final review - fort bend · web view169. the united nations development programme ranks...

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Final Review

1. What are the characteristics of the climate where you live?

2. Identify two conservation efforts undertaken by the International Maritime Organization to protect the marine environment of the Black Sea.

3. How were the indigenous peoples of Mexico affected by the arrival of Spanish conquistadors?

4. What is the difference between a functional region and a perceptual region?

6. Relate soil erosion to climate change.

7. Explain how converting synthetic crude oil into usable substances impacts Canada’s environment.

8. Name an immigrant group in your community. What factors led them to migrate from their homeland?

9. In what type of community, such as a city, a suburb, or a town, do you live? Is it bordered by a smaller or larger urban area? Explain your answer.

10. If you could take a vacation anywhere in the United States, where would you choose to visit based on enjoying the climate? Explain the characteristics of the climate that you find appealing.

11. Why was the immediate postcolonial period in South America politically and economically unstable?

12. What is offshoring and why is it controversial?

13. What planets comprise the solar system and where are they located?

14. List in consecutive order the three empires that ruled over much of southern Eastern Europe.

15. Why is desertification a growing problem in northern Mexico?

16. What are the causes and effects of land subsidence in Mexico City?

17. What are the benefits and risks of plans for drilling in the Arctic Ocean?

18. How do the favelas, or slums, or cities such as São Paulo, Brazil, cause damage to the environment?

19. Why are lakes and rivers important to Canada’s economy?

20. What made the Inca a highly advanced civilization? Give specific examples of their accomplishments.

22. Explain two ways that slash-and-burn agriculture contributes to deforestation.

23. Explain two ways that shantytowns pose dangers to their residents.

24. If you wanted to visit an area that has a tropical wet climate, where might you go? Describe the characteristics that

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make it a tropical wet climate.

25. What is the relationship between tectonic activity and geothermal energy in Iceland?

26. What was the Renaissance?

27. Do you think your community has experienced the effects of climate change? Why or why not?

28. What are two ways Southern Europeans can work to protect their environment?

29. Why do small islands in the Caribbean suffer from soil erosion?

30. How are projects such as the World Bank’s Sustainable Forestry Pilot Project working to protect Russia’s great boreal forests?

31. Summarize the geographical importance of the Alpine Mountains.

32. Explain the effect of Canada’s climate on settlement and vegetation.

33. Do you think that governments should do more to reduce greenhouse gas emissions? Why or why not?

34. What is accretion and what do most scientists believe it caused in Earth’s Northern Hemisphere?

35. What is NAFTA and why is it controversial?

36. Describe one physical process that has shaped the landscape of the United States.

37. Summarize the factors that have led to political and economic instability in some of the nations of Southern Europe.

38. Name one form of renewable energy used in the United States and explain how it can reduce the country’s dependence on fossil fuels.

39. How did Soviet officials respond to the Chernobyl nuclear disaster?

40. What are common themes in Eastern European literature?

42. Why was there controversy when a paper-pulp factory was built along the shores of Lake Baikal?

43. Describe one action an individual or a local government could take to reduce the amount of smog in a United States city.

44. What makes up the hydrosphere of Earth?

45. Why have people lived in the Andes highlands for thousands of years, despite the risk of natural disasters?

46. What caused the Canadian government to apologize to native peoples in 1998?

47. How do landforms on dry land differ from those found underwater?

48. What social, cultural, and political values of Southern Europe today reflect its past civilizations?

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49. How does the clearing of rain forests affect biodiversity?

50. Why is the process of desalination a controversial topic?

51. In the Caribbean, why did European colonizers import enslaved Africans?

52. Why does the view of Earth 500 million years ago differ from how the planet looks today?

53. How do dikes serve as buffers that protect the coastline of the Netherlands?

54. Describe one strategy that a South American country has adopted to address a specific environmental problem.

55. Why have the Inuit people had to rely more on government services in recent years?

56. How has tourism both helped and harmed regions in Northern Europe?

57. What accounts for the extreme variations in temperature and low levels of precipitation that occur in much of the interior of Russia?

58. What were the positive and negative effects of the privatization of industry in Russia in the 1990s?

60. What well-intentioned action by Eastern European industries in the 1970s and 1980s backfired and increased pollution?

61. Why do so many people live in the Central Highlands of Central America, despite the risks of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions?

62. Name one product you own that was made in another country. Why do you think it was imported?

63. Separate a cause from an effect of soil erosion.

64. What is the relationship between glacial activity and Canada’s agriculture?

65. Based on the weather, would you prefer to visit Australia in January or July? Explain your answer.

66. How do climate changes harm Northern Europe’s ecosystems?

69. In your opinion, what is the most serious international conflict today? What is the source of the conflict?

70. Why does waste disposed of in the Mediterranean Sea remain along the coastline rather than being carried further out to sea?

71. How does the physical geography of the Central Highlands of Central America pose risks to the region’s residents?

72. What is an advantage of using a globe as opposed to maps, and what is a disadvantage?

73. Identify four characteristics that made the Northern European Plain attractive to early settlers.

74. Based on the climate, would you prefer to live in the tropics or the subarctic? Explain you answer.

75. Name one religion practiced in your community. Are its followers mainly Americans, mainly immigrants, or a Powered by Cognero

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combination of both?

76. Why is Mexico City considered to be a megacity?

77. How does scale affect features shown on a map?

78. How can North African countries improve their response to oil spills along the subregion’s coasts?

79. Name an area of your state that is less densely populated than most other areas. What geographic factors might account for its low level of population density?

80. Do you think Mexico was better off under Spanish colonial rule or the caudillo rule of military dictators in the 1800s? Explain.

81. Why are several modern South American capitals are located in the tierra fría zone?

82. What does the Nordic model emphasize?

83. Where are the Everglades and why are they important?

84. What is the primary form of travel over land in the Balkan Peninsula during the winter, and why?

85. What do the Nordic countries have in common economically?

87. If you were to live in Central America, based on climate would you prefer to live in the tierra caliente, the tierra templada, the tierra fría, or the tierra helada? Explain.

88. How does the process of triangulation relate to GPS technology?

89. What conservation efforts have Finland, Norway, Sweden, and Denmark made to improve environmental quality in northern Europe?

90. Why have Balkan countries lagged behind larger Eastern European countries in addressing environmental issues?

91. How does coastal development affect marine and coastal ecosystems?

92. Describe how the economic downturn that began in 2008 affected communities in the United States.

93. What is the difference between a geyser and a hot spring?

94. Distinguish a positive aspect from a negative aspect of Southern Europe’s relationship with the tourism industry.

95. What geographic factors affect the climate where you live?

96. Why has cultural diffusion increased rapidly in the last 250 years?

97. Why does Northwestern Europe have a milder climate than other regions located at the same latitude?

98. What has led to the migration of large numbers of skilled workers from East Germany?

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99. Infer why most agriculture in Europe occurs along the coastal plains subregion.

100. Why do the coastal and highland areas near mountain ranges usually receive the most rainfall?

101. What are the “push” and “pull” factors that encourage Mexican immigration to the United States?

102. How do geographers use a spatial perspective?

103. Describe the makeup and activity of Earth’s mantle.

104. How do geographers use their knowledge in other fields of study? Provide an example in your response.

105. What is a successful industry that has emerged in some Eastern European countries, and how have financial investments aided the development of this industry?

106. What is the difference between an absolute and a relative location?

107. What are the two primary purposes of the European Union?

108. Why do cartographers need to choose a map projection based on the map’s purpose?

111. Summarize Canada’s role as an agricultural supplier.

112. Are foreign species of fish carried into local waterways by ships a benefit or danger to marine ecosystems? Explain why.

113. How do geographers identify the continuous body of water that circles all the continents?

114. Contrast how agriculture in the United States today differs from agriculture in the 1950s.

115. What is the difference between physical weathering and chemical weathering? Provide an example of each in your answer.

116. How does peat production contribute to pollution in Northern Europe?

117. What is the midnight sun and how might it affect people who live in areas that experience it?

118. Why are the majority of Central Americans today Catholic?

119. Name two ways the political geography of Eastern Europe has significantly changed as a result of the collapse of the Soviet Union.

120. Describe one method that could be adopted by Central American countries to lessen the damage caused by deforestation.

121. Describe one action individuals can take to reduce their contributions to greenhouse gas emissions.

123. How did glacial activity during the last ice age help to create Northern Europe’s landforms?Powered by Cognero

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124. Explain why Montenegro has such a low population.

125. How did the Viking Age impact the emergence of Northern European countries?

126. The world is divided into different types of political units and different levels of government. What are the names of two political units in which you live? What types of political units are they?

127. Would you describe your community as having low, medium, or high population density? Explain.

128. Why is the Panama Canal one of the world’s most important human-made waterways?

129. What three characteristics attract tourists to specific travel destinations in North Africa?

130. Describe how the command economy of the Soviet Union functioned.

131. Describe one action an individual or local government in an area of the United States that faces water shortages could take to conserve water.

132. How did industrial capitalism lead to the rise of communism?

133. What has the Canadian government done to address its environmental issues?

134. How can the legacy of Spanish colonial rule be seen in Mexican religious life today?

135. Name one type of economic activity that goes on in your community and explain how it affects local culture.

136. How does climate change by elevation in South America? Distinguish among the tierra templada, the tierra fría, and the tierra helada.

137. Do you think that the Chernobyl nuclear disaster demonstrates that nuclear power is too dangerous and therefore should not be used? Explain why or why not.

138. Why do some groups in Canada protest hydroelectricity as a source of renewable energy?

139. Why is the method of mapping essential to geographers?

140. Why is Pluto now referred to as a dwarf planet?

141. What are the main reasons why immigrants first came to Canada?

142. What effect did the Soviet era have on religion in Russia? How has the situation changed since the end of the Soviet Union?

143. Explain the human impacts that can cause pollution hot spots in the Mediterranean Sea.

144. What is syncretism and what are some examples of it in South America today?

145. In what climate zone do you live and what are the characteristics of its natural vegetation?

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chemicals and other pollutants.

147. What are the main causes of soil erosion in South America?

148. Describe two causes of deforestation in Mexico.

149. Name one type of economic activity that goes on in your community and explain what type of economic activity such as primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary, it is.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

151. Canada’s high standard of living and multiculturalism are reasons why many people emigrate. a. True b. False

152. All five of the early culture hearths, or centers where cultures developed and from which ideas and traditions spread outward, were located near a major river or source of water. a. True b. False

153. Canada is considered a postindustrial society largely due to its significant fishing industry. a. True b. False

154. The Canadian Shield links the United States and Canada, stretching more than 3,000 miles (4,828 km) from New Mexico to Alaska. a. True b. False

155. Logging and agriculture have led to the deforestation of much of Europe’s original forests. a. True b. False

156. The state of Hawaii consists of one major island formed by a hotspot on the seafloor. a. True b. False

157. The process of creating an interrupted projection can be compared to slicing an orange peel in order to lay it flat on a page. a. True b. False

158. The side of Earth facing the sun is colder, and the side of Earth not facing the sun is warmer. a. True b. False

159. The biosphere cannot exist without interaction with the atmosphere and hydrosphere.

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a. True b. False

160. Smart growth involves scattered development that increases traffic, saps local resources, and destroys open space. a. True b. False

161. A massif is a type of river system common to the Alps and Pyrenees Mountains. a. True b. False

162. To use remote sensing correctly, a geographer needs to be physically at the place of study. a. True b. False

163. El Niño occurs when patterns of ocean currents and water temperatures reverse. a. True b. False

164. An oasis is caused by an underground spring coming to the surface in a desert. a. True b. False

165. Earth’s surface is made up of 70 percent water and 30 percent land. a. True b. False

166. The Portuguese were the colonial rulers of Brazil. a. True b. False

167. According to the central place theory, a city contains more than one center around which activities revolve. a. True b. False

168. Between 1815 and 1855, a million people arrived in Canada from Great Britain. a. True b. False

169. The United Nations Development Programme ranks Hungary and Moldova at the top of the list of countries where people have died from urban air pollution. a. True b. False

170. Greece has failed to benefit from its membership in the European Union. a. True

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b. False

171. Southern Europe is composed of three major mountainous peninsulas: the Iberian, the Balkan, and the Italian. a. True b. False

172. The Northern Hemisphere experiences summer when it is tilted toward the sun and receives more direct sunlight. a. True b. False

173. The Amazon rain forest has more biodiversity per square mile than any other place on Earth. a. True b. False

174. Many buildings in Northwestern Europe are made of granite, which is especially susceptible to acid rain. a. True b. False

175. The headwaters of the Colorado River and the Rio Grande are located in the Rocky Mountains where many tributaries merge to form these two major waterways. a. True b. False

176. More developed countries have widespread manufacturing and service industries that provide a high standard of living. a. True b. False

177. Malaysia is an example of a less developed country because it has begun transitioning from a primarily agricultural economy to an economy primarily focused on manufacturing and industrial activities. a. True b. False

178. In the Caribbean, family structure is often matriarchal, or headed by a woman. a. True b. False

179. Before the invasions of the seventh century, most people in North Africa were Arabs. a. True b. False

180. Edge cities are suburban areas around a city. a. True b. False

181. Because Mexico has plenty of land for farming, ranchers and farmers are being asked to donate land for reforesting.

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a. True b. False

182. All countries in Northwestern Europe except Monaco have ratified the Kyoto Protocol. a. True b. False

183. Deciduous trees, most of which have broad leaves, change color and drop their leaves in autumn. a. True b. False

185. Human activities that have an impact on the environment in Northwestern Europe include desalination and monoculture farming. a. True b. False

186. Corporate logging and the clearing of land for agriculture are the leading causes of deforestation in Mexico. a. True b. False

187. Planets, moons, and stars revolve around the sun, but asteroids and meteoroids do not. a. True b. False

188. Warm temperatures cause air to sink, which creates areas of high pressure. a. True b. False

189. Because of tight government controls over the economy, the Soviet era was a period of environmentally responsible industrialization and careful management of natural resources. a. True b. False

190. The Amazon River basin is an example of a tropical dry climate. a. True b. False

191. The only layer of Earth that supports life is the mantle. a. True b. False

192. The tierra helada and the puna are the lowest vertical climate zones in South America. a. True b. False

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193. Vladimir Lenin was the founder of modern communism. a. True b. False

194. During World War II, the Soviet Union and the United States were allies in the fight to defeat Nazi Germany. a. True b. False

196. Tungsten is a common natural resource found throughout the mountains of Southern Europe. a. True b. False

198. The lithosphere is the part of Earth where life exists. a. True b. False

200. The term creole refers to a person of mixed indigenous and European descent. a. True b. False

201. Complementarity describes the Vatican’s relationship of interdependence on Rome, and illustrates the importance of the Roman Catholic religion in Italian society. a. True b. False

202. An example of a country that has an economy based on tourism is Tunisia. a. True b. False

203. Since the end of the Soviet era, birthrates in Russia have declined. a. True b. False

204. One factor that influenced the growth of many early cities was proximity to navigable water sources. a. True b. False

206. Geographers present historical patterns of regions or cities. a. True b. False

207. Because urbanization has proceeded so slowly during the last century, social development is a constant challenge in Mexico.

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a. True b. False

208. Though Iceland has many rivers and waterfalls, only a small fraction of their hydroelectric power has been harnessed. a. True b. False

209. During World War II, the Soviet Union was engaged in political and ideological war with the West, particularly the United States, which brought the world to the brink of nuclear war. a. True b. False

210. Tropical dry climates support more plants and animals than do tropical wet climates. a. True b. False

211. Spatial perspective considers how places, people, or objects relate to each other across Earth’s surface. a. True b. False

212. Steppes are extremely dry areas that receive about 10 inches (25 cm) of rainfall or less per year and support a very small amount of plant and animal life. a. True b. False

213. Northern Europe’s location in the high latitudes has made it more resistant to climate change than most other places in the world. a. True b. False

214. Haitian Creole is a patois that blends Portuguese vocabulary with African and Spanish words. a. True b. False

215. Many French-speaking Canadians who seek greater protection for their language and culture support separatism. a. True b. False

216. In Central America and the Caribbean, farm workers have been leaving rural areas to move to cities and look for better economic opportunities. a. True b. False

217. According to the sector model of urban space, a city grows outward from a central point in a series of rings. a. True

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b. False

218. The United States lacks significant deposits of fossil fuels. a. True b. False

219. The greenhouse effect is when the sun’s rays pass through the atmosphere and heat is trapped. a. True b. False

220. Due to high infant mortality rates and low life expectancy, the population of Central America has declined since the 1950s. a. True b. False

221. Logging is legal in nationally protected forests in Eastern Europe. a. True b. False

222. Of all of Earth’s water, 70 percent is salt water. a. True b. False

223. Most of the Amazon rain forest is located in Peru. a. True b. False

224. Compared to those of Northwestern Europe, the river systems of Southern Europe are longer, more easily navigable, and constitute a critical transportation network. a. True b. False

226. About 80 percent of all Russians live east of the Ural Mountains. a. True b. False

227. Monaco and Switzerland are leaders in the international banking and insurance industries. a. True b. False

228. First Nations is a term that refers to indigenous peoples of Canada who are neither Inuit nor Métis. a. True b. False

229. Geographers’ primary method of examining the ways in which people’s beliefs and attitudes have affected the Powered by Cognero

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physical environment is by using direct observation and measurement. a. True b. False

230. The Sierra Nevada are the oldest mountains in the United States. a. True b. False

231. In Lithuania, some forests and rivers are so polluted that they are unable to sustain life. a. True b. False

232. The rate of overfishing in the North Sea and Baltic Sea nearly doubled between 2010 and 2012. a. True b. False

233. Modern geographers no longer need direct observation and measurement as it has been replaced by much more accurate geospatial technology. a. True b. False

234. Most of Canada’s 34 million inhabitants live in rural areas. a. True b. False

235. Continental drift is caused by external forces. a. True b. False

236. Except for the sun, spheres called planets are the largest objects in the solar system. a. True b. False

237. An attempt to protect Pacific salmon is one example of how Canada is taking steps to protect its renewable resources. a. True b. False

238. Panama was once part of Colombia. a. True b. False

239. Mexico is the world’s leading producer of gold. a. True b. False

240. Humid subtropical, marine west coast, Mediterranean, and humid continental are types of midlatitude climates.Powered by Cognero

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a. True b. False

241. Trade, migration, and war are all factors that encourage cultural change. a. True b. False

242. The 1959 revolution led by Fidel Castro produced a communist state in Cuba. a. True b. False

243. Northern Europe is less industrialized than many other parts of Europe, so air pollution is minimal. a. True b. False

244. Maps that show population density are physical maps. a. True b. False

245. Major cash crops in Central America and the Caribbean include bananas, sugarcane, and coffee. a. True b. False

246. The total amount of water on Earth does not change, but it is constantly moving. a. True b. False

247. Quaternary economic activities involve providing services, such as those performed by teachers, truck drivers, and physicians. a. True b. False

248. Absolute location is how two places are located in relation to each other. a. True b. False

249. Eutrophication occurs when too many dissolved nutrients enter bodies of water, encouraging the overgrowth of small plants, especially algae. a. True b. False

250. Cities attract artists, architects, scientists and intellectual people because they tend to be a hub of culture and creativity. a. True b. False

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251. Plate tectonics is the theory that the continents were once joined together and then slowly drifted apart. a. True b. False

252. Haiti was the first colony in Latin America to win its independence by successfully overthrowing the Spanish colonizers. a. True b. False

253. A Robinson projection looks similar to a Winkel Tripel projection, except its east-west projections run in a straight line. a. True b. False

254. Aquifers are a source of freshwater. a. True b. False

255. The Equator experiences the most dramatic variation in the amount of sunlight. a. True b. False

256. The Pacific is the largest of the oceans, covering more area than all of Earth’s land combined. a. True b. False

257. Scandinavian scientists in the 1950s discovered acidic damage to lakes and streams that was caused by melting glacial ice due to warming temperatures. a. True b. False

258. The pampas are grassy, treeless plains in Argentina and Uruguay. a. True b. False

259. Although not Italy’s longest river, the Tiber has great historical and practical significance to the city of Rome, especially because it serves as the city’s water supply. a. True b. False

260. Russians are the largest ethnic group in Belarus. a. True b. False

261. Because the Eastern Highlands of Brazil slope gently to the Atlantic Ocean, forming a peninsula, most Brazilians live along the coast.

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a. True b. False

262. Some countries, such as France, dump their waste in the Mediterranean Sea. a. True b. False

263. The Continental Divide in the Rockies separates the flow of water to the Pacific or to the eastern United States. a. True b. False

264. The Ohio River, which forms the border between Indiana and Kentucky, is an example of a geometric boundary. a. True b. False

265. Many buildings in Mexico City are tilting because parts of the city are built on steep hillsides. a. True b. False

266. The llanos and the pampas are two grasslands areas in South America. a. True b. False

267. Countries with political instability, such as Slovenia, were most likely to receive financial investments from other countries following the collapse of communism. a. True b. False

268. The Hawaiian Islands were formed by volcanic eruptions on the seafloor. a. True b. False

269. The Andes consist of altiplanos, or groups of several mountain ranges that run parallel to one another. a. True b. False

270. In Norway the coasts, mountainous terrain, and fjords formed strong natural boundaries, causing communities there to remain independent of each other. a. True b. False

271. Without the greenhouse effect, Earth would be too hot to support life. a. True b. False

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272. Smaller cities tend to have more specialized functions, such as specialized teaching hospitals, than do larger cities. a. True b. False

274. Overfishing is greater in the Mediterranean Sea than in the Black Sea. a. True b. False

275. A formal region focuses on an area’s unifying quality or feature, such as the “Corn Belt” in the Ohio to Nebraska area of the United States. a. True b. False

276. Geographers use data from satellite imagery to study Earth’s natural and human processes. a. True b. False

277. Western Mexico lies along the Ring of Fire where the Pacific tectonic plate collides with other tectonic plates. a. True b. False

278. The majority of the population in Eastern Europe lives in small towns and rural areas. a. True b. False

279. Much of the southern area of Eastern Europe is mountainous. a. True b. False

280. Geographers and historians study culture hearths because they are the centers where the world’s first civilizations arose. a. True b. False

281. Belarusians are an ethnic group that share a language and formed an independent country after the breakup of the Soviet Union. a. True b. False

282. Due to the influence of the Baltic Sea, inland waters, and air flows affected by the Gulf Stream, Northern Europe’s temperatures are cooler than most other regions of similar latitudes. a. True b. False

283. Next to Earth’s outer core is a thick layer of hot, dense rock called the crust.Powered by Cognero

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a. True b. False

284. The Information Revolution has slowed cultural change because people around the world are exposed to ideas and traditions from around the world. a. True b. False

285. Acid deposition refers to wet airborne acids that fall to the ground with precipitation. a. True b. False

287. A steppe is a type of dry climate. a. True b. False

288. Access to the Balkan Peninsula is very limited due to its mountainous terrain. a. True b. False

289. Iron ore and coal are two important natural resources found in the Great Lakes region. a. True b. False

290. Places in the same latitude may have different climates because they have different vegetation. a. True b. False

291. Santería in Cuba is an example of syncretism, or the blending of beliefs and practices from different religions into one faith. a. True b. False

292. An example of a physical system that geographers study is a wetland. a. True b. False

293. The Coriolis effect results in mountains blocking the flow of moisture-laden air. a. True b. False

294. A Mercator projection is a common example of a conic projection. a. True b. False

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295. Conservation efforts by Finland, Norway, Sweden, and Denmark to limit the amount of timber that could be harvested have had little impact on forest resources. a. True b. False

296. Spatial perspective can be used to help choose a new home or to determine trade activities of various countries. a. True b. False

297. Brazil is the South American country with the largest oil reserves. a. True b. False

298. Countries joining the EU must close factories that emit acid-producing chemicals and other pollutants. a. True b. False

299. In the 1980s, Mikhail Gorbachev instituted a policy of economic restructuring in the Soviet Union called perestroika. a. True b. False

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