findings and analysisto media, limits in understanding of the impact of media content, limited...
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Targeting Brief 2
Intimate Partner Violence& Media Exposure in Cambodia
INTRODUCTION
The Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade engaged The Asia Foundation to identify and analyse key risk and protective factors1 associated with intimate partner violence (IPV) in Cambodia. The task involved review of the best available datasets2 in order to make recommendations for programming interventions. This effort builds evidence towards the first strategy - Primary Prevention3- in the National Action Plan to Prevent Violence Against Women 2014-2018 (NAPVAW II). The research methodology included secondary quantitative analysis of data from large scale surveys of Cambodian men and women that included questions on personal experiences with IPV victimization and/or perpetration. However, no dataset is without limitations, particularly for comparison purposes. Surveys used different methodologies, were carried out in different time periods, or surveyed different populations resulting in the inability to permit a causal link to be established between IPV and the identified risk and protective factors. However, each analysis clearly demonstrates a strong, statistically significant relationship between IPV and the specific risk and protective factors.
Based on the analysis of these datasets, four risk and/or protective factors emerged as the most robust and statistically significant: alcohol abuse and childhood exposure to violence as risk factors for IPV; media exposure and educational attainment as both risk and protective factors for IPV. Each of these factors were then further analysed including a review of relevant qualitative research and literature; identification of current promising programmatic approaches; cost and benefit analysis; and international good practice in primary prevention of IPV. The Asia Foundation presents its research, analysis and recommendations in this series of Targeting Briefs.
Targeting Brief 2: Intimate Partner Violence and Media Exposure in Cambodia is a publication of The Asia Foundation (2015).
We would like to acknowledge and extend our gratitude to The Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) for their collaboration and financial support for this series of Targeting Briefs. This research was commissioned by DFAT in 2013-2014 with the explicit intention of informing programmatic interventions under the prevention pillar of the Royal Government of Cambodiaโs second National Action Plan for Ending Violence against Women.
Full research reports are available upon request at: [email protected]
Media can be a risk factor for intimate partner violence by sensationalizing and normalizing violent behaviour, and perpetuating traditional attitudes toward women. Media can have a protective impact on intimate partner violence by raising awareness of laws and services and challenging social norms that tolerate intimate partner violence.
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Review of Literature and Research
FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS
A considerable body of literature exists on utilizing the media to prevent or respond to IPV (WHO, 2008; Jensen & Oster, 2008); but research is limited on the effects of media content. Media is generally absent as variable in the vast majority of IPV studies. For example, a recent systematic review of 228 IPV articles focusing on risk (Capaldi, 2012) failed to make any mention of the media. Where literature does exist, access to the media links with IPV in different ways. Media can be a risk factor by galvanizing traditional perceptions and attitudes towards women (GADC, 2010), normalising and desensitising IPV, portraying women as vulnerable to victimization, and blaming victims (Montiel, 2014). Consistent exposure to violence in the media creates public acceptance (Kohlman et al., 2014) and can lead to increased aggression immediately afterwards (Gentile & Bushman, 2012). TV violence has been shown to have a cumulative effect on aggression over time (Common Sense Media, 2013) and males who watched large amounts of violent TV during childhood were nearly twice as likely to
have assaulted their spouses 15 years later (Bushman & Huesman, 2012).
Media can be a protective factor by em-powering women and men leading to a shift in attitudes and changing social norms. TV and radio can reduce accept-ability of violence in relationships (Jensen & Oster, 2008). The mass media has also been the biggest source of information on the domestic violence law for Cambodi-ans (Brickell, Prak & Poch, 2014; PYD, 2013) and can have a positive effect by correcting misconceptions about domes-tic violence such as that it is a private af-fair. Media can also encourage victims to seek help (Usdin et al., 2005) and provide information about sources of help.
The negative impacts of violent media content are larger when parents do not monitor their childrenโs media consumption and when they do not discuss the content with them (Anderson, Gentile & Buckley, 2007). Parental monitoring can serve as a protective factor by decreasing the risk associated with exposure to media violence (Gentile & Bushman, 2012).
S E C O N D A R Y Q U A N T I T A T I V E A N A L Y S I S O F D A T A S E T S
The quantitative analysis of the relevant data sets show that:
๏ฟฝPeople who watch TV are 178% more likely to be IPV victims than those who never watch TV (MoWA, 2005)4.
๏ฟฝRadio listeners are 154% more likely to be perpetrators compared to those who do not listen to radio (MoWA, 2005).
Targeting Brief 2 highlights the link between exposure to the media - specifically television (TV) and radio โ and IPV and aims to provide recommendations for strengthening of primary prevention of IPV in Cambodia through media related actions. Based on further socio-demographic analysis of the prevalence of access to media, limits in understanding of the impact of media content, limited regulation and cost/benefit analysis of existing programmatic interventions, Targeting Brief 2 recommends to 1) improve media content and messaging; 2) build evidence on the link between media and IPV; and 3) strengthen the policy environment.
1 Risk factors are individual, relationship, community and societal factors that mean a person is
more likely to become a victim or perpetrator of IPV. Protective factors are individual, relationship, community and societal factors that reduce women and girls risk of IPV. Risk factors might not be
direct causes, and protective factors do not guarantee non-violence (CDC, 2015).
2 The research team assessed the presence and availability of relevant datasets to statistically examine risk and protective factors related to IPV. Seven prevalence datasets were analysed using standard
statistical software to examine various variables to identify IPV risk and protective factors, including: MoWA (2005 and 2009), CDHS (2000 and 2005), Triple Jeopardy, Royal Holloway, and UN Women P4P. Additionally, approximately a dozen socio-demographic datasets were statistically examined to
identify locations (provinces) within Cambodia where the risk and protective factors were highest/lowest. Two new large scale surveyโs supported by the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade - CDHS 2014โs Domestic Violence Module and the Violence Against Women Prevalence Study
using the WHO methodology - will both add significant data on IPV for further analysis when released. See Data Sets for the specific data sets for each Targeting Brief.
3 Primary Prevention is reducing the new incidences of intimate partner violence or sexual violence by intervening before any violence occurs (WHO).
4 In November 2015, the CDHS 2014 full release will report on the Domestic Violence Module and will provide further data for analysis.
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MEDIA RELATED TRENDS IN CAMBODIA
TV AND RADIO OWNERSHIP IN CAMBODIA
Banteay Meanchey
Oddar Meanchey
Siem Reap
BattambangBattambang
Pursat
Koh KongKampong Speu
Kampong Chhnang
KampotTakeo
Kandal
Prey Veng
Svay Rieng
Kampong Cham
Kampong ThomKampong Thom
Preah VihearStung Treng
KratieKratie
Ratanakiri
Mondulkiri
Preah Sihanouk
Pailin
Oddar Meanchey
Banteay Meanchey Siem Reap
Pailin
Preah VihearStung Treng
Mondulkiri
Ratanakiri
Kampong Cham
Kampong Chhnang
Pursat
Koh KongKampong Speu
Preah Sihanouk
KampotTakeo
Kandal
Svay Rieng
Prey VengPhnom PenhPhnom Penh
Banteay Meanchey
Oddar Meanchey
Siem Reap
BattambangBattambang
Pursat
Koh KongKampong Speu
Kampong Chhnang
KampotTakeo
Kandal
Prey Veng
Svay Rieng
Kampong Cham
Kampong ThomKampong Thom
Preah VihearStung Treng
KratieKratie
Ratanakiri
Mondulkiri
Preah Sihanouk
Pailin
Oddar Meanchey
Banteay Meanchey Siem Reap
Pailin
Preah VihearStung Treng
Mondulkiri
Ratanakiri
Kampong Cham
Kampong Chhnang
Pursat
Koh KongKampong Speu
Preah Sihanouk
KampotTakeo
Kandal
Svay Rieng
Prey VengPhnom PenhPhnom Penh
0.29-0.36
0.24-0.28
0.20-0.23
0.08-0.09
0.07
Figure 1Percentage Reporting
Media (Radio+TV) Ownership (CSES, 2012)
Increased access to radio and television
๏ฟฝRising household income and increasing urbanization have contributed to increasing TV and radio ownership in Cambodia. Household TV ownership rates almost doubled from 32% in 2000 to 62% by 2010 (CDHS, 2000 & 2010) to 84% in urban areas and to 60% in rural areas (Gallup, 2014).
๏ฟฝRadio ownership also increased, albeit at a much lower rate. In 2000, 42% of households possessed a radio5 and this increased to 44% in 2010 (CDHS, 2000 & 2010). These rates likely underestimate the exposure to radio given that many people listen to the radio via mobile phones. For example, 43% of youth (BBC, 2014), 58% of those living in urban places, and 36% of people in rural communities who listen to radio do so via their mobile phone (Gallup, 2014).
๏ฟฝAlthough men and women have almost identical TV viewing rates, some 10% more men listen to the radio than women (CDHS, 2010).
๏ฟฝFive capital/provinces with high TV and/or radio ownership (in descending order) are: Phnom Penh (population 1,327,615), Koh Kong (population 117,481), Battambang (population 1,025,174), Pailin (population 70,486), and Banteay Meanchey (population 677,872) (See Figure 1).
Increased access to new types of media
๏ฟฝCambodians have widespread access to traditional media (radio and TV) and increasing access to new media (internet, social media), fuelled by a surge in mobile phone ownership. In 2000, a mere 3.6% of the populations owned a telephone or cell phone, yet this increased to 62% in 2010 (CDHS, 2000 & 2010)6.
๏ฟฝWeekly internet use grew from 0.3% in 2004 to 12% in 2014 (Gallup, 2014).
๏ฟฝThere are currently 1.4 million Cambodian Facebook users and this is rapidly increasing (Gallup, 2014; ICR, 2014).
๏ฟฝMore recently there is evidence among urban dwellers that internet use is growing at the expense of TV viewing (ICR, 2014).
Current TV programing commonly normalizes IPV and blames victims
๏ฟฝOverall, IPV prevention programming is insignificant in comparison to the large volume of locally and regionally produced programmes consumed by Cambodians. ๏ฟฝA rapid assessment was conducted of high rating programmes to evaluate how IPV was portrayed on TV. Specifically drama, entertainment, news, and sports programmes were assessed. The findings of the TV assessment revealed that TV frequently contained content normalizing the portrayal of IPV. Common attributes of TV content included victim blaming and absolution for husbands and authorities for perpetrating IPV.
Weak regulation of media programming
๏ฟฝTelevision content is mostly entertainment based with less variation in news content due to either the pre-broadcast vetting of content (CCIM, 2014) or television channels adapting the Ministry of Informationโs (MoInf) news bulletins (BBC, 2012). ๏ฟฝThe Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts (MoCFA) is currently developing a film rating system and reportedly censors films, although little is known as to whether such pre-release censorship extends to IPV nor whether all films are examined. However its draft guidelines have been reported to be applied to sexual violence content (Jackson & Muong, 2014).
CURRENT PREVENTION STRATEGIES USING MEDIA IN CAMBODIA
IPV prevention focused media programmes in Cambodia can be divided into three main categories: (1) media content and institutional strengthening, (2) positive messaging, and (3) a mixture of both institutional strengthening and positive messaging.
Media content and institutional strengthening
๏ฟฝThe Royal University of Phnom Penh has a Department of Media and Communications, but does not have gender sensitive reporting as part of the curriculum.
๏ฟฝGenerally TV stations, driven by potential ratings, do not consider portrayal of IPV, gender norms and risk factors to guide programming decisions.
๏ฟฝA few short-term journalism training courses have been held for working journalists. However, it appears that IPV has not yet been addressed. It is unlikely that broadcasters are able to report professional, news-worthy, and factual IPV-related news. Compounding this, production editors and/or producers are often ultimately responsible for electing and editing the broadcasted content, often focusing on commercial interests and perceived demand for sensationalism.
5 In 2000, CDHS reported on a combined category of radio and tape recorder.6 CDHS 2000 did not report on reported listening or viewing habits of men.
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Develop IPV sensitive content
It is recommended to support IPV sensitive content development with producers, presenters and/or script writers from high rated TV and radio programmes, be it national or provincial, targeting at-risk audiences. The content would vary according to the genre in question and likely include why IPV is important to address, where to source information, IPV facts, understanding and reporting on risk factors, the impact of IPV on family members, the use of witnesses and expert sources, reporting/programming angles and presenter comments.
Enhance positive messaging
It is also recommended to enhance positive prevention messaging by building on existing innovative TV, radio, and social media programmes at national and provincial levels. To address IPV risk factors, support incorporation of simple, direct messages that clearly resonate with target audiences. As recommended in NAPVAW II, this should include promoting gender equitable social norms, increasing public knowledge and understanding on causes and negative impacts of IPV, promoting positive norms that condemn violence against women and children, increasing information about IPV-related services and supports
RECOMMENDATIONS
On the basis of this study the recommendations are to: 1) improve media content and messaging; 2) build evidence on the link between media and IPV; and 3) strengthen the policy environment. Implementing innovative interventions will require selective programme investments given the number of media enterprises, and that there are relatively few media
and reinforcing positive messages and images of gender-equality and non-violence. Particular attention should also be paid to reaching all women with increased risk for IPV or that have specific needs as outlined in NAPVAW II (tied to Targeting Brief 1 Alcohol and IPV, Targeting Brief 3 Child Maltreatment and IPV, and Targeting Brief 4 Education and IPV).
Build the evidence base on the link between media and IPV to better inform prevention messaging and action
Further research is required to better understand the link between media and IPV. For example, it will be important to determine whether certain content has a positive or negative impact on IPV, immediately and longitudinally. The research would help media outlets (and other primary prevention programmes using the media) to identify specific viewer profiles which would facilitate more focused targeting of their content and improve ratings, and improve the relevance of the content for IPV prevention. Youth would be considered a primary target group for consumer research based on the relevance of the demographic to IPV and the fact that media outlets are competing for the youth market.
programmes addressing IPV. Beyond policy level partnerships and research, it is recommended to engage with key working media professionals to increase awareness of IPV, improve professional standards for addressing IPV (e.g. stopping the practice of blaming IPV on victimsโ conduct), and build skills to effectively communicate expert and witness sources.
๏ฟฝThe Cambodian Center for Independent Media (CCIM) is a positive example of addressing gender or IPV from an institutional perspective. CCIM is in the process of finalizing a survey of the attitudes and practices of all staff in relation to gender in the workplace, and it is expected that the results will inform the development of a gender action plan addressing institutional and broadcasting components.
Positive messaging
Positive messaging for primary prevention programming is occurring, but its impact is not clear. Some examples of positive messaging strategies are listed below.
๏ฟฝThe Ministry of Womenโs Affairsโ (MoWA) โGood Menโ campaign is the largest positive messaging campaign and seeks to change broader cultural perspectives of masculinity and male power, targeting men to engage in more respectful behaviours in relationships. The campaign includes eight media spots; four spots for TV broadcast over a one month period and four spots for radio broadcast over a four month period (PYD, 2013). The midline assessment of the campaign revealed that 27% of radio listeners had heard of any of the Good Men campaign radio spots and 26% of TV viewers had seen a Good Men campaign TV spot. Although the impact of the radio campaign is currently unknown, the programme is promising given that each show generates messages from about 800 SMS senders and three to four people call in on-air. The final evaluation of this project is scheduled for 2015 and will provide a better understanding of the impact of this programme.
๏ฟฝAnother promising example of positive messaging using a multi-media approach (TV, radio, social media) is BBC Media Action: Love 9. The Love 9 programme reports 958 callers, 58% of whom are male. The radio shows are uploaded to Soundcloud with more than 1,000 followers and 101,668 plays. As of December 2014, Love 9 Facebook page was liked by 89,000 users. While currently targeting sexual and reproductive health knowledge of youth aged 15-24, in 2015 Love 9 will address IPV; however messages have not yet been developed. An evaluation is planned of its work in 2015.
๏ฟฝA number of small scale, sometimes short-term radio programmes focusing on primary and secondary prevention positive messaging are also developed by different organisations, but are usually project based and not expanded. While the scope of each might be limited, an overall strategy for media to address prevention could guide content for these smaller targeted or short term programmes.
Institutional strengthening combined with positive messaging
๏ฟฝABC International Development (ABC ID) combines secondary prevention with institutional strengthening. ABC ID provides technical support for violence against women programming, with an emphasis on providing a platform for listeners to raise issues enabling tracking local authorityโs responses to violence against women (VAW). This prevention programming involves mentoring, coaching, staff reviews, and workshops among existing state radio staff at four provincial and one community oriented radio station managed by a womenโs NGO in Kratie. The ABC ID Ending Violence against Women (EVAW) programme will undergo an evaluation in 2015 to assess effectiveness.
๏ฟฝThe Womenโs Media Centre (WMC) is a non-profit media organisation that delivers national awareness and information programmes on positive gender messaging and has its own radio station FM102.
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ABBREVIATIONS Strengthen policy environment
Key areas for policy strengthening are in media representation of and reporting on IPV. In line with NAPVAW II, a coordinated approach is recommended to improve media professionalism, conduct and media content. Key actors include MoInf, MoWA, MoCFA, civil society organisations and independent media
organisations. Actions to strengthen the policy environment to promote media as a protective factor in IPV include development of a Media Code of Conduct for reporting on VAW with an effective compliance, complaints and resolution system; and joint development, introduction, and monitoring of a TV classification system to guide parental control and enable parents to prevent children to view violent content.
It is important to note that improved media exposure is but one component of an overall primary prevention approach that should be coupled with strategies to build positive masculinities, reduce negative gender norms that promote tolerance of IPV, and address other IPV risk and protective factors. IPV primary prevention strategies should also be developed in collaboration with improved IPV protection and response systems.
ABC-ID ABC International Development CCIM Cambodian Center for Independent MediaCDC Center for Disease ControlCDHS Cambodia Demographic and Health SurveyEVAW Ending Violence Against WomenGADC Gender and Development for CambodiaICR Indochina ResearchIPV Intimate Partner ViolenceMoH Ministry of Health MoWA Ministry of Womenโs AffairsMoInf Ministry of Information MoCFA Ministry of Culture and Fine ArtsNAPVAW II 2nd National Action Plan to Prevent Violence Against Women NIS National Institute of StatisticsP4P Partners for Prevention PYD Peace and DevelopmentTV TelevisionUN United NationsUNDP United Nations Development ProgramUNFPA United Nations Population FundUNV United Nations VolunteersVAW Violence against womenWHO World Health Organisation WMC Womenโs Media Centre
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DATASETS Ministry of Womenโs Affairs (MoWA). (2005). 2005 Violence against Women: A Baseline Survey [Data file].
Cambodia: Indochina Research. Ltd.
National Institute of Statistics (NIS). (2000). 2000 Cambodia Socio-Demographic Health Survey (CDHS) [Data file]. Cambodia: National Institute of Statistics, Ministry of Planning.
National Institute of Statistics (NIS). (2005). 2005 Cambodia Socio-Demographic Health Survey (CDHS) [Data file]. Cambodia: National Institute of Statistics, Ministry of Planning.
National Institute of Statistics (NIS). (2010). 2010 Cambodia Socio-Demographic Health Survey (CDHS) [Data file]. Cambodia: National Institute of Statistics, Ministry of Planning.
Full research reports are available upon request at: [email protected]
REFERENCES
Anderson, C. A., Gentile, D. A., & Buckley, K. E. (2007). Violent video game effects on children and adolescents: Theory, research, and public policy. New York: Oxford University Press.
BBC Media Action (2014). Media habits and information sources of youth in Cambodia. Phnom Penh, Cambodia: BBC Media Action.
Brickell, K., Prak, B., & Poch, B. (2014). Domestic violence law: The gap between legislation and practice in Cambodia and what can be done about it. London; Royal Holloway, University of London.
Bushman, B. J. & Huesmann, L. R. (2012). Effects of violent media on aggression. In D. G. Singer, & J. L. Singer (Eds.), Handbook of Children and The Media (pp. 231โ248) 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (February 11, 2015) Intimate Partner Violence: Risk and Protective Factors. Retrieved fromhttp://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/intimatepartnerviolence/riskprotectivefactors.html.
Common Sense Media (2013). Media and
Violence: An Analysis of Current Research. A Common Sense Media Research Brief. USA: Common Sense Media.
Department of Media and Communication (2014). Cambodian Communication Review 2014. Phnom Penh, Cambodia: Department of Media and Communication, Cambodia Communication Institute, Royal University of Phnom Penh.
Fulu, E., Warner, X., Miedema, S., Jewkes, R., Roselli, T., & Lang, J. (2013). Why Do Some Men Use Violence Against Women and How Can We Prevent It? Quantitative Findings from the United Nations Multi-country Study on Men and Violence in Asia and the Pacific. Bangkok: UNDP, UNFPA, UN Women and UNV.
Gender and Development for Cambodia (GADC) (2010). Deoum troung pram hath in modern Cambodia: A qualitative exploration of masculinity and domestic violence. Phnom Penh, Cambodia: GADC.
Gallup (2014). Cambodia: From big screen to small. Broadcasting Board of Governors Research Series. Retrieved from
http://www.bbg.gov/wp-content/media/2014/11/Cambodia-FINAL.pdf
Gentile, D. A. & Bushman, B. J. (2012). Reassessing media violence effects using a risk and resilience approach to understanding aggression. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 1(3), 138-51.
Indochina Research (ICR) (2014). G-Lab next generation Cambodian youth research project fall 2014. Phnom Penh, Cambodia: Indochina Research.
Jackson, W. & Muong, V. (2014, 30 August). Cambodian blockbuster falls victim to age rating rules. Phnom Penh Post Retrieved from http://www.phnompenhpost.com/post-weekend/cambodian-blockbuster-falls-victim-age-rating-rules.
Jensen, R. & Oster, E. (2008). The Power of TV: Cable television and womenโs status in India. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 124(3), 1057-94.
Kohlman, S., Baig, A., Balice,G., DiRubbo, C., Placencia, L., Skale, K., Thomas, J., Flitter, J., Mirzad, F., Moeckler, H., & Aquino, S. (2014). Contribution of media to the normalization and
perpetuation of domestic violence. Austin Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, 1(4), 1018.
Peace and Development (PYD). (2013). Good Men campaign follow-up study. Phnom Penh, Cambodia: PYD.
Usdin, S., Scheepers, E., Goldstein, S., & Japhet, G. (2005). Achieving social change on gender-based violence: A report on the impact evaluation of Soul Cityโs fourth series. Social Science and Medicine, 61(11), 2434-45.
World Health Organization (WHO). (2008). Preventing violence and reducing its impact: How development agencies can help. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
World Health Organization (WHO). (2013). Global and regional estimates of violence against women: Prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
Targeting Brief 2
& Media Exposure in Cambodia
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แขแแแพแ แทแแแแถแแพแแแแผแแแแทแแแแแแแแแแทแแแถแแแพแแแพแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแ แแแแแปแแถ
แแแ แแแแธแแแแพแ
แแแแฝแแแถแแแแแแแแทแแแถแแทแแแแแแแแขแผแแแแแแแธแแถแแฒแแแขแแแแแแถแแแผแแแทแแทแขแถแแธแปแแแแพแแถแแแแแแแแทแแแทแแถแแแแถแแแแ แถแแทแแแแแทแแแแถแแแแแถแแแถแแแแแถแแแแก แแแแถแแแแถแแแแแแนแแขแแแพแ แทแแแแถแแพแแแแผแแแแทแแแแแแแแ(IPV)แแ แแแแปแแแแแแแแแแแแปแแถแ แแทแ แแ แแถแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแนแแแถแแแทแแทแแแแกแพแแแทแแแ แแพแแทแแแแแแแแแขแแแแปแแแแแขแถแ แแแแถแแข แแพแแแแธแแแแแแขแแปแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแพแแแแแแแทแแธแขแแแแถแแแแแ แแทแ แแ แแแแนแแแแแแแแแแแผแแแแแแแปแแแถแแแแแแแแ แแแแถแแแแแแพแแแปแแแแแแแแแแพแแแแแผแ แแบแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแฃ แแ แแแแปแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแถแแถแแทแแพแแแแธแแแแแแแแแแขแแแพแ แทแแแแถแแพแแแแแธแแแแแแขแ แกแค-แขแ แกแจ(NAPVAW II)แ แแทแแธแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แถแแแแแแ แผแแแถแแแแถแแแทแแถแแแแทแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแพแแทแแแแแแ แแแแแถแแแแแธแแถแแแแแแแแแทแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแพแแปแแแแทแแแแแแธแแแแแปแแถ แแแแแฝแแแถแแแแแฝแแแแแธแแธแแแแทแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแฝแแถแแฝแแแนแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแIPVแแทแ/แฌแแถแแแแแแนแแแIPVแ
แแแแถแแแแแแถแแแแแปแแทแแแแแแแแถแแฝแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแทแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแ แแถแแแแแแแแแทแแถแแแแพแแแแแแแทแแธแแแแแแแปแแแแแแ แแทแแแแผแแแถแแแแแพแกแพแแแ แแแแปแแแขแแกแปแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แฌแขแแแแแแแ แแพแแแปแแแแถแแแแแแแแปแแแแแแ แแแแแแฒแแแแแแทแแขแถแ แแแแพแแถแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแถแIPVแแทแแแแถแแแแ แถแแทแแแแแทแแแแถแแแแแถแแแถแแแแแแแแพแแแแแปแแแแแแถแแแทแแถแแแธแแฝแแแแแแ แแแ แแแถแแแขแแแธแแแแแแแแแแแแแทแแทแแแแถแแแแทแแแนแแแถแแแแถแIPVแแทแแแแถแแแแ แถแแทแแแแแทแแแแถแแแแแถแแแถแแถแแแแถแแแ
แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแถแแขแถแ แถแแแถแแแแ แถแแทแแแแแแขแแแพแ แทแแแแถแแพแแแแผแแแแทแแแแแแแแ แแแแถแแแถแแแแถแแขแถแแแแแแ แแทแแแถแแแแแพแฒแแแแ แถแแฟแแแแแแแถ แแผแแฅแแทแแแแ แทแแแแถ แแแแแถแแแแแแแแผแแขแถแแแแแแทแแทแแถแแแแแแธแ แแแแแแแแแธแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแ แขแถแ แแถแแฅแแแแทแแแแแแปแแแแแแแแแแถแแแถแแแทแแฑแแแแถแแขแแแพแ แทแแแแถแแพแแแแผแแแแทแแแแแแแแ แแแแพแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแนแแขแแแธแ แแแถแแแแทแแแแแถแแแแแแแถแแแแแแถแแแแ แแนแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแขแแแฑแแฒแแแขแแแพแ แทแแแแถแแพแแแแผแแแแทแแแแแแแแแ
แแแแแขแแแแพแแถแแแทแแถแแแแแแปแแทแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแถแแแแ แถแแทแแแแแทแ/แฌแแแถแแแแแถแแแถแแ แแแฝแแคแแถแแแแ แกแพแแถแแแถแแแแแแแแแแถแแ แแทแแแนแแแถแแแแแปแแ แแถแแแแพแแแแแแแแแถแแแแฟแแแแแนแ แแทแแแถแแแแแแแแแฝแแแแแแขแแแพแ แทแแแแถแแถแแแแธแแปแแถแแแถแ แแบแถแแแถแแแแ แถแแทแแแแแ IPV แ แแแแแแถแแแพแแแพแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแทแแแถแแแแฝแแแถแแแถแแขแแแแ แแบแถแแแถแแแแ แถแแทแแแแแแแทแแถแแแถแแแแแถแแแถแแแแแIPVแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแธแแฝแแแแแแปแแแ แแแแแแแถแแแแแถแแแแแ แแแผแแแถแแแแแพแแทแแถแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแฝแแแแแ แผแ แแถแแแแถแแแทแแทแแแแแ แแพแแถแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแปแแแถแ แแทแแฏแแแแแถแแแแแแแ แแถแแแแแแแแแแปแแแแแแแแแแแแแแทแแธแแแแขแแปแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแ แปแแแแแแแ แแถแแแทแแถแแขแแแธแ แแแถแ แแทแแแแแแแแแ แแทแแแถแแขแแปแแแแแแแขแแถแขแแแแแถแแทแแแแปแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแผแแขแแแพแ แทแแแแถแแพแแแแผแแแแทแแแแแแแแแ แขแแแแแแถแ แแผแแแทแแทแขแถแแปแธ แแแแ แแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแทแแถแแแทแแขแแปแแแแแแแแแแแแแฝแแ แแแแปแแแฏแแแแแแ แแแแแธแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแ แแแถแแแแแแแ
แแแ แแแแแธแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแธแขแแแแ แแแขแแแธแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแถแแแพแแแพแแแถแแแแแถแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแ -แถแแทแแแ แแผแแแแแแแ แแทแแแทแแแแปแ - แแทแ IPV แแทแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแขแแปแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแนแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแผแ IPV แแ แแแแแปแแถ แแถแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแนแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแ แแแแแขแแแแถแแแถแแแทแแถแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแพแแแแแถแแแกแแแแ แแแแแแถแแแแฝแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแถแ แแธแแแถแแแแแแแแแแถแ แแแแแทแแถแแแแแถแแแแแแนแแขแแแธแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแนแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแทแ แแแถแแแแ แแถแแแแแแทแแทแแแถแแแทแแถแแ แแแถแ/แแแแแแแแแแ แแพแแแแแแทแแธแขแแแแถแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแ แแแ แแแแธแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแธแข แแแแแแขแแปแแแแแแผแ แแแ แ แก) แแแแแแขแแแแนแแแแแแแถแแแแแถแ แแทแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแถแ แข) แแแแแแแแแปแแแถแแขแแแธแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแถแแแทแIPVแแทแแฃ)แแแแนแแแแทแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแ
แก แแแแแถแ แถแแทแแแ แแบแแถแแแแแถแแปแแแแ แแแแถแแแแแแ แแ แแแแ แแทแแแแแแ แแถแแแถแแแแแแถ แแแปแแถแแแถแแแถแแแแแแแแนแแแแแถแแแถแแแแแแถแถแ แฌแแแแถแแถแนแแแแแผแแขแแแพแ แทแแถแแถแแพแแถแแผแแแแทแแแแแแแถแ (IPV)แ แแแแแถแแแแถแ แแบแแถแแแแแถแแปแแแแ แแแแถแแแแแแ แแ แแแแ แแทแ
แแแแแ แแถแแแแแแแแแแ แถแแทแแแ IPV แแแแแแแแถแธแแทแแแปแแถแแธแ แแแแแถแ แถแแทแแแ แขแถแ แแนแแแทแแแถแแแถแแปแแแแ แถแแปแแแแถแแแกแพแ แ แพแแแแแแถแแแแถแแแแแทแแแถแแถแแแแแแถแแขแแแพแ แทแแถแแถแแแแแถแ (CDC แแแแถแแขแ แกแฅ)แ
แขแแถแปแแแถแถแแแถแถแแแถแแแแแแถแ แแพแแแแแแถแ แแทแแแแแแถแแแแถแแแถแแทแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแ แแพแแถแแธแแทแแทแแถแแแแแแแแแแแทแแทแแถแแแแแถแ แถแแทแแแ แแทแแแแแแถแแแแถแ แแถแแแถแแแแแแนแ IPVแ แแทแแแแแแแแถแถแแถแแถแกแแแ แแแฝแ แง แแถแผแแถแแแแแพแแทแถแแแแแแถแพแแถแถแแแแแแแแทแแธแแแแทแแทแแถแ
แแถแแแแแแแแถแ แแพแแถแแธแแทแแทแแถแแแแแแแแแแแถแถแแถแฝแแแถแแถ แแแแปแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแ แถแแทแแแ แแทแแแแแแถแแแแถแ แแแแปแแแแแแฝแแแถแแ แ MoWA (แขแ แ แฅ แแทแ แขแ แ แฉ), CDHS (แขแ แ แ แแทแ แขแ แ แฅ), Triple Jeopardy (แแถแถแแแถแแแถแแแแถแธแแปแ), Royal Holloway, แแทแ UN Women P4Pแ แแพแแแธแแถแ แแทแแแแแแแแถแแถแแแแแถแแแแแแแถแ แถแ แกแขแแแ แแถแผแแถแแแทแแทแแถแแแถแแแแแแแแแแทแแทแแพแแถแแธ แแแแแแแแแธแแแ (แแถแแแ) แแ แแแแปแแแถแแถแแแแแแปแแถ แแถแแแถแแแแแแถแ แถแแทแแแ แแทแแแแแแถแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแปแ/แแถแแแแแปแแ แแแแแแแ
แแแทแแถแแแแถแถแแแแแธแแแแแธแแแ แแถแแแแแถแแแแแถแแฝแแแแแแแถแแแทแแแถแแทแแแแแแแแขแผแแแแถแถแแธ - แแแผแแปแแขแแแพแ แทแแถแแถแแแแปแแแแถแฝแแแแถ CDHS 2014 แแทแ แแแแทแแถแแถแแถแถแแแถแถแกแแแขแแแพแ แทแแถแแถแแพแแแแถ แธแแถแแแถแพแแถแถแแแแทแแธแแแแแถแแแแแขแแแแแแแปแแถแแแทแแแแแ (WHO) -
แแนแแแแแแถแแแทแแแแแแแแแแถแแแ แขแแแธ IPV แแแถแถแแแแแแแแพแแทแถแแแแแแถแแแแ แแ แแถแแแถแแ แถแแแถแแถแแ แแผแแแพแแแแแปแแแทแแแแแแ แแแถแถแแแแทแแแแแแแถแแแแถแแแแถแแถแ แแแแธแแแแแถแแแแถแถแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแธแแฝแแแ
แฃ แแแแแแแแแถแแแแแ แแบแแแแแแแแแแแแธแแแแธแแแถแขแแแพแ แทแแถแแถแแพแแถแแผแแแแทแแแแแแแถแ แฌแขแแแพแ แทแแถแแถแแแแผแแแถแ แแแแแแแแแแแพ แขแแแแแถแแแแแแ แแปแแแถแแขแแแพแ แทแแถแแถแแถแแฝแแแพแแกแพแ (WHO)แ
แแแ แแแแธแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแธ2
06
แแทแแแถแแแแพแแ๏ฟฝแพแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแ แแแแแปแแถ
แแแ แแแแธแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแธ2
05แแถแแแทแแทแแแแกแพแแแทแแแ แแพแฏแแแแแทแแแถแแแแแแแแแแถแถ
แแถแแแแแพแแแทแแแถแแแทแแถแ
แแถแแฏแแแแ แแพแแแแแแแฝแ แแแแธแแธแแถแแแแพแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแพแแแแธแแแแแแแแแ แฌแแแแพแแแแ แแแแIPV (WHO, 2008; Jensen & Oster,
2008) แแแปแแแแ แแถแแแแแแแแแ แแแแธแแธแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแนแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแ แแถแแแแแทแแแ แกแพแแ แถแแผแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแทแแแแผแแแถแแแแแแแแแแ แผแแถแขแแแ (variable) แแ แแแแปแแแแถแแแทแแแแถแขแแแธ IPV แแถแแ แแพแแแพแแแแแแงแแถแ แแแแแถแแแทแแทแแแแกแพแแแทแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแธแแแแแแแธแแแ แแพแขแแแแแแแแแธแแธ IPVแขแขแจแขแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแพแ แถแแทแแแ(Capaldi,2012) แแทแแแถแแแพแแกแพแแขแแแธแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแ แ แแแแแฏแแแแแแแแถแแแทแแแแแแแถแแแแพแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแถแ แแแผแแแถแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแฝแ IPV แแแแปแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ
แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแขแถแ แถแแแถแแแแ แถแแทแแแ แแแแแแปแแแถแแแทแ แแทแแขแถแแแแแแทแแทแแถแแแแแแธแ แแแแแแแแแธ (GADC, 2010) แแแแพแฒแแ IPV แแแผแแแแแแแแถแถแแฟแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแธแแถแถแขแแแแแแแแแแแแแทแแแแแแแแแแพแแแแแแแแ(Montiel,2014)แแแถแแแพแแแพแแถแแแแถแแแแผแแขแแแพแ แทแแแแถแแ แแแแปแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแพแแแผแแแถแแแแฝแแแแแธแแแแแแ(Kohlman et al., 2014) แแทแแขแถแ แแแแ แแแแถแแแพแแกแพแแแผแแแถแแแแแแพแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแ(Gentile&Bushman,2012)แแขแแแพแ แทแแแแถแแพแแแแ แแแแผแแแแแแแ แแแผแแแถแแแแแแแ แแแฒแแแแพแแแถแแถแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแพแแถแแแแแแพแ(Common Sense Media, 2013) แ แพแแแแปแแแแแแแปแแแแแพแแแแแแแทแแธแ แทแแแแถแแแแปแแแแผแแแแแแแแ แแพแแแแแแแแปแแแแแแแปแแถแ แแบแแแแแถแแนแแแแแพแแถแแแแแถแแแแแผแแแแปแแแแแแกแฅแแแแแแแแแแแแแพแแแแแแแแแ(Bushman&Huesman,2012)แ
แแถแแแทแแถแแแแแแแแแแทแแถแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแปแแแทแแแแแแ
แแถแแแทแแถแแแแแแแแแแทแแถแแแแแแแปแแแทแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแถแ
๏ฟฝแแแปแแแแแแแแพแแแผแแแแแแแ แแแแแถแแนแแแถแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแ IPV แกแงแจ% แแแแแแถแแขแแแแแแแแทแแแแแแพแแแผแแแแแแแแแแ(MoWA,2005)แคแ
๏ฟฝแขแแแแแแแแแแแทแแแแปแแแแแแถแแนแแแถแแแแแถแขแแแแแแแแแนแแแกแฅแค%แแแแแแถแแขแแแแแแแแทแแแแแแแแแทแแแแปแ(MoWA,2005)แ
แแแแแแทแแแแทแแแแผแแแแแแแแแทแแแทแแแแปแแ แแแแแปแแถ
แงแ๏ฟฝแ๏ฟฝแแแแแงแ๏ฟฝแ๏ฟฝแแแแ
แ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝแ๏ฟฝแแแแแ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝแ๏ฟฝแแแแ๏ฟฝแแ๏ฟฝแ๏ฟฝแแ๏ฟฝแ
๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝแแ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝแ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝแแ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝแแ๏ฟฝแนแ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝแแ๏ฟฝแนแ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝแ
แแแแแธแ๏ฟฝแแแแแธแ๏ฟฝ
แแ๏ฟฝแแแธแ๏ฟฝแแ๏ฟฝแแแธแ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝแ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ
แแแแแ๏ฟฝแแแแแแ๏ฟฝแแแแแแ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝแแแแแแแ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝแแ
๏ฟฝแ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝแแ๏ฟฝแ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝแแ
๏ฟฝแแแปแ๏ฟฝแแแปแแแแแแแ๏ฟฝแบแแแแแแ๏ฟฝแบ แ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝแแ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝแ
๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝแ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝแ ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝแ๏ฟฝแแ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝแ๏ฟฝแแแแแแแแแแ
๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝแแแธแ แแป๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝแแแธแ แแป
๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝแ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝแแ๏ฟฝแ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝแแ๏ฟฝแ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝแ
๏ฟฝแแแแแแ๏ฟฝแแแแแแ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝแแทแ๏ฟฝ๏ฟฝแแทแ
Banteay Meanchey
Oddar Meanchey
Siem Reap
BattambangBattambang
Pursat
Koh KongKampong Speu
Kampong Chhnang
KampotTakeo
Kandal
Prey Veng
Svay Rieng
Kampong Cham
Kampong ThomKampong Thom
Preah VihearStung Treng
KratieKratie
Ratanakiri
Mondulkiri
Preah Sihanouk
Pailin
Oddar Meanchey
Banteay Meanchey Siem Reap
Pailin
Preah VihearStung Treng
Mondulkiri
Ratanakiri
Kampong Cham
Kampong Chhnang
Pursat
Koh KongKampong Speu
Preah Sihanouk
KampotTakeo
Kandal
Svay Rieng
Prey VengPhnom PenhPhnom Penh
แ .แขแฉ-แ .แฃแฆ
แ .แขแค-แ .แขแจ
แ .แขแ -แ .แขแฃ
แ .แ แจ-แ .แ แฉ
แ .แ แง
แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแขแถแ แถแแแถแแแแแถแแแถแแแถแแแแแแถแแแแแนแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแธแแทแแแปแแแแแแแแแ แแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแผแแขแถแแแแแแทแแทแ แแทแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแผแแแแแแแแแทแแแทแแแแปแแขแถแ แแถแแแแแแแแแถแแแแฝแแแแขแแแพแ แทแแแแถแแ แแแแปแแแแแแแแแแแ(Jensen & Oster, 2008)แ แแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแ แถแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแถแแแแแแแปแแขแแแธแ แแแถแแแแแแแแขแแแพแ แทแแแแถแแแแปแแแแแฝแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแปแแถแแแ (Brickell, Prak
& Poch, 2014; PYD, 2013)แ แพแแขแถแ แแถแแฅแแแแทแแแแทแแแแแถแ แแถแแแแแแถแแแแแแแผแแแถแแแแแแปแแ แแแแแขแแแพแ แทแแแแถแแแแปแแแแแฝแแแ แแผแ แถแแถแขแแแพแ แทแแแแถแแแแปแแแแแฝแแแแแบแถแแฟแแฏแแแแถแแพแแ
แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแขแถแ แแพแแแนแแ แทแแแแแแแแแแแแฒแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแฝแ (Usdin et al., 2005)แแทแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแขแแแธแแแแแแแแฝแแแแแ
แแแแแแแถแแแขแแทแแแแแถแ แแแแแแนแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแ แทแแแแถ แแบแแถแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแชแแปแแแถแแแแแแทแแแถแแแแแถแแแพแแแแแแแทแแธแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแผแแแทแแแ แแแแแแแแฝแแแแแทแแแทแแถแแแแถแขแแแธแแแแนแแแแถแแฝแแแผแ(Anderson,
Gentile & Buckley, 2007)แแแถแแแถแแแแแแแแชแแปแแแถแแแแแขแถแ แแพแแแฝแถแแแถแแแแแถแแแถแแแแแถแแแถแแแแแแแแ แถแแทแแแ แแแแแถแแแแแแนแแแถแแแพแแแพแแแถแแ แทแแแแถ แแ แแพแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแ(Gentile & Bushman, 2012)แ
แค แแ แแถแแทแ แแแทแ แแแแถแแขแ แกแฅ CDHS แขแ แกแค แแนแแแแแพแแถแแแแแแขแแแธแแแผแแธแแขแแแพแ แทแแถแแถแแแแปแแแแถแฝแแ แแถแแแนแแแแแแแแทแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแถแถแแแแแแทแถแแ
แฅ แแแแปแแแแแถแแขแ แ แ CDHS แถแแแถแแแแแแขแแแธแแถแแถแแแฝแแแแแถแแฝแแแถแแทแแถแแปแแทแแแถแแถแแแถแ
แฆ CDHS 2000 แแทแแถแแแถแแแแแแขแแแธแแแถแแแถแแแแถแแแแแแถแแ แฌแแแแแถแแแถแแแแแแปแแแแแแแถแ
แแผแแแถแแแธแกแแแแแแทแแแแทแแพแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแ
(แแทแแแแป+แแผแแแแแแแ)แแทแแแถแแถแแแ(CSES 2012)
แขแแแแพแ แทแแแแแถแแแพแแแแผแแแทแแแแแแแแ
แแแ แแแแธแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแธ2
08
แแแ แแแแธแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแธ2
07
แแทแถแแแแแถแแแถแแแแแแนแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแ แแแแแปแแถ
แแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแทแแแแปแแทแแแพแแแผแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแพแแกแพแ
๏ฟฝแ แแแผแแแแฝแแแแกแพแแแแแแแแทแแแถแแแแแพแแแแแถแแผแแแธแแแแแแแพแแกแพแแแถแแแฝแแ แแแแแแแแแพแแแแแแแถแแแทแแแทแแแแปแแแทแแแผแแแแแแแ แแ แแแแปแแแแแแแแแแแแปแแถแ แขแแแแแถแแแแถแแแแผแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแ แแพแแกแพแแแแแพแแแแแแแแแแแแธแฃแข%แแ แแแแปแแแแแแแแขแ แ แ แกแพแแแแแฆแข%แแ แแแแแแขแ แกแ (CDHS, 2000 & 2010)
แ แพแแแแแแแพแแกแพแแแแ แจแค%แแ แแถแแแแแแแแแแปแแแแแทแแแธแแแปแ แแทแ แฆแ %แแ แแถแแแแแแแแแแ(Gallup, 2014)แ
๏ฟฝแแถแแแถแแแแถแแแแทแแแแปแ แแแแพแแกแพแแแแ แแแปแแแแแแแแปแแแขแแแแแฝแแแถแแถแแ แแ แแแแปแแแแแแแแขแ แ แ แแแฝแแแแคแข%แแถแแแทแแแแปแแแฝแแแแแปแแแแฝแแแแฝแแแแฅแ แพแแ แแแฝแแแแแแพแแกแพแแแแแคแค%แแ แแแแปแแแแแแแแขแ แกแ (CDHS,
2000 & 2010)แ แขแแแแแถแแแแแ แแแแแถแแถแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแขแแแธแแถแแแแแแแแแทแแแแปแ แแธแแแแแแถ แแแปแแแแถแ แแพแแแแแแแแแทแแแแปแแแถแแแผแแแแแแแแแ แงแแถแ แแแ แคแฃ% แแแแปแแแ (BBC, 2014) แฅแจ%แแแขแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแปแแแแธแแแปแ แแทแ แฃแฆ% แแแขแแแแแแแแ แแแแปแแแแ แแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแทแแแแปแ แแบแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแผแแแแแแแแ(Gallup, 2014)แ
๏ฟฝแแแแแธแถแแปแแแแทแแแแแแธแแถแแขแแแแแพแแแผแแแแแแแแแแแพแแแแแแแพแแแแแขแแแแแปแแแแแแแแแแทแแแแปแแแบแแแแแแถแแแแแแธแแแแแแแแทแแแแปแแแแแถแแกแ %(CDHS, 2010)แ
๏ฟฝแถแแแแธ/แแแแแแ แแแฝแแฅแแแแแถแแขแแแแขแแแแแพแแแผแแแแแแแแแทแ/แฌแแแแแแแแทแแแแปแแแแแแ (แแถแแแแแแแแแแแ แปแแแแแ) แแฝแแแถแ แถแแแแธแแแแแแแ (แแแถแแแก.แฃแขแง.แฆแกแฅ)แแแแแแแแแปแ (แแแถแแแกแกแง.แคแจแก) แแถแแแแแแ (แแแถแแ แก.แ แขแฅ.แกแงแค) แแแแแทแ (แแแถแแ แงแ .แคแจแฆ) แแทแแแแแแแแแถแแแแ(แแแถแแแฆแงแง.แจแงแข)(แแผแแแพแแแผแแแถแแแธแก)แ
แแแแพแแแแแแแแแถแแแแพแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแธ
๏ฟฝแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแปแแถแแถแแแแแแแถแแแแพแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแธแแแแแแผแแแแผแแถแ (แแทแแแแปแแแทแแแผแแแแแแแ) แแแแแถแแแแแแแแถแแแพแแกแพแแแแแปแแแแถแแแแพแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแธ (แขแแทแแแนแแทแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแ) แแแแแแแปแแแแแแแพแแแแแถแแแถแแแแถแแแแผแแแแแแแแแ แแ แแแแปแแแแแแแแขแ แ แ แแแถแแแแแแแแแฃ,แฆ%แแแปแแแแแแแแแแปแแแ แแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแปแแแแแแถแแแผแแแแแแแแพแแปแฌแแผแแแแแแแแแแแพแแแปแแแแแ แแแฝแแแแแแถแแแพแแกแพแแแแแฆแข%แแ แแแแปแแแแแแแแขแ แกแ (CDHS, 2000 & 2010)แแฆ
๏ฟฝแแถแแแแพแแแแแแขแแทแแแนแแทแแแแถแแแแถแแแแ แแแถแแแพแแกแพแแแธแ ,แฃ%แแ แแแแปแแแแแแแแขแ แ แคแแแแกแข%แแ แแแแปแแแแแแแแขแ แกแค(Gallup, 2014)แ
๏ฟฝแแ แแ แปแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแปแแถแแถแแขแแแแแแพแแแแแแ แแแแแแแปแแก,แคแแถแแแแแ แพแแ แแแฝแแแแแแแแปแแแพแแกแพแแแแแแแแแแ แแ(Gallup, 2014; ICR, 2014)แ
๏ฟฝแแแแธแแแแแปแแแแแแถแแแแแแแปแแแถแแแแแ แแแแถแแแแปแแแ แแแแแขแแแแแแแแ แแแแปแแแแธแแแปแแแถแแแแพแแแแแแขแแทแแแนแแทแแแพแแกแพแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแปแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแถแแแพแแแผแแแแแแแ(ICR, 2014)แ
แแแแแแทแแธแแผแแแแแแแแแ แแ แปแแแแแแแแแแพแฒแแแแแแแแแถIPVแแถแแฟแแแแแแแถแแทแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ
๏ฟฝแถแแผแแ แแแแแแทแแธแแแแแแแแแIPVแแทแแแผแแแถแแ แแพแแแแแพแแแแแแแแแนแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแทแแธแแผแแแแแแแแแแแแแทแแแแแปแแแแแปแแแทแแแแแปแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแปแแถแ
๏ฟฝแแถแแแถแแแแแแแแ แแแแฝแแแแผแแแถแแแแแพแกแพแแขแแแธแแแแแแทแแธแแแแแถแแขแแแแขแแแแแพแแ แแพแ แแพแแแแธแแถแแแแแแแขแแแธแแแแแแแแแ IPVแแแผแแแถแแแทแแแแแแ แแแแปแแแแแแแแทแแธแแผแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแถแ แแแแแแทแแธแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแทแแธแแแแแแถแแแทแแแแแแแทแแธแแธแกแถแแแผแแแถแแแแแพแแถแแแถแแแแแแแแแถแแแแถแแแแแถแแแแแพแแแแแถแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแทแแธแแผแแแแแแแ แแถแแแแแ แแแแถ แถแแนแแแ แแแแแแทแแธแแผแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแนแแแแแแแแแแพแฒแแแแแแแแแพแIPV แแถแถแแฟแแแแแแแถแ แแแแ แแแแแแแแแพแแแถแแแ แแแแปแแแแแแนแแแแแแแแแทแแธแแผแแแแแแแ แแฝแแแถแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแทแแแถแแแแแแ แแแถแแแแแแแแแธแแทแแขแถแถแแแแแแ แแแแแแถแแแแแแนแแแIPVแ
แแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแทแแธแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแ แแถแแแถแแแแแแแแถแ
๏ฟฝแแถแแ แแพแแแแแปแแแแแแแแแทแแธแแแแถแแแแแแแผแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแพแแถแแแแแแถแแแ แแแแทแแแผแแแแแแผแแแแแแแทแแธแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแฝแแแแทแแทแแแแแแแนแแแแแ แแปแแแถแแแแแถแ (CCIM, 2014)แฌแแแแแแแปแแแแทแแแผแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแทแแธแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแฝแแแแแแแถแ(BBC, 2012)แ
๏ฟฝแแแแฝแแแแแแแแแแทแแแทแ แทแแแแทแแแแ(MoCFA)แแ แแ แปแแแแแแแแแแแปแแแแแแพแแแแแแแแแถแแแ แแแถแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแทแแแแผแแแถแแแแถแแแถแแแแแถแแแฝแแแแทแแทแแแแถแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแ แแปแแแถแแแแแถแแแแปแแแแแแแแทแแแนแแ แแแถแแแแแแถแแพแแถแแแแฝแแแแทแแทแแแแแปแแแถแแ แแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแพ IPVแฌแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแฌแแแแแแถแ แแแปแแแแ แแแ แแแแธแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแผแแแแถแแแถแแแแแถ แขแแปแแแแแ แแแแแแแแนแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแ แทแแแแถแแแแผแแแแ(Jackson & Muong, 2014)แ
แแปแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแ แแแปแแแแแแแแแแพแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแ แแแแแแปแถ
แแแแแแทแแธแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแพแแถแแแแแแแแแแ lPV แแ แแแแปแแแแแแแแแแแแปแแถ แขแถแ แแแแ แแแถแฃแแแแแแแแแถแแแแ(แก)แแแแนแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแทแแแถแแแแแนแแแแแแแแ(แข)แแถแแแแแแแแแถแแทแแแแแถแแแทแ(แฃ)แแถแแแฝแแแแแ แผแแแแแแแถแแแแถแแแแแนแแแแแแแแแแทแแแถแแแแแแแแแถแแทแแแแแถแแ
แแแแนแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแทแแแถแแแแแนแแแแแแแแ
๏ฟฝแแแแแทแแแแถแแแแแผแแทแแแแแแแแแแ แแถแแแแแถแแแแบแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแ แแทแแแแแแแแแแ แแแปแแแแแแทแแแถแแแแแ แผแแแถแแแแแพแแแ แแแแธแถแแแถแแแแแแแแแถแแแทแแแผแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแปแแแแแแแแทแแธแแทแแแแถแแแแแแแแฝแแแแ
๏ฟฝแถแแผแแ แแแแแแธแแแผแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแ แแแถแแแแถแแแแแแขแแแแแพแแแแแแแแทแแแทแแแผแแแแแแแแ แIPVแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแทแแแแถแแแแ แถแแทแแแแแ แแแแปแแแแถแแแแแพแแแ แแแแธแแแแแ แ แทแแแแแแทแแแแแแแทแแธแแแแแแแแฝแแกแพแแ
๏ฟฝแแแแแแแแแแปแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแธแแฝแแ แแแฝแ แแแผแแแถแแแแแพแกแพแแแแแแแแขแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแปแแแแแแแแถแแแแ แแแปแแแแ แแถแแแแแแปแแแแถแแแแแแถแแแแแ แ แถแแแแทแแแถแแแทแแแผแแแแแแแแ แ IPV แแแแแผแ แแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแนแแแทแแแแแแถแขแถแ แแแแพแแแ แแแแธแถแแแถแแแแแแแแแถแแแถแแแแแแนแ IPV แแแแแแแแทแถแแแแแธแแ แแทแแแแขแแแแถแแแถแแแทแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแพแแแ แถแแฟแแ แแถแแธแแทแแแแ แแทแ/แฌแแแทแแแ
แแทแแแถแแแแพแแ๏ฟฝแพแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแ แแแแแปแแถ แขแแแแพแ แทแแแแแถแแแพแแแแผแแแทแแแแแแแแ
แแแ แแแแธแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแธ2
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แแแ แแแแธแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแธ2
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แแแแแแทแแธแแบแถแขแแแแแแฝแแแปแแแแผแแ แปแแแแแแแแแแแปแแแแถแแแแพแแแธแแแทแแแแแแแฝแแแแแแนแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแถแแฟแแ แแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแ แแพแแแแแแแแแแถแแทแแแแแแแ แแทแแแแแผแแแถแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแปแแแแแแแ
๏ฟฝแแแแแแแแแแแแแแปแแถแแพแแแแธแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแฏแแถแแแ (CCIM) แแบแถแงแแถแ แแแแแทแแแแแถแแแฝแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแฌ IPVแแพแแทแแแถแแแแแแแแทแแแแแแแแแแแCCIMแแแแปแแแแแทแแแ แแแแปแแแแแแพแแแถแแแแแ แแแแถแแขแแแแแแแ แแพแขแถแแแแแแทแแทแแแทแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแปแแแแแแทแแแถแแแขแแ แแถแแแแแแ แแนแแแแแแแแแ แแแแปแแแแแแแแแแแแพแแถแ แ แพแแแแแแแนแแแถ แแแแแแแแนแแแแแแแถแแแแแแถแแแแแแถแแแแแ แแแแแแถแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแทแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแ
แแถแแแแแแแแแแทแแแแแแถแ
แแถแแแแแแแแแแทแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแทแแธแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแปแแแพแแแถแแแแแแแ แพแ แแแปแแแแแแแแทแแแแแถแแแแแแแถแแ แแทแแแถแแแ แแแถแแแแถแแแแ แกแพแแแงแแถแ แแแแแแแแแแแแปแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแทแแแแแถแแแฝแแแถแแแผแ แแถแแแแแแ
๏ฟฝแแปแแแแแแถแ โแแปแแแแแขโแแแแแแแแฝแแแทแ แแ แแถแแแแธ(MoWA)แแบแถแแปแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแทแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแปแ แแทแแแถแแแแแแแแแแพแแแแธแแแแแแแแแแผแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแถแแปแแ แแทแแขแแแถแ แถแแปแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแ แแปแแ แแพแแแแธแฒแแแแฝแแแแแถแแฅแแทแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแปแแแแแแแแแแแแแแปแแแแแแถแแแแ แแฝแแแถแแแแแแถแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแ แแแฝแแจแแแแปแแแแแแแแแแคแถแแแแแแถแแแถแแแผแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แกแแ แแทแแแแแ แคแแแ แถแแแแแแถแแแถแแแทแแแแปแแแแแแแ แคแแ (PYD,
2013)แ แแถแแแถแแแแแแแแถแแแแแถแแแแแแธแแ แแพแแปแแแแแแถแแแแ แแแแ แแ แแถ แขแง%แแแขแแแแแแแแแแแทแแแแปแ แแถแแแแแแแแฎแแแแแแทแแแแปแแขแแแธแแปแแแแแแถแแแปแแแแแขแแทแแขแฆ%แแแขแแแแแพแแแผแแแแแแแแแถแแแพแแแพแแแแแแแผแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแขแแแธแแปแแแแแแถแแแปแแแแแขแ แแแแแธแแแแทแแแถแแแแนแแขแแแธแฅแแแแทแแแแแแปแแแแแแถแแแถแแแทแแแแปแแแ แกแพแแแแแธ แแแแแแแแทแแธแแแแแแฝแแแถแแแแแแแแแฝแแฒแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแ แแธแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแทแแธแแแแถแแแธแแฝแแ แแแแแฝแแแถแแแแแธแขแแแแแแแพแแแแแ แแแจแ แ แแแแ แพแแแแปแแแแแธแฃแแ แคแแแแแถแแ แ แแผแแแแแแแ แผแแแแแปแแแแแแแแทแแธแแแแปแแแแแแแแแปแแแแแถแแแแแแแแ แแถแแแถแแแแแแแ แปแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแนแแแแแพแแ แแแแปแแแแแแแแขแ แกแฅแแแแ แพแแแนแแแแแแแแถแแแแแ แแแถแแแถแแแแแแแแขแแแธแฅแแแแทแแแแแแแแแแทแแธแแแแ
๏ฟฝแงแแถแ แแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแทแแแแแถแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแฝแแแแ แแแแแแพแแแแแแแแแแถแแถแแแแแแแแแแแถแแ แแแปแ(แแผแแแแแแแแแทแแแแปแแแทแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแ)แแบแแแแแแทแแธLove9แแแแBBC Media
ActionแแแแแแแทแแธLove9แถแแแถแแแแแถแแถแแแแฝแแขแแแแ แ แแผแแแแแแแ แผแแฉแฅแจแแแแแแแปแแแแแแฅแจ%แแบแถแแแปแแแแแแปแแ แแแแแแทแแธแแแแถแแแถแแแทแแแแปแแแแผแแแถแแแแแ แแแแ แแพแแแแแแแ Soundcloud แแแแถแแขแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแถแแก.แ แ แ แแแแแทแแแถแแถแแแแแแแแแกแ แก.แฆแฆแจแแแแแทแแแแนแแแแแแแผแแแแแแขแ แกแคแแแแแแ แแแแแแแปแLove9แแถแแขแแแแ แปแ แ แผแแ แทแแแแจแฉ.แ แ แ แแแแแแแแแแแแ แแ แปแแแแแแแแแแแแแทแแธLove9แแแแปแแแแแแแแแแแ แแ แแพแ แแแแแแนแแแแแแแแแแผแแแแ แแทแแแปแแแถแแแแแแแผแแแแแแแปแแแแขแถแแปแแธแกแฅแแแแแ แแแแขแคแแแแแแแ แแแแปแแแแแแแแขแ แกแฅแแแแแแทแแธแแแแแนแแแพแแกแพแแขแแแธแแแแ แ IPVแแแปแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแทแแแถแแแแแผแแแถแแแถแแแแแแกแพแแแ แกแพแแแแถแแแถแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแทแแธLove9แแแแแแนแแแแแพแกแพแแแแแปแแแแแแแแขแ แกแฅแแแแแแแ
แขแแปแแแแ
แแแแแขแแแแถแแแถแแแทแแแแถแแแแขแแปแแแแแแฝแแแถแ แก) แแแแแแขแแแแนแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแทแแแถแแแแแแแแแข)แแแแแแแแแปแแแถแแแแแธแแธแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแ แแทแIPVแแทแแฃ)แแแแแนแแแทแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแถแแขแแปแแแแแขแแแแถแแแแแแแแแถแแแถแแ แแแแแแแทแแแนแแแถแแแถแแแถแแแทแแทแแแแ แแพแแแแแแทแแธแแแแทแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแ แแแฝแแแแขแแแแแแถแแแแแแแถแแแทแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแทแแธแแแแแแถแแแทแ แแฝแ แแถแแ แแแแแแแแแแ แแพ IPVแ แแพแแแธ
แแถแแถแแแแผแแ แแแแทแแแแแแแแถแแแทแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแฝแแแแแแแพแแถแแถแแฝแแขแแแแแถแแแทแถแแแแแธแแแแแแแแแแถแแแพแแแแธแแแแแพแแแถแแแแแแนแแขแแแธ IPV แแแแแแขแแแแแแแแแทแถแแแแแธแแแแแแแแแแถแแถแแแถแแแแขแแแธ IPV (แง. แแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแถแแแแถแแแแแแแแ แปแ IPVแแ แแพแขแถแแแแแแทแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ) แแทแแแแแแแแแแพแแแแธแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแทแแแแแถแแถแแฝแแขแแแแฏแแแแแแทแแแแแแแแแแธแ
๏ฟฝแแแแแแทแแธแแทแแแแปแแแแแแแแแแแธ แแทแแแถแแแแแแผแ แแฝแแ แแแฝแ แแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแ แแพแแถแแแแแแแแแแทแแแแแถแแขแแแธแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแทแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแผแแแถแแแแแแพแแกแพแแแแแแแขแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแปแแแแ แถแแแแแแถแแบแแแแพแแแขแแแแถแแแแแแ แแทแแแทแแแถแแแถแแแแแธแแแแแแแแแแ แแทแแแแถแแแแแแแแแทแแธแแธแแฝแแแขแถแ แแนแแแถแแแแแทแแแถแแแแปแแแแแแปแแแแแแแแแแผแแ แแฝแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแพแแถแแแแแแแแแแแถแแขแแแธแแถแแแแแแแแแแแขแถแ แแแแแแแแแนแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแทแแธแแผแ แแฌแแแแแแแแแแธแแถแแแแแแแถแแ
แแถแแแแแนแแแแแแแแแแผแแแฝแแแนแแแถแแแแแแแแแแทแแแแแแถแ
๏ฟฝแขแแแแแแถแABC แขแแทแแแแแแแขแแแแแถแแท (ABC ID) แแแแแฝแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแฝแแแนแแแถแแแแแแแนแแแแแแแแแABCIDแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแ แแ แแแแแแแแแแแแแแทแแธแแแแแแขแแแพแ แทแแแแถแแพแแแแแธแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแ แแพแแถแแแแแแแแแแทแแถแแแแแแแขแแแแแแแแแแแพแแกแพแแขแแแธแแแแ แแแ แแพแแแแธแแถแแแแแถแแแแแพแแแแแแแแขแถแถแแแแแแแผแแแแแแแแ แแนแแขแแแพแ แทแแแแถแแพแแแแแธ (VAW)แ แแแแแแทแแธแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแฝแแแถแ แแถแแแแแ แแแแแแแแ แแถแแแแฝแแแแทแแทแแแแแปแแแแแแทแ แแทแแแถแแแแแพแแทแแถแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแปแแแแแแทแแแทแแแแปแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแ แแ แแแแแแธแแแทแแแแปแแแแแแแ แแแฝแแคแแทแแแทแแแแปแแแ แแแแแแฝแแแแแแแแแแแแแแขแแแแแแถแแแแแแธแแฝแแแ แแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแทแแธแแแแแแแขแแแพแ แทแแแแถแแพแแแแแธ (EVAW) แแแแABC ID แแนแแแแแพแแถแแแถแแแแแแแแ แแแแปแแแแแแแแขแ แกแฅแแพแแแแธแแถแแแแแแทแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแทแแธแแแแ
๏ฟฝแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแธแแแแแปแแถ(WMC)แแบแถแขแแแแแแถแแแแแแแถแแแทแแแแแแแแแแแแแแฝแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแทแแธแแแแแแถแแแทแแแพแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแนแแแถแแแแแแถแแทแแแแธแแธแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแทแแแแแถแ แ แพแแแถแแแแแแแธแแแทแแแแปแแแแแแแแแแแฝแแแบแแทแแแแปแFM102แ
แแทแแแถแแแแพแแ๏ฟฝแพแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแ แแแแแปแแถ แขแแแแพแ แทแแแแแถแแแพแแแแผแแแทแแแแแแแแ
แแแ แแแแธแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแธ2
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แแแ แแแแธแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแธ2
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แแแแแพแแแผแแแแแนแแแแแแแแทแแแผแแแแIPV
แถแขแแปแแแแ แแบแแแแฝแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแพแแแแแนแแแแแแแแทแแแผแแแแ IPV แถแแฝแแแแทแแแแแทแแธแแ แแทแ/แฌแขแแแแแแแแแขแแแแแ แแแแธแแแแแแทแแธแแผแแแแแแแ แแทแแแทแแแแปแแแแแแถแแขแแแแขแแแแแพแ แแทแแขแแแแแแแแแแ แแพแ แแแแถแแ แแถแแแแแแถแแทแแแแธ แแ แแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแธ แแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแ แแพแขแแแแแพแ แแทแแขแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแนแแ แถแแทแแแแ แแแแนแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแนแแแถแแแแแแแแแปแแแแแแแ แแถแแแแแแแแแแแแ แ แ แพแแขแถแ แแนแแแฝแแแแแ แผแแแแแฝแแแถแแพแแผแแ แแแปแขแแแธแแถแแถแแถแแแแแแแแแแแ แ IPVแถแแถแแแแแถแแแแพแแ แแแแแแแแถแแแธแแแแแแถแแถแแแทแแขแแแธ IPV แแถแแแแแแแแแ แแทแแแถแแถแแแถแแแแขแแแธแแแถแแแแ แถแแทแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแIPVแแ แแพแแแถแแทแแแแฝแแแ แแถแแแแพแแแแแแแแแแธ แแทแแแแแแขแแแแฏแแแแ แแปแแแแแแ แแแแธแถแแแถแแแ/แแแแแแทแแธ แแทแแขแแถแแแแแทแแแแถแแแแแแแทแแธแแแ
แแพแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแทแแแแแแถแ
แขแแแธแแแแถแขแแปแแแแแแแแแแ แแบแแแผแแแพแ
แแแแแแ แแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแทแแแแแถแแแถแแแแ
แแถแแขแแปแแแแแแแแแแแแแแทแแธแแผแแแแแแแ แแทแแแแปแ แแทแแแแถแแแแ
แแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแ แแแแแแแทแ แแแ
แแถแแแแแแ แแ แแถแแแแแแถแแท แแทแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแ แแพแแแแธ
แแแแแแแแแถแแแแ แถแแทแแแ IPV แแแแแผแแแแแ
แแถแแแแแแแแ แผแแแแแแแแ แแทแแแแแแ แแแ
แแแแแแถแแฝแแแนแแแแแปแแแแแ แถแขแแแแแพแ แแทแ
แขแแแแแแแแแแ แแผแ แแแแแถแแแพแแกแพแแถแขแแปแแแแ
แแ แแแแปแแ NAPVAW II แแแแฝแแแแแแแแ แผแ
แแถแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแถแ
แแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแพแแ แแแแแแนแ แแทแ
แแถแแแแแแนแแแแแแแแแแแ แขแแแธแแปแแแแ แแแปแแทแ
แแแแแแแถแแแขแแทแแแแแถแแแ IPV แแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแ
แแแถแแแแแแแทแแแแแถแ แแแแแแแแแแแแขแแแพแ แทแแแแถแแพแแแแแธ
แแทแแแปแแถแ แแแแแพแแแแแแแถแแขแแแธแแแแถ แแทแแแถแแแแแ
แแแแแถแแแแแแนแ IPV แแทแแแแแแนแแแแทแแแผแแแถแแแทแแแแแถแแขแแแธแแแแแแแแแแแแแทแแขแ แทแแแแถแแแถแแแแ แทแแแแแปแแแแแแทแแแ แแแแฝแแแแแแแแแแแ แแ แแพแแถแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแ แแแแแแแแธแแแถแแขแแแแแแแแแแแนแแ แถแแทแแแแแIPV แแพแแกแพแแฌแแแแแถแแแแแแผแแถแแถแแแแถแแ แแผแ แแถแแแแแถแแแแ แแแแปแแNAPVAW II
(แแแแแถแแแแแแแ แแนแแแแ แแแแธแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแธแก แแแแธแแธแแแฟแแแแแนแ แแทแ IPV
แแแ แแแแธแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแธแฃแแแแธแแธแแถแแแแแแแแแฝแแแแแแขแแแธแ แทแแแแถแแถแแแแธแแปแแถแแแทแIPVแแทแแแแ แแแแธแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแธแคแแแแธแแธแแถแแขแแแแแแทแIPV)แ
แแแแแผแแแแแแแแแแแแปแแถแแแแแธแแธแแแถแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแทแIPVแแพแแแแธแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแถแแแแแแแแพแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแทแแแแแพแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแ
แแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแบแถแแถแแถแแแถแ แแแพแแแแธแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแ แแแถแแแแแแแแแขแแแธแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแทแIPVแแงแแถแ แแแแแถแถแแถแแแแแถแแแแแแแแผแแแแแแแแถแแพแแแแนแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแถแแแแทแแแแแถแ แฌแขแแทแแแแแถแแแพIPVแแถแแแแแแแทแแแถแแแแแแถแแฝแแ แแถแแแแแแแแแแแนแแแฝแแแแแขแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแถแ (แแทแแแแแแแทแแธแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแพแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแ) แแพแแแแธแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแถแแแแถแแแแแแแขแแแแแพแ แแแแแนแแแฝแแแแแฝแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแนแแแแฒแแแแถแแแแแแแแพแแแทแแแแแแแขแขแแแแขแแแแแพแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแขแแถแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแนแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแ IPVแ แแปแแแแแนแแแแผแแถแแแแปแแถแแแปแแแแแแ แ แแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแ แแพแขแแแแแแพแแแแแ แแแแแขแแแแพแแถแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแถแแฝแแแนแ IPV แแทแแแถแแแทแแแแแแถ แขแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแปแแแแแฝแแแแแแแแแแแแพแแแแธแแธแแแแถแแแปแแแแ
แถแแถแแแแแถแแแแบแแแแแผแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแถแแถแแแแแแแขแแถแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแบแถ แแแปแแฝแแแแแปแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแผแแ แแแแแฝแแแแแแฝแแถแแฝแแแนแแแปแแแแแแแแแแแแพแแแแธแแแแแถแแถแแปแแแแทแแแแแถแ แแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแขแแทแแแแแถแแแแแแแแปแแแถแแขแแแฑแแ แแแแIPVแแทแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแ แถแแทแแแแแทแแแแถแแแแแถแแแถแ IPV แแแปแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแIPV แแฝแแแแแแแแพแแกแพแแแแแ แแถแแถแแฝแแแแแแแแแแถแแแถแ แแทแแแแแพแแแแ แแแแ IPV แแแแแแขแแแแพแแ
แแแแนแแแแทแแถแแถแแแแแแแแแถแ
แ แแแปแ แแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแนแแแแแแแแถแแแบแแแแทแแแ แแแแปแแแแถแแแแแ แแ แแทแแแถแแถแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแ แขแแแธ IPVแแแแแแถแ NAPVAW II แแปแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแถแแแแแแแแแฝแแแแฝแแแฝแแขแแปแแแแแแพแแแแธแแแแแแขแแถแแแแแแแแแทแถแแแแแธแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแธแแแแ แแทแแแแแแนแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแฝแขแแแแแแแแถแแแ แแฝแแแถแMoInfo, MoWA,
MoCFAแขแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแธแปแแทแแแทแแขแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแถแแฏแแถแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแนแแแทแแแถแ
แแแแแแแถแแแพแแแแธแแพแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแถแแแถแแแแแถแแแถแแแ แแแแปแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแ IPV แแฝแแแถแแแถแแแถแแแแแแแแแแธแแแแแแแแแแแแถแ แแแแแแแแถแแถแแแถแแแแขแแแธVAWแขแแถแแฝแแแนแแแแแแแแแแแแนแแแถแแแแแแแแแแธแแแแ แแแฝแแแแแแนแ แแทแแแถแแแแแแแแแทแแแถแแแแแแพแแแแแฒแแแขแแปแแแแแแแแแถแแแแถแแแแแฝแแแแแแแผแแแแแแแแแถแแแ แแแถแแแแถแแแแแแแผแแแแแแแ แแพแแแแธแแแแแแทแแแฝแแชแแปแแแถแแแแแแแแปแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแผแแ แแทแแฒแแแแพแแแแแนแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแถแแ แแทแแ แทแแแแถแ
แแทแแแถแแแแพแแ๏ฟฝแพแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแ แแแแแปแแถ แขแแแแพแ แทแแแแแถแแแพแแแแผแแแทแแแแแแแแ
แแแ แแแแธแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแธ2
14
แแแ แแแแธแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแธ2
13
แขแแแแแแถแแ
ABC-ID แขแแแแแแถแABCแขแแทแแแแแแแขแแแแแถแแทCCIM แแแแแแแแแแแแแแปแแถแแพแแแแธแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแฏแแถแแแCDC แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแบแแแแCDHS แแถแแขแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแทแแแปแแแถแแแแแแปแแถEVAW แแแแแแแขแแแพแ แทแแแแถแแพแแแแแธGADC แขแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแทแแขแแทแแแแแแแแแแแปแแถICR แแแปแแ แแปแแแแแแแแแแฅแแแแผแ แทแIPV แขแแแพแ แทแแแแถแแพแแแแผแแแแทแแแแแแแแMoH แแแแฝแแแปแแถแแทแแถแMoWA แแแแฝแแแทแ แแ แแถแแแแธMoInf แแแแฝแแแแแแแถแMoCFA แแแแฝแแแแแแแแแแทแแแทแ แทแแแแทแแแแNAPVAWII แแแแแถแแแแแแแแถแแถแแทแแพแแแแธแแแแแแแแแแขแแแพแ แทแแแแถแแพแแแแแธแแแแถแแแแถแแแธแขNIS แแทแแแแถแแแแแแถแแทแแแแทแแทP4P แแแแผแแพแแแแธแแถแแแแแแแแแแPYD แขแแแแแแถแแแแแแทแแถแแแทแแขแแทแแแแแแTV แแผแแแแแแแUN แขแแแแแแถแแแ แแแถแถแแทUNDP แแแแแแทแแธแขแแทแแแแแแแขแแแแแแถแแแ แแแถแถแแทUNFPA แแผแแแทแแทแแแถแแแแแแแขแแแแแแถแแแ แแแถแถแแทUNV แขแแแแแแแแแแ แทแแแแขแแแแแแถแแแ แแแถแถแแทVAW แขแแแพแ แทแแแแถแแพแแแแแธWHO แขแแแแแแถแแแปแแแถแแแทแแแแแWMC แแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแธแแแแแปแแถ
แฏแแแแแแ
Anderson, C. A., Gentile, D. A., & Buckley, K. E. (2007).แแแแแแแถแแแแแ แแแแแแแธแแแขแผแ แทแแแแถแแ แแพแแปแแถแแแทแแแปแแแแแแแนแแแแธแแถแแแแแแแแแแแทแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแธแแแปแแแผแแแแแแแแแแปแแแแแแแแทแแแแถแแแOxford University Press.
BBC Media Action (2014).แแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแทแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแปแแแแแ แแแแแปแแถแแถแแแแธแแแแแแแแแแแแปแแถ:BBCMediaAction.
Brickell, K., Prak, B., & Poch, B. (2014). แ แแแถแแแแแแธแแธแขแแแพแ แทแแแแถแแแแปแแแแแฝแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแถแแ แแแถแแแแทแแแแถแแแแแแแแแถแแขแแปแแแแแแ แแแแแปแแถแแทแแแพแแแขแถแ แแแแพแขแแแธแแถแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแ แแแแแLondon; Royal Holloway, University of London.
Bushman, B. J. & Huesmann, L. R. (2012). แแแแแแแถแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแ แทแแแแถแแ แแพแแถแแแแแแพแแIn D. G. Singer, & J. L. Singer (Eds.),แแแแแ แแแแธแแธแแปแแถแแแทแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแ(pp. 231โ248) 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแทแแแแแแแแแแแบ(CDC).(แแแแแแธแกแกแแปแแแแแขแ แกแฅ)แขแแแพแ แทแแแแถแแพแแแแผแแแแทแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแ แถแแทแแแแแทแแแแถแแแแแถแแแถแแแแแแแแแ แแแแธhttp://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/intimatepartnerviolence/riskprotectivefactors.html.
Common Sense Media (2013).แแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแทแแขแแแพแ แทแแแแถแแแถแแแทแแถแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแ แแ แปแแแแแแแแA Common Sense Media Research Brief. USA: Common Sense Media.
แแแแถแแแแบแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแทแแแแแแแแแแ(2014).แแถแแแทแแทแแแแกแพแแแทแแแพแแทแแแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแปแแถแแแแแแขแ แกแคแแถแแแแธแแแแแแแแแแแแปแแถแแแแแถแแแแบแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแทแแแแแแแแแแแแทแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแปแแถแแแแแทแแแแถแแแแแผแแทแแแแแแแแแแแ
Fulu, E., Warner, X., Miedema, S., Jewkes, R., Roselli, T., & Lang, J. (2013).แ แแแปแขแแแธแแถแแถแแปแแแแแแแแแพแแแแแแขแแแพแ แทแแแแถแแพแแแแแธแแทแแแพแแพแแขแถแ แแแแแแแแแแขแแแพแ แทแแแแถแแแแแแผแ แแแแแ ?แแถแแแแแพแแแธแแถแแแทแแแแถแถแ แแพแแแแแแแแแแแขแแแแแแถแแแ แแแถแถแแทแแแแธแแธแแปแแแแทแแขแแแพแ แทแแแแถแแ แแแแปแแแแแแแแขแถแแปแธแแทแแแถแแแแธแปแ แแแทแแแแแปแแแถแแแแ
UNDP, UNFPA, UN WomenแแทแUNV.
แขแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแทแแขแแทแแแแแแแแแแแปแแถ(GADC) (2010)แแแแถแแแถแแแแแทแแถแแแแแแแแแธแธแแพแแแแแผแแแแ แแแแแแ แแแแปแแแแแแแแแแแแปแแถแแแแแแแแพแแแแถแแแทแแทแแแแแแแแแแแปแแแถแแแ แแพแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแถแแปแแแแทแแขแแแพแ แทแแแแถแแแแปแแแแแฝแแแแแถแแแแธแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแปแแถแGADCแ
Gallup (2014).แแแแแปแแถแแแธแขแแแแแแแแแ แขแแแแแแแผแ แแแแถแแแถแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแขแแทแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแธhttp://www.bbg.gov/wp-content/media/2014/11/Cambodia-FINAL.pdf
Gentile, D. A. & Bushman, B. J. (2012). แแถแแแถแแแแแแแกแพแแแทแแแพแแแแแแแถแแแแแขแแแพแ แทแแแแถแแธแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแพแแแแแแแปแแแแแแแแแ แถแแทแแแแแทแแแแแแแถแแแแพแแแแธแแแแแแแแแขแแแธแแถแแแแแแพแแแ แทแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแถแแแ1(3), 138-51.
แแแปแแ แแปแแแแแแแแแแฅแแแแผแ แทแ(ICR) (2014).แแแแแแแแแแแแแแแปแแแแแแแแปแแถแแแแแแแแแG-Labแแแแแ2014.แถแแแแธแแแแแแแแแแแแปแแถแIndochina Research.
แแทแแแถแแแแพแแ๏ฟฝแพแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแ แแแแแปแแถ แขแแแแพแ แทแแแแแถแแแพแแแแผแแแทแแแแแแแแ
แแแ แแแแธแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแ แแแธ2
15
Jackson, W. & Muong, V. (2014, 30 August). แขแแแแแแแแแแถแแ แแแแแพแแแถแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแธแแถแแแแแถแขแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแทแแแแแแขแถแแปแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแปแแแแทแแแแ แแแแธhttp://www.phnompenhpost.com/post-weekend/cambodian-blockbuster-falls-victim-age-rating-rules.
Jensen, R. & Oster, E. (2008).แฅแแแแทแแแแแแแแผแแแแแแแ:แแผแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแทแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแธแแ แแแแปแแแแแแแแฅแแถแแแแแแแแปแแแแแแแแทแแแแแแแทแ แแ แแแถแแแแธแแถแ,124(3), 1057-94.
Kohlman, S., Baig, A., Balice,G., DiRubbo, C., Placencia, L., Skale, K., Thomas, J., Flitter, J.,
Mirzad, F., Moeckler, H., & Aquino, S.(2014).แแถแแแฝแแ แแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแ แแแแแแถแแแแแพแฒแแแแแแทแแแถแขแแแพแ แทแแแแถแถแแฟแแแแแแแถแแทแแแแแพแฒแแแขแแแพแแแแแ แแแแพแแแถแแแแแแปแแแแแแแแทAustin แแแแธแแธแ แทแแแแแทแแแแถแแทแแแทแแแแถแแแแแแฅแแทแแแ,1(4), 1018.
Peace and Development (PYD). (2013).แแถแแแทแแแแถแแ แแแแแแปแแแแแแถแแแปแแแแแขแแถแแแแธแแแแแแแแแแแแปแแถแ PYD.
Usdin, S., Scheepers, E., Goldstein, S., & Japhet, G. (2005).แแถแแแแแแ แแถแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแนแแขแแแพแ แทแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแถแแแถแแแแขแแแธแแถแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแธแแแปแแแแขแแผแแแถแแแธแคแแแทแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแ
แแทแแฑแแ,61(11),2434-45.
แขแแแแแแถแแแปแแแถแแแทแแแแแ(WHO). (2008). แแแแแแแแแแขแแแพแ แทแแแแถแแทแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแขแแแพแ แทแแแแถแแแพแแธแแถแแแแแแแแขแแทแแแแแแแขแถแ แแฝแแขแแแธแแแแ?แแธแแแแปแ แแแบแแแแแแแแแแแแแแธแแขแแแแแแถแแแปแแแถแแแทแแแแแแ
แขแแแแแแถแแแปแแแถแแแทแแแแแ(WHO). (2013). แแถแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแทแแแทแแแแแแขแแแธแขแแแพแ แทแแแแถแแพแแแแแธแแแแแแถแแแกแแแแทแแแแแแแแถแแแแปแแแถแแแแขแแแพแ แทแแแแถแแพแแแแผแแแแทแแแแแแแแแแทแแขแแแพแ แทแแแแถแแแแผแแแแแแพแขแแแแแแแแทแแแแแถแแแแแผแแแปแแ แแแบแแแแแแแแแแแแแธแแแขแแแแแแถแแแปแแแถแแแทแแแแแแ
แแแแปแแแทแแแแแแ
แแแแฝแแแทแ แแ แแถแแแแธ(MoWA) (2005)แแขแแแพแ แทแแแแถแแพแแแแแธแแแแแแขแ แ แฅแแแถแแขแแแแแแถแแผแแแแแแ[Data file].Cambodia: Indochina Research. Ltd.
แแทแแแแถแแแแแแถแแทแแแแทแแท(NIS). (2000)แแขแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแทแแแปแแแถแ(CDHS)แแแแแแขแ แ แ [Datafile].แแแแแปแแถแแแทแแแแแแแแแถแแทแแแแทแแทแแแแฝแแแแแแถแแ
แแทแแแแถแแแแแแถแแทแแแแทแแท(NIS).(2005)แแขแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแทแแแปแแแถแ(CDHS)แแแแแแขแ แ แฅ[Datafile].แแแแแปแแถแแแทแแแแแแแแแถแแทแแแแทแแทแแแแฝแแแแแแถแแ
แแทแแแแถแแแแแแถแแทแแแแทแแท(NIS).(2010)แแขแแแแแแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแทแแแปแแแถแ(CDHS)แแแแแแขแ แกแ [Datafile].แแแแแปแแถแแแทแแแแแแแแแถแแทแแแแทแแทแแแแฝแแแแแแถแแ
แฏแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแแแปแแขแถแ แแแแพแแปแแแถแแแถแแแแแขแถแแแแแแแแขแปแธแแแแแแผแ แแถแแแแแแ[email protected]
แแทแแแถแแแแพแแ๏ฟฝแพแแแถแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแแถแแแ แแแแแปแแถ