Q411'=;2CP'M686;M'v'Y5=='891\;861=7'12C:WT8MM'8=='6P1M1'CP8==12>1ME''&P5=9412'Q8C1'W;=65T=1*'M:W165W1M'C:WT:;29*'CP8==12>1ME''$P17':Q612'W:31'526:'829':;6':Q'T:31467'829'W87'3847'52'6P154'41M5=512C1'6:'1C:2:W5C':4'T14M:28='95M8938268>1ME''/:Y[52C:W1'5M'2:6'21C1MM845=7'6P1'M52>=1'S1M6'5295C86:4*'52'T846*'S1C8;M1'6P1'1QQ1C6':Q'52C:W1':2'CP5=9'9131=:TW126'5M'2:6'=52184'829'91T129M':2'6P1'9;4865:2':Q'T:31467E''+_E'NVGA'86'HNg'/1352'$458='$4E'AAGFf?H[H@E'
0M'!4E'<4;C1'<8D14*'8'2865:28='MCP::='Q5282C1'1_T146*'1_T=85219'86'6458=*'&:=:489:'P8M'8'=:Y'M16':Q'Y15>P6M*'8'=:Y'C:;26'W16P:9'S1C8;M1'56':2=7'C:;26M'Q411'=;2CP'8M':TT:M19'6:'Q411'829'419;C19'=;2CP*'829'8'=:Y'S8M1E'']#:'5Q'7:;'68D1'=:Y'65W1M'=:Y'65W1M'=:Y*'YP86'7:;'>16'5M'418==7'=:Y'E'E'E'YP12'Y1'P831'8=='6P411':Q'6P1M1'M16'84S564845=7'=:Y*'6P12'Y1'129';T'Y56P'8'M7M61W'6P86'418==7'9:1M2s6'94531'M;SM6826531=7'827'899565:28='41M:;4C1M'526:'6P1'P5>P14[2119'95M645C6ME^''<8D14'$458='$4E'?AOGfHG[?AO?fVE'
0CC:4952>'6:'!4E'<8D14*'6P1'86[45MD'Y15>P6'52'&:=:489:`M'MCP::='Q5282C1'Q:4W;=8'5M']Y591':QQ'8'418M:28S=1'W84D'Q:4'YP86':21'C:2M5914M'6P1'899565:28='C:M6M'8MM:C58619'Y56P'T:31467E^''hP12'7:;'C:WS521'6P1'=:Y'Y15>P6'Y56P'6P1'M6;9126'C:;26'6P86':2=7'52C=;91M'Q411'=;2CP*']56'W8D1M'56'Y5914':QQ'8'418M:28S=1'W84DE''"6`M'P849'6:'C:2C1531':Q'8'E'E'E'2:2[84S564847'S8M5M'S7'YP5CP':21'Y:;=9'C:W1';T'Y56P'C:WS5252>'6P86'=:Y'Y15>P6'Y56P'6P1'W:41'M6452>126'T;T5='C:;26'829'6P12*'1_T1C652>*'5Q'Y1'W;=65T=7'56'65W1M'6P1'S8M1'Q5>;41*'YP5CP'5M'W:41':4'=1MM'8'T:=565C8='91614W52865:2':Q'6P1'8385=8S5=567':Q'41M:;4C1M'6:'Q;29'6P1'Q:4W;=8*'6P86'6P86'Y:;=9'S184'827'41=865:2'6:'6P1'8C6;8='C:M6M'8MM:C58619'Y56P'W11652>'6P1M1'D59M`'2119ME^''<8D14'$458='$4E'?AOAfN[?NE'
%:S146'#CP8QQ14*'6P1'&P854W82':Q'6P1'&:=:489:'#6861'<:849':Q'+9;C865:2*'8>411M'6P86'6P1'86[45MD'Q8C6:4'52'6P1'U;S=5C'#CP::='L5282C1'0C6'5M'R;M6'8'Q;2C65:2':Q'M:W1'2;WS14'6P86'6P1'=1>5M=86;41'52312619'84S564845=7E''#CP8QQ14'$458='$4E'NOH?fHA[NOHHf?E''
!4E'<8D14'Y8M'8'C:[8;6P:4':Q'8'2865:28='41T:46'C849':2'MCP::='Q;2952>'Q85421MM'6P86'138=;8619*'8W:2>':6P14'6P52>M*'YP16P14'M6861M'P831'9131=:T19'MCP::='Q5282C1'M7M61WM'6P86'T4:3591'8TT4:T45861'=131=M':Q'41M:;4C1M'6:'95M645C6M'Y56P'P5>P14'C:2C1264865:2M':Q'CP5=9412'52'T:31467E''"2'6P5M'41T:46*'&:=:489:'41C15319'8'MC:41':Q']!^'Q:4'Q;2952>'95M645S;65:2'829'82']L^'Q:4'1QQ:46E''L;2952>'95M645S;65:2'MP:YM'YP16P14'8'M6861'T4:3591M'W:41':4'=1MM'Q;2952>'6:'MCP::=M'
' ?G?
S8M19':2'6P154'T:31467'C:2C1264865:2E''+QQ:46'W18M;41M'95QQ1412C1M'52'M6861'MT12952>'Q:4'19;C865:2'41=86531'6:'M6861'Q5MC8='C8T8C567E''"6'5M'91Q5219'8M'6P1'4865:':Q'M6861'MT12952>'6:'M6861'T14[C8T568'>4:MM'9:W1M65C'T4:9;C6E''!4E'<8D14'M;WW845i19'P5M'Q52952>M'8M'Q:==:YMf'']#6861M'C82'8CP5131'W:41'891\;861'Q;2952>'Y56P'W:41'1QQ:46*'829'6P17'C82'8CP5131'Q85414'Q;2952>'Y56P'W:41'1\;568S=1'MCP::='Q5282C1'Q:4W;=8M*'S;6'&:=:489:'P8M'CP:M12'6:'9:'2156P14E^''+_E'FHG?*'"M'#CP::='L;2952>'L854u''0',865:28='%1T:46'&849*'#1T61WS14'HG?G*'86'Fg'<8D14'$458='$4E'?A@Ff@[?O*'?AN?fN[??*'?ABVf'F[?@E'
' HE' $56=1'?E''$56=1'"0':Q'6P1'+=1W126847'829'#1C:29847'+9;C865:2'0C6*'8M'8W12919*'T4:3591M'M;TT=1W1268='M1435C1M'Q:4'95M8938268>19'M6;9126ME''"6'C82'T4:3591'899565:28='M68QQ'829'5261431265:2M'6:'M6;9126M'W:M6'86[45MD':Q'2:6'W11652>'M6861'M6829849M'52'418952>'829'W86PE''"6'8=M:'C82'S1';M19'6:'T4:3591'899565:28='M;TT=51M'829'W861458=M*'T4:Q1MM5:28='9131=:TW126'6:'P1=T'618CP14M'5WT4:31'6P154'MD5==M'52'W11652>'6P1'2119M':Q'95M8938268>19'M6;9126M*'829'T4:>48WM'6:'P1=T'12>8>1'T84126M':Q'M;CP'M6;9126ME''
FeA?e??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'U8645C58'<:=829'b]<:=829'$458='$4E^c'V?AGfB[?OE'
' L19148='$56=1'"'Q;29M'841'52M;QQ5C5126'6:'T4:3591'Q;2952>'6:'8=='MCP::=M'Y56P'P5>P'T:31467'4861ME''0=6P:;>P'95M645C6M'W8D1'6P1'91C5M5:2'8S:;6'P:Y'6:'8==:C861'$56=1'"'Q;29M'6:'6P154'MCP::=M*':Q612'95M645C6M'9:'2:6'41C1531'12:;>P'$56=1'"'Q;29M'6:'95M645S;61'6:'8=='MCP::=M'211952>'M;CP'Q;29ME''"29119*'6P141'841'MCP::=M'Y56P'Q5Q67'T14C126':4'W:41':Q'6P154'M6;9126'T:T;=865:2'=5352>'52'T:31467'6P86'9:'2:6'41C1531'$56=1'"'Q;29M'S1C8;M1'6P141'M5WT=7'5M'2:6'12:;>P'$56=1'"'W:217'6:'Q;29'8=='1=5>5S=1'MCP::=ME''<:=829'$458='$4E'V?VGfB[HN*'V?V?fV[H?*'V?OBf?@[V?OFfAE'
' $P4:;>P'8'M6;97'41\;1M619'829'T859'Q:4'S7'&!+*'&!+'P8M'=184219'6P86'MCP::=M'MT12952>'nOGG':4'W:41'52'$56=1'"'9:==84M'T14'M6;9126'>12148==7'841'1_T14512C52>'P5>P14'8C891W5C'>4:Y6P'Q:4'6P:M1'M6;9126M'6P82'MCP::=M'MT12952>'=1MM'6P82'nOGG':Q'$56=1'"'Q;29M'T14'M6;9126E''I:Y1314*':2=7'S16Y112'1=1312'829'6Y1267'T14C126':Q'$56=1'"'M6;9126M'841'52'MCP::=M'6P86'P831'$56=1'"'8==:C865:2M':Q'nOGG':4'W:41'T14'M6;9126E''$P1'38M6'W8R:4567':Q'$56=1'"'M6;9126M'9:'2:6'S121Q56'Q4:W'6P1'=131=':Q'$56=1'"'Q;2952>'211919'6:'W8D1'8'95QQ1412C1'52'6P154'8C891W5C'>4:Y6PE''<:=829'$458='$4E'V?VFf?[V?B?fN*'V?FFfO[?Ag'+_E'VOGA*'+38=;8652>'6P1'"WT8C6':Q'$56=1'"*'U846'0'52'&:=:489:*'J87'HG??*'86'F[OE'
' L19148='=8Y'9:1M'2:6'T4:P5S56'8'M6861'Q4:W'M;TT=1W12652>'Q19148='$56=1'"'Q;29M'829'89952>'M6861'41M:;4C1M'6:'8MM5M6'95M8938268>19'M6;9126ME''<:=829'$458='$4E'V?VHfH[F*'V?BHf?[OE'
D. Interventions Proven Effective For At-Risk Children
?E' !4E'/1352'591265Q519'8'2;WS14':Q'19;C865:2'41Q:4WM'829'5261431265:2M'6P86'P831'S112'T4:312'6:'52C418M1'P5>P'MCP::='>489;865:2'4861ME''$P1M1'41Q:4WM'52C=;91*'S;6'841'2:6'=5W5619'6:f''52C418M52>'618CP14'T87g'419;C52>'C=8MM'M5i1g'T4:35952>'T;S=5C=7'Q;2919'T41MCP::=g'1_T82952>'I189'#6846g'T4:35952>'W599=1'MCP::='5261431265:2M*'M;CP'8M'6P1'0CP5131W126'Q:4'/8652:M'6P4:;>P'0C891W5C'#;CC1MM'b0/0#c'T4:>48W*'YP5CP'8MM5>2M'C:;2M1=:4M'6:'W:256:4'86612982C1*'S1P835:4*'829'8CP5131W126g'829'T4:35952>'P5>P'MCP::='5261431265:2M*'M;CP'8M'&84114'0C891W51M*'YP5CP'841'MCP::=[Y56P52[MCP::='T4:>48WM'>18419'6:Y849M'5WT4:352>'1WT=:7W126'4189521MM'6P4:;>P'Y:4D'1_T14512C1*'829'"'I831'8'!418W*'YP5CP':QQ14M'Q5282C58='52C126531M'Q:4'52214[C567'=:Y[52C:W1'CP5=9412'YP:'124:=='52'C:==1>1E''I1'6P12'138=;8619'6P1'416;42':2'5231M6W126':Q'18CP':Q'6P1M1'
' ?GH
41Q:4WM'829'Q:;29'6P86'8=W:M6'8==':Q'6P1W'P831'Q5MC8='S121Q56M'6:'6P1'68_T8714'6P86'1_C119'6P154'C:M6ME''$P1'W:41'6P1M1'T4:>48WM'684>16'86[45MD'M6;9126M*'6P1'P5>P14'6P1'416;42':2'5231M6W126'52'614WM':Q'W:41'899565:28='>489;861ME''+_E'NVGA'86'HN[AHg'/1352'$458='$4E'AA?GfHH[AAAGfHHE'
E. Achievement of At-Risk Students
?E' "2'13147'8418'61M619'S7'�U*'52'13147'>4891'=131=*'M6;9126M'YP:'\;8=5Q7'Q:4'Q411':4'419;C19'=;2CP'MC:41'W;CP'=:Y14'6P82'M6;9126M'YP:'841'2:6'Q411':4'419;C19'=;2CP'1=5>5S=1E''L:4'1_8WT=1*'52'HGGO*':2'6P549'>4891'418952>*':2=7'Q5Q67[M5_'T14C126':Q'M6;9126M'YP:'\;8=5Q7'Q:4'Q411':4'419;C19'=;2CP'MC:419'89382C19':4'T4:Q5C5126'8M'C:WT8419'6:'15>P67[Q:;4'T14C126'Q:4'M6;9126M'YP:'841'2:6'1=5>5S=1'Q:4'Q411':4'419;C19'=;2CPE''L:4'6P549'>4891'W86P*'6P1'41M;=6M'841'M5W5=84g':2=7'Q5Q67[6P411'T14C126':Q'M6;9126M'YP:'\;8=5Q7'Q:4'Q411':4'419;C19'=;2CP'MC:419'89382C19':4'T4:Q5C5126'8M'C:WT8419'6:'15>P67[:21'T14C126'Q:4'2:2[Q411':4'419;C19'=;2CP'M6;9126ME''+_E'BA*'HGGN[HGGO'�U'%1M;=6M'S7'L411[%19;C19'U45C1'/;2CP'#686;ME'
HE' $P1'HGGO'6126P'>4891'W86P'829'418952>'41M;=6M'MP:Y'M5W5=84'>8TME''(2=7'Q:467[2521'T14C126':Q'M6;9126M'\;8=5Q752>'Q:4'Q411':4'419;C19'=;2CP'Y141'T4:Q5C5126'52'418952>'C:WT8419'6:'M131267[15>P6'T14C126':Q'2:2[\;8=5Q752>'M6;9126ME''"2'W86P*'6P1'89382C19':4'T4:Q5C5126'4861'Q:4'M6;9126M'YP:'\;8=5Q7'Q:4'Q411':4'419;C19'=;2CP'Y8M':2=7'1=1312'T14C126'8M'C:WT8419'6:'6P5467[15>P6'T14C126'Q:4'M6;9126M'YP:'9:'2:6'\;8=5Q7E''+_E'BAE'
AE' #6;9126M':2'6P1'Q411'829'419;C19'=;2CP'T4:>48W'>12148==7'41\;541'8'M5>25Q5C826'8W:;26':Q'41W195865:2':2C1'6P17'>16'6:'P5>P14'19;C865:2'52M656;65:2ME''K826i'<14W82'$458='$4E'NBG@fHA[NBGNfHE'
XVI. SPECIAL STUDENT POPULATIONS: NATIVE AMERICAN STUDENTS
' ?E' &:=:489:'41\;541M'6P86'0W145C82'"29582'C;=6;41'829'P5M6:47'S1'68;>P6'52'T;S=5C'MCP::=M*'S;6'9:1M'2:6'T4:35919'827'899565:28='Q;2952>'6:'618CP'6P86'C;445C;=;WE''K84C58'$458='$4E'@NBBf?N[HNE'
' ' HE' ,86531'0W145C82'M6;9126M'C:W1'526:'MCP::='Y56P'2:'9:W52826'=82>;8>1g''6P17'841'2:6'9:W52826'52')61':4'+2>=5MPE''+5>P67'T14C126':Q'Q54M6'>48914M'52'J:261i;W8[&:461i'Y141'61M619'8M'2:6'S152>'=82>;8>1'41897'Q:4'Q54M6'>4891E''#CP::='95M645C6M'41C1531'2:'899565:28='Q;2952>'Q:4'6P1M1'M6;9126M'8M'6P17'9:'2:6'Q56'526:'827'6489565:28='C4561458E''VeOe??'!1T:M565:2'$1M65W:27':Q'/:45'I8;D121MM'b]I8;D121MM'!1T:E'$4E^c'AOfHG[HN*'@Gf?[HN*'@?f?[Ng'Ve?Ge??'!1T:M565:2'$1M65W:27':Q'#68C7'I:;M14'bI:;M14'!1T:E'$4E^c'AAf?N[HN*'A@f?[??g'K84C58'$458='$4E'@NBVfH@[@NBBfVE''
' AE' <8M19':2'C;=6;48='95QQ1412C1M*',86531'0W145C82'M6;9126M'67T5C8==7'=1842'W:41'1QQ1C6531=7'6P4:;>P'MW8=='>4:;TM'829'Y56P'P829M[:2':4'1_T14512658='8C6535651M*'YP5CP'5M'3147'95QQ14126'Q4:W'6P1'W:91='>12148==7';M19'52'T;S=5C'MCP::=M'829'W:41'C:M6=7E'Fe?Ge??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'J866P1Y'k11Q8;314'b]k11Q8;314'$458='$4E^c'HAGFfO[HAGOf?E'
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' ?GA
XVII. CAPITAL CONSTRUCTION
A. Conditions of School Buildings
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' HE' 0'HGGA'41T:46'S7'6P1'#6861'0;956:4'41318=19'6P86'Q5Q67[6P411'T14C126':Q'6P1'MCP::='S;5=952>M'52'6P1'#6861'Y141'S16Y112'6Y1267[:21'829'Q5Q67'7184M':=9'829'6P86'82:6P14'25216112'T14C126'Y141'W:41'6P82'Q5Q67'7184M':=9E''L5Q67'7184[:=9'S;5=952>M'841'2:6'91M5>219'6:'T4:3591'8'H?M6'C126;47'19;C865:2E''FeHOe??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'h5==58W'+9Y849'I;>P1M'b]I;>P1M'$458='$4E^c'NVH?fH@[NVHHf@g'NeHe??'!1T:M565:2'$1M65W:27':Q'%:M1'&4:2D'b]&4:2D'!1T:E'$4E^c'HA?f?V[HAHf?NE'
' AE' +3147'T;S=5C'MCP::='Q8C5=567'MP:;=9'S1'Q411'Q4:W'S8M5C'P18=6P'829'M8Q167'91Q1C6M'829'M;QQ5C5126'Q:4'T;4T:M1M':Q'W11652>'M6861'C:26126'829'8C891W5C'8CC:;268S5=567'M6829849M*'716'6P1'C:29565:2M':Q'MCP::='S;5=952>'6:987'841']M;4T45M52>*^'829'Q85=';2914'6P1M1'M6829849ME''I;>P1M'$458='$4E'NVH?f@[B*'NVHAf?B[H?E
' @E' !1MT561'6P1'Q8C6'6P86'6P1'0W145C82M'Y56P'!5M8S5=5651M'0C6'b0!0c'Y8M'128C619'52'?OOG*'6P141'841'M65=='MCP::=M'6:987'52'&:=:489:'6P86'35:=861'6P1'8CC1MM5S5=567'41\;541W126M':Q'6P1'0!0E''I;>P1M'$458='$4E'NVAAf?N[HGE'
' NE' $P1'916145:48652>'C:29565:2M':Q'MCP::='S;5=952>M'52'&:=:489:'841'2:6'6P1'41M;=6':Q'S89'Q856P*'5261265:28='21>=1C6*':4':6P14'21>=1C6'S7'MCP::='95M645C6ME''#CP::='95M645C6M'9:'6P154'S1M6'6:'W8526852'6P154'S;5=952>M'T4:35919'6P1'41M:;4C1M'6P17'841'>5312E''I;>P1M'$458='$4E'NVHFfV[?H*'NVAGf?H[?AE'
' VE' $P1'C:29565:2':Q'MCP::='Q8C5=5651M'P8M'8'9541C6'5WT8C6':2'6P1'8C891W5C'829'M:C58='M;CC1MM':Q'M6;9126M'829'6P1'\;8=567':Q'19;C865:2'T4:35919E''h5CD14MP8W'$458='$4E'@HVHf?F[HAg'I;>P1M'$458='$4E'NVHHf?F[HHg'&4:2D'!1T:E'$4E'HA?f??[?Ng'FeAe??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'k1352'+9>84'b]+9>84'$458='$4E^c'FN?fH[@E'
' BE' $P141'5M'2:'=:>5C8='52614T416865:2':Q'8']6P:4:;>P'829';25Q:4W^'M7M61W':Q'Q411'T;S=5C'MCP::=M'6P86'9:1M'2:6'52C=;91'MCP::='S;5=952>ME''h5CD14MP8W'$458='$4E'@A?OfH[HGE'''
B. Funding for Capital Construction
' ?E' &:=:489:`M'M7M61W'Q:4'Q;2952>'C8T568='C:2M64;C65:2'5M'S4:D12E''"2'&:=:489:*'C8T568='C:2M64;C65:2'5M'=1Q6'8=W:M6'126541=7'6:'=:C8='MCP::='95M645C6M'Y56P'=566=1':4'2:'M6861'8MM5M682C1E''(;6M591':Q'6P1'C:WT1656531'<+#$'>4826'T4:>48W'b91MC45S19'52'#1C65:2'a-""E!'P1418Q614c*'6P1'#6861':Q'&:=:489:'9:1M'2:6'T4:3591'MCP::='95M645C6M'Y56P'827'C8T568='C:2M64;C65:2'Q;2952>E''h5CD14MP8W'$458='$4E'@AGNfV[?B*'@AGVf?H[H@g'+_E'??GN*'%1C:WW129865:2'Q:4'8'#6861'#CP::='&8T568='L;2952>'U4:>48W'52'&:=:489:*'$P1'!:221==[k87'L:;29865:2'0;>;M6'HGGN*'86'+_1C;6531'#;WW847E''
' HE' $P1'T45W847'Y87'&:=:489:'MCP::='95M645C6M'89941MM'6P154'C8T568='2119M'5M'6P4:;>P'S:29'W18M;41ME''0'MCP::='95M645C6`M'S:2952>'C8T8C567'5M'M686;6:45=7'6519'6:'6P1'8MM1MM19'T4:T1467'
' ?G@
38=;1'Y56P52'6P1'95M645C6E''<1C8;M1'8'MCP::='95M645C6`M'8S5=567'6:'89941MM'56M'C8T568='2119M'5M'S8M19'126541=7':2'=:C8='T4:T1467'Y18=6P*'6P141'5M'8'641W129:;M'95MT84567'8C4:MM'6P1'M6861E''L:4'1_8WT=1*'M:W1'Y18=6P7'95M645C6M'P831'8'T14[T;T5='8MM1MM19'38=;1':Q':314'8'W5==5:2'9:==84M'T14'M6;9126*'YP5=1'M:W1'T::4'95M645C6M'P831'8'T14[T;T5='8MM1MM19'38=;1':Q';2914'nHG*GGG'T14'M6;9126E''h5CD14MP8W'$458='$4E'@HV@fHH[@HVNfA*'@HVVfB[@HVBf?@*'@HBHf?O[H?E'
' AE' 0TT4:_5W861=7'P8=Q':Q'8=='&:=:489:'MCP::='95M645C6M'=8CD'6P1'S:2952>'C8T8C567'6:'S;5=9'1312'8'M52>=1'21Y'MCP::=E''h5CD14MP8W'$458='$4E'@HVNf@[?@*'@AGVfHN[@AGBf@E'
' @E' &:=:489:'5M':21':Q':2=7'8'Q1Y'M6861M'6P86'Q;29M'MCP::='95M645C6'C8T568='2119M'8=W:M6'1_C=;M531=7'6P4:;>P'=:C8='95M645C6'T4:T1467'68_1ME'')2=5D1'W:M6'M6861M*'&:=:489:'9:1M'2:6'5231M6'8'M5>25Q5C826'8W:;26':Q'M6861'Q;29M'52'95M645C6'C8T568='2119ME''+_E'??GN'86'+_1C;6531'#;WW847E'
' NE' %1=752>':2'=:C8='95M645C6'Q;2952>'5M'521\;568S=1'b6P1'Y18=6P51M6'95M645C6'P8M'HG*GGGo'W:41'C8T568='C8T8C567'6P82'6P1'T::41M6c*'5M'52891\;861'b6P141'841'M131267'MCP::='95M645C6M'6P86'9:'2:6'P831'6P1'6:68='C8T568='C8T8C567'6:'S;5=9':21'21Y'MCP::=c*'829'P8M'T4:9;C19'82'12:4W:;M'S8CD=:>':Q'M145:;M'MCP::='C8T568='2119M'8C4:MM'6P1'#6861*'41M;=652>'52'M145:;M'P18=6P'829'M8Q167'T4:S=1WM'52'MCP::='S;5=952>M'8C4:MM'&:=:489:E''+_E'??GN'86'+_1C;6531'#;WW847E'
C. Assessments of Capital Construction Needs
' ?E' "2'?OOV*'8'=1>5M=86531'C:WW56611*'6P1'k[?H'&8T568='&:2M64;C65:2'L5282C1'&:WW56611*'C:2C=;919'6P86*']MCP::='95M645C6M'52'&:=:489:'Q8C1'4:;>P=7'nHEN'S5==5:2'52'C8T568='C:2M64;C65:2'2119M':314'6P1'21_6'Q531'7184ME^''!1MT561'6P1'41T:46*'2:'M6861'8C65:2'Y8M'68D12E''+_E'AG*?GH*'k[?H'&8T568='&:2M64;C65:2'L5282C1'&:WW56611'%1T:46'6:'6P1'&:=:489:'/1>5M=86531'&:;2C5=*'86'Ag'I;>P1M'$458='$4E'NVH?f?B[HAE''
' HE' "2'HGGA*'8'41T:46'S7'6P1'#6861'0;956:4'1M65W8619'8TT4:_5W861=7'n@EB'S5==5:2'52';2W16'MCP::='Q8C5=567'2119ME''!1MT561'6P1'41T:46*'2:'M6861'8C65:2'Y8M'68D12E +_E'??GG*'%1T:46':Q'6P1'#6861'0;956:4'v'U;S=5C'#CP::='&8T568='&:2M64;C65:2'U4:>48W'&:=:489:'!1T846W126':Q'+9;C865:2'b]%1T:46':Q'6P1'#6861'0;956:4^c*'86'H?g'h5CD14MP8W'$458='$4E'@AGOfN[HNE'
' AE' 0W:2>'6P1'Q52952>M'52'6P1'%1T:46':Q'6P1'#6861'0;956:4'Y8M'6P86'&!+`M'8TT4:8CP'6:'6P1'&8T568='&:2M64;C65:2'K4826'U4:>48W'P8M'S112'=84>1=7'MP:46[614W'829'418C6531E''"6'Q:;29'6P1'!1T846W126'=8CDM'M6861Y591'9868':2'T;S=5C'MCP::='C:2M64;C65:2'2119M'21C1MM847'6:'9131=:T'8'M64861>5C'T=82E''0'T=82'Y5=='12M;41'6P86'>4826'W:217M'841'8==:C8619'1QQ5C5126=7'829'1QQ1C6531=7'6:'6P1'T4:R1C6M'Y56P'6P1'W:M6'M145:;M'2119ME''+_E'??GG'86'HE'
' @E' "2'HGGN*'8'M6;97'S7'6P1'!:221==[k87'L:;29865:2'Q:;29*'52'6P1'M5_6112'M561'8MM1MMW126M'T14Q:4W19*'6P1'C8T568='2119M'6:68=19'n?H?*FBB*'@G?E''hP12'C:WT8419'6:'6P1'M6;9126'124:==W126'52'18CP':Q'6P:M1'MCP::=M*'6P86'C:W1M'6:'n?A*BOG'T14'M6;9126E''$P5M'T14'T;T5='8W:;26*'5Q'8TT=519'6:'6P1'126541'M6861'124:==W126*'Y:;=9'W182':314'n?G'S5==5:2':Q';2W16'C8T568='C:2M64;C65:2'2119'M6861Y591E''$P1'M6;97'8=M:'C:2C=;919'6P86':21'6P549':Q'&:=:489:'P5>P'MCP::=M'P831'52891\;861'MC512C1'Q8C5=5651ME''hP12'8MD19'6:'4861'6P1':3148=='TP7M5C8='C:29565:2*'Q8C5=5651M'W828>14M'48619'6P5467[M1312'T14C126':Q'6P1'Q8C5=5651M'8M'=1MM'6P82'{>::9*{'829'48619'6P1':3148=='Q;2C65:28='891\;8C7':Q'6Y1267[Q531'T14C126':Q'6P1'Q8C5=5651M'8M'{52891\;861E{''I;>P1M'$458='$4E'NVHHf?@[?Bg'+_E'??GH*'k[?H'&8T568=',119M'0MM1MMW126'U4:R1C6*'86'+_1C;6531'#;WW847g'+_E'??G@*'&8T568='%1\;541W126M'#;4317*'%1T:46':Q'%1M;=6M*'0T45='HGGN*'86'?E'
' ?GN
' NE' !1MT561'6P1'41T:46'829'MT1C5Q5C'41C:WW129865:2M'W891'S7'6P1'!:221==[k87'L:;29865:2*'2:'M6861'8C65:2'Y8M'68D12'86'6P86'65W1E''+_E'??GH'86'Hg'h5CD14MP8W'$458='$4E'@HBGfH?[@HB?f@E'
' VE' "2'HG?G*'8'MCP::='C8T568='2119M'M6;97'C:29;C619'S7'6P1'#6861'C:2C=;919'6P86'&:=:489:'MCP::='95M645C6M'Q8C1'n?BEO'S5==5:2'52';2W16'C8T568='2119M'Q:4'52M64;C65:28='S;5=952>M'M6861Y591E''$P1'91Q5C512C51M'591265Q519'52C=;91'91Q14419'W85261282C1'2119M*'M;568S5=567'2119M*'1214>7'8;956'2119M*'829'Q;6;41'C8T568='4121Y8='2119M'Q:4'MCP::='Q8C5=5651ME''+_E'??GV*'#6861'L5282C58='0MM5M682C1'U45:4567'0MM1MMW126*'86'Ng'h5CD14MP8W'$458='$4E'@HFFfH[B*'@AGGfH?[HNE'
D. Building Excellent Schools Today (BEST)
' ?E' h5==58W'b]$19^c'I;>P1M'5M'6P1'!541C6:4':Q'6P1'!535M5:2':Q'U;S=5C'#CP::='&8T568='&:2M64;C65:2'0MM5M682C1*'C:WW:2=7'C8==19'<;5=952>'+_C1==126'#CP::=M'$:987''b<+#$cE''J847'h5CD14MP8W'5M'6P1'CP854':Q'6P1'&8T568='&:2M64;C65:2'0MM5M682C1'<:849*'YP5CP'5M'8=M:'D2:Y2'8M'6P1'<+#$'<:849E''I;>P1M'$458='$4E'NNO?f?F[?Og'h5CD14MP8W'$458='$4E'@HFAfHA[@HF@f?BE'''
' HE' <;5=952>'+_C1==126'#CP::=M'$:987'b<+#$c'5M'8'C:WT1656531'>4826'T4:>48W'1M68S=5MP19'S7'6P1'=1>5M=86;41'52'HGGF'6:'8MM5M6'MCP::='95M645C6M*'CP84614'MCP::=M*'<(&+#*'829'6P1'&:=:489:'#CP::='Q:4'6P1'!18Q'829'<=529'Y56P'Q8C5=5651M'2119ME''#CP::='95M645C6M'C82'C:WT161'Q:4'6Y:'67T1M':Q'<+#$'>4826Mf'b?c'=18M1'T;4CP8M1'>4826M*'YP5CP'841';M19'Q:4'=84>1'T4:R1C6M'=5D1'21Y'MCP::='C:2M64;C65:2*'829'bHc'C8MP'>4826M*'YP5CP'841'>12148==7';M19'Q:4'MW8==14'T4:R1C6M'=5D1'4::Q'41T854M'829'S:5=14'41T=8C1W126ME''/18M1'T;4CP8M1'>4826M'841'Q;2919'Y56P'6Y1267'7184'&1465Q5C861M':Q'U8465C5T865:2E''h5CD14MP8W'$458='$4E'@HBVf@[HH*'@A?AfH@[@A?@f?Bg'I;>P1M'$458='$4E'NNOFf?A[NNOOfBE'
' AE' $P1'<+#$'T4:>48W'8=M:'T4:3591M'MCP::='95M645C6M'Y56P'8MM5M682C1'Y56P'Q8C5=5651M'W828>1W126E''J:41'6P82'P8=Q':Q'6P1'MCP::='95M645C6M'829'CP84614'MCP::=M'52'6P1'M6861'9:'2:6'P831'6P1'5261428='C8T8C567':4'6P1'5261428='M68QQ'6:'W828>1'6P154'Q8C5=5651ME''L8C5=5651M'W828>1W126'5M'67T5C8==7'9:21'S7'8'MCP::='T452C5T8=*'8'C;M6:9582*':4'8'M;T14526129126'YP:M1'T45W847'S8CD>4:;29'5M'52'19;C865:2*'2:6'Q8C5=5651M':T14865:2ME''I;>P1M'$458='$4E'NVGGf?N[H?E'
' @E' 0=6P:;>P'13147'MCP::='95M645C6'6P86'8TT=51M'Q:4'8'<+#$'>4826'P8M']=1>565W861'2119M*^'8'W8R:4567':Q'<+#$'8TT=5C865:2M'841'2:6'>482619E''h5CD14MP8W'$458='$4E'@HO?f@[O*'@HO?f?B[H?E'
NE' 0'M;CC1MMQ;='<+#$'8TT=5C865:2'5M'2:6'?GGo'M6861'Q;2919g'6P1'<+#$'T4:>48W'5M'8'W86CP52>'>4826'T4:>48WE''$P1'C4561458';M19'6:'C8=C;=861'8'MCP::='95M645C6`M'W86CP'52C=;91M'T14[T;T5='8MM1MM19'38=;1*'83148>1'P:;M1P:=9'52C:W1'C:WT8419'6:'6P1'M6861'83148>1*'Q411'829'419;C19'=;2CP'T14C1268>1'C:WT8419'6:'6P1'M6861'83148>1*'829'S:29'P5M6:47':314'6P1'=8M6'612'7184ME''I;>P1M'$458='$4E'NVG@f??[?V*'NVGNf?[BE'
' VE' $P1'W86CP52>'C:WT:2126'5M'8'W525W;W'W86CP52>'T14C1268>1g'82'8TT=5C826'6P86'5M'8Y84919'8'>4826'W;M6'T87'6P1'C8=C;=8619'W86CP52>'T14C1268>1';2=1MM'8'Y85314'5M'>482619E''"Q'6P1'8TT=5C826'Q11=M'56'C822:6'T87'6P1'W525W;W'W86CP52>'T14C1268>1*'56'C82'8TT=7'Q:4'8'Y85314'S7'Y45652>'8']P849MP5T'=16614^'41\;1M652>'8'419;C65:2'829'T4:35952>'6P1'418M:2M'Q:4'6P1'41\;1M6E''h85314M'841'95MC4165:2847g'13147'Y85314'5M'C:2M591419*'S;6'2:6'13147'Y85314'5M'>482619E''I;>P1M'$458='$4E'NVGVfH[HN*'NVGBfO[?NE'
' ?GV
' BE' $P141'5M'8'M686;6:47'C8T':2'6P1'8W:;26':Q'822;8='=18M1'T87W126M'6P1'#6861'C82'52C;4'Q:4'=18M1'T;4CP8M1'>4826ME''(2C1'6P1'M686;6:47'C8T'5M'P56*'=18M1'T;4CP8M1'>4826M'Y5=='2:'=:2>14'S1'8385=8S=1'Q:4'21Y'MCP::='C:2M64;C65:2':4':6P14'=84>1'C8T568='T4:R1C6ME''$P1'<+#$'T4:>48W'=5D1=7'P8M':2=7':21'C7C=1':Q'=84>1'C8T568='T4:R1C6'>4826'Q;2952>'C8T8C567'=1Q6'S1Q:41'6P1'M686;6:47'C8T'5M'418CP19*'YP5CP'5M'=5D1=7'6:':CC;4'52'HG?HE''&:=:489:'MCP::='95M645C6M'Y5=='C:2652;1'6:'P831'8'2119'Q:4'=84>1'C8T568='T4:R1C6M'1312'8Q614'6P1'M686;6:47'C8T'5M'P56E''h5CD14MP8W'$458='$4E'@HBVf@[HH*'@HF?f?H[?@*'@HFAf?B[HHE'
' FE' JME'h5CD14MP8W'8265C5T861M'6P86'6P1'<+#$'T4:>48W'Y5=='P1=T'Q;29'8TT4:_5W861=7'n?'S5==5:2'52'C8T568='C:2M64;C65:2'C:M6M':;6':Q'8TT4:_5W861=7'n?BEO'S5==5:2'52'C8T568='C:2M64;C65:2'2119ME''$P;M*'6P141'841':314'n?V'S5==5:2'52';2W16'MCP::='C8T568='2119M'6P86'Y5=='2:6'S1'89941MM19'S7'6P1'<+#$'T4:>48WE''h5CD14MP8W'$458='$4E'@HOOf?G[?@*'@AGGfH?[@AG?f@*'@A?BfHG[@A?Ff?E'
' OE' $P1'<+#$'T4:>48W'P8M'2:6'M:=319'&:=:489:`M'C8T568='C:2M64;C65:2'2119M*'2:4'5M'56'891\;861'6:'89941MM'6P:M1'2119ME''h5CD14MP8W'$458='$4E'@AG?f?H[?Bg'OeHe??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'02941Y'%:W82:QQ'b]%:W82:QQ'$458='$4E^c'VFNBfA[VFNFfHE'
XVIII. TECHNOLOGY
' ?E' !4E'!82'J88M'5M'6P1'CP51Q'52Q:4W865:2':QQ5C14'Q:4'/566=16:2'U;S=5C'#CP::=ME''I1'5M'82'1_T146'52'61CP2:=:>7'52'19;C865:2'5MM;1M*'52C=;952>'6P1'61CP2:=:>7'21C1MM847'6:'T4:3591'82'891\;861'6Y1267[Q54M6'C126;47'19;C865:2*'6P1'1QQ1C6':Q'61CP2:=:>7':2'8CP5131W126*'829'6P1'M6861':Q'61CP2:=:>7'52'95M645C6M'84:;29'6P1'M6861E''FeNe??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'!4E'!82'J88M'b]J88M'$458='$4E^c'?HF@f?F[H?*'?HOHf?O[?HOAfHE'
' HE' $1CP2:=:>7'5M'8SM:=;61=7'1MM12658='6:'T4:35952>'8'6P:4:;>P'19;C865:2'6:987E''$:'S1'41897'Q:4'C:==1>1'829'6P1'Y:4DQ:4C1*'M6;9126M'W;M6'P831'8'3147'M64:2>'Y:4D52>'D2:Y=19>1':Q'W:9142'61CP2:=:>51ME''J88M'$458='$4E'?HO@fV[??E'
' AE' &!+'41C126=7'8CD2:Y=19>19'6P1'C4565C8='5WT:4682C1':Q'61CP2:=:>7'Q:4'82'891\;861'19;C865:2E''"2'95MC;MM52>'6P1'21Y'M6861'8C891W5C'M6829849M*'&!+'1_T=85219f'
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XIXE' SCHOOL DISTRICTS'
AE' Urban School Districts:''Jefferson County School District No. R-1
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FE' #6861'%1\;541W126ME''$P1'5WT8C6':Q'21Y'M6829849M'Y56P:;6'52C418M19'Q;2952>'P8M'S112'64891[:QQME''L:4'1_8WT=1*'X1QQC:'94:TT19'56M'>489;865:2'41\;541W126M*'YP5CP'5M'52C:2M5M6126'Y56P'&0U@kE''#61312M:2'$458='$4E'???@f?H[???Nf?VE'
L54M6[7184'5WT=1W126865:2':Q'#12861'<5=='?O?*'6P1'618CP14'1QQ1C653121MM'=8Y*'Y5=='C:M6'X1QQC:'8TT4:_5W861=7'n@EF'W5==5:2E''0Q614'6P1'Q54M6'7184*'6P1'C:M6M'841'1_T1C619'6:'>:'9:Y2'6:'86'=18M6'nA'W5==5:2'T14'7184E''#61312M:2'$458='$4E'???BfHH[???Ff?GE'
<E' Urban School Districts:''Aurora, Joint District No. 28 of the Counties of
Adams and Arapahoe'
?E' <8CD>4:;29E''0;4:48*'X:526'!5M645C6',:E'HF':Q'6P1'&:;2651M':Q'098WM'829'048T8P:1'b]0;4:48'U;S=5C'#CP::=M^':4']0U#^c'5M'6P1'M5_6P'=84>1M6'MCP::='95M645C6'52'6P1'M6861g'56'MT82M'6Y:'C:;2651M'v'048T8P:1'829'098WM'&:;267E''"6'P8M'8TT4:_5W861=7'AO*GGG'M6;9126M'829'Q5Q67[2521'MCP::=ME''FeOe??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'X:P2'<8447'b]<8447'$458='$4E^c'?B@Vf?G[?B*'?BV@fV[OE'
0U#'5M'8'95314M1'MCP::='95M645C6'Y56P'P5>P'=131=M':Q'T:31467*'48C58='W52:45651M*'829'+2>=5MP'=82>;8>1'=184214ME''(314'?GG'=82>;8>1M'841'MT:D12*'41T41M12652>':314'?HN'C:;26451ME''(314'15>P67'T14C126':Q'6P1'M6;9126M'841':Q'C:=:4E''$P1'MT1C5Q5C'91W:>48TP5C'S418D9:Y2'5M'8M'Q:==:YMf''Q5Q67[6P411'T14C126'/8652:*'6Y1267[6Y:'T14C126'hP561*'25216112'T14C126'0Q45C82[0W145C82*'Q:;4'T14C126'0M582*'829':21'T14C126',86531'0W145C82E''<8447'$458='$4E'?BNOfHG[?BV?fFg'FeOe??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'/5M8'+MC84C1>8'b]+MC84C1>8'$458='$4E^c'?FN@f?V[?FNNf??E'''
' ??H
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' ??A
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D. Urban School Districts: Pueblo School District No. 60 in the County of
Pueblo and State of Colorado
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E. Rural School Districts: Center Consolidated School District No. 26JT in the
Counties of Saguache and Rio Grande and Alamosa'
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F. Rural School Districts: Creede Consolidated School District No. 1'
?E' <8CD>4:;29E' &41191*'&:=:489:'5M'8'41W:61'6:Y2'6P86'M56M'8TT4:_5W861=7'Q:467'W5=1M'Q4:W'6P1'C=:M1M6'6:Y2M':Q'!1=',:461*'&:=:489:'829'/8D1'&567*'&:=:489:E''&!+'C=8MM5Q51M'&41191'#CP::='!5M645C6',:E'?'b]&41191'#CP::='!5M645C6^c'8M':21':Q'6P546112'41W:61'MCP::='95M645C6M'52'6P1'#6861E''Fe?Ge??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'<;CD'#64:P'b]#64:P'$458='$4E^c'HHHAfHH[HHH@fH*'HHHNf?A[?VE''
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&41191'S1>82'8M'8'W5252>'6:Y2'52'6P1'?FOGM'829'41W85219'8'W5252>'6:Y2';265='?OF@*'YP12'W5252>':T14865:2M'MP;6'9:Y2E''&;44126=7*'6P141'841'S16Y112'@GG'829'@HN'T1:T=1'YP:'=531'52'&41191E''$P1'&41191'#CP::='!5M645C6'P8M'S16Y112'M5_67[2521'829'M131267[Q531'M6;9126M'Q:4'6P1'HG??[?H'8C891W5C'7184E''hP12'W5252>'Y8M'M65==':CC;4452>'52'&41191*'6P1'&41191'#CP::='!5M645C6'P89'8TT4:_5W861=7'?FN'M6;9126ME''#64:P'$458='$4E'HHH@fN[??*'HHH@f?@[HGE'
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@E' $1CP2:=:>7E''<1C8;M1'&41191`M'618CP14'T::='5M'M:'MW8==*'&41191'W;M6':QQ14':2[=521'C:;4M1M'6:'56M'P5>P'MCP::='M6;9126ME''I:Y1314*'&41191`M'"2614216'S829Y596P'5M']P:44129:;M^'829'C822:6'M;M6852'=531'M6418W52>':Q'3591:E''#64:P'$458='$4E'HHBBfHN[HHBFfBE'
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,:':21'1WT=:719'S7'6P1'&41191'#CP::='!5M645C6'Y5=='41C1531'82'52C418M1'52'M8=847'6P5M'7184g'8=='M8=847'M61TM'P831'S112'Q4:i12'8M'T846':Q'6P1'S;9>16[C;6652>'1QQ:46E''#64:P'$458='$4E'HHBVf?F[HGE'
VE' <;9>16E''&41191'#CP::='!5M645C6`M':T148652>'S;9>16'Q:4'6P1'HG??[?H'MCP::='7184'5M'n?EV'W5==5:2E''$Y1267[6Y:'T14C126':Q'6P86'S;9>16'5M'Q4:W'Q19148='>4826ME''0TT4:_5W861=7'6P5467[Q:;4'T14C126':Q'6P1'S;9>16'C:W1M'Q4:W'6P1'=:C8='MP841'829'8TT4:_5W861=7'6P5467[M5_'T14C126'41T41M126M'6P1'M6861'MP841E''&41191'#CP::='!5M645C6'W;M6'C;6'n?OB*GGG'Q4:W'56M'S;9>16E''$P1'95M645C6'Y5=='8CC:WT=5MP'6P5M'S7'C;6652>'8TT4:_5W861=7'nBG*GGG':314'6P1'21_6'6P411'7184ME''#64:P'$458='$4E'HH@Nf?A[?F*'HHBHf?B[H@*'HHB@fN[?HE'
&41191'#CP::='!5M645C6'P8M'91C=5252>'124:==W126E''$P5M'P8M'8']W8R:4'5WT8C6^':2'&41191`M'41312;1'829'S;9>16g'Q:4'18CP'M6;9126'6P86'=1831M'6P1'95M645C6*'6P1'95M645C6'=:M1M'8TT4:_5W861=7'n?A*GGG'Q4:W'6P1'#6861E''#64:P'$458='$4E'HHBHfHN[HHBAfV* HHBAf?F[HHB@f@E'
0M'T846':Q'6P1'S;9>16[C;6652>'T4:C1MM*'&41191'Y5=='C:WS521'6P1'D52914>84612'829'Q54M6[>4891'C=8MM1M'8>852M6'S1M6'T48C65C1ME''#64:P'$458='$4E'HHBBf?O[HNE'
BE' #6;9126'(;6C:W1ME''L:4'6P1'HG?G[??'8C891W5C'7184*'&41191`M'M13126P'>4891'W86P'MC:41M':2'6P1'�U'959'2:6'W116'T4:Q5C512C7E''L:4'6P86'M8W1'7184*'6P1'W599=1'MCP::='MC512C1'8CP5131W126'MC:41M'Y141']8TT4:8CP52>^'6P1'#6861[W8298619'8CP5131W126'=131=M*'S;6'P89'2:6'716'418CP19'6P1WE''"2'899565:2*'6P1'8C891W5C'>4:Y6P'Q:4'6P1'W599=1'MCP::='52'418952>*'W86P1W865CM*'829'Y45652>'Y141'156P14']8TT4:8CP52>^':4']9:1M'2:6'W116^';2914'6P1'#6861`M'!5M645C6'U14Q:4W82C1'
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&41191'#CP::='!5M645C6'M865MQ519'6P1'Q19148='41\;541W126M'Q:4'0.U'Q:4'HGGF[GOE''I:Y1314*'6P:M1'41M;=6M'Y141'S1Q:41'&41191'P89'W891'827'C;6M'6:'56M'S;9>16'52'C:41'8C891W5C'8418ME''"2'899565:2*'&41191'#CP::='!5M645C6'41C1531M'8'Q19148='>4826'MT1C5Q5C8==7'Q:4'S::M652>'829'W852685252>'0.UE''#;T14526129126'#64:P'M11M'8'9541C6'C:221C65:2'S16Y112'6P5M'>4826'829'&41191`M'866852W126':Q'0.UE''#64:P'$458='$4E'HH@FfHG[HHN?fB*'HHNHfA[?H*'HHNNfH[??*'HHNFfH[HGg'+_E'HVG?*'HGGF[HGGO',&/<'!5M645C6'0CC:;268S5=567'!868'v'0.U'+=1W126847'/131=g'+_E'HVGH*'HGGF[HGGO',&/<'!5M645C6'0CC:;268S5=567'!868'v'0.U'J599=1'#CP::='/131=g'+_E'HVGA*'HGGF[HGGO',&/<'!5M645C6'0CC:;268S5=567'!868'v'0.U'I5>P'#CP::='/131=E'
$P1'C;6M'W891'S7'6P1'&41191'#CP::='!5M645C6'P831'41M;=619'52'Q1Y14'W18252>Q;='19;C865:28=':TT:46;25651M'Q:4'&41191`M'M6;9126ME' #;T14526129126'#64:P'S1=5131M'6P86'&41191'#CP::='!5M645C6'5M'Q85=52>'52'56M'>:8=':Q'128S=52>'8=='M6;9126M'6:'418CP'6P154'=184252>'T:612658=E''#64:P'$458='$4E'HHNFfH?[HHNOf?@*'HHNOfH?[HHVGf?@*'HHVBf?V[HG*'HHVFf@[?GE'
FE' #6861'%1\;541W126ME''"2':4914'Q:4'&41191'#CP::='!5M645C6'6:'5WT=1W126'6P1'21Y'C:26126'M6829849M*'56'Y5=='2119'899565:28='41M:;4C1ME''#64:P'$458='$4E'HH@HfHN[HH@AfVE'
#;T14526129126'#64:P'S1=5131M'6P1'M6861'C:26126'M6829849M'Q:4C1'&41191`M'MCP::=M'6:'618CP'6:'6P1'M6861'8MM1MMW126*'6P141S7'1QQ1C6531=7'C418652>'8'M6861'C;445C;=;WE''I1'S1=5131M'6P1'M6861'M6829849M'829'41=8619'8CP5131W126'41\;541W126M'841';2Q;2919'W829861M'Q4:W'6P1'#6861E''#64:P'$458='$4E'HH@@f?@[HH*'HH@FfO[?OE'
$:'#;T14526129126'#64:P*']=:C8='C:264:=^'W182M'6P86'8'=:C8='MCP::='S:849'C82'91C591'YP86'6:'9:'Y56P'56M'W:217E''I1'9:1M'2:6'S1=5131'6P86'6P1'&41191'MCP::='S:849'P8M'=:C8='C:264:=E''#64:P'$458='$4E'HH@Vf?B[H@*'HH@BfH[HGE'
G. Rural School Districts: Sanford School District No. 6 in the County of
Conejos'
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HE' "2M64;C65:28='J861458=ME''#82Q:49'#CP::='!5M645C6`M'61_6S::DM'841':;698619'829'2:6'8=5>219'Y56P'M6861'M6829849ME''#:W1':Q'6P1'95M645C6`M'61_6S::DM'841':314'6P5467'7184M':=9E''$P1'
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VE' <;9>16E''#6861'Q;2952>'Q:4'#82Q:49'#CP::='!5M645C6'P8M'91C418M19'S7'8TT4:_5W861=7'n@GG*GGG':314'6P1'T8M6'6Y:'7184ME''+9>84'$458='$4E'FVVf?N[?FE'
!1MT561'P5M'7184M':Q'1_T14512C1*'#;T14526129126'+9>84'C822:6'Q5>;41':;6'827'41=865:2MP5T'S16Y112'6P1'8W:;26':Q'Q;2952>'6P1'#82Q:49'#CP::='!5M645C6'41C1531M'Q4:W'6P1'#6861'829'6P1'95M645C6`M'2119ME''+9>84'$458='$4E'FFHf?F[HHE'
#82Q:49'#CP::='!5M645C6'P8M'6P1'Q5Q6P'=:Y1M6'8MM1MM19'38=;865:2':Q'827'95M645C6'52'6P1'#6861':Q'&:=:489:*'YP5CP'=5W56M'6P1'8W:;26':Q'=:C8='MP841'6P1'95M645C6'41C1531M'8M'Y1=='8M'6P1'95M645C6`M'8S5=567'6:'485M1'Q;29M'6P4:;>P'S:29'W18M;41M':4'W5=='=137':3144591ME''+9>84'$458='$4E'FNAf?@[HG*'FVFfH@[FVOf??E'
!;1'6:'52891\;861'Q;2952>'829'41C126'S;9>16'C;6M*'6P1'#82Q:49'#CP::='!5M645C6'P8M'S112'Q:4C19'6:'C;6'618CP52>'T:M565:2M*'M;WW14'MCP::=*'T848T4:Q1MM5:28=M*'MT:46M*'1=1C6531M*'829'S829E''$P1'95M645C6'C822:6'8QQ:49'891\;861'M68QQE''$P1'95M645C6'9:1M'2:6'P831'8'C;445C;=;W'MT1C58=5M6':4'82'5261431265:25M6*'829'5M'=5W5619'6:':2=7':21'MT1C58='19;C865:2'618CP14'Q:4'6P5467'M6;9126M'Y56P'95M8S5=5651M'829':2=7':21'C:;2M1=:4'Q:4'6P1'126541'95M645C6E''+9>84'$458='$4E'FBAfH?[FB@f??*'FB@fH?[FBNfF*'FBVf?@[FBBfV*'FBFf?A[FBOfNE' '
BE' #6;9126'(;6C:W1ME''#82Q:49'#CP::='!5M645C6'5M'2:6'W11652>'8C891W5C'>4:Y6P'>8T'41\;541W126M'52'M13148='8418ME''"2'Q8C6*'#82Q:49'#CP::='!5M645C6`M'>4:Y6P'>8TM'841'Y591252>E''+_E'?G*?HN*'A[.184'!5M645C6'U14Q:4W82C1'L48W1Y:4D'%1T:46'HG?G'Q:4'#82Q:49'VX*'86'H[@g'+9>84'$458='$4E'FHOf?F[FAGf?H*'H?[H@*'FA?fV[FAHf?*'FAHfO[FAAf?GE'''
#82Q:49'#CP::='!5M645C6'=8CDM'6P1'41M:;4C1M'21C1MM847'6:'C=:M1'>4:Y6P'>8TM*'M;CP'8M'5261431265:25M6M*'8'358S=1'C;445C;=;W*'829'8Q614[MCP::='T4:>48WW52>E''+9>84'$458='$4E'FAAfH@[FANf?HE'''
#82Q:49'#CP::='!5M645C6'5M'C:2C14219'8S:;6'56M'8S5=567'6:'W8526852'56M'C;44126'=131=':Q'8CP5131W126'9;1'6:'52891\;861'Q;2952>E''+9>84'$458='$4E'FBHfHA[FBAfHE'
FE' #6861'%1\;541W126ME''#82Q:49'#CP::='!5M645C6'9:1M'2:6'P831'8'C;445C;=;W'6P86'5M'6519'6:'6P1'M6861'M6829849ME''$P1'95M645C6'9:1M'2:6'P831'891\;861'Q;2952>'6:'P541'M:W1:21'6:'P1=T'9131=:T'82'891\;861'C;445C;=;WE''+9>84'$458='$4E'FAVf?H[?@*'FAVfHG[HHE'
' ?HB
H. Rural School Districts: Alamosa School District No. RE-11J'
?E' L8C5=5651ME''0=8W:M8'#CP::='!5M645C6',:E'%+[??X'b]0=8W:M8'#CP::='!5M645C6^c'P8M'>4831'C:2C142M'41>84952>'56M'Q8C5=5651M*'T8465C;=84=7'6P1'W599=1'MCP::='4::Q'829'S;M'Q=116E''AeH?e??'!1T:M565:2'$1M65W:27':Q'%:S146'XE'0=1R:'b]0=1R:'!1T:E'$4E^c'HF@f?H[HFNfH@E'
HE' U14M:221=E''0=8W:M8'#CP::='!5M645C6'P8M'P89'6:'C;6'618CP52>'T:M565:2M'829'M68QQE''%1W85252>'M68QQ'829'618CP14M'P831'S112'8MD19'6:'68D1':2'899565:28='41MT:2M5S5=5651M'Y56P'2:'52C418M1'52'T87E''$P1'95M645C6'5M'2:Y'8MD52>'618CP14M'6:'Q:41>:'8'M61T'52C418M1'52'T87'829'6:'C:2M5914'8'T87'C;6':4'419;C65:2'52'Q:4C1E''0=1R:'!1T:E'$4E'HFAf?[HFNf??*'HFNfHG[HFFfOE'
AE' <;9>16E''L;2952>'C;6M'P831'8=M:'41M;=619'52'52C418M19'C=8MM'M5i1M*'Q1Y14'1=1C6531M*':;698619'61_6S::DM*'8'95=8T598619'S;M'Q=116*'829':;698619'61CP2:=:>7E''0=1R:'!1T:E'$4E'F?fH[FAfNE'''
@E' #6;9126'(;6C:W1ME''0=8W:M8'#CP::='!5M645C6'5M'8CC4195619'Y56P'82'5WT4:31W126'T=82E''0=1R:'!1T:E'$4E'?GNf?F[HNE
#6;9126M'52'0=8W:M8'#CP::='!5M645C6'841'2:6'41C15352>'82'19;C865:2'M;QQ5C5126'6:'T41T841'6P1W'Q:4'6P1'Y:4DQ:4C1*'T:M6[M1C:29847'19;C865:2*'829'8C6531'C565i12MP5TE'#;T14526129126'0=1R:'S1=5131M'6P86'899565:28='Q;2952>'91C418M1M'Y5=='Q;46P14'P84W'M6;9126'8CP5131W126E''0=1R:'!1T:'$4E'HBBf?G[HBFfAE''
I. Rural School Districts: Centennial School District No. R-1
?E U4:>48WME''&12612258='#CP::='!5M645C6',:E'%[?'b]&12612258='#CP::='!5M645C6^c'C822:6'T4:3591'09382C19'U=8C1W126'b0Uc'C:;4M1M':4':6P14'89382C19'=131='C:;4M1ME''$P1'3:C865:28=':QQ1452>M'841'=5W5619*'8M'841'Q:415>2'=82>;8>1':QQ1452>ME''&12612258='#CP::='!5M645C6'=8CDM'6P1'41M:;4C1M'Q:4'Q;==[65W1'C:;2M1=52>':4'=56148C7'C:8CP1ME''AeHHe??'!1T:M565:2'$1M65W:27':Q'<1314=7'J81M68M'b]J81M68M'!1T:E'$4E^c'HNAf?H[H?*'HNVf??[H@*'HVGf?[VE'
&12612258='C822:6':QQ14'684>1619'T4:>48WM':4'M1435C1M'Q:4'56M'+//*'86[45MD*'>5Q619':4'MT1C58='19;C865:2'M6;9126ME'',:4'C82'56'W116'6P1'41\;541W126M':Q'%$"E''J81M68M'!1T:E'$4E'?Bf?V[HN*'?Ff?[F*'HANfH?[H@*'HNBf?[?V*'HAVf'?[H*'H@BfH[HN*'H@Ff'?[?HE'
HE' "2M64;C65:28='J861458=ME''&12612258='#CP::='!5M645C6'9:1M'2:6'P831'M;QQ5C5126'41M:;4C1M'6:'T4:3591'1312'S8M5C'52M64;C65:28='W861458=M*'M;CP'8M'C8=C;=86:4M'Q:4'W86P'52'6P1'1=1W126847'829'W599=1'MCP::=E''&12612258='9:1M'2:6'P831':6P14'S8M5C'C=8MM4::W'M;TT=51M*'M;CP'8M'T8T14'829'947[148M1'W84D14ME''J81M68M'!1T:E'$4E'HN?fHN*'HNHf?[?F*'HVFfH[HGE'
AE' L8C5=5651ME''&12612258='#CP::='!5M645C6'5M'C:2C14219'8S:;6'56M'8S5=567'6:'W8526852'56M'Q8C5=5651M'9;1'6:'52891\;861'Q;2952>E''J81M68M'!1T:E'$4E'?H?f?F[H@E'
@E' U14M:221=E''&12612258='#CP::='!5M645C6'P8M'8'95QQ5C;=6'65W1'41C4;5652>'829'41685252>'P5>P=7'\;8=5Q519'618CP14M'9;1'52'T846'6:'=8CD':Q'Q;2952>'Q:4'C:WT1656531'M8=8451ME''J81M68M'!1T:E'$4E'?VfO[?BE'
$P1'95M645C6'P8M'S112'Q:4C19'6:'C:2M:=59861'M68QQ'T:M565:2M'9;1'6:'52891\;861'Q;2952>E''J81M68M'!1T:E'$4E'OFf@[?V*'??Ff??[?AE'
' ?HF
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VE' #6;9126'(;6C:W1ME''&12612258='#CP::='!5M645C6'5M'2:6'W11652>'6P1'M6861'T4:Q5C512C7'41\;541W126ME''J81M68M'!1T:E'$4E'H@OfV[O*'HN?fB[??E
BE' #6861'%1\;541W126ME''&12612258='#CP::='!5M645C6'9:1M'2:6'P831'891\;861'Q;2952>'6:'8=5>2'56M'C;445C;=;W'Y56P'M6861'41\;541W126ME''J81M68M'!1T:E'$4E'?VfHG[?BfN*'?Bf?V[HNE'
&12612258='#CP::='!5M645C6'5M'2:6'8S=1'6:'1_14C5M1'W18252>Q;='=:C8='C:264:=E''"6'=8CDM'41M:;4C1M'6:'Q;29'561WM'6P86'841'5WT:46826'6:'6P1'C:WW;2567E''J81M68M'!1T:E'$4E'H@@f?H[H@Nf?E'
J. Rural School Districts: Del Norte Consolidated School District No. C-7'
?E' <8CD>4:;29E''0TT4:_5W861=7'M5_67'T14C126':Q'6P1'M6;9126M'52'!1=',:461'&:2M:=598619'#CP::='!5M645C6',:E'&[B'b]!1=',:461^c'841'Q411':4'419;C19'=;2CP'41C5T5126ME''@eHBe??'!1T:M565:2'$1M65W:27':Q'<41298'0612C5:'b]0612C5:'!1T:E'$4E^c'BBf?[BE'
HE' U4:>48WME''I5M6:45C8==7*'64;82C7'P8M'S112'8'T4:S=1W'52'!1=',:461E''L531'7184M'8>:*'!1=',:461'P5419'8'64;82C7':QQ5C14*'YP5CP'Y8M'Q;2919'6P4:;>P'8'>4826E''$P1'8265[64;82C7'T4:>48W'P8M'S112']M5>25Q5C826=7'1QQ1C6531E^''I:Y1314*'6P1'>4826'P8M'1_T5419'829'6P1'T4:>48W'Y5=='2:6'C:2652;1';2=1MM'8'21Y'>4826'5M'Q:;29E''@eHBe??'!1T:M565:2'$1M65W:27':Q'&P45M'-82C1'b]-82C1'!1T:E'$4E^c'FfHH[Of?@*'?Gf?V[?NfFE'
!1=',:461'MCP::=M'2119'W:41'41M:;4C1M'6:'W116'6P1'2119M':Q'MT1C58='19;C865:2'M6;9126ME''$P17'2119'T848T4:Q1MM5:28='M;TT:46*'8M'Y1=='8M'W:41'65W1'Q:4':21[6:[:21'52M64;C65:2E''$P17'8=M:'2119'8CC1MM'6:'61CP2:=:>7'6:'Q;==7'M1431'6P154'MT1C58='19;C865:2'M6;9126ME''!1=',:461'P89'6:'C;6'8'T848T4:Q1MM5:28='T:M565:2'9;1'6:'S;9>16'C:2M648526ME''0612C5:'!1T:E'$4E'?BBfHN[?F?fH@E
AE' L8C5=5651ME''#:W1':Q'!1=',:461`M'MCP::='S;5=952>M'841'2:6'0!0'C:WT=5826E''-1265=865:2'5M'8'T4:S=1W'52'M:W1':Q'6P1'MCP::=M*'8M'5M'T=;WS52>'829'1=1C645C8='M7M61WME''$P141'5M'2:'854'C:29565:252>'52'6P1'P5>P'MCP::=':4'W599=1'MCP::=E''0612C5:'!1T:E'$4E'?HNfF[?HVfHHE'
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fV[HNfVg'0612C5:'!1T:E'$4E'?H@f?V[?HNfBE'
NE' U14M:221=E''"2'6P1'T8M6'Q531'7184M*'M8=847'MCP19;=1M'Q:4'618CP14M'P831'S112'Q4:i12E''0612C5:'!1T:E'$4E'FAfHA[F@fH?E'''
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"Q'!1=',:461'P89'899565:28='41M:;4C1M*'56'Y:;=9'52C418M1'8CC1MM'6:'829';M1':Q'61CP2:=:>7'Q:4'56M'M6;9126M*'T4:3591'1_T14512658='=184252>':TT:46;25651M*'M;CP'8M'Q51=9'645TM*'6:'56M'M6;9126M*'829'W:91425i1'56M'Q8C5=5651ME''0612C5:'!1T:E'$4E'A?fHN[AHfHGE'
BE' #6;9126'(;6C:W1ME''!1=',:461'5M'S1=:Y'M6861'1_T1C6865:2M'52'418952>E''06':21'65W1*'!1=',:461'P89'8'M1C:29847'418952>'5261431265:25M6*'YP5CP'56'2:'=:2>14'P8M'S1C8;M1':Q'S;9>16'C:2M648526ME''0M'8'41M;=6':Q'6P5M'C;6*'!1=',:461'P8M'P89'6:'CP82>1'56M'P5>P'MCP::='418952>'T4:>48WE''!1=',:461'Y:;=9'=5D1'6:'S1'8S=1'6:'S452>'S8CD'6P1'T:M565:2':Q'6P1'M1C:29847'418952>'5261431265:25M6'6:'P1=T'5WT4:31'56M'418952>'MC:41ME''0612C5:'!1T:E'$4E'A?f?A[H@E'
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K. Rural School Districts: Moffat School District No. 2 in the County of
Saguache'
?E' <8CD>4:;29E''J:QQ86'#CP::='!5M645C6',:E'H'52'6P1'&:;267':Q'#8>;8CP1'b]J:QQ86'H^c'P8M'6Y:'MCP::=Mf'J:QQ86'k[?H'829'6P1'&41M6:21'&P84614'#CP::=E''#131267[Q531'T14C126':Q'J:QQ86'k[?H`M'M6;9126M'841':2'Q411':4'419;C19'=;2CP'829'6Y1267[Q531'T14C126':Q'&41M6:21'&P84614'#CP::=`M'M6;9126M'841':2'Q411':4'419;C19'=;2CPE''@eHNe??'!1T:M565:2'$1M65W:27':Q'k54D'<82>P846'b]<82>P846'!1T:E'$4E^c'?@FfHA[HNE'
HE' U4:>48WME''"2'6P1'1=1W126847'829'W599=1'MCP::=M*'J:QQ86'H'C822:6':QQ14'827'1=1C6531'C=8MM1M'1312'6P:;>P'6P141'841'M6861'M6829849M'6P86'89941MM'M;CP'1=1C6531ME''<82>P846'!1T:E'$4E'HVf?H[HGE'''
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J:QQ86'H'5M'8S=1'6:'T4:3591':2=7'C:;4M1M'6P86'W116'6P1'S841'W525W;W'M6861'M6829849M*'829'MT1C5Q5C8==7'6P1'8418M'6P86'6P1'#6861'8MM1MM1ME''"6'C822:6':QQ14'89382C19'C=8MM1M'52'6P1'C:41'C;445C;=;W*'M;CP'8M'W86P*'MC512C1*':4'+2>=5MPE''<82>P846'!1T:E'$4E'H@f??[HVfFE'''
K5Q619'829'68=12619'M6;9126M'52'J:QQ86'H'841'2:6'41C15352>':TT:46;25651M'Q:4'8'\;8=567'19;C865:2E''<82>P846'!1T:E'$4E'?FGf?H[?NE'
AE' #1435C1ME''$P1'415WS;4M1W126'Q4:W'6P1'#6861'Q:4'6482MT:46865:2'9:1M'2:6'W116'J:QQ86'H`M'2119ME''$P1'Y184'829'6184':2'6P1'95M645C6`M'31P5C=1M':2'4;48=*'9546'4:89M'5M'95QQ14126'6P82'
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VE' $1CP2:=:>7E''J:QQ86'H'P8M':21'$[?'=521'Q:4'8TT4:_5W861=7'?NG'C:WT;614M*'YP5CP'M13141=7'=5W56M'618CP14M`'8S5=567'6:';M1':2=521'41M:;4C1ME'''<82>P846'!1T:E'$4E'AHf?H[AAfHAE'
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FE' <;9>16E''#;T14526129126'<82>P846'9:1M'2:6'S1=5131'6P86'J:QQ86'H'T4:3591M'56M'M6;9126M'Y56P'82'19;C865:2'M;QQ5C5126'6:'T41T841'6P1W'Q:4'6P1'Y:4DQ:4C1':4'Q:4'T:M6[M1C:29847'19;C865:2E''$P1'41W:6121MM':Q'6P1'95M645C6'829'=8CD':Q'Q;2952>'41M645C6'56M'8CC1MM'6:'41M:;4C1M*'M;CP'8M'S829Y596P'Q:4'6P1'"2614216*'8M'Y1=='8M':TT:46;25651M'Q:4'1_T19565:2847'=184252>E''<82>P846'!1T:E'$4E'??fHA[?Hf?NE'
J:QQ86'H'=:M6'8TT4:_5W861=7'nAGG*GGG'52'Q;2952>'52'HG?G[??'829'Y5=='=:M1'82:6P14'nAGG*GGG'52'HG??[?HE''$P1'95M645C6'P8M'S112'Q:4C19'6:'W8D1'91C5M5:2M'8S:;6'C=8MM'M5i1'S8M19':2'S;9>16847'C:2M648526M'486P14'6P82'S1M6'T48C65C1ME''<82>P846'!1T:E'$4E'?Ff?[?B*'OFf?F[HGE'
$P1'S;9>16'C;6M'P831'8=M:'W1826'6P86'J:QQ86'H'5M';28S=1'6:';65=5i1'41M184CP[S8M19'52M64;C65:28='T48C65C1M*'829'C822:6'T4:3591'21C1MM847'M68QQ'9131=:TW126'52'8418M'M;CP'8M'%1MT:2M1'6:'"261431265:2'b]%$"^cE''<82>P846'!1T:'$4E'A?f?O[AHf??E'''
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#6;9126M'Q4:W'J:QQ86'H'YP:'>:':2'6:'T:M6[M1C:29847'19;C865:2'841'2:6'41897'Q:4'C:==1>1E''<82>P846'!1T:E'$4E'HGVf?H[?VE'''
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J:QQ86'P8M'=5W5619'C:264:=':314'6P1'8==:C865:2':Q'6P1'W:217'52'56M'S;9>16E''#6861'W829861M'C:264:='6P1'8==:C865:2':Q'W:217E''"2'J:QQ86*']131476P52>'5M'M6861[W8298619^E''$P1'95M645C6'9:1M'2:6'P831'827'=:C8='5256586531ME''"Q'Q;2952>'Q4:W'6P1'#6861'Y141'6:'52C418M1*'95M645C6M'Y:;=9'P831'W:41'=:C8='C:264:=E''<82>P846'!1T:E'$4E'FOfH?[OGfN*'HA?f?B[HAHf?FE'
L. Rural School Districts: Monte Vista School District No. C-8'
?E' L8C5=5651ME''J:261'-5M68'#CP::='!5M645C6',:E'&[F'b]J:261'-5M68'#CP::='!5M645C6^c'P8M'>4831'C:2C142M'8S:;6'56M'Q8C5=5651M*'52C=;952>':314C4:Y952>*'854'\;8=567*'M1C;4567'829'8CC1MM5S5=567'T4:S=1WME''"6'5M'8=M:'C:2C14219'6P86'56M'S;5=952>M'841'S152>';M19'Q:4'T;4T:M1M'Q:4'YP5CP'6P17'Y141'2:6'91M5>219E''L:4'52M682C1*'1=1W126847'MCP::='M6;9126M'841'68D52>'TP7M5C8='19;C865:2':2'6P1'M68>1':Q'6P1'8;956:45;W'Y56P':482>1'M2:Y'Q12C52>'M64;2>'8C4:MM'6P1'19>1'52'82'8661WT6'6:'D11T'CP5=9412'Q4:W'Q8==52>':4'4;2252>':QQE''J;M5C'C=8MM'5M'P1=9':2':21'129':Q'6P1'8;956:45;W'S8M1W126'YP5=1'>5Q619[829[68=12619'1245CPW126'C=8MM1M'841'M5W;=6821:;M=7'P1=9':2'6P1':6P14'129E''J:261'-5M68'#CP::='!5M645C6'Y5=='>852'8'21Y'1=1W126847'MCP::='Q4:W'6P1'<+#$'T4:>48W*'S;6'6P5M'Y5=='2:6'89941MM'8==':Q'6P1'95M645C6`M'Q8C5=5651M'C:2C142M*'1312'6P:;>P'56'P8M'=1Q6'6P1'95M645C6'S:2919'6:'C8T8C567'829'Y56P:;6'82:6P14'M:;4C1'Q:4'C8T568='5WT4:31W126'Q;2952>E''@e?Oe??'!1T:M565:2'$1M65W:27':Q'!Y8721',1YW82'b],1YW82'!1T:E'$4E^c'FVf?B[OAf?NE'
HE' <;9>16E''L8==52>'124:==W126'52'J:261'-5M68'P8M'418CP19'6P1'T:526'YP141'6P1'95M645C6'5M'Q:4C19'6:'94:T'C146852'C=8MM':QQ1452>M'6:'13147':6P14'7184':4'13147'6P549'7184*':4'C;6'6P1W'8=6:>16P14'b8=:2>'Y56P'8==':4'T846':Q'6P1'8MM:C58619'618CP14`M'65W1cE''"2'Q8C6*'6P1'95M645C6'C:2912M19'M68QQ*'MP8419'M68QQ'8W:2>'S;5=952>M*'829'=859':QQ'6P411'618CP14M'=8M6'7184'9;1'6:'S;9>16'C;6ME''"2'#;T14526129126',1YW82`M':T525:2*'6P1M1'=87:QQM'P831'P89'8'21>86531'1QQ1C6':2'M6;9126'8CP5131W126E'',1YW82'!1T:E'$4E'A?fV[AHfHA*'AAf?F[A@fHE'
#;T14526129126',1YW82'591265Q519'8'Y591'482>1':Q':6P14'C:2C142M'Q4:W':314S;491219'M68QQ'6:':SM:=161'61_6S::DM'829'C:WT;614'P849Y841'829'M:Q6Y841'6:'82'528S5=567'6:'T4:3591'M6;9126M'Y56P':TT:46;25651M'6:'35M56'T=8C1M':;6M591'J:261'-5M68':4'6P1'#82'/;5M'-8==17E'',1YW82'!1T:'$4E'?GOfN[??Nf?E'
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M. Rural School Districts: North Conejos School District No. RE-1J'
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' HE' L8C5=5651ME''$P1'#6861'T:52619'86'6458='6:',:46P'&:21R:M'#CP::='!5M645C6`M'21Y'Y41M6=52>'Q8C5=567'8M'82'1_8WT=1':Q'521QQ5C512C7E''I:Y1314*'6P1'Q8C5=567'Y8M'1_C=;M531=7'T859'Q:4'Y56P'Q19148='9:==84ME''L;46P14W:41*'6P1'21Y'Q8C5=567'Y8M'41\;5419'8M'6P1'T45:4'Q8C5=567'Y8M':=9'829'W;CP'6::'MW8==*'M;CP'6P86'6P1'C4:Y952>'=19'6:';2M8Q1'C:29565:2M'829'1312'52R;451ME''"2'899565:2'6:'T4:35952>'8'21Y14*'M8Q14'T=8C1'Q:4'Y41M6=52>*'6P1'21Y'Q8C5=567'5M'8=M:';M19'Q:4'61M652>'829':6P14'C=8MM4::W'8C6535651ME''"314M'!1T:'$4E'@FfN[HN*'@Of?[HE'
' $P1'95M645C6`M'8=614286531'P5>P'MCP::='5M'=:C8619'52'6P1'6482MT:46865:2'Q8C5=567E''!51M1='Q;W1M'C54C;=861'52'6P1'S;5=952>*'W8D52>'56'82';2M8Q1'=:C865:2'Q:4'6P1M1'M6;9126ME''I:Y1314*',:46P'&:21R:M'#CP::='!5M645C6'9:1M'2:6'P831'6P1'41M:;4C1M'6:'W:31'6P1'8=614286531'P5>P'MCP::=E''"314M'!1T:E'$4E'HAHf?[?GE'
' AE' U14M:221=E'',:46P'&:21R:M'#CP::='!5M645C6'P8M'8'95QQ5C;=6'65W1'41C4;5652>'829'41685252>'P5>P=7'\;8=5Q519'618CP14ME''"314M'!1T:E'$4E'?BfF[H@E'
' @E' <;9>16E'',:46P'&:21R:M'#CP::='!5M645C6'1_T14512C19'82'8TT4:_5W861=7'nNGG*GGG'C;6'52'Q;2952>'=8M6'7184E''0M'8'41M;=6*'6P1'95M645C6'P89'6:'C;6'82'1=1W126847'618CP52>'T:M565:2*'=1831':6P14'M68QQ'T:M565:2M':T12*'Q411i1'T87'M61TM'Q:4'M68QQ*'C;6'D17S:84952>'C=8MM1M'829'6P1'982C1'T4:>48W*'829'1=5W52861'M;WW14'MCP::=E''"314M'!1T:E'$4E'@AfF[O*'@OfHG[H?*'NNf?B[HH*'NVfH[H?*'HHNfHH[HHVfAE'
' NE' #6;9126'(;6C:W1ME'',:21':Q'6P1'MCP::=M'52',:46P'&:21R:M'#CP::='!5M645C6'841'W11652>'#6861'41\;541W126M'Q:4'8C891W5C'>4:Y6P'>8TME''$P1'95M645C6`M'0&$'MC:41M'841'S1=:Y'6P1'M6861'83148>1E''"314M'!1T:E'$4E'?FHf?O[H?*'?FNf?N[?BE'
!;1'6:'52891\;861'Q;2952>*',:46P'&:21R:M'#CP::='!5M645C6'5M'C:2C14219'8S:;6'56M'8S5=567'6:'W8526852'56M'C;44126'8CP5131W126'=131=M'52'6P1'Q;6;41E''"314M'!1T:E'$4E'HHFfH?[HHOfHN*'HAGfB[HAHf?GE'
N. Rural School Districts: South Conejos School District No. RE-10'
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' HE' $1CP2:=:>7E''!;1'6:'52891\;861'Q;2952>*'#:;6P'&:21R:M'#CP::='!5M645C6'P8M'C:2C142M'8S:;6'M;M685252>'56M'=5W5619'61CP2:=:>7*'YP5CP'Y8M'41C15319'6P4:;>P'>4826ME''JE'K84C58'!1T:E'$4E'?NOf?O[?VGfFE'
' AE' <;9>16E''#:;6P'&:21R:M'#CP::='!5M645C6'P8M'P89'6:'C;6'618CP52>'T:M565:2M'829'M68QQE''$P1'95M645C6'5M'2:Y'=5W5619'6:':21'618CP14'T14'>4891*':21'TP7M5C8='19;C865:2'829':21'
' ?AA
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' #6;9126M'52'6P1'#:;6P'&:21R:M'#CP::='!5M645C6'841'2:6'41C15352>'8'\;8=567'19;C865:2'S1C8;M1':Q'=5W5619'41M:;4C1M*'C4;WS=52>'S;5=952>M*'=8CD':Q'C;44126'61CP2:=:>7*'829':;698619'61_6S::DM*'8==':Q'YP5CP'841'9;1'6:'=8CD':Q'Q;2952>E''JE'K84C58'!1T:E'$4E'?VfN[?A*'?BfN[?Ff?A*'HHBf??[H?E'''
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#;T14526129126'K84C58'S1=5131M'6P86'899565:28='Q;2952>'91C418M1M'Y5=='Q;46P14'P84W'M6;9126'8CP5131W126E''JE'K84C58'!1T:E'$4E'F?f?@[?VE'
NE' #6861'%1\;541W126ME'''
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' #;T14526129126'K84C58'9:1M'2:6'S1=5131'6P86'=:C8='C:264:='1_5M6M'S1C8;M1':Q'6P1'2;WS14':Q'W829861M'P82919'9:Y2'Q4:W'6P1'#6861E''JE'K84C58'!1T:E'$4E'HH?f?H[HGE'
O. Rural School Districts: Mountain Valley School District No. RE-1'
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P. Rural School Districts: Sargent School District No. RE-33J'
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Q. Rural School Districts: Sierra Grande School District No. R-30
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R. Rural School Districts: Sangre de Cristo School District Re-22J
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+//'M1435C1M'841'T4:35919'6P4:;>P'82';2=5C12M19'618CP14*'829'6P1'95M645C6'P8M'P89'95QQ5C;=67'86648C652>'829'41685252>'8'P5>P=7'\;8=5Q519'+//'618CP14E''#68>214'!1T:E'$4E'?@@f?N[?F*'?@Vf@[FE'
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S. Rural School Districts: Montezuma-Cortez School District No. RE-1'
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NE' #6;9126'(;6C:W1ME''$P1'95M645C6'5M'8CC4195619'Y56P'8'T45:4567'5WT4:31W126'
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T. Rural School Districts: Moffat County School District Re. No. 1
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J:QQ86'?'9:1M'2:6'P831'M;QQ5C5126'Q;2952>'6:'T4:3591'565214826'M68QQ'M;TT:46'Q:4'56M'M6;9126M*'M;CP'8M'MT11CP'829'=82>;8>1'T86P:=:>5M6M*':CC;T865:28='6P148T5M6M*'TP7M5C8='6P148T5M6M*'TM7CP:=:>5M6M*'829'2;4M1M*'86'6P1'41C:WW12919'C8M1=:89M'Q:4'M;CP'MT1C58=5M6ME''-5==849'!1T:E'$4E'F@fO[FNfAE'
NE' #6;9126'(;6C:W1ME''"2891\;861'Q;2952>'829'S;9>16'C;6M'841'5WT8C652>'M6;9126'8CP5131W126'MC:41M'S1C8;M1':Q'6P1'=:MM':Q'=56148C7'829'52M64;C65:28='C::495286:4ME''-5==849'!1T:E'$4E'HOfH[??E'
U. Rural School Districts: Bethune School District No. R-5'
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' <16P;21'#CP::='!5M645C6'P8M'Q:467[Q:;4'T14C126'+2>=5MP'/82>;8>1'/184214M*'M131267[6P411'T14C126':Q'56M'M6;9126M':2'Q411':4'419;C19'=;2CP*'829'Q:467[Q:;4'T14C126':Q'56M'M6;9126M':2'5295359;8='=56148C7'T=82M'b"/UMcE''+5>P67[2521'T14C126':Q'<16P;21'M6;9126M'94:T:;6'8Q614'6P1'Q54M6'7184':Q'C:==1>1E''09:=Q'$458='$4E'?NO?f?G[?H*'?VH@f?@[?B*'?VN?f?F[H?E'
' #;T14526129126'#P5=8'09:=Q'Y:4DM'8M'6P1'M;T14526129126*'T452C5T8=*'829'95M645C6'8MM1MMW126'C::495286:4'Q:4'<16P;21'#CP::='!5M645C6E''#P1'5M'41MT:2M5S=1'Q:4'138=;865:2':Q'8=='M68QQ*'T4:Q1MM5:28='9131=:TW126*'9868'828=7M5M*'S;9>16'T41T84865:2*'829'C:WT=582C1'Y56P'8=='M6861'M686;61M'829'41>;=865:2ME''09:=Q'$458='$4E'?NFVf@[HGE'
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' <16P;21'P8M'M1312'MT1C58='19;C865:2'M6;9126M'829'C82':2=7'8QQ:49':21'\;84614':Q'8'618CP14'bEHN'L$+c'Q:4'6P1M1'M6;9126ME''#6861'415WS;4M1W126'Q:4'MT1C58='19;C865:2'9:1M'2:6'1312'C:314'6P1'C:M6':Q'6P86'618CP14E''#;T14526129126'09:=Q'T8465C5T861M'52'8=='"+U'W11652>M'6:'W8D1'M;41'6P86'M1435C1M'841'2:6'52C=;919'52'"+UM'6P86'6P1'95M645C6'C822:6'T4:3591E''09:=Q'$458='$4E'?VA?fH[?N*'?VAAf?B[?VANfNE'
' <16P;21'9:1M'2:6'41C1531'M;QQ5C5126'Q;2952>'Q:4'56M'+//'M6;9126ME''$Y:'7184M':Q'Q;2952>'5M'52M;QQ5C5126'6:'W116'6P154'T4:Q5C512C7'2119ME''$P1'95M645C6'8=M:'C822:6'8QQ:49'6:'S;7'M;QQ5C5126'M;TT=51M'Q:4'56M'+//'T4:>48WE''09:=Q'$458='$4E'?VAGfB[?N*'?VBNfH@[HN*'?VBVf?[HAE'
' <16P;21':2=7'41C1531M'Q;2952>'Q:4'6P411'&:=:489:'U41MCP::='U4:>48W'b&UUc'M=:6M*'S;6'2119M'Q;2952>'Q:4'1=1312'M=:6ME''$P1'95M645C6':2=7'41C1531M'ENF'Q;2952>'T14'M6;9126'Q4:W'6P1'#6861'Q:4'D52914>84612*'S;6'T4:3591M'Q;==[987'D52914>84612'6:'8==':Q'56M'M6;9126M'S1C8;M1'56'S1=5131M'56'5M'5WT:46826E''09:=Q'$458='$4E'?V@Gf?[F*'?V@Hf?[V*'?V@?f?O[HNE'
' AE' #1435C1ME''<16P;21'MP841M'8'M52>=1'MCP::='2;4M1'Y56P'15>P6':6P14'95M645C6M'S7'C:2648C6E''$P1'2;4M1'5M':2=7':2'M561'8M'211919E''09:=Q'$458='$4E'?VHAfH@[HNE'
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' NE' U14M:221=E''#8=8451M'Q:4'618CP14M'P831'S112'Q4:i12'Q:4'6P1'T8M6'6P411'7184ME''#;T14526129126'09:=Q'2119M'6:'P541'8'Q;=='65W1'MT1C58='19;C865:2'618CP14*'8'Q;=='65W1'$56=1'"'618CP14*'829'8'Q;=='65W1'+//'618CP14*'S;6'C822:6'8QQ:49'6P1'M8=8451M*'M:'6P1M1'T:M565:2M'841'>:52>';2Q5==19E''09:=Q'$458='$4E'?VN@f?O[HH*'?VBAfF[??E'
' VE' #6;9126'(;6C:W1ME''<16P;21'M6;9126M'841'2:6'T14Q:4W52>'8C891W5C8==7'YP141'6P17'2119'6:'S1'52':4914'6:'D11T'T4:>41MM52>E''$P1'95M645C6'5M'8CC4195619'Y56P'82'5WT4:31W126'T=82E''$458='+_E'?G*GOA*'A[.184'!5M645C6'U14Q:4W82C1'L48W1Y:4D'%1T:46'HG?G'Q:4'<16P;21'%[NE'
V. Non-Party School Districts: Woodlin School District R-104
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' $P1'95M645C6'P8M'C:2C142M'8S:;6'6P1'M;M68528S5=567':Q'56M'8>45C;=6;41'T4:>48W*'YP5CP'5M'1_641W1=7'5WT:46826'6:'6P5M'8>484582'C:WW;2567E''$P1'95M645C6'P8M'P89'Q:;4'8>45C;=6;41'618CP14M'52'Q:;4'7184ME''K5312'41C126'C;6M'6:'6P1'T4:>48W'829'6P1'95M645C6`M'=:Y'M8=847'MCP19;=1*'56'5M'P849'6:'416852'618CP14M'52'6P5M'8418E''#;T14526129126'&4:2D'8=M:'P8M'C:2C142M'8S:;6'6P1'M;M68528S5=567':Q'6P1'S;M521MM'T4:>48W'>5312'419;C65:2M'52'C84114'829'61CP25C8='19;C865:2'b&$+c'415WS;4M1W126'4861ME''&4:2D'!1T:E'$4E'?FHfH[?@*'?FFf?H[HH*'?FOfHA[?OGf?OE'
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' NE' U14M:221=E''h::9=52'P8M'8'=:Y'M8=847'MCP19;=1E''"6'6129M'6:'86648C6'7:;2>'618CP14M'YP:'C:W1'6:'S1'6485219'829'6P12'W:31':2'6:'=84>14'95M645C6M*'M;CP'8M'0;4:48*'6P86'C82'T87'W:41':4':QQ14'6P1W'8'Q;=='65W1'T:M565:2E''&4:2D'!1T:'$4E'?@f?G[?Nf?NE'''
$P1'41C126'S;9>16'C;6M'P831'W891'56'P84914'6:'P541'829'416852'618CP14M'52'C146852'T4:>48W'8418ME''L:4'1_8WT=1*'h::9=52'Y8M';28S=1'6:'Q529'8'=5C12M19'618CP14'Q:4'6P1'T846[65W1'TP7M5C8='19;C865:2'T:M565:2E''"6'P89'6:'P541'8'=:2>[614W'M;SM656;61'Y56P'2:'6485252>E''&4:2D'!1T:'$4E'?OfHA[HGf?B*'?@AfH@[?@@fOE'
' VE' #6;9126'(;6C:W1ME'',:6'13147'>489;861':Q'h::9=52'MCP::=M'5M'C:==1>1':4'Y:4DQ:4C1'41897'YP12'P1':4'MP1'Y8=DM':;6'6P1'9::4E''&4:2D'!1T:E'$4E'NAfV[?AE'''
h::9=52'959'2:6'W8D1'0.U'52'8=='684>16'8418M'52'HGGF[GOE''&4:2D'!1T:E'$4E'V@fV[?Bg'+_E'AHG@*'HGGF[HGGO',&/<'!5M645C6'0CC:;268S5=567'!868'v'0.U'+=1W126847'/131='Q:4'h::9=52'%[?G@E'
' h::9=52'9:1M'2:6'W116'M6861'1_T1C6865:2M'Q:4'8C891W5C'8CP5131W126'52'W86P'829'8C891W5C'>4:Y6P'52'W86P'829'Y45652>'86'6P1'1=1W126847'MCP::='=131=E''"6'9:1M'2:6'W116'M6861'1_T1C6865:2M'Q:4'W86P'8CP5131W126'86'6P1'W599=1'MCP::='=131='829'Y45652>'8CP5131W126'86'6P1'P5>P'MCP::='=131=E''+_E'AHGA*'!5M645C6'U14Q:4W82C1'L48W1Y:4D'%1T:46'HG?G'Q:4'h::9=52'%[?G@*'H[@E'''
#;T14526129126'&4:2D'S1=5131M'5Q'MP1'P89'W:41'M6861'Q;2952>*'MP1'C:;=9'9:'8'S16614'R:S'19;C8652>'P14'M6;9126ME''&4:2D'!1T:E'$4E'OBfH[BE'
' ?@@
' FE' #6861'%1\;541W126ME''$P1'S5>>1M6'CP8==12>1'Q:4'h::9=52'5M'S152>'8S=1'6:'W116'6P1'52C418M52>'M6861'41\;541W126M*'M;CP'8M'21Y'M6829849M*'T:M6'M1C:29847'Y:4DQ:4C1'4189521MM*'829'618CP14'138=;865:2M*'Y56P'91C418M52>'Q5282C58='M;TT:46E''&4:2DE'!1T:E'$4E'HHfHG[H@fVE'''
#;T14526129126'&4:2D'P8M'C:2M591419'M11D52>'Y85314M':Q'M:W1':Q'6P1'W:41':214:;M'M6861'41\;541W126M*'S;6'P8M'Q:;29'6P86'Y85314M'841'2:6'8385=8S=1'52'6P1'8418M'MP1'2119M'6P1W'W:M6E''$P1'8661WT6M'MP1'P8M'W891'52'6P1'T8M6'6:'M1C;41'Y85314M'P831'S112';2M;CC1MMQ;=E''&4:2D'!1T:E'$4E'ABfHA[AFfHAg'+_E'AHGH*'h85314':Q'#6861'/8Y'829'%1>;=865:2E'
' #;T14526129126'&4:2D'9:1M'2:6'S1=5131'h::9=52'C82'W116'M6861'41\;541W126M'Y56P:;6'899565:28='41M:;4C1ME''&4:2D'!1T:E'$4E'?HAf??[?@E'''
099565:28='41M:;4C1M'Y:;=9'P1=T'8==135861'6P1'T8T14Y:4D'S;4912'8MM:C58619'Y56P'52C418M52>'Q19148='829'M6861'41\;541W126ME''&4:2D'!1T:E'$4E'VBfF[VOf?E'
h::9=52'C822:6'1_14C5M1'=:C8='C:264:=':314'52M64;C65:2E''"6'5M'8'T45:4567':Q'6P1'h::9=52'C:WW;2567'6:'P831'8'M64:2>'8>45C;=6;41'T4:>48W*'S;6'6P1'T4:>48W'C:2652;1M'6:'S1'C;6'8M'8'41M;=6':Q'S;9>16'5MM;1ME''$P1'C:WW;2567'P8M'W565>8619'6P1'5WT8C6':Q'6P1'C;6M'S7'485M52>'W:217'=:C8==7'6:'M;TT:46'6P1'T4:>48WE'',13146P1=1MM*'6P1'T4:>48W'5M'2:6'8M'M64:2>'8M'6P1'C:WW;2567'Y:;=9'=5D1E''$P1'C:WW;2567'8=M:'M;TT:46M'M64:2>'5261431265:2M'Q:4'86[45MD'M6;9126M*'YP5CP'6P1'95M645C6'5M';28S=1'6:'T4:3591'9;1'6:'S;9>16847'C:2M648526ME''&4:2D'!1T:E'$4E'HVVf?V[HVFfFE'
W. Non-Party School Districts: Boulder Valley School District No. Re2
' ?E' U4:>48WME''"2'41C126'7184M*'<:;=914'-8==17'#CP::='!5M645C6',:E'%1H'b]<-#!^c'P8M'1_T14512C19'82'52C418M1'52'6P1'2;WS14':Q'M6;9126M'Y56P'M13141'MT1C58='2119ME''$P1'2;WS14':Q'M6;9126M'958>2:M19'Y56P'8;65MW*'YP5CP'Q41\;126=7'41\;541M'W:41'41M:;4C1M'6:'8CC:WW:9861'6P82':6P14'67T1M':Q'=184252>'95M8S5=5651M*'P8M'52C418M19'S7'Q5Q67'T14C126E''J5==14'<4:Y2'$458='$4E'HVNVfN[HVNVf?@E'
<-#!'T8465C5T861M'52'6P1'#6861`M']P5>P'C:M6'T::=*^'YP5CP'5M'91M5>219'6:'T4:3591'899565:28='#6861'Q;29M'6:'95M645C6M'M14352>'MT1C58='19;C865:2'M6;9126M'YP:'41\;541'3147'C:M6=7'M1435C1ME''I:Y1314*'6P5M'T::=':Q'Q;29M'5M'C8TT19'86'6Y:'W5==5:2'9:==84M*'YP5CP'5M'52891\;861'6:'W116'6P1M1'M6;9126M`'2119ME''"2'HGGO[?G*'<-#!'41\;1M619'n?*N?B*BFH'Q4:W'6P1'#6861'Q:4'52[95M645C6'P5>P'C:M6'T=8C1W126M*'S;6'41C15319'2:6P52>E''Fe?He??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'!4E'+==12'J5==14[<4:Y2'b]J5==14[<4:Y2'$458='$4E^c'HVNHfHA[HVNAf?H*'HVNNf?O[HAg'+_E'OH*'#T1C58='+9;C865:2'L5MC8='0935M:47'&:WW56611'%1T:46*'!1C1WS14'HG?G*'86'??[?HE'
HE' <;9>16E''<-#!'41C126=7'1_T14512C19'S;9>16'C;6M':Q'6P546112'T14C126'86'6P1'95M645C6'89W525M64865:2'=131='829'6Y:'829'8'\;84614'T14C126'52'18CP'MCP::=E''<-#!'Y8M'Q:4C19'6:'C;6'M13148='MT1C58=5M6'T:M565:2M'6P86'P89'T4135:;M=7'M14319'6P1'126541'95M645C6'829'6P86'P89'T4:35919'95M645C6[Y591']C:2M;=652>^':2'S1P835:48='5MM;1M*'+//*'MT1C58='19;C865:2'829':6P14'W86614ME''<-#!'8=M:'P89'6:'1=5W52861'56M'9541C6:4':Q'1\;567'T:M565:2E''J5==14[<4:Y2'$458='$4E'HVNBf?A[HNg'HVBAf?A[HN*'HVOGfHH[HA*'HBG?fB[?@E'
' AE' #6;9126'(;6C:W1ME''<-#!'P8M':21':Q'6P1'=84>1M6'8CP5131W126'>8TM'52'&:=:489:E''"2'648CD52>'6P1'8CP5131W126'>8T*'<-#!'52C=;91M'M6;9126M'T8465C5T8652>'52'Q411'829'419;C19'T45C1'=;2CP'T4:>48WM*'+//M*'/8652:'M6;9126M'YP:'MT18D'+2>=5MP'86'P:W1*'829'M6;9126M'591265Q519'Q:4'
' ?@N
MT1C58='19;C865:2'T4:>48WME''0CP5131W126'>8TM'841'1359126'52'<-#!'52'8'2;WS14':Q'8418M*'52C=;952>'>489;865:2'4861M*'�U'MC:41M*'2:2[�U'MC:41M*'0&$'MC:41M*'829'MCP::='86612982C1E''J5==14[<4:Y2'$458='$4E'HVHBf@[?H*'HVHFfA[F*'HVO?fH@[HVOHfHNg'+_P5S56'A??G*'<-#!'022;8='%1T:46*',:31WS14'HG?G*'86'F[?GE'
' <-#!'P8M'P89'M:W1'M;CC1MM'Y56P'5261431265:2M'85W19'86'419;C52>'6P1'8CP5131W126'>8TE''I:Y1314*'56'9:1M'2:6'P831'6P1'41M:;4C1M'211919'6:'5WT=1W126'6P1'W18M;41M'52'13147'MCP::=':4'Q:4'8=='M6;9126M'YP:'2119'6P1W*':4'6:'1312'C:2652;1'6P1'5261431265:2M'6P86'P831'S112'525658619E''J827':Q'6P1'5261431265:2M'Y141'Q;2919'Y56P']:21'65W1^'>4826'W:251M':4':6P14'=5W5619'Q;2952>'M:;4C1M'52M6189':Q'T14W82126'M:;4C1M':Q'Q;2952>E''L:4'1_8WT=1*'<-#!'P8M'6485219'56M'19;C86:4M'52']C:[618CP52>*^'S;6'41=519':2'0%%0'Q;29M'6:'9:'6P86*'YP5CP'P831'2:Y'1_T5419E''J5==14[<4:Y2'$458='$4E'HVAOfF[HV@GfV*'HVVGfHH[H@*'HV@?f?B[HV@HfF*'HV@Hf?V[HV@AfBE'
' 0M'82:6P14'1_8WT=1*'<-#!'5WT=1W12619'8'M;WW14'1245CPW126'T4:>48W'829'1_612919'=184252>'MC512C1'T4:>48W'Q:4'M6;9126'Y56P'MT1C58='2119M*'+//'M6;9126M*'829'P:W1=1MM'M6;9126ME''"2'6P1'MP:46'T145:9':Q'65W1'6P5M'T4:>48W'Y8M'52'T=8C1*'M6;9126M'91W:2M648619'M5>25Q5C826'5WT4:31W126M'52'6P154'12>8>1W126'52'=184252>E''$P5M'T4:>48W'8=M:'41=519':2'0%%0'Q;29M*'YP5CP'P831'S112'1=5W528619E''J5==14[<4:Y2'$458='$4E'HVVAfH[HGE'
' #5W5=84=7*'<-#!'41C15319'82'+_T1==19'829'06[%5MD'#6;9126'#1435C1M'>4826*'YP5CP'56';M19'6:'P541'6P411']86612982C1'893:C861ME^''$P1M1'893:C861M*'YP:'>:'6:'M6;9126M`'P:W1M'6:'W116'Y56P'6P1W'829'6P154'T84126M*'8=41897'P831'P89'8'T:M56531'5WT8C6':2'86612982C1'4861M*'YP5CP'5M'1_T1C619'6:'5WT4:31'>489;865:2'4861ME'''I:Y1314*'6P1'>4826'1_T541M'8Q614'Q531'7184M*'829'<-#!'5M'C;44126=7'52'56M'6P549'7184E''J5==14[<4:Y2'$458='$4E'HVVNf?V[HVVVfHGE'
X. Non-Party School Districts: School District No. 14 in the County of Adams'
?E' <8CD>4:;29E''#CP::='!5M645C6',:E'?@'52'6P1'&:;267':Q'098WM'b]098WM'?@^c'M1431M'82';4S82*'=:Y[52C:W1'C:WW;2567E'',52167[6Y:'T14C126':Q'098WM'?@'M6;9126M'841'C:2M591419'86[45MD':Q'8C891W5C'Q85=;41E''0TT4:_5W861=7'Q5Q67[T14C126':Q'6P1'95M645C6`M'M6;9126M'841'+2>=5MP'=82>;8>1'=184214M*'15>P6[Q531'T14C126'841':2'Q411':4'419;C19'=;2CP*'612'T14C126'841'P:W1=1MM*'829'1=1312'T14C126'841'MT1C58='19;C865:2E''Fe?Ne??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'!4E'#;M82'J8451'&P829=14'b]&P829=14'$458='$4E^c'HFVAfH?[HFV@fHN*'HFAFfB[?NE'
HE' U4:>48WME''098WM'?@'41C1531M'8TT4:_5W861=7'n?EF'W5==5:2'Q4:W'6P1'Q19148='>:3142W126'829'n?EF'W5==5:2'Q4:W'6P1'#6861'6:'W116'6P1'2119M':Q'56M'MT1C58='19;C865:2'M6;9126ME''$P1'95M645C6'W;M6';M1'82'899565:28='nN'W5==5:2'Q4:W'56M'>12148='Q;29*'YP5CP'52C=;91M'=:C8='Q;29M*'6:'W116'6P1'2119M':Q'56M'MT1C58='19;C865:2'T:T;=865:2E''029'M65==*':2=7'6P5467[M5_'T14C126':Q'MT1C58='19;C865:2'M6;9126M'52'6P1'95M645C6'841'T4:Q5C5126'52'418952>'829':2=7'6P5467'M1312'T14C126'841'T4:Q5C5126'52'W86PE''&P829=14'$458='$4E'HFN?fO[?B*'HFNHf?A[HNE'
' 098WM'?@'2119M'W:41'41M:;4C1M'Q:4'MT1C58='19;C865:2'M6;9126M'6:'418CP'T4:Q5C512C7E''<1C8;M1'MT1C58='19;C865:2'M6;9126M'841'T419:W52826=7'52'>12148='19;C865:2'C=8MM4::WM*'>12148='19;C865:2'618CP14M'2119'M;TT:46'829'T4:Q1MM5:28='9131=:TW126'6:'S;5=9'6P1'MD5==M'21C1MM847'6:'W116'6P1M1'M6;9126M`'2119ME''#W8==14'>4:;TM*'W:41':21[6:[:21'M1435C1M*'829'W:41'52M64;C65:28='65W1'841'8=M:'C4565C8=*'YP5CP'Y5=='41\;541'899565:28='MT1C58='19;C865:2'618CP14M'829'T848T4:Q1MM5:28=ME''&P829=14'$458='$4E'HFNAf?[HFN@f?GE'
' ?@V
' !;1'6:'6P1'=82>;8>1'829'T:31467'5MM;1M'6P1'098WM'?@'C:WW;2567'Q8C1M*'T41MCP::='5M':Q'T8465C;=84'5WT:4682C1'6:'6P1'M;CC1MM':Q'M6;9126M'52'6P1'95M645C6E''I:Y1314*'098WM'?@'9:1M'2:6'P831'6P1'TP7M5C8='MT8C1':4'41M:;4C1M'6:'8CC:WW:9861'8==':Q'6P1'M6;9126M'52'6P1'95M645C6'YP:'\;8=5Q7'Q:4'56M'T41MCP::='T4:>48WE''$P141'841'8TT4:_5W861=7'?NG[HGG'M6;9126M':2'6P1'Y85652>'=5M6'18CP'7184E''&P829=14'$458='$4E'HF@OfHG[HFN?fFE'
' AE' <;9>16E''$P1'91C=521'52'M6861'Q;2952>'P8M'Q:4C19'098WM'?@'6:'52C418M1'C=8MM'M5i1M*'91C418M1'C12648='89W525M64865:2*'1=5W52861'6482MT:46865:2'Q:4'8'2;WS14':Q'M6;9126M*'829'419;C1'6P1'65W1'829'41M:;4C1M'MT126':2'T4:Q1MM5:28='9131=:TW126'829'52M64;C65:28='M;TT:46'Q:4'618CP14ME''h56P'=:Y14'618CP14'M8=8451M'6P82':6P14';4S82'95M645C6M*'829'6P1'95QQ5C;=651M'866129826'6:'618CP52>'8'T419:W52861=7'86[45MD'M6;9126'T:T;=865:2*'098WM'?@'Q8C1M'C:2M6826'618CP14'4161265:2'T4:S=1WME''&P829=14'$458='$4E'HF@@fHA[HF@Nf?O*'HFAFfB[?N*'HFVHfN[?HE'
' /5D1':6P14'95M645C6M'52'&:=:489:*'098WM'?@'P8M'485M19'=:C8='Q;29M'6P4:;>P'W5=='=1351M'829'S:29ME''098WM'?@'T8MM19'8'W5=='=137'52'?OOV'6:'M;TT:46'8'2;WS14':Q'T4:>48WM'6P86'P89'S112'C;6*'52C=;952>'TP7M5C8='19;C865:2*'846*'829'W;M5C*'8M'Y1=='8M'6:'M;TT:46'=56148C7'829'94:T:;6'T4131265:2'T4:>48WME''0'S:29'Y8M'T8MM19'52'HGGV'6:'S;5=9'8'21Y'P5>P'MCP::=*'T4:3591'Q;==[987'D52914>84612*'829'52M68=='854[C:29565:252>'52'6P1'95M645C6`M'MCP::=ME''I:Y1314*'Y56P'6P1'1C:2:W5C'9:Y26;42*'6P1'8S5=567':Q'6P1'95M645C6'6:'485M1'=:C8='Q;29M'P8M'948W865C8==7'91C=5219E''&:WW14C1'&567'P8M'82'8>52>'T:T;=865:2':Q'M125:4M':2'Q5_19'52C:W1M'829'82'52Q=;_':Q'=:Y[52C:W1'Q8W5=51M'6P86'M5WT=7'C822:6'8QQ:49'6:'M;TT:46'6P1'95M645C6'6P4:;>P'899565:28='W5=='=1351M':4'S:29ME''&P829=14'$458='$4E'HF@Vf?A[HF@BfH@*'HFAFfH@E'
@E' #6;9126'(;6C:W1ME''<1C8;M1'56'Q8==M'Y1=='S1=:Y'M6861'T4:Q5C512C7'M6829849M*'098WM'?@`M'8CC41956865:2'M686;M'5M']0CC4195619'Y56P'8'$;4284:;29'U=82E^''!4E'&P829=14'86645S;61M'6P1'95M645C6`M'=:Y'T4:Q5C512C7'MC:41M'6:'6P1'CP8==12>1M'6P1'C:WW;2567'Q8C1M'829'6P1'=8CD':Q'41M:;4C1M'Q4:W'6P1'M6861'6:'89941MM'6P:M1'CP8==12>1ME''!1MT561'P8352>'6:'19;C861'8'M6;9126'T:T;=865:2'Y56P'52C418M52>'45MD'Q8C6:4M*'098WM'?@'P8M'M112'8'91C=521'52'41312;1E''&P829=14'$458='$4E'HFAOf?H[HF@Gf?A*'HF@NfO[HF@Vf?H*'HF@@fHG[HH*'HFVAfH?[HFV@fHNE'''
098WM'?@'P8M'82'15>P6'T14C126'94:T:;6'4861'C:WT8419'6:'8'M6861'1_T1C6865:2':Q'6P411'829'8'P8=Q'T14C126E''(2=7'M5_67[Q531':;6':Q'6P1'AHN'P5>P'MCP::='M125:4M'b6Y1267'T14C126c'Y126':2'6:'P5>P14'19;C865:2'52'HG?G*'829'6P5467'6:'6P5467[Q531':Q'6P:M1'M6;9126M'211919'41W195865:2E''&P829=14'$458='$4E'HFNFf?G[?B*'HFNOfH[?H*'HFVVfN[??E'
' NE' #6861'%1\;541W126ME''!4E'&P829=14'S1=5131M*'829'6P1'95M645C6`M'8CP5131W126'9868'MP:YM*'6P86'098WM'?@'5M'2:6'T4:35952>'8'6P:4:;>P'829';25Q:4W'19;C865:2'6:'8==':Q'56M'M6;9126ME''&P829=14'$458='$4E'HFVHfHA[HFVAfVE'
Y. Non-Party School Districts: Pueblo County School District 70'
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XX. INDIVIDUAL PLAINTIFFS
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' AE' 0==':Q'6P1'"295359;8='U=85265QQM'841'8C6531=7'523:=319'52'6P154'CP5=9412`M'19;C865:2E''See, e.g., Fe@e??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'$48C5'h15M12M11'b]h15M12M11'$458='$4E^c'??OAf?[??O@f@g'FeAe??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'J5>;1='&1291R8M'b]&1291R8M'$458='$4E^c'FGHf?G[?Og'FeAe??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'$87=:4'/:S86:'b]/:S86:'$458='$4E^c'BO?fN[HGg'Fe??e??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'$P141M8'h482>P8W'b]h482>P8W'$458='$4E^c'HNG@f?A[HNGNfFg'Fe?Ge??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'X1MM5C8'#T82>=14'b]#T82>=14'$458='$4E^c'H?@Ff?F[H?@OfHg'Fe?Ne??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'/5==582'/14:;_'#4E'b]/14:;_'$458='$4E^c'HO?@fV[HO?NfAg'Fe?He??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'I14S146'&:2S:7'b]&:2S:7'$458='$4E^c''HBGBf??[HBGFfHE'
A. Taylor Lobato
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' BE' #6;9126M'YP:'T=87'MT:46M'86'&12614'M:W165W1M'P831'6:'MT129'6P411[\;84614M':Q'8'MCP::='987'86'82'8Y87'>8W1'S1C8;M1'6P141'5M':2=7':21'S;M'6:'6482MT:46'8=='6P1'618WM'6:'C:WT16565:2M*'829'M:'6P17'C822:6'844531'829'=1831'86'65W1M'6P86'Y:;=9'W8_5W5i1'6P154'52M64;C65:28='987E''"2'6P1'HG??[?H'MCP::='7184*'M6;9126M'Y5=='2:'=:2>14'41C1531'8'W18='M65T129'YP12'6P17'64831='Q:4'MT:46M*'9;1'6:'S;9>16'C;6ME''/:S86:'$458='$4E'BBFf?A[BBOf?VE'
' FE' /1MM'6P82':21'6P549':Q'$87=:4'/:S86:`M'>489;8652>'C=8MM'Y126'6:'C:==1>1E''06'=18M6'Q5Q67'T14C126':Q'P14'C=8MMW861M'6P86'M684619'C:==1>1'94:TT19':;6'S7'6P154'M:TP:W:41'7184E''/:S86:'$458='$4E'BVGf??[H@E
B. Miguel Cendejas
' ?E' J5>;1='&1291R8M'9:1M'2:6'S1=5131'P5M'CP5=9412'841'>16652>'82'891\;861'19;C865:2'86'&12614'T;S=5C'MCP::=M*'S;6'5M'T4:;9'6P86'6P1'95M645C6'5M'9:52>'6P1'S1M6'56'C82'Y56P'YP86'56'P8ME''&1291R8M'$458='$4E'F?@fH@[F?NfFE'''
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C. Traci Weisensee
' ?E' $48C5'h15M12M11'5M'S:6P'82'1=1W126847'MCP::='T452C5T8='Q:4'h::9=52'#CP::='!5M645C6'829'8'MCP::='C:;2M1=:4*'829'P8M'CP5=9412'S152>'19;C8619'52'6P1'95M645C6E''Q:4'S1=5131M'P14'CP5=9412'841'2:6'>16652>'8'Y1==[4:;2919'19;C865:2'829'Y5=='2:6'S1'891\;861=7'T41T8419'Q:4'C:==1>1'
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' AE' J827'M6;9126M'86'h::9=52'C822:6'68D1'8938268>1':Q'C:2C;44126'124:==W126'C:;4M1M':QQ1419'86'J:4>82'&:WW;2567'&:==1>1'S1C8;M1'6P17'9:'2:6'MC:41'P5>P'12:;>P':2'6P1'0CC;T=8C14':4'0&$'61M6M'6:'\;8=5Q7'Q:4'6P:M1'C:;4M1ME''h15M12M11'$458='$4E'?HGHf?@[?HGAfOE'''
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' VE' h::9=52'=8CDM'M;QQ5C5126'61CP2:=:>7E''J:M6':Q'6P1'C:WT;614M'Y141'9:28619';M19':314'15>P6'7184M'8>:E'',:'C=8MM4::WM'P831':314P189'T4:R1C6:4M'6:'95MT=87'52Q:4W865:2'Q4:W'6P1'h1SE''$P1'=8CD':Q'891\;861'61CP2:=:>7'P8M'2:6':2=7'8QQ1C619'52M64;C65:2'52'6P1'C=8MM4::W*'S;6'8=M:'P8M'5WT8C619'6P1'8S5=567':Q'6P1'95M645C6'6:'8TT=7'Q:4'C146852'>4826ME''L:4'1_8WT=1*'h::9=52'Y8M'2:6'8S=1'6:'8TT=7'Q:4'8'=56148C7'>4826'S1C8;M1'56'=8CD19'6P1'41\;5419'61CP2:=:>7'6:'5WT=1W126'6P1'>4826'T4:>48WE''h15M12M11'$458='$4E'?HG@f?A[?HGNfO*'?HGVf?A[?HGBfHAE'
D. Teresa Wrangham
?E $141M8'h482>P8W`M'98;>P614'%8CP1=*'YP:'P8M'82'8;65MW'MT1C64;W'95M:4914*'5M'8>52>':;6':Q'8'<:;=914'-8==17'#CP::='!5M645C6'6482M565:2'T4:>48W'Q:4'15>P6112'6:'6Y1267[:21'7184':=9M'Y56P:;6'6P1'MD5==M'6:'=531':2'P14':Y2*'1312'6P:;>P'MP1'5M'=1>8==7'12656=19'6:'6P:M1'M1435C1ME''h482>P8W'$458='$4E'HNGHf?G[?@E''
' ' HE' %8CP1='h482>P8W`M'6482M565:2'T4:>48W*'YP5CP'P89'6P5467'6:'Q:467'M6;9126M*'Y8M'68;>P6'52'P8=Q'8'T:468S=1'C=8MM4::WE''$P1'T;4T:M1':Q'6P1'T4:>48W'5M'6:'618CP'5291T129126'=5352>'MD5==ME''$P1'C=8MM4::W'P89':2=7'8'6:8M614':312*'W5C4:Y831*'829'8'P:6'T=861E''#:W1:21'=5D1'%8CP1='C822:6'>12148=5i1'Q4:W'8'P:6'T=861'6:'8'M6:31E''#P1'2119M'6:'M11'1_8WT=1M':Q'YP86'MP1'Y5=='12C:;2614'52'6P1'418='Y:4=9E''h482>P8W'$458='$4E'HN?NfH@[HN?BfBE'
' AE' %8CP1='P8M'8=Y87M'S112'C:==1>1'S:;29E''I14'>:8='5M'6:'>16'8'C:==1>1'91>411'52'W;=65W1958E''hP12'%8CP1='418CP19'6126P'>4891*'MP1'Y8M'2:'=:2>14'W8D52>'T4:>41MM'52'418952>E''
' ?NH
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' @E' %8CP1='h482>P8W'959'2:6'41C1531'M;QQ5C5126'M:C58='MD5==M'M;TT:46*'W1268='P18=6P'M1435C1M*':4'MT11CP'6P148T7'86'<-#!'MCP::=ME''0M'8'41M;=6*'P14'Q8W5=7'P89'6:'T87'Q:4'T453861'M1435C1M'6:'M;TT=1W126'YP86'Y8M'T4:35919'S7'6P1'MCP::='95M645C6E''h482>P8W'$458='$4E'HNGBfH[HNGFfF*'HN?GfH@[HN??fO*'HNGOfHN[HN?GfV*'HN?@fF[HN?Nf?@E''
E. Jessica Spangler
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' NE' %5914`M'C;44126'"+U'T4:3591M'6P86'P1'Y5=='41C1531'P:W1S:;29'52M64;C65:2*'YP5CP'C:2M5M6M':Q'Q531'P:;4M'T14'Y11D':Q'52M64;C65:2'Y56P'8'6;6:4E''$P5M'T=8C1W126'5M'2:6'8TT4:T45861'Q:4'%5914'S1C8;M1'P1'9:1M'2:6'9:'Y1=='Y56P'P:W1Y:4D'829'2119M'M:C58='526148C65:2'Y56P'T114ME''JME'#T82>=14'829'%5914`M'9:C6:4'S1=5131'P1'2119M'6:'S1'52'8'987'64186W126':4'C12614[S8M19'T4:>48WE''
' ?NA
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F. Lillian Leroux, Sr.
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G. Herbert Conboy
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XXI. TEACHER TESTIMONY
A. Matthew Keefauver
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' ?NB
B. Justine Bayles
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' AE' JME'<87=1M'9:1M'2:6'P831'M;QQ5C5126'M;TT:46'M68QQ'52'P14'C=8MM1M'6:'W116'6P1'95314M1'2119M':Q'P14'M6;9126Mg'MP1'P8M'W827'+2>=5MP'=82>;8>1'=184214M*'MT1C58='2119M'M6;9126M*'829'89382C19'M6;9126M'8=='52':21'C=8MME''"2':21':Q'JME'<87=1M`M'C=8MM1M*'MP1'P89'M6;9126M'86'Q:;4'95QQ14126'=131=MxM6;9126M'86'>4891'=131=*'M6;9126M'YP:'211919'M:W1'>;5982C1*'M6;9126M'YP:'211919'M5>25Q5C826'5261431265:2*'829':21'M6;9126'YP:'211919'M:W1:21'6:'4189'829'MC45S1'Q:4'P5WE''JME'<87=1M'P89':21'T848T4:Q1MM5:28='52'6P5M'C=8MM'YP:'Y:4D19'Y56P'6P1'M6;9126M'YP:'211919'M:W1'>;5982C1E''JME'<87=1M'P89'6:'89941MM'6P1'95QQ1452>'2119M':Q'6P1'41W85252>'M6;9126M'8=:21*'52C=;952>'6P1'M6;9126'YP:'211919'Q;==[65W1'8661265:2E''JME'<87=1M'Q11=M'6P86'MP1'Y8M'2:6'8S=1'6:'W116'6P1'5295359;8=5i19'2119M':Q'P14'M6;9126M'52'6P5M'C=8MM'829'6P86'6P17'Y141'2:6'T41T8419'Q:4'6P1'21_6'>4891'=131=E''<87=1M'$458='$4E'HAHAfO[HAHNfH@E'''
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' BE' &:461i'J599=1'#CP::='8=M:'=8CDM'M;QQ5C5126'61CP2:=:>7E''$P1'MCP::='P8M'6Y:'C:WT;614'=8SM'Q:4'VGG'M6;9126ME''099565:28==7*'6P1'MC512C1'91T846W126'P8M'8'T:468S=1'C846'Y56P'6Y1267[Q:;4'216[S::DM'6P86'5M'MP8419'8C4:MM'M5_6P*'M13126P*'829'15>P6P'>4891ME''$P5M'=5W5619'8CC1MM'6:'61CP2:=:>7'W8D1M'56'3147'95QQ5C;=6'6:'W116'M6861'M6829849M*'YP5CP'841'61CP2:=:>7[S8M19E''J:41'5WT:46826=7*'JME'<87=1M'9:1M'2:6'S1=5131'6P86'P14'M6;9126M'P831'6P1'61CP2:=:>5C8='MD5==M'211919'6:'S1'T41T8419'Q:4'C:==1>1':4'6:'12614'6P1'Y:4D'Q:4C1E''<87=1M'$458='$4E'HAA?fH[?N*'HAA?fH?[HAAAfHE'
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' ?NF
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C. Anastasia Campbell
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XXII. THE STATE’S CASE
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A. Colorado State Board of Education
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' ?NO
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' JME'K826i'<14W82'M14319':2'6P1'!12314'#CP::='<:849'Q4:W'?OOB[HGGN'829'Y8M'T41M59126':Q'6P1'!12314'#CP::='<:849'Q:4'Q:;4':Q'6P:M1'7184ME''#P1'S1=5131M'!12314'U;S=5C'#CP::=M'959'2:6'P831'M;QQ5C5126'41M:;4C1M'6:'9:'56M'R:S'9;452>'6P:M1'7184ME''K826i'<14W82'$458='$4E'NVVFf?H[?F*'NVOGfH[VE'
' JME'K826i'<14W82'S1=5131M'6P141'5M'52891\;861'Q;2952>'52'&:=:489:`M'T;S=5C'MCP::='M7M61W*'T8465C;=84=7'Q:4'4;48='MCP::='95M645C6ME''K826i'<14W82'$458='$4E'NVOGf?V[HH*'NVOHfHA[NVOAf?E''
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' JME'K826i'<14W82'S1=5131M'6P86':21':Q'6P1'W827'418M:2M'YP7'&:=:489:'2119M'6:'41Y4561'6P1'#CP::='L5282C1'0C6'5M'6:'5WT4:31'6P1'1\;567'8W:2>'MCP::='95M645C6ME''K826i'<14W82'$458='$4E'NVO?f?@[?FE'
' JME'K826i'<14W82'S1=5131M'6P1'4:=1':Q'6P1'#6861'52'19;C865:2'5M'6:'91Q521':;6C:W1M'Q:4'M6;9126M'829'T4:3591'6P1'21C1MM847'M;TT:46M'829'41M:;4C1M'6:'MCP::='95M645C6M'M:'6P86'M6;9126M'C82'W116'6P:M1':;6C:W1ME''K826i'<14W82'$458='$4E'NBGBfV[?@E''See also FeH@e??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'/51;612826'K:3142:4'X:M1TP'K84C58'b]K84C58'$458='$4E^c'@N@Bf?G[?HE'
' JME'K826i'<14W82'S1=5131M'P5>P14'M8=8451M'829'52C418M19'T4:Q1MM5:28='9131=:TW126'841'211919'6:'89941MM'618CP14'\;8=567'5MM;1ME''K826i'<14W82'$458='$4E'NVOAf?O[NVO@fBE'
' U45:4'6:'R:5252>'6P1'#6861'<:849':Q'+9;C865:2*'02>1=5D8'#CP4:1914'Y8M'8'C:==1>1'T4:Q1MM:4'829'&U0'829'W1WS14':Q'6P1'<:;=914'-8==17'#CP::='!5M645C6'<:849':Q'+9;C865:2E''#P1'P8M'6P411'91>411M'Q4:W'6P1')25314M567':Q'&:=:489:f'8'<0'52'W86P1W865CM*'82'J<0*'829'8'UPE!E'52'S;M521MM'89W525M64865:2'829'8CC:;2652>E''#CP4:1914'$458='$4E'N?BVfF[?HE'
' hP12'!4E'#CP4:1914'Y8M'8'W1WS14':Q'6P1'<-#!'<:849':Q'+9;C865:2*'6P1'<:849'Y8M'8MD19'YP16P14'56'Y:;=9'T4:3591'Q5282C58='M;TT:46'6:'6P1'U=85265QQM'52'6P1'Lobato =8YM;56E''!4E'#CP4:1914'61M65Q519'MP1'9:1M'2:6'41W1WS14'P:Y'MP1'3:619*'S;6'S1=5131M'MP1'Y:;=9'P831'3:619'52'Q83:4':Q'T4:35952>'Q;2952>'Q:4'6P1'Lobato =565>865:2E''#CP4:1914'$458='$4E'N?FGf?B[N?F?f?OE'
' !4E'#CP4:1914'8>411M'Y56P'6P1'HG??'=1>5M=86531'T45:4567':Q'6P1'#6861'<:849'6:']qMr;TT:46'1QQ:46M'6:'T413126'Q;46P14'C;6M'6:'D[?H'19;C865:2'Q;2952>E^''#P1'S1=5131M'C;6652>'S;9>16M'Y418DM'CP8:M':2'MCP::='95M645C6Mg'6P17'W;M6'T4:3591'Q1Y14'M1435C1M'6:'M6;9126M'829'C822:6'>531'485M1M'6:'618CP14M'829'M68QQ*'YP5CP'5WT8C6M'M6;9126'8CP5131W126E''#CP4:1914'$458='$4E'N?FAfHN[N?F@fF*'N?FVfB[N?FBfOg'+_E'HHE'
' J4E'#CP8QQ14'M14319'52'6P1')25619'#6861M'I:;M1':Q'%1T41M12686531M'Q4:W'?OOB';265='HGGAE''hP5=1'52'&:2>41MM*'J4E'#CP8QQ14'M14319':2'6P1'19;C865:2'C:WW56611E' I1'T4:T:M19'8'M682952>'M1451M':Q'8W129W126M'6:'6P1'"295359;8=M'Y56P'!5M8S5=5651M'+9;C865:2'0C6'b"!+0c*'52'YP5CP'P1'T4:T:M19'MP5Q652>'S5==5:2M':Q'Q19148='9:==84M'526:'"!+0E''J4E'#CP8QQ14'M:;>P6'6P1M1'899565:28='Q;29M'S1C8;M1'P1'S1=5131M'"!+0'5M'6P1'=84>1M6';2Q;2919'W829861'S7'6P1'Q19148='>:3142W126E''#CP8QQ14'$458='$4E'NFBFf??[?A*'NFBFf?F[H?*'NFBOfO[NFFGf?FE'
' J4E'#CP8QQ14'S1=5131M'6P86'6P1'C;44126'M7M61W':Q'T;S=5C'19;C865:2'Q;2952>'52'&:=:489:'5M']6P4:;>P'829';25Q:4W^'W141=7'S1C8;M1'6P1'#CP::='L5282C1'0C6'T8MM19'6P4:;>P'6P1'41>;=84'=1>5M=86531'T4:C1MME''J4E'#CP8QQ14`M'T14MT1C6531'5M';2T14M;8M531'829'2:6'MP8419'S7'6P1'38M6'W8R:4567':Q'Y5621MM1M'86'6458=E'#CP8QQ14'$458='$4E'86'NFOGf?F[NFO?f?NE'''
' ?V?
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' J4E'#CP8QQ14'9:1M'2:6'S1=5131'Y1==[4:;2919'19;C865:28=':TT:46;25651M*'19;C865:28=':;6C:W1M*':4'C:WT=582C1'Y56P'M6861'W829861M*'M;CP'8M'C:26126'M6829849M'829'8CC41956865:2'41\;541W126M*'841'41=13826'6:'6P1'91614W52865:2':Q'YP16P14'6P1'#6861'5M'T4:35952>'8'6P:4:;>P'829';25Q:4W'19;C865:2E''#CP8QQ14'$458='$4E'NOHAf?N[NOH@f?[VE'
J4E'#CP8QQ14'S1=5131M'6P86*'5Q'8'T84126'Q1=6'P14'CP5=9`M'19;C865:28='2119M'Y141'2:6'S152>'W16*'6P1'T84126'Y:;=9'W:31'6:'8'T=8C1'YP141'6P:M1'2119M'C:;=9'S1'W16'5Q'MP1'=:31M'P14'CP5=9E''#CP8QQ14'$458='$4E'NO?Vf?[HNE'
B. Key Admissions by Other Witnesses for Defendants
' ?E' J827':Q'6P1'#6861`M'Y5621MM1M'8>411'6P86*'YP5=1'\;8=567'19;C865:28=':TT:46;25651M'841'21C1MM847'Q:4'8'6P:4:;>P'829';25Q:4W'19;C865:2*'41M;=6M':4':;6C:W1M'841'1\;8==7'5Q'2:6'W:41'5WT:46826'52'8MM1MM52>'YP16P14'8'6P:4:;>P'829';25Q:4W'19;C865:2'5M'S152>'T4:35919E''"6'5M'M5WT=7'2:6'12:;>P'6:'124:=='CP5=9412'52'MCP::=E''$P1'5WT:46826'6P52>'5M'6:'>489;861'6P:M1'M6;9126M'41W195865:2'Q411E''Oe?e??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'X:P2'02941YM'b]02941YM'$458='$4E^c'VAVOf?G[VABGfHHg'K84C58'$458='$4E'@NVBfH[?N*'@NVOf@[HGg'FeHVe??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'h5==58W'J:=:217'b]J:=:217'$458='$4E^c'N@?AfHG[N@?@fV*'N@AAfF[?Hg'OeHe??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'#1286:4'k156P'k52>'b]k52>'$458='$4E^c'VBBAf?@[HH*'VFG@fH@[VFGNfAE'
' HE' /51;612826'K:3142:4'K84C58'9:1M'2:6'S1=5131'Y1'P831'8'6P:4:;>P'829';25Q:4W'M7M61W':Q'19;C865:2'Q:4'all'M6;9126M'52'6P1'#6861*'T8465C;=84=7'Q:4'86[45MD'829'+2>=5MP'=82>;8>1'=184214'M6;9126ME''K84C58'$458='$4E'@NHOfA'[?@*'@NAHf??[H?*'@NAAf?G[?NE'
' AE' J5D1'J5=1M*'6P1':2=7'M;T14526129126'6:'61M65Q7'Q:4'#6861*'S1=5131M'8']6P:4:;>P'829';25Q:4W^'M7M61W':Q'T;S=5C'MCP::=M'5M':21'52'YP5CP'13147'MCP::='95M645C6'P8M'6P1'41M:;4C1M'56'2119M'6:'T4:3591'82'891\;861'19;C865:2'6:'8==':Q'56M'M6;9126ME''J4E'J5=1M'9:1M'2:6'S1=5131'Y1'P831'8']6P:4:;>P^'M7M61WE''FeAGe??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'J5D1'J5=1M'b]J5=1M'$458='$4E^c'NFNFfV[?A*'NFNOf@[VE'
' @E' 0CC:4952>'6:'Q:4W14'M6861'#1286:4'02941YM*'8'];25Q:4W^'19;C865:2'W182M'6P86'827'CP5=9'52'&:=:489:*'41>849=1MM':Q'P5M':4'P14'Q8W5=7'S8CD>4:;29':4'>1:>48TP5C'=:C865:2*'41C1531M'6P1'M8W1'=184252>':TT:46;25651M'829'5M'Y56P52'418CP':Q'6P1'M8W1'19;C865:28=':;6C:W1M'8M'827':6P14'CP5=9'52'6P1'M6861E''02941YM'$458='$4E'VAVOf?G[HNE'
' NE' /51;612826'K:3142:4'K84C58'S1=5131M'&:=:489:`M'M7M61W':Q'T;S=5C'MCP::=M'5M'2:6'];25Q:4W^'S1C8;M1'2:6'13147'M6;9126'P8M'8CC1MM'6:'6P1'M8W1':TT:46;25651ME''K84C58'$458='$4E'@VGFfH@[@VGOfHE'
' VE' L:4W14'&!+'0MM:C5861'&:WW5MM5:214'%5CP849'h12252>'8>411M'6P86'R;M6'S1C8;M1'8'MCP::='95M645C6'W116M'8==':Q'6P1'T14Q:4W82C1'5295C86:4M':2'8'95M645C6'T14Q:4W82C1'Q48W1Y:4D'
' ?VH
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' BE' "2'J84CP'HG?G*'6P1'&:=:489:'/1>8C7'L:;29865:2'829'&:=:489:'!1T846W126':Q'+9;C865:2'b&!+c'R:526=7'8TT=519'Q:4'8'>4826'6:'9131=:T'829'5WT=1W126'&!+`M'19;C86:4'1QQ1C653121MM'5256586531E''"2'6P1'8TT=5C865:2*'6P17'2:619*']6P1'C;44126'19;C865:28='M7M61W'9:1M'2:6'891\;861=7'T4:3591'Q:4'13147'CP5=9E^''FeHVe??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q',528'/:T1i'b]/:T1i'$458='$4E^c'NH@@fHA[NH@Nf?Hg'+_E'AGG@*'X:526'U4:T:M8=':Q'6P1'&:=:489:'!1T846W126':Q'+9;C865:2'829'6P1'&:=:489:'/1>8C7'L:;29865:2'6:'6P1'%:M1'&:WW;2567'L:;29865:2*'J84CP'?B*'HG?G*'86'HE'
FE' #13148=':Q'6P1'#6861`M'Y5621MM1M'8CD2:Y=19>19'6P86'6P141'841'M5>25Q5C826'521\;8=5651M'52':TT:46;25651M'829':;6C:W1M'52':;4'#6861E''U::4'D59M'52'T::4'8418M':Q612'41C1531'8'95QQ14126'\;8=567':Q'19;C865:2'6P82'Y18=6P7'D59M'52'Y18=6P7'8418ME''0M'8'41M;=6*'=:Y[52C:W1'CP5=9412'829'CP5=9412'Q4:W'16P25C'W52:45651M'841'2:6'9:52>'8M'Y1=='8M'6P154'YP561'T114M':4'8M'Y1=='8M'6P17'MP:;=9E''See, e.g., 02941YM'$458='$4E'VANAf?V[VAN@f?Vg'K84C58'$458='$4E'@NAHf?V[H?*'@NA@f?A[?B*'@NVBfH?[@NVFf?*'@VGFfB[?Fg'OeHe??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'02941Y'%:W82:QQ'b]%:W82:QQ'$458='$4E^c'VFNVfH[VFNBfHE'
' OE' #13148='#6861'Y5621MM1M'8=M:'89W56619'6P141'5M'52M;QQ5C5126'Q;2952>'Q:4'T;S=5C'MCP::=M'52'&:=:489:E''+312'!4E'J:=:217'89W56619'6P141'841';2914Q;2919'MCP::='95M645C6M'52'6P1'M6861':Q'&:=:489:E''See e.g., K826i'<14W82'$458='$4E'NVOHfHA[NVOAf?*'K84C58'$458='$4E'@NHBfA[Fg'#CP4:1914'$458='$4E'N?FOfHH[HNg'J:=:217'$458='$4E'N@ABfHA[HNE'
?GE' /51;612826'K:3142:4'K84C58'S1=5131M'Q5282C58='41M:;4C1M'841'C4565C8='52'6P1'91=53147':Q'\;8=567'19;C865:2':TT:46;25651M'Q:4'8=='M6;9126ME''I1'S1=5131M'52C418M19'Q;2952>'Q:4'19;C865:2'C:;=9'5WT4:31'19;C865:28=':TT:46;25651M'91T12952>';T:2'P:Y'6P1'W:217'5M'MT126E''"Q'6P1'899565:28='W:217'5M'MT126'8TT4:T45861=7*'56'C:;=9'=189'6:'8'S16614'\;8=567'19;C865:2E''K84C58'$458='$4E'@NHVf?B[HH*'@NAFf?@[HA*'@VGBf??[H?E'
' ??E' /51;612826'K:3142:4'K84C58'Q;46P14'S1=5131M'56'5M'6P1':S=5>865:2':Q'6P1'#6861'6:'12M;41'6P141'5M'M;QQ5C5126'Q;2952>'Q:4'T;S=5C'19;C865:2E''$P1'#6861'8=M:'P8M'82':S=5>865:2'6:'P1=T'C=:M1'6P1'8CP5131W126'>8T'S7'M16652>'T:=5C7'829'T4:35952>'Q;2952>'6:'5WT=1W126'6P:M1'T:=5C51ME''K84C58'$458='$4E'@NGBfHH[@NGFfB*'@N?Af?[?@*'@N?VfA[??E'
' ?HE' &:=:489:'&:WW5MM5:214':Q'+9;C865:2'%:S146'I8WW:29'8CD2:Y=19>19'M6;9126'8CP5131W126'52'6P1'#6861'5M'2:6'YP141'56'MP:;=9'S1'829'6P86'6P1'C;44126'M56;865:2'2119M'6:'CP82>1E''I1'S1=5131M'6P1'&:=:489:'T;S=5C'19;C865:2'Q;2952>'M7M61W'MP:;=9'891\;861=7*'41=58S=7*'829'1\;568S=7'W116'6P1'19;C865:2'2119M':Q'6P:M1'M6;9126M'M14319'S7'6P1'M7M61WE''I8WW:29'$458='$4E'VNBFf?G[?F*'VNBOfN[OE'
' ?AE' !1Q129826M`'1_T146*'%:S'#6152*'61M65Q519'S7'91T:M565:2'6P86'6P1'#6861':Q'&:=:489:'5M'2:6'T4:35952>'82'891\;861'19;C865:2'6:'8=='T;S=5C'MCP::='CP5=9412E''I1'S1=5131M'6P1'Q:==:Y52>'41M:;4C1M'841'21C1MM847'6:'5WT4:31'6P1'T14Q:4W82C1':Q'=:Y[T14Q:4W52>'M6;9126M'52';4S82'MCP::='95M645C6Mf''W:41'52M64;C65:28='65W1*'W:41'T;==[:;6':4'684>1619'M;TT:46*'W:41'M:C58='829'1W:65:28='P18=6P'M1435C1M*'829'W:41'64;82C7'T4131265:2E''0==':Q'6P1M1'41M:;4C1M'41\;541'899565:28='W:217E''
' ?VA
Ve?Be??'!1T:M565:2'$1M65W:27':Q'!4E'%:S'#6152'b]#6152'!1T:E'$4E^c'HOf?@[?V*'AGf?A[?N*'?@OfN[HGE'
' ?@E' !4E'#6152'S1=5131M'6P86'Y1'841'21314'>:52>'6:'418CP'M865MQ8C6:47'T4:Q5C512C7'4861M'52':;4'M6861';2=1MM'Y1'89941MM'6P1'126541'MCP::='Q5282C1'M7M61WE''#6152'!1T:E'$4E'?VVf?B[?VBf?@E'
C. Important Weaknesses in the Testimony of Defendants’ Witnesses
' ?E' 0=6P:;>P'M:W1':Q'6P1'#6861`M'Y5621MM1M`'61M65W:27'C:;=9'86'Q54M6'S=;MP'M;>>1M6'M;TT:46'Q:4'6P1'#6861`M'C8M1*'W;CP':Q'6P86'61M65W:27'Y8M'\;1M65:28S=1E'''
J827':Q'6P1'#6861`M'Y5621MM1M':QQ1452>'M;CP'61M65W:27'841';2Q8W5=584'Y56P'6P1'Q;2952>':4'T4:>48WM'8385=8S=1'52'6P1'U=85265QQ'#CP::='!5M645C6M':4'6P1'95M645C6M'YP141'6P1'"295359;8='U=85265QQM'41M591E''02941YM'$458='$4E'VAFAf?O[HAg'K84C58'$458='$4E'@N@Hf?O[@N@AfVg'J:=:217'$458='$4E'N@GNf?@[N@GBf?Bg'FeHNe??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'!4E'+45D'I82;MP1D'b]I82;MP1D'$458='$4E^c'N?NNf?F[N?NVf?GE'
' HE' ,:6':21'#6861'Y5621MM'Y8M'8S=1'6:'591265Q7'MT1C5Q5C'521QQ5C512C51M'52'6P1'U=85265QQ'#CP::='!5M645C6M':4'827'MCP::='95M645C6'52'6P1'#6861'6P86'5M'Y8M652>'W:217E'&:WW5MM5:214'I8WW:29'5M';28Y841':Q'827'95M645C6'1_T12956;41'6P86'5M'2:6'41=8619'6:'Q;=Q5==52>'6P1'T452C5T=1M':Q'6P1']6P:4:;>P'829';25Q:4W^'C=8;M1E''K826i'<14W82'$458='$4E'NVOHf??[?@g'FeA?e??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'!4E'+9Y849'#6152S14>'b]#6152S14>'$458='$4^c'VH@@fA[Bg'K84C58'$458='$4E'@NN@fHA[@NNNf@*'@VGFf?[Vg'k52>'$458='$4E'VBOOfF[?Vg'I8WW:29'$458='$4E'VNNOf?B[HAE''
' AE' #:W1':Q'6P1'#6861`M'Y5621MM1M'P:=9'1_641W1'351YM':2'19;C865:2'829'MCP::='Q;2952>'6P86'841'52C:2M5M6126'Y56P'6P1'&:=:489:'&:2M656;65:2'829e:4'M6861'41Q:4W'=1>5M=865:2E''L:4'1_8WT=1*'#1286:4'02941YM`'35M5:2'Q:4'6P1'Q;6;41'5M'8'M1T84865:2':Q'MCP::=M'829'M6861'M5W5=84'6:'6P1'M1T84865:2':Q'CP;4CP'829'M6861'52':;4'2865:2E''I1'P8M'M5>219'8'T=19>1'C8==52>'Q:4'6P1'129':Q'>:3142W126'523:=31W126'52'19;C865:2E''I1'413141M'6P1'19;C865:28='M7M61W'Y1'P89'52'6P5M'C:;2647'52'6P1'?BGGM'S1C8;M1'6P141'Y141'Q1Y'>:3142W126':T148619'MCP::=ME''I1'Q85=M'6:'W1265:2'6P86':;4'MCP::=M'959'2:6'19;C861'YP:=1'M1>W126M':Q'6P1'T:T;=865:2*'52C=;952>'Y:W12'829'T1:T=1':Q'C:=:4*'86'6P86'65W1E''#1286:4'02941YM'8=M:'S1=5131M'6P86'M6;9126M'MP:;=9'S1'68;>P6'1_C=;M531=7'52'+2>=5MPE''02941YM'$458='$4E'VANBf?H[VAVGf?@*'VABVf?A[VABBf?*'VAFHf?N[VAFAfA*'VAFBf?[Vg'+_E'B@G@*'U4:C=8W865:2':Q'6P1'0==582C1'Q:4'6P1'#1T84865:2':Q'#CP::='829'#6861E'
' @E' J:41:314*'#1286:4'02941YM'Y8M'2:6'52'6P1'M6861'=1>5M=86;41'YP12'6P1'?OO@'U;S=5C'#CP::='L5282C1'0C6'bU#L0c'Y8M'91M5>219'829'128C619E''I1'P8M'21314'C844519'6P1'U#L0E''I1'89W56M'P1'5M'2:6'82'1_T146':2'6P1'U#L0*'21314'=184219'6P1'52645C861'Y:4D52>M':Q'6P1'U#L0*'829'P8M':2=7'>12148='Q8W5=584567'Y56P'56'S7'3546;1':Q'S152>'52'6P1'K12148='0MM1WS=7'Q:4'M5_'7184ME''I5M':T525:2M':2'6P1'U#L0'841'S8M19':2'P5M'5WT41MM5:2M'8S:;6'6P1'Y:4D'6P86'Y126'526:'56M'C41865:2'Q531'7184M'T45:4'6:'P5M'S1C:W52>'8'=1>5M=86:4E''02941YM'$458='$4E'VAV?f?H[?B*'VAV?fHA[VAVHfH*'VAVHfHG[VAVAfH@*'VABNfB[HGE'
' NE' %:S146'#CP8QQ14'S1=5131M'6P86'6P1'�U'8MM1MMW126'5M'82'52C:WT=161'W18M;41':Q'M6;9126'T4:>41MM'S1C8;M1'56'5M'91M5>219'6:'W18M;41'6P1'T14Q:4W82C1':Q'82'52M656;65:2g'56'5M'2:6'T8465C;=84=7'C1261419':2'6P1'T14Q:4W82C1':Q'8'CP5=9':4'6P1'T41T84865:2':Q'8'CP5=9E''0CC:4952>'6:'J4E'#CP8QQ14*'T841268='M865MQ8C65:2'Y56P'6P154'CP5=9412`M'19;C865:2':;6C:W1M'5M'6P1']Q54M6'829'S1M6^'W18M;41':Q'M6;9126'8CP5131W126':;6C:W1ME''#CP8QQ14'$458='$4E'NOGHf?N[HA*'NOGAfA[?GE'
' ?V@
' VE' X:'(`<4512*'&!+`M'0MM5M6826'&:WW5MM5:214':Q'#6829849M'829'0MM1MMW126*'5M'8Y841'6P86'MCP::='95M645C6M*'T8465C;=84=7'6P:M1'52'4;48='8418M*'2119'Q8M614'"2614216'C:221C653567'829'21Y14'P849Y841*'S;6'9:1M'2:6'6P52D'6P86'61CP2:=:>7'5M'21C1MM847'6:'8CC:WT=5MP'6P1'21Y'M6829849M':4'6:'T41T841'8'M6;9126'6:'S1'Y:4DQ:4C1'41897E''.16*'JME'(`<4512'61M65Q519'6P86'5Q'MP1'Y141'8'P19>1'Q;29'W828>14*'MP1'Y:;=9'5231M6'52'P5>P[MT119'"2614216'8CC1MM'M:'6P86'8=='M6;9126M*'41>849=1MM':Q'YP141'6P17'C:W1'Q4:W*'P831'1312'Q8M614'8CC1MM'6:'1_T14512C1M*'52Q:4W865:2*'Y:49M*'829'91C:952>':TT:46;25651ME''#P1'Q;46P14'S1=5131M'6P86'M6861M'6P86'P831'5231M619'911T=7'52'61CP2:=:>7*'M;CP'8M'h7:W52>'829')68P*'P831'82'8938268>1E''FeH@e??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'X:M1TP521'(`<4512'b](`<4512'$458='$4E^c'@FG?f?[@FGHf?*'@BB?f??[?V*'@FGAfV[HGE'
' BE' !4E'J:=:217'S1=5131M'P5>P'MCP::='95T=:W8M'841'84S564847'W18M;41M'6P86'P831'=566=1'38=;1E''I1'8=M:'S1=5131M'M68298495i19'61M652>'5M'8'95M8M614'829'19;C865:28='Q85=;41E''!4E'J:=:217'899565:28==7'S1=5131M'6P1'&:=:489:'K4:Y6P'J:91='5M'8'648>197':Q'>::9'5261265:2ME''I1'Q;46P14'S1=5131M'6P1'T:M6M1C:29847'Y:4DQ:4C1'4189521MM'91Q52565:2'89:T619'S7'6P1'&:=:489:'!1T846W126':Q'+9;C865:2'829'!1T846W126':Q'I5>P14'+9;C865:2'8Q614'C:231252>'8'68MD'Q:4C1'P8M'2:'W18252>'829'41T41M126M'MP:997'6P52D52>E''J:=:217'$458='$4E'NAN@fHH[NANNf?A*'NAFGf?N[?B*'NAF?f?[A*'NAFAfB[O*'NAFNf?F[NAFBfFE'
FE' !4E'J:=:217`M'61M65W:27'5M'\;1M65:28S=1E''I5M'6458='61M65W:27'Y8M'S8M19'52'=84>1'T846':2'8'T:=5C7'S451Q'P1'Y4:61'Q:4'6P1'&12612258='"2M656;61E''$P1'84>;W126M'52'6P1'T:=5C7'S451Q'841'2:6'S8M19':2'41M184CP':4'9868E''L:4'1_8WT=1*'P5M':T525:2M'8S:;6')68P`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fB[NAHBf?N*'NANGfHG[HH*'NAVHfHG[NAVAf?Ag'NAVNfF[?V*'NAB?fO[?H*'NAONf?N[HA*'NAOBfB[?A*'N@H?fN[?Ag'+_E'NGG@*'J;CP'<16614'#CP::=M':2'J;CP'/:Y14'<;9>16Mf'0'U45W14'Q:4'&:=:489:'U:=5C7W8D14ME'
OE' !4E'J:=:217'9:1M'2:6'D2:Y'YP16P14'827':Q'6P1'1_8WT=1M'P1'C561M'52'P5M'T:=5C7'S451Q':Q'MCP::=M'9:52>']W:41'Y56P'=1MM^'P831'8C6;8==7'41M;=619'52'827'8CP5131W126'>852ME''J:=:217'$458='$4E'NAOBf?@[N@GGfH?E'
?GE' !4E'J:=:217'S1=5131M'MCP::=M'MP:;=9'S1'41C:2M656;619'8=:2>'6P1'=521M':Q'T84:CP58=':4'k5TT'MCP::=M*'YP5CP'P1'C:2M5914M'6:'S1'8W:2>'6P1'W:M6'M;CC1MMQ;='MCP::=ME''k5TT'MCP::=M'841'95M652>;5MP8S=1'Q:4'6Y:'418M:2ME''L54M6*'8'41C126'2865:28='M6;97':2'k"UU'Q:;29'6P86'56M'MCP::=M'M1431'Q1Y14'M6;9126M'Y56P'95M8S5=5651M'829'M6;9126M'C=8MM5Q519'8M'+2>=5MP'=82>;8>1'=184214ME''#1C:29*'&:=:489:'k5TT'MCP::=M'41T:46'6P86'T;S=5C'Q;2952>'9:1M'2:6'C:314'8=='6P1'C:M6M':Q'4;2252>'56M'MCP::=M*'=18352>'8'M5>25Q5C826'MP:46Q8=='6P86'5M'C:31419'S7'T453861'TP5=826P4:T7E''(2'83148>1*'&:=:489:'k5TT'MCP::=M'41C1531'n?VGG'W:41'T14'M6;9126'6P82'6P1'M6861'T14'T;T5='41312;1E''U84:CP58='M6;9126M'9:'2:6'68D1'6P1'M8W1'M68298495i19'61M6M'8M'T;S=5C'MCP::='M6;9126M*'YP5CP'W182M'6P141'5M'2:'C:WT8486531'9868':2'P:Y'Y1=='6P17'8CP5131E''J:=:217'$458='$4E'NA@GfH?[NA@?f??*'N@AGfB[?@g'+_E'VN?F*'k5TTf'&:=:489:'#CP::=Mg'+_E'BBHG*'hP86'J8D1M'k5TT'h:4Du'0'#6;97':Q'#6;9126'&P848C6145M65CM*'0664565:2*'829'#CP::='L5282C1*'J84CP'HG??*'86'5E'
' ?VN
' ??E' !4E'J:=:217'P8M'M64:2>':T525:2M':2'C=8MM'M5i1*'S;6'P8M'12>8>19'52'3147'W:91M6'828=7M5M':Q'C=8MM'M5i1'M6;951M'P5WM1=QE''/51;612826'K:3142:4'K84C58'S1=5131M'!4E'J:=:217`M'84>;W126M'41>84952>'C=8MM'M5i1'841'C:;2614[526;56531E''K84C58'$458='$4E'@NB@f@[?Og'J:=:217'$458='$4E'NABHfF[NABAfNE'
?HE' !1Q129826M`'2865:28='1_T146*'!4E'+45D'I82;MP1D*'P8M'61M65Q519'Q:4'6P1'91Q129826M'52'8TT4:_5W861=7'25216112'MCP::='Q5282C1'C8M1M'829'21314':2'S1P8=Q':Q'6P1'T=85265QQME''"2'18CP':Q'6P1'C8M1M*'P1'P8M'61M65Q519'6P86'6P141'5M'2:'C:2M5M6126'41=865:2MP5T'S16Y112'MT12952>':2'MCP::=M'829'M6;9126'8CP5131W126E''"2'W827':Q'6P1'C8M1M*'6P1'C:;46M'95M8>4119'Y56P'!4E'I82;MP1D`M'1_T146':T525:2'829'Q:;29'Q:4'6P1'T=85265QQME''"2'M:W1':Q'6P1'C8M1M*'6P1'C:;46M'8C6;8==7'Q:;29'6P1'9868';2914=752>'!4E'I82;MP1D`M':T525:2M'6:'S1'\;1M65:28S=1':4'T4:S=1W865C'829'Q:;29'P5W'6:'=8CD'C4195S5=567E''I82;MP1D'$458='$4E'NGVOf@[N*'N?GVfA[N??@f?@*'N??NfA[Ng'+_E'BBGH*'&;445C;=;W'-5681':Q'+45C'0E'I82;MP1D*'86'H@g'+_E'BBH?*'Claremont School District v. Governorg'+_E'BBHH*'Committee for Educational Equity v. State of Missourig'+_E'BBHA*'(T525:2':Q'6P1'X;M65C1M':Q'6P1'#;T41W1'&:;46':Q'0=8S8W8g'+_E'BBH@*'Campaign for Fiscal Equity v. State of New Yorkg'+_E'BBHV*'Montoy v. Stateg'+_E'BBHO*'McCleary v. State of WashingtonE'
?AE' !4E'I82;MP1D'8445319'86'P5M'C:2C=;M5:2'6P86'8CP5131W126'8C4:MM'&:=:489:'MCP::='95M645C6M'S184M'=566=1'41=865:2MP5T'6:'MT12952>'95QQ1412C1M'S1Q:41'P1'959'827'41351Y':4'M6865M65C8='828=7M5M':Q'&:=:489:'9868'829'S1Q:41'P1'MT:D1'6:'827'19;C865:2':QQ5C58=M'52'&:=:489:E''"2'Q8C6*'P5M'1_T146':T525:2'52'6P5M'C8M1'5M'1MM12658==7'6P1'M8W1'8M'6P1':21'P1'41291419'Q:4'6P1'#6861':Q'&:=:489:'52'8'T;S=5C'19;C865:2'C8M1'612'7184M'8>:E''I82;MP1D'$458='$4E'NGNFfN[NGNOfV*'NGNOfHA[NGVGfA*'N?VGfO[H?E'
?@E' !4E'I82;MP1D'959'2:6'35M56'827'&:=:489:'MCP::='95M645C6M':4'MT18D'Y56P'827'89W525M6486:4M*'MCP::='S:849'W1WS14M*'618CP14M*'M6;9126M*':4'Q8W5=7'W1WS14M'52'827'MCP::='95M645C6'52'6P1'#6861'52'C:221C65:2'Y56P'P5M'Y:4D'52'6P5M'C8M1E'',:4'959'P1'41351Y'827'&:=:489:'MCP::='95M645C6'S;9>16':4'MT1C5Q5C'95M645C6'T:=5C7E''I82;MP1D'$458='$4ENG@Ff?A[NGNGfHE'
D. Schools/Districts Cited by Defendants’ Witnesses as Successful
' ?E' $P1'=5W5619'2;WS14':Q'MCP::=M'829'MCP::='95M645C6M'C5619'S7'!1Q129826M`'Y5621MM1M'8M'M;CC1MMQ;='41C15319'899565:28='Q;2952>'8S:31'T14'T;T5=':T148652>'41312;1'829e:4'P8M'2:6'716'W16'M6861'M6829849M'829'41\;541W126ME'
' HE' I8445M:2'#CP::='!5M645C6E J5D1'J5=1M*'6P1'#;T14526129126':Q'I8445M:2'#CP::='!5M645C6',:E'H'b]I8445M:2^c*'5M'6P1':2=7'MCP::='95M645C6'89W525M6486:4'YP:'61M65Q519'86'6458='Q:4'!1Q129826ME''"26141M652>=7*'J4E'J5=1M'P8M'8'T14M:28=*'Q5282C58='526141M6'52'W852685252>'6P1'C;44126'MCP::='Q;2952>'M7M61W'S1C8;M1'P1':Y2M'829':T14861M'8'C:WT827'6P86'91T129M':2'95M645C6M`'T8752>'Q:4'M1435C1M'6P1'#6861'C822:6'8QQ:49'6:'T4:3591E''J5=1M'$458='$4E'NBFFf?G[?A*'NFN?f?F[H?*'NFNHfN[NFNAf?Bg'Ne?Ve??'!1T:M565:2'$1M65W:27':Q'!82'K14D12'b]K14D12'!1T:'$4E^c'VNfA[VVf?V*'F?fHG[F@fHNE'
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' AE' L:;26852'L:46'&84M:2'#CP::='!5M645C6E''/51;612826'K84C58'C5619'L:;26852'L:46'&84M:2'#CP::='!5M645C6'8M'82'1_8WT=1':Q'8'95M645C6'6P86'P8M'S112'8S=1'6:'89941MM'8CP5131W126'>8TM'Y1=='Y56P:;6'899565:28='Q;2952>E''"2'Q8C6*'L:;26852'L:46'&84M:2'41C15319'8=W:M6'n?@'W5==5:2'52'Q19148='5WT8C6'859'S1C8;M1':Q'56M'W5=56847'52M68==865:2E''K84C58'$458='$4E'@N?FfHA[@N?OfHN*'@VGAfV[?Ng'J5=1M'$458='$4E'NBO@f?F[HNE''
' @E' <4;C1'%829:=TP'#CP::=E''k45M652'h8614M*'6P1'Q:4W14'T452C5T8=':Q'6P1'<4;C1'%829:=TP'#CP::='52'!12314*'61M65Q519'[['829'!1Q129826M'P831'84>;19'[['6P86'MP1'W891'6P1'>852M'MP1'959'86'<4;C1'%829:=TP'Y56P'2:'899565:28='Q;2952>E''<4;C1'%829:=TP`M'S;9>16'Q4:W'L.'G@[GN'6:'L.'GF[GO'5295C861M':6P14Y5M1E''!;452>'P14'612;41*'<4;C1'%829:=TP'41C15319'Q5Q6112'T14C126'W:41'6P82'6P1'T14'T;T5='41312;1'Q4:W'6P1'#6861'Q4:W':6P14'Q;2952>'M:;4C1ME''L:4'1_8WT=1*'52'HGGF*'<4;C1'%829:=TP'41C15319'8'n?GG*GGG'T453861'>4826'Q4:W'6P1'U56:2'L:;29865:2*'8M'Y1=='8M'MW8==14'T453861'>4826M'Q4:W'6P1'!8251=M'L;29'829'&:=:489:'#;CC119ME''+_E'?G*NGO*'<4;C1'%829:=TP'<;9>16'#;WW847'L.'G@[GN'['L.'GF[GOg'FeHNe??'$458='$1M65W:27':Q'k45M652'h8614M'b^h8614M'$458='$4E^c'@FBNfV[HNE''See also'OeHe??'%1S;668='$458='$1M65W:27':Q'!8359'I846*'VFG?fO[FFGHfH@*'@FBNfV[@FBVf?H*'@FBFfO[?Hg'OeHe??'&=:M52>'#6861W126':Q'X:2'L14:*'VOVVfHN[VOVBf?GE'
' hP5=1'!4E'h8614M'Y8M'T452C5T8=':Q'<4;C1'%829:=TP'#CP::=*'6P1'MCP::=`M'M6;9126'8CP5131W126'829'T4:Q5C512C7'4861M'21314'W16'M6861'M6829849ME''hP12'!4E'h8614M'=1Q6'<4;C1'%829:=TP'#CP::='52'HGGO*'M6;9126'8C891W5C'8CP5131W126'Y8M'S1=:Y'S:6P'M6861'829'95M645C6'M6829849M'Q:4'8C891W5C'8CP5131W126'829'T:M6[Y:4DQ:4C1'4189521MM'829'C:2652;1M'6:'S1'S1=:Y'M6861'1_T1C6865:2ME''h8614M'$458='$4E'@FBVf?V[H?*'@O?BfHNv@O?Ff?H*'@OHNfA[B*'@OAGfHNv@OA?fHg'
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' 0=6P:;>P'?@G'M6;9126M'M684619'8M'2526P'>48914M'86'<4;C1'%829:=TP'52'HGGV*':2=7'8S:;6'M131267'>489;8619'52'HG?GE''$P1'Q54M6'>489;8652>'C=8MM':Q'<4;C1'%829:=TP'Y8M'2:6'86'6P1'M6861'W8298619'T4:Q5C512C7'=131=E''<4;C1'%829:=TP'P8M'2:'Y87'6:'648CD'6P1'>489;865:2'4861M':4'M;CC1MM':Q'M6;9126M'YP:'=1831':4'6482MQ14':;6':Q'6P1'MCP::=E''h8614M'$458='$4E'@FFOf??[?B*'@FO?f?O[@FOHfH*'@OHGf?Bv@OH?fHAE'''
' 0M'8'P5>P'MCP::=*'<4;C1'%829:=TP'9:1M'2:6'P831'W827':Q'6P1'6P52>M'6P86'D11T'M6;9126M'124:==19'52'W:41'6489565:28='P5>P'MCP::=M*'M;CP'8M'MT:46M'829'C=;SME''h8614M'$458='$4E'@FF@fHAv@FFNfBE'
' $P1'#6861'84>;19'86'6458='6P86'W:41'MCP::=M'MP:;=9'M11D'522:3865:2'M686;M';2914'6P1'"22:3865:2'#CP::=M'0C6?H*'YP5CP'Y:;=9'>531'6P1W'8;6:2:W7'Q4:W'C:==1C6531'S84>85252>'8>411W126M*'829'6P86'S7'9:52>'M:*'6P17'C:;=9'W8D1'6P1'67T1M':Q'8CP5131W126'>852M'W891'86'<4;C1'%829:=TP'#CP::=E''I:Y1314*'6P1'W8R:4567':Q'!4E'h8614M`'Y:4D'86'<4;C1'%829:=TP'6::D'T=8C1'S1Q:41'6P1'MCP::=':S685219'8;6:2:W7'52'HGGF'829'YP5=1'6P1'MCP::='Y8M'M65=='T8465C5T8652>'52'6P1'!12314'&=8MM4::W'$18CP14M'0MM:C5865:2'C:==1C6531'S84>85252>'8>411W126E''J:41:314*'!4E'h8614M'9:1M'2:6'S1=5131'522:3865:2'M686;M'5M'8TT4:T45861'Q:4'8=='MCP::=M'52'6P1'M6861E''"2'Q8C6*'MP1'S1=5131M'6P86'MCP::=M'C82'M;CC119'Y56P:;6'522:3865:2'M686;ME''#P1'P14M1=Q'Y8M'Y5==52>'6:'68D1'8'R:S'8M'6P1'T452C5T8=':Q'#:;6P'I5>P'#CP::='D2:Y52>'6P86'522:3865:2'M686;M'5M'2:6'82':T65:2'86'6P86'MCP::=E''h8614M'$458='$4E'@FOVfO[HA*'@OGAfN[F*'@OHAf?[@OH@f??*'@OH@f?B[HAE''
' !4E'k45M612'h8614M`'T4:Q1MM5:28='1_T14512C1'52'&:=:489:'5M'=5W5619'6:'6P1'!12314'U;S=5C'#CP::='!5M645C6'b]!U#^cE''#P1'P8M'2:'D2:Y=19>1':Q'6P1'M6861'Q;2952>':4'S;9>16'91C5M5:2M'8MM:C58619'Y56P'827'MCP::='95M645C6':6P14'6P82'!U#E''h8614M'$458='$4E'@FAFf?B[HH*'@OGNfH@[@OGVfH*'@O??fH?v@O?Af?F*'@O?Nf??[H@E'
' NE' J82;8='I5>P'#CP::=E''!4E'%:S'#6152*'6P1'Q:4W14'T452C5T8=':Q'J82;8='I5>P'#CP::=*'Y8M'2:6'8S=1'6:'8CP5131'M;CC1MM'86'J82;8='S8M19':2=7':2'6P1'T14'T;T5='41312;1'P1'41C15319'Q4:W'6P1'#6861E''I1'485M19'W:41'6P82':21'W5==5:2'9:==84M':314'6P411'7184M*'82';2T41C1912619'Q;29485M52>'8W:;26'Q:4'8'!12314'P5>P'MCP::=E''+_E'VVGO*'&-':Q'%:S'#6152E'
' )2914'!4E'#6152`M'=18914MP5T*'J82;8='I5>P'#CP::='M6;9126M'Y141'9:52>'S16614'6P82'M6861'83148>1M'52'614WM':Q'>4:Y6PE''I:Y1314*'P1'5M'2:6'M865MQ519'Y56P'6P1'19;C865:28=':;6C:W1M':Q'J82;8=`M'M6;9126M'829'8CD2:Y=19>1M'6P86'6P17'P831'8'=:2>'Y87'6:'>:';265='6P17'841';25314M8==7'T4:Q5C5126'829'41897'Q:4'C:==1>1'829e:4'8'C84114E''#6152'!1T:E'$4E'O@fHG[OVfVE'
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''?H'$P1'"22:3865:2'#CP::=M'0C6'T4:3591M'95M645C6M'829'MCP::=M'Y56P'M:W1'8;6:2:W7'Q4:W'4;=1M'829'41>;=865:2M':;6M591':Q'6P:M1'6P86'89941MM'M8Q167*'95M8S5=5651M*'829'C535='45>P6ME''h12252>'$458='$4E'@VBHf?[@VBAfNE''
' ?VF
' VE' &:=:489:'#T452>M'+84=7'&:==1>1ME''#1286:4'k156P'k52>`M'MCP::=*'&:=:489:'#T452>M'+84=7'&:==1>1M*'41=51M':2'T453861'>4826M'6:'4;2'M13148=':Q'56M'T4:>48WME''L:4'1_8WT=1*'56M'M;WW14'MCP::='T4:>48W'829'S;M'6482MT:46865:2'841'Q;2919'S7'6P1'!8251=M'L;29E''$P1'MCP::='41C1531M'8TT4:_5W861=7'nBGG'T14'T;T5='52'899565:28='T453861'Q;2952>E''k52>'$458='$4E'VBBBfHH[VBBFf?*'VBFAf?F[VBF@f?g'+_E'?G*NG@E'
CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
I. THE CLAIMS, THE ISSUES, AND THE STANDARD OF PROOF
' $P5M'5M'82'8C65:2'Q:4'91C=8486:47'829'52R;2C6531'41=51Q'S4:;>P6'T;4M;826'6:'&E%E&EUE'NB'829'VN'829'6P1')25Q:4W'!1C=8486:47'X;9>W126M'/8Y*'&E%E#E'ZZ?A[N?[?G?*'et seq.'
' U=85265QQM'C=85W'6P86'8M'8'41M;=6':Q'544865:28='829'52891\;861'Q;2952>':Q'T;S=5C'19;C865:2*'6P1'!1Q129826M'841'Q85=52>'6:'1M68S=5MP'829'W8526852'8']6P:4:;>P'829';25Q:4W'M7M61W^':Q'T;S=5C'19;C865:2'829'6P86'6P1'T;S=5C'MCP::='Q5282C1'M7M61W'Q85=M'6:'T4:3591'6P1'Q5282C58='41M:;4C1M'21C1MM847'Q:4'=:C8='S:849M':Q'19;C865:2'6:'1_14C5M1'C:264:=':Q'52M64;C65:2'52'6P154'MCP::=ME''$P141Q:41*'U=85265QQM'C=85W'6P86'&:=:489:`M'T;S=5C'MCP::='Q5282C1'M7M61W'35:=861M'6P154'45>P6M'>;84826119'S7'8465C=1'"a*'M1C65:2M'H'829'?N':Q'6P1'&:=:489:'C:2M656;65:2E'
' $P5M'C8M1'5M':2'41W829'Q4:W'6P1'&:=:489:'#;T41W1'&:;46'91C5M5:2'52'Lobato v. State of
Colorado*'H?F'UEA9'ANF'b&('HGGOc'bLobatocE''$P1'#;T41W1'&:;46'M;WW845i19'6P1'T452C5T8='T:526M'52'56M'4;=52>'8M'Q:==:YMf'
$:'S1'M;CC1MMQ;=*'qU=85265QQMr'W;M6'91W:2M64861'6P86'6P1'MCP::='Q5282C1'MCP1W1'5M'2:6'4865:28==7'41=8619'6:'6P1'C:2M656;65:28='W829861':Q'8']6P:4:;>P'829';25Q:4W^'M7M61W':Q'T;S=5C'19;C865:2E''$P1'6458='C:;46'W;M6'>531'M5>25Q5C826'91Q1412C1'6:'6P1'=1>5M=86;41`M'Q5MC8='829'T:=5C7'R;9>W126ME''$P1'6458='C:;46'W87'8TT4:T45861=7'41=7':2'6P1'=1>5M=86;41`M':Y2'T4:2:;2C1W126M'6:'9131=:T'6P1'W18252>':Q'8']6P:4:;>P'829';25Q:4W^'M7M61W':Q'19;C865:2E''"Q'6P1'C:;46'Q529M'6P86'6P1'C;44126'M7M61W':Q'T;S=5C'Q5282C1'5M'544865:28=*'6P12'6P1'C:;46'W;M6'T4:3591'6P1'=1>5M=86;41'Y56P'82'8TT4:T45861'T145:9':Q'65W1'6:'CP82>1'6P1'Q;2952>'M7M61W'M:'8M'6:'S452>'6P1'M7M61W'52'C:WT=582C1'Y56P'6P1'&:=:489:'&:2M656;65:2E'
H?F'UEA9'86'AB@[BN'qC56865:2':W56619rE'
' $P141Q:41*'6P1'5MM;1'S1Q:41'6P5M'&:;46'5M'YP16P14'6P1'&:=:489:'M7M61W':Q'T;S=5C'MCP::='Q5282C1']5M'2:6'4865:28==7'41=8619'6:'6P1'C:2M656;65:28='W829861':Q'8'd6P:4:;>P'829';25Q:4W`'M7M61W':Q'T;S=5C'19;C865:2E^'
' $P1'#;T41W1'&:;46'8=M:'591265Q519'6P1'U=85265QQM`'>12148='8==1>865:2M'6P86'C:2M656;61'82'8TT4:T45861'829'R;M65C58S=1'C8M1f'
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' ?VO
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'
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' $P5M'&:;46'P8M'T4135:;M=7'4;=19'6P86'6P1'Q:==:Y52>'5MM;1M'485M19'S7'6P1'!1Q129826M'841'2:6'86'5MM;1'52'6P5M'C8M1f'b?c'6P86'T;S=5C'19;C865:2'5M'2:6'6P1':2=7'41\;5419':4'5WT:46826'M6861'M1435C1g'bHc'6P86'56'5M'4865:28='Q:4'6P1'K12148='0MM1WS=7'6:']C:264:='6P1'T;S=5C'91S6^g'bAc'6P86'56'5M'4865:28='Q:4'6P1'K12148='0MM1WS=7'6:']Q;46P14'=:C8='C:264:=':314'52M64;C65:2^'829'b@c'6P86'56'5M'4865:28='Q:4'6P1'K12148='0MM1WS=7'6:']S8=82C1'8TT4:T45865:2M'8W:2>'T;S=5C'M1435C1ME^'''
' $P1'&:;46'P8M'8=M:'4;=19'6P86'6P1'$0<(%?A'829'K8==8>P14?@'8W129W126M'9:'2:6'C:2Q=5C6'Y56P'6P1'W829861':Q'6P1'+9;C865:2'&=8;M1g'6P86'$0<(%'Y8M'2:6'52612919'6:'41M645C6'6P1'>4:Y6P':Q'>:3142W126g'829'6P86'$0<(%'MP:;=9'2:6'S1'52614T41619'6:'C45TT=1'S8M5C'>:3142W126'M1435C1M*'M;CP'8M'6P1'C:2M656;65:28='W829861'6:'1M68S=5MP'829'W8526852'8'6P:4:;>P'829';25Q:4W'M7M61W':Q'Q411'T;S=5C'MCP::=ME''K5312'6P1'41W197'MT1C5Q519'S7'6P1'#;T41W1'&:;46*'6P1'52614T416865:2':Q'6P1'+9;C865:2'&=8;M1'9:1M'2:6'2119'6:'S1'P84W:25i19'Y56P'156P14'$0<(%':4'6P1'K8==8>P14'0W129W126*'2:4'9:1M'6P1'&:;46'2119'6:'418CP'6P1'5MM;1':Q'6P1'$0<(%'41312;1'41M645C65:2ME'
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' ?BG
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II. THE CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS AT ISSUE
' $P1'+9;C865:2'&=8;M1'T4:3591M'6P86'6P1']>12148='8MM1WS=7'MP8=='E'E'E'T4:3591'Q:4'6P1'1M68S=5MPW126'829'W85261282C1':Q'8'6P:4:;>P'829';25Q:4W'M7M61W':Q'Q411'T;S=5C'MCP::=M'6P4:;>P:;6'6P1'M6861E^''$P1']6P:4:;>P'829';25Q:4W'M7M61W^'W829861'5M'8'M;SM6826531'>;8482611':Q'8'C:2M656;65:28==7'891\;861*'\;8=567'19;C865:2'Q:4'8=='&:=:489:'41M59126M':Q'MCP::='8>1E''Lobato*'H?F'UEH9'86'AB?E''$P1'K12148='0MM1WS=7'89:T619'6P5M'52614T416865:2':314'8'91C891'8>:f'
q$P1'+9;C865:2'&=8;M1r'41\;541M'6P1'>12148='8MM1WS=7'6:'T4:3591'Q:4'6P1'1M68S=5MPW126'829'W85261282C1':Q'8'6P:4:;>P'829';25Q:4W'M7M61W':Q'Q411'T;S=5C'MCP::=ME''$P1'M6861'6P141Q:41'P8M'82':S=5>865:2'6:'12M;41'6P86'13147'M6;9126'P8M'8'CP82C1'6:'866129'8'MCP::='6P86'Y5=='T4:3591'82'opportunity for a quality education.'
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0M'82'5261>48='T846':Q'56M'19;C865:2'M7M61W*'6P1'#6861'W;M6'T4:3591'M;QQ5C5126'Q5282C58='41M:;4C1M'Q:4'6P1'T;S=5C'MCP::=M'52'8'W82214'6P86'5M'4865:28==7'41=8619'6:'6P1'8CC:WT=5MPW126':Q'W829861':Q'6P1'+9;C865:2'&=8;M1E''Lobato*'H?F'UEA9'86'AVAE''0'MCP::='Q5282C1'M7M61W'6P86'Q85=M'6:'T4:3591'Q;2952>'M;QQ5C5126'6:'1M68S=5MP'829'W8526852'8'6P:4:;>P'829';25Q:4W'M7M61W':Q'Q411'T;S=5C'MCP::=M'35:=861M'6P1'+9;C865:2'&=8;M1E''$P1'U;S=5C'#CP::='L5282C1'0C6':Q'?OO@'b6P1'U#L0c']5M'128C619'52'Q;46P1482C1':Q'6P1'>12148='8MM1WS=7`M'9;67';2914'q6P1'+9;C865:2'&=8;M1r'6:'T4:3591'Q:4'8'6P:4:;>P'829';25Q:4W'M7M61W':Q'T;S=5C'MCP::=M'6P4:;>P:;6'6P1'M6861^E''&E%E#E'ZHH[N@[?GHb?cg see'Board of County Comm’rs of Douglas County CO v. Bainbridge, Inc.*'OHO'UEH9'VH?*'BGO'b&:=:E'?OOBc'b]$P1'T;4T:M1':Q'6P1'U;S=5C'#CP::='L5282C1'0C6':Q'?OO@'E'E'E''5M'6:'Q;46P14'6P1'K12148='0MM1WS=7sM'C:2M656;65:28='9;67'6:'T4:3591'8'6P:4:;>P'829';25Q:4W'M7M61W':Q'T;S=5C'MCP::=M'6P4:;>P:;6'6P1'M6861E^c'
$P1'/:C8='&:264:='&=8;M1'9541C6M'6P1'>12148='8MM1WS=7'6:']T4:3591'Q:4'6P1':4>825i865:2':Q'MCP::='95M645C6M':Q'C:23125126'M5i1^*'>:314219'S7'=:C8==7'1=1C619'S:849M':Q'19;C865:2*'829'5231M6M'6P1'9541C6:4M':Q'6P1'=:C8='S:849M':Q'19;C865:2'Y56P'6P1']C:264:=':Q'52M64;C65:2'52'6P1'T;S=5C'MCP::=M':Q'6P154'41MT1C6531'95M645C6ME^''&:264:=':Q'52M64;C65:2'S7'=:C8==7'1=1C619'MCP::='S:849M'b:Q612'41Q14419'6:'8M']=:C8='C:264:=^c'5M'8'21C1MM847'1=1W126'52'W11652>'6P1'M;SM6826531'W829861':Q'6P1'+9;C865:2'&=8;M1E''Lobato*'H?F'UEA9'86'HBNg'see Owens v. Colorado Congress of Parents,
Teachers and Student*'OH'UEA9'OAA*'OAF[O'b&('HGG@cE''"2'6P1'#CP::='!5M645C6'(4>825i865:2'0C6':Q'?OOH'6P1'K12148='0MM1WS=7'91C=8419'6P86f'
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''?N'&E%E#E'ZZHH[N@[?G?*'et seq.'bHG??cE''0=='C56865:2M'6:'&E%E#E'P141528Q614'841'6:'6P1'HG??'19565:2*';2=1MM':6P14Y5M1'MT1C5Q5C8==7'M68619E'
' ?B?
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organization of public school districts in the state . . . in order to provide for the
maintenance of a thorough and uniform system of free public schools throughout the
stateg'829'Q:4'8'W:41'41MT:2M5S=1'1_T12956;41':Q'T;S=5C'Q;29M'Q:4'6P1'M;TT:46':Q'6P1'T;S=5C'MCP::='M7M61W':Q'6P1'M6861E'
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' "2'Lujan v. Colorado State Bd. of EducE*'V@O'UEH9'?GGN*'?GHH[HA'b&('?OFHc'bLujanc*'6P1'&:=:489:'#;T41W1'&:;46'P1=9'6P86'T41M14352>'=:C8='C:264:=':Q'52M64;C65:2'Y8M'6P1'=1>565W5i52>'M6861'T;4T:M1'Q:4'6P1'6P12[C;44126'M7M61W':Q'T;S=5C'MCP::='Q5282C1E''0'M7M61W':Q'T;S=5C'MCP::='Q5282C1'6P86'Q85=M'6:'T4:3591'M;QQ5C5126'Q5282C58='41M:;4C1M'6:'6P1'MCP::='95M645C6M'6:'T14W56'=:C8='S:849M':Q'19;C865:2'6:'T4:3591'6P1'M1435C1M*'52M64;C65:28='T4:>48WM*'W861458=M*'829'Q8C5=5651M'21C1MM847'6:'W116'6P1'M;SM6826531'W829861':Q'6P1'+9;C865:2'&=8;M1'35:=861M'6P1'/:C8='&:264:='&=8;M1E
III. THE DEFINITION AND MEASURE OF A THOROUGH AND UNIFORM
SYSTEM OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS
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' $P5M'M6861W126':Q'6P1'T;4T:M1':Q'T;S=5C'19;C865:2'5M'CP848C6145M65C':Q'6P1'0W145C82'35M5:2':Q'T;S=5C'19;C865:2'C5619'52':6P14'C:;46Mf'
"2'=84>1'W18M;41*'6P1'1_T=82865:2'Q:4'6P1'MT1C58='5WT:4682C1'8668CP19'6:'19;C865:2'W;M6'41M6*'8M'6P1'&:;46'41C:>25i19'52'Wisconsin v. Yoder*'@GV')E#E'HGN*'H?A'b?OBHc':2'6P1'Q8C6M'6P86'dM:W1'91>411':Q'19;C865:2'5M'21C1MM847'6:'T41T841'C565i12M'6:'T8465C5T861'1QQ1C6531=7'829'5261==5>126=7'52':;4':T12'T:=565C8='M7M61W'E'E'E*`'829'6P86'd19;C865:2'T41T841M'5295359;8=M'6:'S1'M1=Q[41=5826'829'M1=Q[M;QQ5C5126'T8465C5T826M'52'M:C5167E`'
San Antonio Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Rodriguez*'@??')E#E'?*'??H'b?OBAc*'J84MP8==*'XE*'95MM12652>'qQ::62:61':W56619rE''''
' "2'M1435C1':Q'6P5M'T;4T:M1*'6P1'2865:28='>:3142W126'P8M'T4:35919'T:=565C8='829'W861458='M;TT:46'Q:4'T;S=5C'19;C865:2'6P4:;>P:;6'6P1'9131=:TW126':Q'6P1'2865:2E''&:=:489:`M'89W5MM5:2'6:'6P1')25:2'Y8M'C:29565:219';T:2'56M'T4:W5M1'6:'C:2M656;65:28==7'M1C;41'6P1'45>P6'6:'82'19;C865:2'6:'
' ?BH
56M'C565i12ME''Pauley v. Kelley*'?VH'hE-8E'VBH*'VBB*'HNN'#E+EH9'FNO*'FV@'b?OBOcE?V''L4:W'6P1'S1>52252>':Q'6P1'2865:2*'18CP'M6861'Y8M'>482619'Q19148='=829M'52'64;M6'Q:4'6P1';M1':Q'6P1'C:WW:2':4'T;S=5C'MCP::=ME''Brotman v. East Lake Creek Ranch, L.L.P., A?'UEA9'FFV*'FFB'b&:=:E'HGG?cE''$P1'&:=:489:'+28S=52>'0C6'9195C861M'6Y:'M1C65:2M'52'13147'6:Y2MP5T'6:'6P86'T;4T:M1E''&('+28S=52>'0C6'ZBE'''
' $P1'+9;C865:2'&=8;M1'Y8M'2:6'89:T619'52'8'M:C5168='38C;;WE''"6'5M'521MC8T8S=7':S35:;M'6P86'6P1'948Q614M':Q'6P1'&:=:489:'C:2M656;65:2'Y141'W:6538619'S7'6P1'M8W1'35M5:2'8M':;4'2865:2'829'215>PS:452>'M6861ME''"2'95MC;MM52>'6P154'C:2M656;65:2'bh7:E'&:2M6E'846E'B*'ZZ'?'829'Oc*'6P1'h7:W52>'#;T41W1'&:;46'M68619'6P86f'
06'6P1'65W1'6P1M1'C=8;M1M'Y141';M19'52'6P1'Y:4952>':Q'6P1'19;C865:2'8465C=1'86'h7:W52>`M'C:2M656;65:28='C:231265:2'52'?FFO*'M5W5=84'19;C865:2'T4:35M5:2'Y141'Q:;29'52'13147'#6861'C:2M656;65:2*'41Q=1C652>'6P1'C:261WT:4847'M1265W126'6P86'19;C865:2'Y8M'3568='829'=1>565W861'M6861'C:2C142*'2:6'8M'82'129'52'56M1=Q*'S;6'S1C8;M1'82'19;C8619'T:T;=8C1'Y8M'351Y19'8M'8'W182M':Q'M;43538='Q:4'6P1'91W:C4865C'T452C5T=1M':Q'6P1'M6861E'
Campbell County Sch. Dist. v. State of Wyoming*'OGB'UEH9'?HAF*'?HNO'bh7:E'?OONc'qC56865:2M':W56619rE''L4:W'6P5M'T;4T:M1*'6P1'h7:W52>'C:;46'9145319'6P1'S8M5C'W829861':Q'6P154'M6861`M'19;C865:2'C=8;M1Mf'
qhr1'C82'C:2C=;91'6P1'Q48W14M'52612919'6P1'19;C865:2'8465C=1'6:'T4:3591'82'19;C865:2'M7M61W':Q'8'CP848C614'YP5CP'T4:3591M'h7:W52>'M6;9126M'Y56P'8';25Q:4W':TT:46;2567'to
become equipped for their future roles as citizens, participants in the political system,
and competitors both economically and intellectuallyE'
'
Id.'q1WTP8M5M'89919g'C56865:2':W56619rE'
"6'5M'S17:29'95MT;61'6P86'M52C1'86'=18M6'?OOA'6P1'&:=:489:'K12148='0MM1WS=7'P8M'=52D19'6P5M'T:=5C7'6:'M6;9126'8CP5131W126':Q'M6861Y591'8C891W5C'C:26126'M6829849M'8M'W18M;419'S7'M6861Y591'8MM1MMW126ME''
+3147'41M59126':Q'6P1'M6861'M5_'7184M':Q'8>1':4':=914'S;6';2914'6Y1267[6Y:'7184M':Q'8>1'P8M'8'Q;298W1268='45>P6'6:'8'Q411'T;S=5C'19;C865:2'6P86'8MM;41M'6P86'M;CP'41M59126'MP8=='P831'6P1':TT:46;2567'6:'8CP5131'6P1'C:26126'M6829849M'89:T619'T;4M;826'6:'6P5M'T846'@'q+9;C865:2'%1Q:4Wr'86'8'T14Q:4W82C1'=131='YP5CP'5M'M;QQ5C5126'6:'8==:Y'M;CP'41M59126'6:'S1C:W1'82'effective citizen of Colorado and the United States, a productive member of
the labor force, and a successful lifelong learnerE'
&E%E#E'ZHH[B[@GAbHc'q1WTP8M5M'89919rE?B' '
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''?V'Citing'?[F'The Federal and State Constitution, Colonial Charters, and Other Organic Laws of the States,
Territories, and the Colonies Now or Heretofore Forming the United States of America'bLE'$P:4T1'19E'?OGOcE'''?B'$P5M'T4:35M5:2'Y8M':45>528==7'C:95Q519'52'?OOA'8M'ZHH[NA[@GAbHcE'
' ?BA
$P1'K12148='0MM1WS=7'P8M'8=M:'1M68S=5MP19'6P1'M6829849M[S8M19'19;C865:2'M7M61W'8M'6P1'Q:;29865:2':Q'6P1'M7M61W':Q'M6861Y591']19;C865:2'8CC:;268S5=567^'S7'YP5CP'56'W18M;41M'6P1'T14Q:4W82C1':Q'T;S=5C'MCP::='95M645C6M'52'Q;=Q5==52>'6P1'6P:4:;>P'829';25Q:4W'W829861f'
q02'1QQ1C6531'M7M61W':Q'M6861Y591'19;C865:2'8CC:;268S5=567r'qPr:=9M'6P1'M6861*'MCP::='95M645C6M*'6P1'52M656;61*'829'5295359;8='T;S=5C'MCP::=M'8CC:;268S=1'Q:4'T14Q:4W82C1':2'6P1'M8W1'M16':Q'5295C86:4M'829'41=8619'W18M;41M'M6861Y591*'12M;41M'6P86'6P:M1'5295C86:4M'829'W18M;41M'841'8=5>219'6P4:;>P'8'M52>=1'8CC:;268S5=567'M7M61W*'6:'6P1'1_6126'T:MM5S=1*'6P86'objectively evaluates the performance of the thorough and uniform statewide system of
public education for all groups of students'86'6P1'M6861*'MCP::='95M645C6':4'52M656;61*'829'5295359;8='T;S=5C'MCP::='=131=M*'829*'8M'8TT4:T45861*'41Y849M'M;CC1MM'829'T4:3591M'M;TT:46'Q:4'5WT4:31W126'86'18CP'=131=E'
&E%E#E'ZHH[??[?GHb?cb9c'b1WTP8M5M'89919cE'
' $P;M*'6P1'K12148='0MM1WS=7'P8M'Q;298W1268==7'=52D19'6P1'+9;C865:2'&=8;M1'W829861'6:'6P1'M6829849M[S8M19'19;C865:2'M7M61W'829'MT1C5Q5C8==7'6:'M6;9126'866852W126':Q'6P1'8C891W5C'M6829849M'8M'91W:2M648619'S7'T14Q:4W82C1':2'M6861Y591'8MM1MMW126ME''$P1'&:;46'52'Lobato'T8465C;=84=7'2:619'6P86'6P1'#6861`M']19;C865:2'41Q:4W'M686;61M'Y56P'T4:Q5C512C7'684>16M'829'C:26126'M6829849M^'W87'S1';M19'6:'138=;861'6P1'C:2M656;65:28=567':Q'6P1'=1>5M=86;41`M'8C65:2ME''Lobato*'H?F'UEA9'86'ABH*'Q2E'?BE''06'6P1'3147'=18M6*'6P1'T;S=5C'MCP::='Q5282C1'M7M61W'W;M6'S1'4865:28==7'41=8619'6:'8CC:WT=5MP52>'6P1'41\;541W126M':Q'6P1'#6861`M':Y2'M6829849M[S8M19'19;C865:2'829'19;C865:2'8CC:;268S5=567'M7M61WM*';T'6:'829'52C=;952>'6P1'W:M6'41C126'128C6W126M*'&0U@k*'6P1'+9;C865:2'0CC:;268S5=567'0C6':Q'HGGO*'829'#<'?G[?O?*'6P1'618CP14'1QQ1C653121MM'=1>5M=865:2E'
' (6P14'M6861'C:;46M'P831'P1=9'6P86'8CC:;268S5=567'M6829849M'841'8'W82986:47'1=1W126':Q'6P1'#6861`M'C:WT=582C1'Y56P'56M'19;C865:2'C=8;M1E''"2'Claremont School District v. Governor*'?@B',EIE'@OO*'BON'0EH9'B@@*'BN?[NH'b,I'HGGHc*'6P1',1Y'I8WTMP541'#;T41W1'&:;46'Q:;29'6P86f'
0CC:;268S5=567'W182M'6P86'6P1'#6861'W;M6'T4:3591'8'91Q52565:2':Q'8'C:2M656;65:28='891\;861'19;C865:2*'6P1'91Q52565:2'W;M6'P831'M6829849M*'829'6P1'M6829849M'W;M6'S1'M;SR1C6'6:'W18252>Q;='8TT=5C865:2'M:'6P86'56'5M'T:MM5S=1'6:'91614W521'YP16P14*'52'91=1>8652>'56M':S=5>865:2M'6:'T4:3591'8'C:2M656;65:28==7'891\;861'19;C865:2*'6P1'#6861'P8M'Q;=Q5==19'56M'9;67E'E'E'E''"Q'6P1'#6861'C822:6'S1'P1=9'8CC:;268S=1'Q:4'Q;=Q5==52>'56M'9;67*'6P1'9;67'C41861M'2:':S=5>865:2'829'5M'2:'=:2>14'8'9;67E'
' #68652>'6P86']q5r6'5M'6P;M'Y591=7'8CC1T619'6P86'1M68S=5MP52>'M6829849M':Q'8CC:;268S5=567'5M'T846':Q'6P1'#6861sM'9;67'6:'T4:3591'8'C:2M656;65:28==7'891\;861'19;C865:2^*'6P1',1Y'I8WTMP541'&:;46'C5619'2;W14:;M':6P14'R;45M95C65:2M'6P86'52C=;91'M6829849M'829'8CC:;268S5=567'52'91614W5252>'8'C:2M656;65:28==7'891\;861'19;C865:2f'McDuffy v. Secretary of Executive Office of Education*'V?N',E+EH9'N?V'bJ0'?OOAcg'DeRolph v. State*'BHF',E+E'OOA*'?G?O'b(I'HGGGcg'Abott by Abott v.
Burke*'VOA'0EH9'@?B*'@HF'b,X'?OOBcg'Tenn. Small School System v. McWhereter*'FO@'#EhEH9'BA@'b$,'?OONcg'Board of Educ. of Boone County v. Bushee*'FFO'#EhEH9'FGO*'F?V'bk.'?OO@cE'''
' $P1'k82M8M'#;T41W1'&:;46'P8M'P1=9'6P86'8'4865:28='MCP::='Q5282C1'Q:4W;=8'W;M6'S1'Q;2919'6:'8MM;41'M6;9126']:;6T;6Mf^'
' ?B@
h56P:;6'C:2M5914865:2':Q':;6T;6M*'827'M6;97'C:29;C619'S7'T:M6'8;956'5M'9::W19'6:'S1'52C:WT=161E''#;CP':;6T;6M'841'21C1MM847'1=1W126M':Q'8'C:2M656;65:28==7'891\;861'19;C865:2'829'W;M6'S1'Q;2919'S7'6P1';=65W861'Q5282C52>'Q:4W;=8'89:T619'S7'6P1'=1>5M=86;41E qMontoy v. State of Kansas*'HBF'k82E'BVO*'BBA*'?HG'UEA9'AGV*'AGO'bk#'HGGAcr'b\;:652>'kE#E0E'BH[V@AOc'bC:2M656;65:28==7'M;568S=1'19;C865:2'5M':21'52'YP5CP']MCP::=M'W116'6P1'8CC41956865:2'41\;541W126M'829'qM6;9126M'841r'8CP51352>'82'd5WT4:31W126'52'T14Q:4W82C1'6P86'41Q=1C6M'P5>P'8C891W5C'M6829849M'829'5M'W18M;48S=1E`^c'
Montoy v. State of Kansas*'??H'UEA9'OHA*'OAO'bk#'HGGNcE''See also Campbell County School
District, supra*'OGB'UEH9'86'?HV?[VA*'YP141'6P1'h7:W52>'#;T41W1'&:;46'C5619'6:'MCP::='95M645C6*'MCP::=*'829'M6;9126'T14Q:4W82C1'M6829849M'829'8MM1MMW126M'52'138=;8652>'6P1']6P:4:;>P'829'1QQ5C5126^'T;S=5C'19;C865:2'41\;5419'S7'6P1'h7:W52>'C:2M656;65:2E'
' $P5M'&:;46'C:2C=;91M'6P86'6P1'M6829849M[S8M19'19;C865:2'M7M61W'91MC45S19'52'M:W1'91685='52'6P1'L52952>M':Q'L8C6'829'52C=;952>'6P1'T1438M531'M7M61W':Q'C:26126'M6829849M*'8MM1MMW126M*'MCP::='829'MCP::='95M645C6'8CC41956865:2'829'8CC:;268S5=567*'829'618CP14'1QQ1C653121MM'M6829849M'C:2M656;61'6P1'C;44126'=1>5M=86531'MT1C5Q5C865:2':Q'6P1'6P:4:;>P'829';25Q:4W'M7M61W':Q'T;S=5C'19;C865:2'W8298619'S7'6P1'+9;C865:2'&=8;M1E''L:4'T;4T:M1M':Q'6P5M'=565>865:2*'6P1'&:;46'8CC1T6M'6P5M'=1>5M=865:2'8M'6P1'W525W;W'M6829849'8>852M6'YP5CP'6P1'4865:28=567':Q'6P1'M7M61W':Q'T;S=5C'MCP::='Q;2952>'W;M6'S1'W18M;419E'''''
IV. THE SCHOOL FINANCE SYSTEM AND THE EDUCATION SYSTEM ARE
NOT RATIONALLY RELATED TO EACH OTHER
' $P1'Lobato'&:;46';M19'6P1'614WM']4865:28=^'829']544865:28=^'Y56P'41MT1C6'6:'6P1']41=865:2MP5T^'S16Y112'6P1'Q5282C1'M7M61W'829'6P1'6P:4:;>P'829';25Q:4W'M7M61W':Q'T;S=5C'19;C865:2E''%865:28='W182M']S8M19':2':4'52'8CC:4982C1'Y56P'418M:2':4'=:>5Cg^'544865:28='S7'C:2648M6'5M']2:6'=:>5C8=':4'418M:28S=1E^''/:>5C'41Q14M'6:']418M:252>'C:29;C619':4'8MM1MM19'8CC:4952>'6:'M645C6'T452C5T=1M':Q'38=59567E^''%1=865:2MP5T'W182M']6P1'Y87'52'YP5CP'6Y:':4'W:41'C:2C1T6M*':SR1C6M*':4'T1:T=1'841'C:221C619E^''&:2C5M1'(_Q:49'0W145C82'!5C65:2847'bHGGVcE''$P;M*'6P1'&:;46'W;M6'828=7i1'YP16P14'6P1'T;S=5C'MCP::='Q5282C1'M7M61W'5M'C:221C619'6:'6P1'6P:4:;>P'829';25Q:4W'19;C865:2'M7M61W'52'8'W82214'6P86'5M'S:6P'=:>5C8='829'418M:28S=1E'
' $P141Q:41*'6P1'T;S=5C'MCP::='Q5282C1'M7M61W'W;M6'86'=18M6'S1'4865:28==7'41=8619'6:'8CC:WT=5MP52>'6P1'W829861M':Q'6P1'M6829849M[S8M19'19;C865:2'M7M61WE''$P5M'8=5>2W126'W;M6'S1'W891'52'8'95MC5T=5219'829'6482MT84126'W82214E''0'M7M61W':Q'T;S=5C'MCP::='Q5282C1'6P86'5M'4865:28==7'41=8619'6:'W116'6P1'W829861':Q'6P1'6P:4:;>P'829';25Q:4W'C=8;M1'W;M6'b?c'591265Q7'6P1'M6829849'829'W18M;41':Q'6P1'19;C865:2'6:'S1'T4:35919g'bHc'91614W521'6P1'41M:;4C1M'211919'6:'8CC:WT=5MP'6P86'>:8=g'829'bAc'52M656;61'829'Q;29'8'Q5282C1'M7M61W'6P86'T4:3591M'6P1'21C1MM847'41M:;4C1ME'''
' $P1'M6829849M[S8M19'19;C865:2'M7M61W'89941MM1M'6P1'Q54M6':Q'6P1M1'41\;5M561M'v'56'M16M'8'P5>P=7'8465C;=8619'M6829849':Q'M6;9126'8CP5131W126'8M'6P1'W18M;41':Q'8'6P:4:;>P'829';25Q:4W'M7M61W':Q'T;S=5C'MCP::=ME''I:Y1314*'2:'1QQ:46'P8M'S112'W891'6:'89941MM'6P1'M1C:29'829'6P549E''$P1'#6861'829'6P1'#6861'<:849':Q'+9;C865:2'P831'91Q8;=619'52'6P154'C:2M656;65:28='41MT:2M5S5=567'6:'
' ?BN
8=5>2'6P1'MCP::='Q5282C1'M7M61W'6:'6P1'W829861M':Q'6P1'+9;C865:2'&=8;M1'8M'5WT=1W12619'6P4:;>P'6P1'M6829849M[S8M19'19;C865:2'829'8CC:;268S5=567'M7M61WME
' $P1'&:;46'P8M'Q:;29'6P86'52'?OOA'6P1'K12148='0MM1WS=7'89:T619'I<'OA[?A?A'6P86'C:WW56619'6P1'#6861'6:'9131=:T'829'5WT=1W126'M6829849M[S8M19'19;C865:2'8M'6P1'82CP:4'6:'6P1'19;C865:28='8CC:;268S5=567'M7M61WE''I<'OA[?A?A'Y8M'6P1'Q:;29865:2'Q:4'6P1'6482MQ:4W865:2':Q'T;S=5C'19;C865:2'52'&:=:489:E''"2'?OO@*'6P1'K12148='0MM1WS=7'89:T619'6P1'U;S=5C'#CP::='L5282C1'0C6':Q'?OO@'b6P1'U#L0c*'6P1'C12614T51C1':Q'6P1'MCP::='Q5282C1'M7M61WE''$P1'U#L0'1M68S=5MP19'6P1'S8M5C'Q;2952>'W1CP825MW'Q:4'MCP::='95M645C6'>12148='Q;29'b:T148652>c'41312;1M'6P86'P8M'S112'52'T=8C1'M52C1'6P12E''L4:W'6P5M'C:261WT:4821:;M'M684652>'T:526*'6P1'6Y:'M7M61WM*'YP5CP'Y141'2:6'8=5>219'6:'S1>52'Y56P*'P831'4895C8==7'95314>19E'
' $P1'Q:==:Y52>'Q52952>M'841'1MM12658==7';295MT;619f''hP12'6P1'U#L0'Y8M'128C619*'6P1'K12148='0MM1WS=7'M16'6P1'M6861Y591'S8M1'Q;2952>'8W:;26'S7'Y:4D52>'S8CDY849M'Q4:W'6P1'6:68='Q;2952>'6P86'56'52612919'6:'8TT4:T45861'829'C844752>'Q:4Y849'T411_5M652>'MCP::='95M645C6'1_T12956;41'=131=ME''$P141'Y8M'2:'1QQ:46'6:'828=7i1'6P1'41=865:2MP5T'6:'6P1'8C6;8='C:M6M'6:'T4:3591'82'19;C865:2':Q'827'T8465C;=84'\;8=567E''$P1'Q85=;41'6:'9:'827'C:M6'828=7M5M'829'6:'T4:3591'Q:4'Q;2952>'S8M19':2'M;CP'82'828=7M5M'91W:2M64861M'6P1'544865:28=567':Q'6P1'1_5M652>'MCP::='Q5282C1'M7M61WE''Montoy v. State of Kansas*'?GH'UEA9'??VG*'??V@'bk#'HGGNcE'
' #52C1'6P12*'6P1'U#L0'P8M'S112'89R;M619'822;8==7'S7'8'W84>528='9:==84'52C418M1'52'6P1'M6861Y591'S8M1'T14[T;T5='Q;2952>'8W:;26E''$P1'T8MM8>1':Q'0W129W126'HA'5WT:M19'8'W525W;W'822;8='52C418M1'52'6P1'M6861Y591'S8M1*'S;6'Y8M'2:6'52612919'6:'829'959'2:6'1M68S=5MP'6P1'41\;5M561'4865:28='41=865:2MP5TE''"2'MP:46*'6P1'U#L0'P8M'21314'S112'89R;M619'6:'89941MM'6P1'C:M6M'8MM:C58619'Y56P'6P1'T4:>41MM531'5WT=1W126865:2':Q'6P1'M6829849M[S8M19'19;C865:2'829'19;C865:2'8CC:;268S5=567'M7M61WM':4'827':6P14'M6829849':Q'19;C865:28='\;8=567E'
' "2'6P1'T8M6'6Y:'7184M*'6P1'K12148='0MM1WS=7*'6P4:;>P'6P1'5WT=1W126865:2':Q'8'21>86531'Q8C6:4*'P8M'8C6;8==7'91C418M19'T;S=5C'MCP::='Q;2952>'S7'YP86'2:Y'6:68=M'2184=7':21'S5==5:2'9:==84ME''$P1'8W:;26':Q'6P1'S;9>16'C;6M'829'6P1'W16P:9'S7'YP5CP'6P17'Y141'5WT=1W12619'841'C:WT=161=7';241=8619'6:'6P1'C:M6M':Q'T4:35952>'6P1'W8298619'M6829849M[S8M19'19;C865:2'M7M61WE''$P1'S;9>16'C;6M'P831'8>>4838619'6P1'544865:28=567':Q'6P1'Q5282C1'M7M61W'S7'84S564845=7'419;C52>'Q;2952>'Y56P'2:'19;C865:28='4865:28=1'YP86M:1314E'
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' ?BB
V. THE PUBLIC EDUCATION SYSTEM IS SIGNIFICANTLY UNDERFUNDED
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VI. SCHOOL DISTRICTS ARE FINANCIALLY UNABLE TO PROVIDE
NECESSARY SERVICES, PROGRAMS, MATERIALS AND FACILITIES
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VII. LOCAL CONTROL OF INSTRUCTION'
' $P1'Lobato &:;46'P1=9'6P86'+9;C865:2'&=8;M1'828=7M5M'W;M6'91614W521'S:6P'6P86']6P:4:;>P'829';25Q:4W'19;C865:28=':TT:46;25651M'841'8385=8S=1'6P4:;>P'M6861'8C65:2'52'18CP'MCP::='95M645C6^'829 6P86 ]18CP'MCP::='95M645C6'W;M6'S1'>5312'6P1'C:264:='21C1MM847'6:'5WT=1W126'6P5M'W829861'86'6P1'=:C8='=131=^E''H?F'UEA9'86'AB?'bC56865:2M':W56619cg'see also'Owens v. Colorado
Cong. of Parents, Teachers & Students*'OH'UEA9'OAA*'O@B[@F'b&('HGG@c'bk:;4=5M*'XE'95MM12652>cE''&:=:489:'5M':21':Q':2=7'M5_'M6861M'Y56P'82'1_T41MM'=:C8='C:264:='T4:35M5:2'52'56M'C:2M656;65:2*';2914MC:452>'6P1'5WT:4682C1':Q'6P86'C:2C1T6'52'6P5M'M6861E'Board of Ed. of Sch. Dist. No. 1 v.
Booth*'OF@'UEH9'VAO*'V@V'b&('?OOOcE''$P;M*'C:WT=582C1'Y56P'6P1'+9;C865:2'&=8;M1'52C:4T:4861M'=:C8='C:264:=':Q'52M64;C65:2*'8M'W8298619'S7'6P1'/:C8='&:264:='&=8;M1'b8465C=1'"a*'M1C65:2'?NcE''$P5M'MP:;=9'S1'T8465C;=84=7':S35:;M'P141*'M52C1'=:C8='C:264:='5M'6P1']=1>565W861'M6861'T;4T:M1^';T:2'YP5CP'6P1'MCP::='Q5282C1'M7M61W'91T129ME''Lujan*'V@O'UEH9'86'?GHH[HAE'
' $P1'&:=:489:'C:2M656;65:2'8==:C861M'>:314252>'8;6P:4567':314'6P1'T;S=5C'MCP::=M'S16Y112'=:C8='S:849M':Q'19;C865:2'Y56P'8;6P:4567'6:']C:264:='52M64;C65:2^'829'6P1'#6861'<:849*'YP5CP'
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Educ. of Sch. Dist. No.1 v. Booth*'OF@'UEH9'VAO*'V@F'b&('?OOOc'bBoothc*'6P1'#;T41W1'&:;46'P1=9'6P86']C:264:=':Q'52M64;C65:2'41\;541M'T:Y14':4'8;6P:4567'6:'>;591'829'W828>1'S:6P'6P1'8C65:2'829'T48C65C1':Q'52M64;C65:2'8M'Y1=='8M'6P1'\;8=567'829'M6861':Q'52M64;C65:2E^''$P1'/:C8='&:264:='&=8;M1'5M'8'C:2M656;65:28='>4826':Q'];291258S=1'8;6P:4567^'6:'=:C8='S:849M':Q'19;C865:2'6:'C:264:='52M64;C65:2'52'6P1'T;S=5C'MCP::=M'Y56P52'6P154'41MT1C6531'95M645C6ME''Id.*'OF@'UEH9'VAO*'V@VE''0']>12148==7'8TT=5C8S=1'=8Y'645>>14M'C:264:=':Q'52M64;C65:2'C:2C142M'YP12'8TT=519'6:'MT1C5Q5C'=:C8='S:849'91C5M5:2M'=5D1=7'6:'5WT=5C861'5WT:46826'19;C865:2'T:=5C7E^''K12148='M686;61M']W;M6'2:6'P831'6P1'1QQ1C6':Q';M;4T52>'6P1'=:C8='S:849`M'91C5M5:2[W8D52>'8;6P:4567':4'56M'8S5=567'6:'5WT=1W126*'>;591*':4'W828>1'6P1'19;C865:28='T4:>48WM'Q:4'YP5CP'56'5M';=65W861=7'41MT:2M5S=1E^''Id.*'OF@'UEH9'86'V@OE''
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' "2M;QQ5C5126'Q;2952>'T413126M'6P1'#CP::='!5M645C6M'Q4:W'8CC:WT=5MP52>'6P1'8WS565:;M'>:8=M':Q'19;C865:28='8CC:;268S5=567E''U41M126'MCP::='95M645C6'Q;2952>'=131=M'S184'2:'5261265:28='41=865:2MP5T'6:'6P1'C:M6M':Q'W11652>'M6861'5WT:M19'T14Q:4W82C1'>:8=ME''L85=;41'6:'8CC:WT=5MP'6P1M1'>:8=M'=189M'6:'41>;=86:47'C:2M1\;12C1M':Q'6P1'W:M6'T4:Q:;29'C:2C142'6:'=:C8='S:849M':Q'19;C865:2*'52C=;952>'M6861'89W525M61419']W8R:4'41M64;C6;452>^'5WT8C652>'86'=18M6'=:C8='C;445C;=;W*'MCP::='M68QQ52>*'MCP::='MCP19;=1M*'829'M6;9126'8MM1MMW126'829'6485252>*'S;6'8=M:'MCP::='C=:M;41*'T453865i865:2*':4'C:2314M5:2'6:'CP84614'M686;ME''&E%E#E'ZHH[B[VGOEAbAcE''L;46P14*'Q85=;41'6:'W116'M6861'T14Q:4W82C1'M6829849M'41M;=6M'52'M6861'89W525M61419'MCP::='95M645C6'41:4>825i865:2':4'C=:M;41E''&E%E#E'ZZHH[??[HG@bAc*'HH[AG[?GNb?cbCcE'
' ?F?
' $P5M'5WT=5C861M'6Y:':Q'6P1'>;5952>'T452C5T=1M':Q'=:C8='C:264:='591265Q519'52'Boothf''b?c'$P1'>12148==7'8TT=5C8S=1'MCP::='Q5282C1'=8YM'5WT:M1'M686;6:47'C:2M648526M'6P86']P831'6P1'1QQ1C6':Q';M;4T52>'6P1'=:C8='S:849`M'91C5M5:2[W8D52>'8;6P:4567'q829r'56M'8S5=567'6:'5WT=1W126*'>;591':4'W828>1'6P1'19;C865:28='T4:>48WM'Q:4'YP5CP'56'5M';=65W861=7'41MT:2M5S=1g^'829*'bHc'<7'Q85=52>'6:'Q;29'T;S=5C'19;C865:2'891\;861=7':4'4865:28==7*'6P:M1'=8YM'52614Q141'Y56P'MT1C5Q5C'=:C8='S:849'91C5M5:2M'8QQ1C652>'5WT:46826'19;C865:2'T:=5C7'86'6P1'=:C8='=131=E''Booth*'OF@'UEH9'86'V@OE'
"2'6P1'28W1':Q'6P1'+9;C865:2'&=8;M1*'6P1'#6861'P8M'413:=;65:25i19'T;S=5C'19;C865:2':314'6P1'T8M6'6Y1267'7184ME''I:Y1314*'6P141'P8M'S112'2:'C:441MT:2952>'41Q:4W':Q'MCP::='Q5282C1E''#CP::='95M645C6M'841'=1Q6'6:'W116'H?M6'C126;47'19;C865:2'M6829849M'Y56P'?OFGM'Q;2952>*'829'56'C822:6'S1'9:21E''0M'8'41M;=6*'6P1'S121Q5C58451M':Q'T;S=5C'19;C865:2*'8=='&:=:489:'MCP::='CP5=9412*'S;6'52C=;952>'6P1'#6861'56M1=Q*'841'829'P831'S112'Q:4'91C891M'912519'6P1':TT:46;25651M'52612919'S7'6P1'+9;C865:2'&=8;M1E'
' $P1'&:;46'C:2C=;91M'6P86'6P1'544865:28='829'52891\;861'MCP::='Q;2952>'M7M61W'T413126M'MCP::='95M645C6M'Q4:W'5WT=1W12652>'6P1'+9;C865:2'&=8;M1'W829861'86'8'=:C8='=131='52'35:=865:2':Q'6P1'=:C8='C:264:='W829861M':Q'0465C=1'"a*'M1C65:2M'H'829'?NE'
VIII. CONCLUSION
0=6P:;>P'6P1'M6829849M[S8M19'19;C865:2'M7M61W'5261265:28==7'1M68S=5MP19'M6829849M':Q'19;C865:28='8CP5131W126'829'8'W16P:9'6:'W18M;41'8CC:WT=5MPW126':Q'6P:M1'M6829849M*'6P1'Q5282C1'M7M61W'P8M'21314'S112'89R;M619'6:'89941MM'6P1'C:M6M':Q'W11652>'6P:M1'M6829849ME''0=6P:;>P':21':Q'6P1'T45W847'T;4T:M1M':Q'M6829849M[S8M19'19;C865:2'Y8M'6:'T4:3591':SR1C6531'W18M;41M':Q'8CP5131W126'6P86'C:;=9'S1'C:M619[:;6'829'Q;2919*'6P1'6Y:'M7M61WM'P831'41W85219':;6':Q'6:;CP'829'8C6;8==7'95314>52>*'Y56P'2:'W18252>Q;='1QQ:46'6:'828=7i1'829'8=5>2'Q;2952>'=131=M'Y56P'19;C865:28='C:M6ME'
"2'41C126'7184M*'21Y'19;C865:28='>:8=M'=52D19'6:'MCP::='4189521MM'829'T:M6M1C:29847'829'Y:4DQ:4C1'4189521MM'Y141'W8298619*'829'W18M;41W126M':Q'MCP::='829'MCP::='95M645C6'T14Q:4W82C1'Y56P'M82C65:2M'Q:4'Q85=;41M'P831'S112'5WT=1W12619'8M'T846':Q'19;C865:28='8CC:;268S5=567E''0>852*'6P1M1'CP82>1M'52'6P1'19;C865:2'M7M61W'P831'89919'829'Y5=='C:2652;1'6:'899'M5>25Q5C826=7'6:'6P1'C:M6M':Q'19;C865:2*'S;6'6P1'Q5282C1'M7M61W'P8M'S112'C:WT=161=7';241MT:2M531E''0M'8'41M;=6*'6P141'5M'2:6'12:;>P'W:217'52'6P1'M7M61W'6:'T14W56'MCP::='95M645C6M'8C4:MM'6P1'#6861'6:'T4:T14=7'5WT=1W126'M6829849M[S8M19'19;C865:2'829'6:'W116'6P1'41\;541W126M':Q'M6861'=8Y'829'41>;=865:2E''$P5M'5M'64;1'Q:4'95M645C6M':Q'13147'91MC45T65:2'v'4;48=*'M;S;4S82*';4S82'829'6P:M1'Y56P'MW8==':4'=84>1'M6;9126'T:T;=865:2ME''$P141'5M'2:6':21'MCP::='95M645C6'6P86'5M'M;QQ5C5126=7'Q;2919E''$P5M'5M'82':S35:;M'P8==W84D':Q'82'544865:28='M7M61WE'
' $P1'T4:S=1W'P8M'S112'C:WT:;2919'S7'6P1'Q8C6'6P86'9;452>'6P5M'M8W1'65W1'&:=:489:'829'3546;8==7'13147'MCP::='95M645C6'P831'1_T14512C19'M5>25Q5C826'91W:>48TP5C'CP82>1M*'T8465C;=84=7'52'6P1'2;WS14'829'C:2C1264865:2M':Q'+2>=5MP'=82>;8>1'=184214M*'16P25C'W52:45651M*'829'CP5=9412':Q'T:31467E''$P1'2;WS14':Q'CP5=9412'Y56P'M13141=7'95M8S=52>'C:29565:2M'P8M'8=M:'>4:Y2E''$P141'841'2:Y'M5>25Q5C826=7'=84>14'T14C1268>1M':Q'M6;9126M'Y56P'W:41'1_T12M531'19;C865:28='2119ME''$P1'19;C865:28='8CP5131W126'41\;541W126M'Q:4'6P1M1'M6;9126M'841'6P1'M8W1'8M'Q:4'>12148='19;C865:2'M6;9126M*'S;6'6P1'C:M6'6:'8CP5131'T4:Q5C512C7'829'>4:Y6P'41\;541W126M'8W:2>'6P1M1'M6;9126M'5M'W;CP'P5>P14E''$P5M'41T41M126M'8'W8R:4'M:;4C1':Q'899565:28='1_T12M1'6P86'P8M'2:6'S112'68D12'526:'
' ?FH
8CC:;26'52'6P1'Q5282C1'M7M61WE''(2C1'8>852*'6P1'#6861'P8M'2:6'8661WT619'6:'\;8265Q7'829'Q;29'6P1'C:M6M':Q'T4:35952>'19;C865:28='M1435C1M'6:'6P1M1'829'M5W5=84=7'M56;8619'M6;9126M'Y56P'MT1C58='2119ME''
L528==7*'M6861'=131='S;9>16'C;6M'52'6P1'=8M6'6Y:'7184M'P831'419;C19':3148=='MCP::='Q;2952>'S7'2184=7':21'S5==5:2'9:==84M'Y56P:;6'827'41Q1412C1'6:'6P1'C:M6M'6:'T4:3591'8'6P:4:;>P'829';25Q:4W'M7M61W':Q'T;S=5C'MCP::=ME''&;44126'1C:2:W5C'C:29565:2M*'P:Y1314*'841'2:6'6P1'M:;4C1':Q'6P1'MCP::='Q5282C1'C45M5ME''$P17'P831'W891'82';2Y:4D8S=1'M56;865:2';2C:2MC5:28S=1E''<;6'&:=:489:`M'P5M6:47':Q'544865:28='829'52891\;861'MCP::='Q;2952>'>:1M'S8CD'Q:4':314'6Y:'91C891ME'
<8M19';T:2'8==':Q'6P1'Q:41>:52>*'829'8TT=752>'6P1'M6829849'12;2C58619'S7'6P1'#;T41W1'&:;46*'6P1'&:;46'C:2C=;91M'6P86'6P1'&:=:489:'T;S=5C'MCP::='Q5282C1'M7M61W'5M'2:6'4865:28==7'41=8619'6:'6P1'W829861'6:'1M68S=5MP'829'W8526852'8'6P:4:;>P'829';25Q:4W'M7M61W':Q'Q411'T;S=5C'MCP::=ME''(2'6P1'C:264847*'6P1'T;S=5C'MCP::='Q5282C1'M7M61W'5M'544865:28=*'84S564847*'829'M13141=7';2914Q;2919E''$P5M'41M;=6M'52'6P1'91258=':Q'6P1'45>P6M':Q'6P1'"295359;8='U=85265QQM'>;84826119'S7'0465C=1'"a*'M1C65:2'H':Q'6P1'&:=:489:'C:2M656;65:2'829'6P1'45>P6M'829'T:Y14M':Q'6P1'#CP::='!5M645C6M'T;4M;826'6:'0465C=1'"a*'M1C65:2M'H'829'?NE'
IX. REMEDY
' $P1'&:;46'Q529M'6P86'6P1'&:=:489:'T;S=5C'MCP::='Q5282C1'M7M61W'5M';2C:2M656;65:28=E''+35912C1'1M68S=5MP1M'6P86'6P1'Q5282C1'M7M61W'W;M6'S1'4135M19'6:'8MM;41'6P86'Q;2952>'5M'4865:28==7'41=8619'6:'6P1'8C6;8='C:M6M':Q'T4:35952>'8'6P:4:;>P'829';25Q:4W'M7M61W':Q'T;S=5C'19;C865:2E''"6'5M'8=M:'8TT84126'6P86'52C418M19'Q;2952>'Y5=='S1'41\;5419E''$P1M1'841'8TT4:T45861=7'=1>5M=86531'829'1_1C;6531'Q;2C65:2M'52'6P1'Q54M6'52M682C1E''$P;M*'6P1'#;T41W1'&:;46'P8M'9541C619'6P86'6P5M'&:;46'MP8==']T4:3591'6P1'=1>5M=86;41'Y56P'82'8TT4:T45861'T145:9':Q'65W1'6:'CP82>1'6P1'Q;2952>'M7M61W'M:'8M'6:'S452>'6P1'M7M61W'52'C:WT=582C1'Y56P'6P1'&:=:489:'&:2M656;65:2E^''Lobato* H?F'UEA9'86'ABNE''$8D52>'6P1M1'9541C65:2M'526:'8CC:;26*'6P1'&:;46'12614M'X;9>W126'829'(4914M'8M'Q:==:YMf''
"2R;2C6531'41=51Q'12614M'52'Q83:4':Q'6P1'U=85265QQM*'829'8==':Q'6P1W*'829'8>852M6'6P1'!1Q129826M*'829'8==':Q'6P1W*'8M'Q:==:YMf'
?E' !1Q129826M'841'12R:5219'Q4:W'89:T652>*'5WT=1W12652>*'89W525M61452>*':4'12Q:4C52>'827'829'8=='=8YM'829'41>;=865:2M'6P86'Q85='6:'1M68S=5MP*'W8526852*'829'Q;29'8'6P:4:;>P'829';25Q:4W'M7M61W':Q'Q411'T;S=5C'MCP::=M'6P4:;>P:;6'6P1'M6861'6P86'Q;=Q5==M'6P1'\;8=5686531'W829861':Q'6P1'+9;C865:2'&=8;M1'829'6P1'45>P6M'>;84826119'6:'6P1'U=85265QQM'6P141;2914'829'6P86'5M'52'Q;=='C:WT=582C1'Y56P'6P1'41\;541W126M':Q'6P1'/:C8='&:264:='&=8;M1g'52C=;952>*'Y56P:;6'=5W56865:2'6P1'U;S=5C'#CP::='L5282C1'0C6':Q'?OO@'52'56M'12654167*'C861>:45C8='Q;2952>'T4:>48WM*'829'C8T568='C:2M64;C65:2'Q;2952>'=8YM'829'41>;=865:2Mg'
HE' !1Q129826M'841'Q;46P14'12R:5219'6:'91M5>2*'128C6*'Q;29*'829'5WT=1W126'8'M7M61W':Q'T;S=5C'MCP::='Q5282C1'6P86'T4:3591M'829'8MM;41M'6P86'891\;861*'21C1MM847*'829'M;QQ5C5126'Q;29M'841'8385=8S=1'52'8'W82214'4865:28==7'41=8619'6:'8CC:WT=5MP'6P1'T;4T:M1M':Q'6P1'+9;C865:2'&=8;M1'829'6P1'/:C8='&:264:='&=8;M1g'
AE' $P1'&:;46'P141S7'M687M'6P1'12Q:4C1W126':Q'6P1'52R;2C6531'41=51Q'M16'Q:46P'P141528S:31'52':4914'6:'T4:3591'6P1'#6861'Y56P'8'418M:28S=1'65W1'6:'C41861'829'5WT=1W126'8'M7M61W':Q'T;S=5C'MCP::='Q5282C1'6P86'W116M'6P1'W829861M':Q'6P1'+9;C865:2'&=8;M1'829'6P1'/:C8='
' ?FA
&:264:='&=8;M1E'$P5M'M687'MP8=='C:2652;1'52'1QQ1C6';265='Q528='8C65:2'S7'6P1'&:=:489:'#;T41W1'&:;46';T:2'8TT18=':Q'6P1'&:;46`M'91C5M5:2g'T4:35919'6P86'5Q'8TT18='5M'2:6'T14Q1C619'6:'6P1'&:=:489:'#;T41W1'&:;46*'6P5M'&:;46'MP8=='41351Y'6P1'M687';T:2'8TT=5C865:2':Q'156P14'T8467'M;SW56619'2:'184=514'6P82'6P1'C:2C=;M5:2':Q'6P1'HG?H'=1>5M=86531'M1MM5:2E'hP5=1'6P5M'M687'5M'52'T=8C1'829';265='Q;46P14'8C65:2'S7'6P1'#;T41W1'&:;46':4'6P5M'&:;46*'6P1'T41M126'Q5282C52>'Q:4W;=8'829'Q;2952>'W87'41W852'52'1QQ1C6E'
SO ORDERED'6P5M'O6P'987':Q'!1C1WS14*'HG??E'''' ' ' ' ' ' ' <.'$I+'&()%$'' ' ' ' '
'#P15=8'0E'%8TT8T:46'''
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