final r 2 secondary units 1-18
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Final revision 2nd secondaryUnits 1,2and 3
Important vocab.
air conditioning train (v.) (n.) /bargain (n) //
surf the internet(v)
broadbandconnection(n)
traditional(adj.)
cash(n) (v) /()
activity(n)
cheque(n) attract(v)civil engineer (n.) operation (n.)
commentary (n) explanation (n)complain(v) survey(n) /
cost (n) (v) / charitable(adj.)count (v.) transplant centre (n.)
credit card(n) account(n)debit card(n) catalogue(n)delegation(n.) qualify(v.) /
diplomat (n) imaginative (adj.)
giant (n) neighbouring (adj.)grandchildren (n.) surgeon (n.)interestingly(adv.) growth(n) /make fun of (v)online shopping(n) user-friendly(adj.)
politician (n) politics (n)
publish (v) () represent (v)research (n.) heart transplant (n.)retire (v.) retirement age (n.)ridiculous (adj.) steal (v)tie (v) / ties (n.) / voyage (n)
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Make or Do?make friends do an operation
make sure do a jobmake contributions do workmake sense do the shoppingmake a decision / do the homeworkmake a difference to /
do wrong
make a mistake do goodmake parts of cars do harm
make a fire do the washing upmake a suggestion do the cleaningmake a promise do the sweepingmake achievements do a favourmake peace do a project
()
make war do researchmake lunch/dinner / do withoutmake the bed do (his) hairmake up (his) mind do
something/nothing
()
make a noise do the cooking
Prepositions:apply for (a job/a visa)
(/)apply to (a company)
()apply in person apply in writing
look up (
)
interested in
adapt to / study at (school)under the leadershipof
find out
at the age of benefit fromcause of reason forplay a part in play a role inchildren with heartproblems
good at = clever at
have experience in see offgood for from all over the world
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report on at the weekend
match with .. run awayfight against interested infamous for laugh at
connect to fall off a bike
fall to the ground work in politicsa favourite of find out aboutdifferent from a storm at seaon the island frightened ofstop from .. tie to ..argue about argue forbelong to speak for
available for a commentary onopinion on/about pleased withupset about at that time
attach with string .. consist ofexcited about log onto the internet
pass from to .. by road
pay for order by phonebuy for someone .. at the cheapest price
complain to someone trade withcomplain aboutsomething
put money into anaccount
get to advantage to / ofthank for over the yearsorder from the internet worry about
increase in be based ondecrease in pay in cashgrowth in pay by credit card
pay by cheque look for = search fordiscount on at the cinemaat the weekend communicate withset up a business
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Expressing opinions with reasons:I think /believebecause
I think he will pass the exam because he studies hard.
In my opinion /viewas
In my opinion, we should use cars less as they pollutethe air
If you ask me, so
that .
If you ask me, he should study harder so that he can
pass the test.
Asking for information and giving information
Asking for information RepliesExcuse me, could I ask you somequestions about?
Yes, of course.
Could you tell me? Yes, that's fine. Yes,
certainly.Can you say why / why not? I'd rather not answer thatquestion.
Thank you for your time. You're welcome.
:
deathdeadly / deaddieddie
livinglively / lifealivelive (adj.):
have a shower miss the train (bus, plane)
get upset she was third in the race
catch the train (bus, plane) earn (his) living
answer the phone / door win / lose the war /
SScciieennccee ffiiccttiioonn nnoovveellss
*have:** hhaavvee aa mmeeeettiinngg hhaavvee aa bbaatthh
hh
aa
vv
ee
aa
ss
hh
oo
ww
ee
rr
hh
aa
vv
ee
aa
nn
ee
xx
aa
mm
hhaavvee aa mmeeaall hhaavvee aa ppaarrttyy
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** arrive (I) Your letter arrived yesterday. She was the last to arrive.** arrive in (Cairo, London, Italy) // //
We arrived inNew Yorkat 6 p.m.
** arrive at (school / the station/ the airport) We arrived atschoolearly.
** reach (T) + We reachedNew Yorkat 6 p.m. ** reach a decision /a conclusion
They were unable to reacha decision.
GGiivvee aa rriinngg== pphhoonnee
homeGGoo // rreettuurrnn // aarrrriivvee hhoommee
IImmaaggiinnee ++ vv++ iinngg iimmaaggiinnee tthhaatt ++
II ccaann''ttiimmaaggiinnee lliivviinngg oonn tthhee mmoooonn..
II ccaann''ttiimmaaggiinnee tthhaatt hhee wwiillll ppaassss tthhee tteesstt..
LLiisstteenn ttoo HHeeaarr
HHeelliisstteenneedd ttoo tthhee nneewwss oonn tthhee rraaddiioo..SShheehheeaarrdd ssoommee nnooiissee oouuttssiiddee..RRaaiissee yyoouurr vvooiiccee,, pplleeaassee.. II ccaann''tthheeaarr yyoouu..
HHeeaarr ooff // aabboouutt
hheeaarr ffrroomm ( ())
in33 mmeettrreess iinn hheeiigghhtt 55 iinncchheess iinn lleennggtthh 55 cceennttiimmeettrreess iinn ddeepptthh
33 mmeettrreess hhiigghh 55 iinncchheess lloonngg 55 cceennttiimmeettrreess ddeeeepp
NNoonnee ++
AAlltthhoouugghh II rreeaadd mmaannyy bbooookkss,, nnoonnee ((ooff tthheemm)) wweerree aass uusseeffuull aass tthhee oonnee IIbboorrrroowweedd ffrroomm yyoouu..
take
IIttttooookk mmee ttwwoo hhoouurrss ttoo ffiinniisshh tthhee hhoommeewwoorrkk..HHooww lloonngg ddooeess iittttaakkee ttoo ddoo tthhiiss jjoobb??
whose
WWhhoosseebbooookk iiss tthhaatt?? == WWhhoo ddooeess tthhaatt bbooookk bbeelloonngg ttoo??
Remember = remember about
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Remind = make someone remember something aass ++ aaddjj.. ++ aass== tthhee ssaammee ++ nn.. ++ aass aass bbiigg aass == tthhee ssaammee ssiizzee aass aass lloonngg aass == tthhee ssaammee lleennggtthh aass
HowWhat
HHooww ++ aaddjj.. == WWhhaatt ++ nn.. HHooww oolldd?? == WWhhaatt aaggee?? HHooww ttaallll?? == WWhhaatt hheeiigghhtt?? / HHooww lloonngg?? == WWhhaatt lleennggtthh?? HHooww bbiigg?? == WWhhaatt ssiizzee?? HHooww wwiiddee?? == WWhhaatt wwiiddtthh?? HHooww ffaarr?? == WWhhaatt ddiissttaannccee?? HHooww hhiigghh?? == WWhhaatt hheeiigghhtt??
aatt tthhee eenndd ((ooff)) iinn tthhee eenndd
MMyy hhoouussee iissaatt tthhee eenndd oofftthhiissssttrreeeett..WWee wweenntt sshhooppppiinngg aanndd vviissiitteedd ssoommee ffrriieennddss..IInn tthhee eenndd,, wwee wweenntt hhoommee..
IItt ++ ((bbee)) ++ aaddjj.. ++ ttoo++ iinnff..IItt iiss ffuunnnnyy ttoo rreeaadd aabboouutt tthhee ssmmaallll ppeeooppllee ooff LLiilllliippuutt..
thenextnneexxtt wweeeekk // nneexxtt ssuummmmeerr
thenext
TThhee nneexxtt bbooookk II''mm ggooiinngg ttoo rreeaadd iiss GGuulllliivveerr''ss TTrraavveellss..
:
GGuulllliivveerr''ss TTrraavveellssiiss aa ffuunnnnyy nnoovveell.. TThhee rreeaassoonn wwhhyy ++ TThhee rreeaassoonn ffoorr ++ nn.. // VV++ iinngg
TThhee rreeaassoonn wwhhyy hhee ccaammee llaattee wwaass tthhaatt hhee mmiisssseedd tthhee bbuuss..TThhee rreeaassoonn ffoorr hhiissaabbsseenncceewwaass tthhaatt hhee wwaass iillll..
AA bbrrookkeenn wwiinnddooww aa ssttoolleenn ccaarr
AA wwrriitttteenn tteesstt aa uusseedd bbooookk:
realize /ring /book /
match /tie /
Debit card:
Credit card:
Like ----------------best/most
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Which school subject do you like most? I like English best. between she sat between her parents. among This mountain is among the highest in the world. Do internet banking
habit () custom ()
Its my habit to get up early. *It is a custom to givepresents at Christmas.
Do/make/carry out a survey:
Raise / increase the prices Reduce / bring down the prices The prices rise / go up The prices fall / go down
Control the prices Be good value for money Be poor value for money The financial crisis
allow + obj. + to + inf. = let + inf.
He let me use the phone. (allow)He allowed me to use the phone.They do not allow anyone to smoke here.
Allow + inging:
They do not allow smoking here.
adverbs:
Interestingly / undoubtedly / unfortunately / luckily Interestingly, many people prefer to use traditional banks than online banking. Undoubtedly, he is the best person for the job.
yearThe boy is 16 years old.A 16-year-old boy
Look forward to + v-ing I look forward to visiting London.
private (opposite: public )a private school a private hospital
This is my private life. You have no right to interfere .Rather/Prefer
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Would rather + inf. .than + inf.Id rather go to the cinema than watch TV.
Would rather + inf. +n.-------than + n. Id ratherhavecoffee than tea.Prefer + ing to ing prefer + n. to+ n.
I preferplayingto studying. I prefer teato coffee.
to+ inf.:The first / the second /the next / the last ------+to- inf.
He was the first to arriveat the party. Mr. John was the next to speakat the meeting.
Other & anotheranother + / one (= one more / a different one)
This tea is nice. Id like anothercup.He lost his job. Hes trying to find anotherone.
another + (few / number : two, three,.) The woman lived for anotherten days.Id like to stay here foranotherfewweeks.
other + / ( ) I need to discuss this with othercolleagues. There was certainly otherinformation. ()
others + v.Some people are rich; others are poor.Some writers are greater than others .
the / some / every / each / many / any / no / (two,three,..)
other: Please, John, bring the other chairs here. I love my son like any other mother does. He gave me one book and kept the other one. Steven and threeother boys went to the party.
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Exercises
Choose the correct answer:
1- Surgeons (do/ make/ act/ bring) heart transplant operations.2- She works for a charitable organization as she believes that her work
(does/ lacks/ takes/ makes) a difference to people's lives.3- It's been more than 2 years since he (did/ made/ had/ went) that
operation. Now he's quite healthy.4- I don't think she has (did/ took/ made/ written) the right decision.5- You (had/ made/ did/ saw) me a big favour and I really appreciate it.6- She (reached/ got/ went/ arrived) in New York 2 days ago.7- If you (question/ talk/ ask/ wonder) me, he should look for another job.8- She hopes to (identify/ verify/ beautify/ qualify) as a lawyer at the end
of the year.9- He's got to have a/an (operation/ aspiration/ collaboration/
concentration) on his shoulder10- A (vet/ civil engineer/ nurse/ surgeon) is a doctor who is specially
trained to perform medical operations11- A (complementary/ documentary/ commentary/ elementary) is written
opinions about and descriptions of a subject.12- A (diplomat/ format/ doormat/ carpenter) is a person who is employed
by a government to live in another country and speak for the government.13- This (infant/ grant/ giant/ vacant) tree is 200 years old.
14- A (politician/ musician/ magician/ technician) is a person who works inpolitics.
15- A (commentator/ announcer/ reporter/ publisher) is someone whoprints something and makes it available for people to buy.
16- I can't think of an (example/ explanation/ exchange/ exercise) for theteam playing so badly.
17- His novel was (polished/ published/ crashed/ furnished) a long timeago.
18- Some people do not realize that Gulliver's Travels is a (contemporary/commentary/ diary/ revolutionary) on European politics.
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19- When I was a child, I couldn't think of interesting ideas, so my storiesweren't very (imaginative/ negative/ protective/ relative).
20- (Accountants/ Dentists/ Clerks/ Diplomats) are meeting to discussrelations between our two countries.
21- Churchill was a famous British (electrician/ politician/ dietician/musician) who was once a prime minister.
22- A/An (adventure/ safari/ voyage/ tour) is a long journey on a ship.23- You should (lie/ tie/ try/ dye) that plant to the wall to stop it from falling
over.24- The Titanic sank on its first (expedition/ flight/ shore/ voyage) after it
hit an iceberg.25- It is always wrong to (steal/ deal/ clear/ bear) things that belong to
other people.26- Children get upset if their friends (make fun of/ make up for/ keep up
with/ put up with) them.27- Egypt and the Sudan are (considering/ neighbouring/ preserving/
retiring) countries.28- In a dictionary, the letter n (cancels/ deletes/ refers/ represents) the
word noun.29- In the past, some people believed the earth was flat. What a (true/
real/ reasonable/ ridiculous) idea!30- The police found the (caught/ stealing/ robbing/ stolen) car 50
kilometers from where it was taken.31- This coat was half-price. It was a real (bargain/ certain/ complaint/
fountain).32- When you use a (money/ debit/ post plastic) card, money leaves
your bank immediately.33- The money we carry in our pockets is called (rash/ crash/ cash/
brush).34- People who (surf/ scarf/ bark/ drop) the internet usually look for
information.35- (Leaders/ Owners/ Kids/ Adults) pay an admission charge but
children get in free.36- When you use a (credit/ benefit/ deposit/ exit)) card, you can buy
things and pay later.37- Things bought (decline/ airline -online/ offline) are things bought using
the internet.38- The postman brought new clothes (colleague/ dialoguecatastrophe
-catalogue) this morning. It has more than a 1000 pages and is very heavy.
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39- If you have a (expand/ broadband/ beforehand/ demand) connection,you can connect to the internet very quickly.
40- My uncle has had a bank (account/ discount/ amount/ recount) sincehe was 18 and he has now saved a lot of money.
41- Companies have interesting websites to try (distract/ attack/ restrict/attract) customers.
42- Many people prefer the (emotional/ multinational -traditional/professional) way of buying things from shops and markets.
43- Online (backing/ barking/ parking/ banking) is now very common.44- I can't send e-mails because there is a problem with my internet
(connection/ infection/ correction/ direction).45- There has been a real (length/ strength/ growth/ depth) in the number
of people with broadband.46- One day, I'd like to work for a (commodity -curiosity/ density/ charity)
organization.47- (Interest/ Interested/ Interestingly/ Interests), many people use the
internet for different purposes.48- Lots of people have (gained/ complained/ maintained/ retained) about
the noise.49- When you buy a new computer, you usually get software included at
no extra (cost/ wages/ salary/ fare).50- This is a (user-friendly /friendly user / use friendly/ friendly use)
printer. It's very simple for people to use.
Find the mistakes in each of the following sentences:
1- What do your do?/ I'm reading a story.2- The better thing about this job is that it is well-paid.3- She felt ashamed because she did a silly mistake.4- Dr. Magdy Yacoub made many heart transplant operations.5- She helped me doing the job.6- Egypt sent a trade allegation to the conference.7- Policemen usually wear a platform.8- He had a kidney transport last year.
9- The normal requirement age in Egypt is 60.10- She is interested on reading newspapers.
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11- The complimentary on the Olympic Games was much better onthe other channel.
12- A carpenter represents one country in another.13- Could you give me a quick exploration of how this machine
works?14- This designer always comes up with new ideas. He is very
imaginary.15- They chose a famous lawyer to present them in court.16- He was driving with one hand and waving with the another.17- She was the last student arrives at school.18- The government gives private care to setting up new projects.19- I look forward to see that play.20- She allowed me using her computer.21- I need to draw some money out of my discount.22- The government is trying to contract more tourists to visit Egypt.23- Many people in Egypt still wear conditional clothes.24- He couldn't decide which one he liked good.25- The information in this report is based on a spray completed by
2000 students.
Grammar
The Present Simple Tense
:Nurses look after patients in hospitals. Birds fly.
:Water is a renewable form of energy.
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:I have a bath every other day. I prefer coffee to tea.
:How do I get to the station? You go straight on, then you turn left.
she / she / it:
want wants hate hates(adverbs of frequency)ToBe.:
never / rarely = seldom / not often / sometimes = occasionally /often= frequently /usually / always
I alwaystry to save energy. She'soften late for work.adverbs of time
We watch TV every night. Every night we watch TV.
do: He does his homework once a week. How often does he do his
homework?don't / doesn't:
He studies hard. He doesn't study hard.:
ever / generally / / nowadays / on Mondays, on Tuesdays / twice ayear / every week , day, year, summer..
Do you ever go to school on Friday? She frequently visits thePyramids.
do / does:Do you speak English?Does she play tennis?
Present Continuous Tense
:Am/ is / are + v.+ing
:
now/at the moment / look! / Listen! / at presentShe is writing a letter now.
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I am reading an interesting book at the moment.:
love like hate preferwant need deserve supposemean understan
d
believe remembe
rcontain consist know belongsee hear smell tasterecogni
zerealize surprise astonish
seem possess own dependconcern / matter lack oweweigh
measure agree
am / is / are + being + PP.
Somebody is cleaning the room. =The room is being cleaned.:
Is she doing the homework now?Are they painting the house at the moment?
eingee:invite inviting write writing
dye:She is dyeing her hair.
ing:
hit hitting sit sitting dig digging run running
They are digging a well at the moment.ing::prefer preferring refer referring begin beginning
Past Simple Tense
:
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1-: I went to Cairo last week.
The Chinese invented printing centuries ago.2-:
Sam walked down the road to the block of flats on the corner. He wentthrough the door and
pressedthe button for the lift. He
wentup to ..
3-: When I was young, we lived in Alex.
eded:help helped live lived
:last (year, night, week, month / summer) / ago / yesterday / in
ancient times / once upon a time / the other day, year (= a few days,
years ago)/ in 2000 / in the pastHow many symphonies did Beethoven compose? (
)Did you see Peter at lunch time? I didnt know him then. ()
diddidnt:
Did it rain? It didnt rain. Did you go out last night, Tom? Yes, I went to the cinema, but I didnt enjoy the film.
To Be:was / were Why were you so angry? Tom wasnt at work yesterday
:Was / were + PPHe wrote the letter a few days ago. The letter was written a few
days ago.
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Past Continuous Tense
:
Was / Were + V-ingpast continuous:
1-: Between six and half past six this morning, I was having breakfast.
2-: I was having a shower when the phone rang.
3-: I was studying Chemistry when I met Jane. He was doing research when they arrested him.
:While / when / As / Just as
While (When) we were doing the homework, it started to rain.
wwhheenn:: We were doing the homework when it started to rain.
wwhhiillee:: While I was studying, my father was reading.
wwhheenn:: When he arrived , he found the door locked.
OOnnwwhheenn:: VV++ iinngg When he arrived , he foundthe door locked. (On )On arriving, he found the door locked.
dduurriinnggwwhhiilleennoouunn // VV++ iinngg:: While he was playing the game,
he got hurt. (during)
During the game, he got hurt. He got hurt during the game.
aanndd: : He was writinga letter and listeningto some music. She hasfinishedwork and gonehome.
ttoo BBee: : While I was at school, I worked to a plan.
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The Present Perfect Tense:
Have / Has + PP.
He hasjustbought a new car. * They havealreadydone theshopping.
:1-:
My car has broken down. = I have to go to work by bus.
2-: I have done this job for many years. = I still do this job.
BUT I lived in Cairo formany years. = I live somewhere elsenow. ()
:already / just / ever / never / yet / since / for / lately / recently / so far /
up till now
:Its/This is the first (second) time..
Its(This) is the only In the last few years/months Inrecent years
over the ages / over the years / over the centuries //
Its the first time I have been to this place.This is the onlyplay I have seen. Egypt has made great progress in the last few years.
eevveerr//nneevveerr//jjuusstt// aallrreeaaddyyhhaavvee//hhaass:: PPPP.. I havejustwritten the letter.eevveerrnneevveerr::
Have you ever travelled by plane? No, I havenever travelled byplane.
Just = a short time ago/ a minute/ a moment ago
They left the building a minute ago. (just) * = They havejust leftthe building.
ssiinnccee // ffoorrSince +
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Since last week / last summer / 1999 / five oclock / October / thismorning / yesterday / then / Monday / breakfast
For +
For a week / the last week / a year / five hours / three months / two
days / a long time I havent cleaned the house fora week. She hasnt phoned us
sinceOctober.
ssiinnccee::ssiinncceeppaasstt ssiimmppllee
:: I havent seen her sinceshe graduated.
aaggoossiinnccee:: I haven't seen him sincethree years ago.
aaggooppaasstt ssiimmppllee:: I saw him three years ago.
Last / The last time / ago + past simple
ssiinnccee // ffoorr:: I lasthad my hair cut when I was in Cairo. (since) = I havent had my
hair cut sinceI was in Cairo. The last time I met Jennie was in 2000. (since / for )= I havent met Jennie since2000. = I havent met Jennie for9 years.= I haven't met Jennie since9 years ago.
The last time I played chess was six years ago. (since/for)= I havent played chess since2003. = I havent played chess forsix
years.= I haven't played chess sincesix years ago.
aaggooffoorrssttaarrtteedd ttoo // bbeeggaann ttoo ++ iinnff.: He has learnt English for six years.(ago)* He began / started tolearn English six years ago.
ssiinncceeffoorr:
IIttss ++ ++ ssiinnccee ++ ++ ++ llaasstt ++
He hasnt visited his uncle fora long time.(since) *Its a long timesince he lastvisited his uncle.
eevveerrnneevveerr: :
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I haveneverdonesuch a tiring job. (This is) * = This is the mosttiring job I haveeverdone.
nneevveerreevveerrssuucchh ((aa//aann)) aaddjj.. ++ nn..:: This is the worst luck I haveeverhad. (never) * = I have neverhad
such bad luck.
yyeett I havent finished my homework yet.yyeettssttiillll: :
He is still writing the report. (yet)He hasnt finished writing the report yet.
yyeettjjuusstt // aallrreeaaddyy:: He hasjustarrived. He hasnt arrivedyet.
had + PP.:
After / When / As soon as / +
() till / untilBefore / By the time +
No sooner thanHardly / scarcely when
After I had done the shopping, I visited a friend.As soon as I had known he was ill, I visited him.I didn't know about the competition until I had read the papers.Before he cleaned the room, he had seen the film.By the time my friend arrived, I had finished my homework.No sooner had I gone out, than it started to rain
Hurry up! We are all waiting for you.Be quiet. I amstudying my lessons.
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:Between 9 and 11 p.m. yesterday, he was watching TV.
: I spent all my childhoodin Cairo.
:
What are you doing? I am reading a story. / I am studying my lessons.
What do you do? I am an engineer. / I am a dentist.
How do you do?
How do you do? / I'm pleased to meet you.
:I'm writingthis letter to tell you that I'm looking forward to hearing from you.
feel / hurt:How do you feel? / How are you feeling?My head hurts. / My head is hurting.
:
I'd rather / It is timeI'd ratheryoudidn't smoke here.It is timewewent home. It is too late.
I wish:I wish I had a computer. = I don't have a computer now.
If:If he had enough money, he would travel abroad.
:
When I woke up, my father left. = He left at the moment I woke up.When I woke up, my father had left. = He left before I woke up.
I saw my cousin again last year. I thought he was tall. (I thought hewas tall at the time I sawhim.I saw my cousin again last year. I had thought he was tall. (I thought hewas tall before I saw him.)
Conjunctionsand: We went to the market and the zoo.
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We went to the market. We went to the zoo. (and)Besides + v-ingBesides going to the market, we went to the zoo.
In addition to + v- ingIn addition to going to the market, we went to the zoo.
In addition +We went to the market. In addition, we went to the zoo.as well as + V-ing
As well as going to the market, we went to the zoo.
aass wweellll aass: : I am very keen on computer. My brother is very keen on computer.
I ,as well as my brother, am very keen on computer.
Ex.
We not only went to the market, but also we went to the zoo.We not only went to the market, but we went to the zoo as well.
NNoott oonnllyyNot onlydid we go to the market, but also we went to the zoo.
: :
VV++ iinnggdduuee ttoo // bbeeccaauussee ooff //tthhrroouugghh // oowwiinngg ttoo//oonn aaccccoouunntt ooff
They arrived at school late. They missed the bus. (because of)They arrived at school late because ofmissing the bus..
The match was cancelled. There was a bad storm. (because of)The match was cancelled becauseof a bad storm.
We stayed in. The weather was cold. (due to)We stayed in due to the cold weather.
We lost the match as we played badly. (owing)
Because
Since
AS +
because of
noundue to +
Through
On account of
owing to
adj.
n.
v-ing
ot only .. but also ..ot only .. but as well .....
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We lost the match owing to bad play.We lost the match owing to playing badly.
The war was lost. The troops were badly organized. (through)The war was lost through bad organization of the troops.He couldnt come to the meeting since he was ill. (due to)He couldnt come to the meeting due to his illness.
Since/As he had no money, he couldnt buy a bike. (Because of)Because of not having any money, he ----------------.Because of having no money, he ----------------.
: :
My bicycle is broken. I'll have to walk. (so) * My bicycle is broken, so I'll
have to walk.The machine is very old. I don't expect it to work very well. (therefore)* The machine is very old, therefore I don't expect it to work very well.
iinnggnnoott::bbeeccaauusseeBBeeiinngg
He didnt go out because he was ill. (Being..)Beingill, he didnt go out.
: :
He is young. He is strong.He is young, but he is strong.= He is young, however he is strong.= Heis young. However, he is strong.
HHoowweevveerrHowever young he is, he is strong.
Although/ Though / Even thoughHe is rich. He feels unhappy.Although he is rich, he feels unhappy.
aalltthhoouugghh // tthhoouugghh // eevveenn tthhoouugghh..
HHee ffeeeellss uunnhhaappppyy
/ Thats why / Therefore / Consequently / Thus
But / However
In spite of
Despite + n. / -ing / adj.+ n.
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Although he was poor, he felt happy. (In spite of)In spite of being poor, he felt happy.In spite of his poverty, he felt happy.
Though there was noise outside, I went to sleep immediately. (Despite)
Despite the noise outside, Iwent to sleep immediately.
The man was a criminal. He was set free. (Despite)Despite being a criminal, the man was set free.Despite the fact that the man was a criminal, he was set free.
Exercises
Choose the correct answer:1- (Are you thinking/ You are thinking/ Do you thinking/ Do you think)
people should work in their 70s or 80s?2- She's (delaying/ dying/ dyeing/ paying) her hair at the moment.3- I only (buy/ buys/ bought/ buying) my new camera last week, but I
(take already/ have already taken/ has already taken/ will already take) 300photos with it.
4- My father (work/ is worked/ working/ works) in a bank in the citycentre. He (works/ has worked/ was working/ worked) there for 15 years.
5- My company (has/ have/ had/ is having/ will have) an importantmeeting last month. A delegation (come/ came/ is coming/ would come)from their office in Japan.
6- I (am/ is/ had been/ was) so tired last night that I (fallen/ falls/ to fall/
fell) asleep while I (was watching/ watches/ have watched/ had watched) afilm on TV.
7- At the moment we (are doing/ do/ have done/ were doing) a historyproject at school. It (was/ has/ does/ is) very interesting.
8- It (does not often rain/ not often rains/ is not often raining/ will notoften rain) in Egypt. It (was/ were/ been/ is) usually hot and sunny, so weneed air conditioning in many of our buildings.
9- I first (meet/ have met/ met/ meeting) my best friend 2 years ago.
10- What (were you done/ you were doing/ do you do/ were you doing) at3 o'clock yesterday?
In spite of the fact thatDespite the fact that
+
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11- She plays the piano (as/ as well/ well/ and) the violin.12- Not only (he has been/ has he been/ he was/ he had been) late
three times. But also she hasdone no work
13- Besides (was/ is/ are/ being) cold the place was damp.
14- He cant write to his friend (because/ because of/ as/ since) notknowing his address.
15- I had to take a taxi (as/ because of/ owing to/ due to) It wasraining heavily.
16- He was put in prison (because/ as/ since/ so) of not paying thefine.
17- Many city dwellers move to the country (for the reason that/because of/ owing to/ due to)
there is a great amount of pollution.18- Despite (to have/ having/ he has/ has he) limited vocabulary, he
speaks English fluently.19- (However/ In spite/ Although/ Despite) the cost of living here is high,
there are many advantages.20- Frank was very careful, (despite/ because/ so/ however), he lost
his money21- He felt sick (so/ because/ in order to/ unless) he ate too much22- He says he likes sport. (As/ However/ So/ In order to), he only
watches it on TV.23- He wont do any work for you (so/ although/ unless/ in order to) you
pay him.24- I continued running (because/ in order to/ unless- although) I felt
very tired.25- Shes quite healthy (as/ unless/ even though/ because) she never
takes any exercise.
26- 1- John (paints/ will paint -is painting/ has painted) the garage at themoment.
27- She (is liking/ likes/ liking/ to like) her new school. Everybody there isfriendly.
28- We (are looking/ have looked/ had looked/ looking) for new furniture forthe living room at present.
29- They (have just received/ are just receiving/ haven't just received/ justto receive) a reply from the oil company.
30- She (exercise/ exercises/ exercising/ have exercised) three times aweek.
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31- I (was drawing/ am drawing/ am drawn/ has drawn) a picture rightnow.
32- Water (is freezing/ will freeze/ was freezing/ freezes) at 0 C.33- While Stacey (goes/ was going/ went/ has gone) shopping for fruit,
she met an old friend.34- Look at this camera I (was buying/ buy/ bought/ have bought) for my
sister yesterday.35- Last night, while I (surf/ was surfing/ was being surfed/ am surfing) the
internet, I found the camera was much cheaper to buy online.36- I (don't see/ am seeing/ haven't seen/ has seen) him for two years.37- I'm sure your sister will love the present you (have bought/ buy/ buying/
may have bought) her.38- At 7.15 yesterday I (will have/ have had/ am having/ was having)
dinner with my family.39- It (is/ was/ had been/ has been) so cold since yesterday.40- I've just (been seen/ being seen/ saw/ seen) my friend Peter. He is
going shopping.41- I (sent/ have sent/ had sent/ will send) you an e-mail earlier this
morning.42- I (never be/ have never been/ am never/ was never) to Acapulco
before.43- When my father (comes/ has come/ had come/ came) home, I was
finishing my homework.44- In June, 2008, I (would visit/ visited/ had visited/ was visited) my
uncle in Canberra.45- I (don't finish/ have to finish/ haven't finished/ didn't finish) my project
yet.46- The fire (was not/ didn't/ weren't/ couldn't) put out until the firemen
arrived.47- Before (boarded/ had boarded/ boarding/ boards) the plane, security
men checked the bags.48- As soon as he (received/ has received/ receiving/ receives) the fax,
he telephoned us.49- Nobody left the building until the meeting (had ended/ has ended/
ends/ would end).50- He (has/ will have/ has had/ is having) a history lesson at the
moment.
Find the mistakes in each of the following sentences1- What did you do since the weekend?
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2- When would you start to learn English?/ Two years ago.3- I want to be a doctor since I was ten.4- When I was eight. I have seen a programme about a famous doctoron TV.5- We were having a meeting at work this morning when suddenly all thelights were going out.6- At the moment my sister trains to be a primary teacher.7- Metals are expanding when they are heated.8- She does research on plants a few years ago.9- I knew him for ten years.10- I didn't see the film yet.11- They were arrested as breaking the law.12- He had to apologize owing to he made a shameful mistake.13- As well as she studied hard, she played tennis regularly.14- If he reads the questions carefully, he answers them.15- There were no accidents though the dangerous roads.16- I like most school subjects because I don't like physics.17- As soon as seeing the accident, I called the police.18- However the box was heavy, he could carry it.19- In addition to he wrote the letter, he saw the film.20- Because they played very well, they lost the match.21- What were you doing when I am calling you?
22- By the time my father was 18, he has been at work for two years.23- My sister is really happy. She is just winning the first prize.24- Alexandria was the last place I was spending a holiday.25- In the past, people thought that the earth has been flat.26- I will see a good film recently.27- He would give me back my money a few hours ago.28- At the moment he has cleaned the room.29- I am understanding this math problem very well.
30- I didn't eat hamburger since last October.
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Final revision 2nd secondaryUnits 4,5and 6
Important vocab.
attach (v) bring up(v)cooperate(v) pack(n)situation(n) string (n) /tolerance(n) individual
sport(n)team sports(n) sports centre(n)combination(n) / choose / chose /
chosen(v)
decision(n) depend(v)exciting(adj.) Keep (v)mix(v) / reason(n)prove(v) group(n)cruel (adj.) literature(n.)navy (n.) optimistic (adj.)pessimistic(adj.)
be shocked
shelter (n.) split(v.) //violent (adj.) frightening (adj.)capture(v.)above amazingdeep sea levelsummit challengeconquer // lifelong (adj.)mountaineer slightly /toddler
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ssppoorrttss: :ssppoorrttss ccllootthheess aa ssppoorrttss ffeessttiivvaall aa ssppoorrttss cceennttrree
DDoo // ppllaayy ssppoorrttssWWee sshhoouullddddoo ssppoorrttss ttoo ggeett ffiitt..
OOnn ((hhiiss)) oowwnn // ooff ((hhiiss)) oowwnnHHee ddiidd tthhee jjoobboonn hhiiss oowwnn.. HHee hhaass aa rroooommooff hhiiss oowwnn..
EExxppeerriieennccee
ccoonndduucctt // ccaarrrryy oouutt // ddoo aann eexxppeerriimmeenntt
TThhiiss jjoobb nneeeeddss aa lloonnggeexxppeerriieennccee.. SScciieennttiissttss aarreeddooiinnggeexxppeerriimmeennttss ttoo tteesstt tthhee eeffffeeccttiivveenneessss ooff tthhee
nneeww ddrruugg..EEnnccoouurraaggee ttoo++iinnff //ddiissccoouurraaggee ffrroomm ++ vv++iinnggWWee sshhoouullddeennccoouurraaggee oouurr cchhiillddrreennttoorreeaadd..
WWee sshhoouullddddiissccoouurraaggee ppeeoopplleeffrroomm ppoolllluuttiinngg tthhee eennvviirroonnmmeenntt..SSppeenndd ((ttiimmee)) ++ vv--iinngg
IIssppeenntt tthheeeevveenniinngg rreeaaddiinngg aann eexxcciittiinngg ssttoorryy..
GGoo == bbeeccoommeeGGoo bbaadd //bblliinndd //ddeeaaff //dduummbb
GGeett == bbeeccoommeeggeett ffiitt //ggeett aannggrryy //ggeett ddeepprreesssseedd
HHaavvee == hhaavvee ggoott == oowwnn
IIhhaavvee aa ccaarr == IIhhaavvee ggoott aa ccaarr..DDooyyoouuhhaavvee aa ccaarr ?? ==HHaavveeyyoouuggoott aa ccaarr?? II ddoonn''tt hhaavvee == II hhaavveenn''tt ggoott
had: IIhhaadd aa ccaarr wwhheenn IIwwaass iinn LLoonnddoonn..
wwiillll hhaavvee:: IIwwiillll hhaavvee aa ccoommppuutteerrnneexxtt wweeeekk..
hhaavveettoommuusstt // sshhoouulldd
hhaavvee ggoott:: II wwaannttttoo hhaavvee aa ccaammeerraa..
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IIsshhoouulldd hhaavvee aa lloott ooff mmoonneeyy ttoo bbuuyy tthhiiss ccaarr..
havehave gotHHaavvee aa mmeeaall // hhaavvee aa ppaarrttyy // hhaavvee aa hhoolliiddaayy // hhaavvee aann aacccciiddeenntt
EEnndd iinn aa ddrraaww
TThhee mmaattcchh eennddeeddiinn aa ddrraaww..LLoossee ttoo .... EEggyyppttlloosstt ttoo BBrraazziill bbyy 22 ggooaallss..
SSccoorree aa ggooaall () () RReeaalliizzee // aacchhiieevvee aa ggooaall () ()
aa FFaammiillyy mmeemmbbeerraa ssoocciieettyy mmeemmbbeerraa tteeaamm mmeemmbbeerr
aaddvveerrbb // aaddjjeeccttiivvee::DDaaiillyy // wweeeekkllyy // mmoonntthhllyy // yyeeaarrllyy // eeaarrllyy
He gets a yearly salary of 50,000 dollars. (adj.)
The conference is held yearly. (adv.)agree to + inf. / n He agreedto the plan.
She agreedto stay.Agree on
The members agreed on the decision My father and I don't agree on very much.
agree with someone / something
I agreewith Karen. This shirt is too expensive. I don't agreewith hitting children.
Agree that +
I agree that he should be invited to the party.
Couldn't agree more = agree completelyCouldn't agree less = disagree completelyA: I think Egypt will win the match.B: I couldn't agree more.
SSoommeeoonnee ssoommeebbooddyy eevveerryyoonnee eevveerryybbooddyy nnoo oonnee nnoobbooddyy
EEvveerryyoonneehhaasstthheeiirr oowwnn iiddeeaass aabboouutt tthhee bbeesstt wwaayy ttoo bbrriinngg uupp cchhiillddrreenn..
KKnnooww // sshhooww ++ hhooww ttoo--iinnff..HHeekknneeww hhooww ttooddootthhee jjoobb..
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HHeesshhoowweeddmmee hhooww ttoouusseetthhiiss mmaacchhiinnee..SSeeee ssoommeeoonnee ooffffIIssaaww mmyy ffrriieennddooffff aatt tthhee aaiirrppoorrtt..SSeeee == uunnddeerrssttaannddTThheeyy ccoouullddnn''ttsseeee mmyy ppooiinntt ooff vviieeww..
SSeeee == tthhiinnkk aabboouuttIItt wwaass eeaassyy ttoosseeee tthhee ggiifftt aass aa ssoorrtt ooff bbrriibbee..
s:decadeIInn tthhee 11998800ss == ffrroomm 11998800 ttoo 11998899
elsesome every no someone / thing / body / where:
SSoommeeoonnee eellssee// eevveerryyoonnee eellssee // ssoommeetthhiinngg eellssee // nnootthhiinngg eellsseeelsewhat / who / why / where:
DDoo yyoouu nneeeeddaannyytthhiinnggeellssee??WWhhoo eellssee aatttteennddeedd tthhee mmeeeettiinngg??
lots of /a lot of / plenty of
a great deal of: He bought a lot ofsugar. He needs a lot of books.
much:She doesnt need much money.
Did you buy much sugar?many:
He didnt see many places in London.Did you invite many people to your party last week?
many/ muchtoo/ so / very
There is somuch sugar in my coffee.PPrroommiissee ttoo == mmaakkee aa pprroommiissee ttooHHeepprroommiisseedd ttoo hheellpp mmee wwiitthh mmyy wwoorrkk..
DDeecciiddee ttoo == mmaakkee aa ddeecciissiioonn ttooHHeeddeecciiddeedd ttoo bbuuyy aa nneeww mmoobbiillee pphhoonnee..LLiiffee () () TThhee hheeaarrtt iiss tthhee ppuummpp oofflliiffee..
TThheerree iiss nnoo eevviiddeennccee oofflliiffee oonn ootthheerr ppllaanneettss..AA lliiffee
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HHee hhaaddaaddiiffffiiccuulltt lliiffee..SShhee ddeecciiddeedd ttoo ssttaarrttaanneeww lliiffee iinn AAuussttrraalliiaa..TThhee lliiffeeSShhee rreeaadd aa bbooookk aabboouutttthhee lliiffee ooff LLiinnccoollnn..EExxpprreessssiinngg RRuulleess::
EEvveerryyoonnee mmuusstt aallwwaayyss // sshhoouulldd aallwwaayyss......YYoouu mmuusstt // YYoouu mmuusstt nnoott......DDoonn''tt ....// NNeevveerr ......RReemmeemmbbeerr ttoo ......// DDoonn''tt ffoorrggeett ttoo ......
EExxaammpplleess::EEvveerryyoonnee mmuusstt aallwwaayyssccoommee oonn ttiimmee..YYoouu mmuusstt nnoott ssppeeaakk iinn tthhee lliibbrraarryy..RReemmeemmbbeerr ttoo bbrriinngg ttwwoo rreecceenntt pphhoottooss..
NNeevveerr ttoouucchh tthhiiss wwiirree..RRoooomm ((cc)) rroooomm ((uu))MMyy ffllaatt hhaass ttwwoo bbeeddrroooommss..TThheerree iiss nnoorroooomm ffoorr yyoouu iinn tthhee ccaarr..
: :WWhhaatt ddoo yyoouu lliikkee mmoosstt aabboouutt....??
WWhhaatt ddoo yyoouu lliikkee lleeaasstt aabboouutt....??
WWhhaatt ddoo yyoouu lliikkee mmoosstt aabboouutt yyoouurr sscchhooooll??TThhiinnkk ooff == tthhiinnkk aabboouutt / /II''mmtthhiinnkkiinngg ooff // aabboouutt bbuuyyiinngg aa nneeww ccaarr..WWhhaatt ddoo yyoouutthhiinnkk ooff // aabboouutt tthhiiss sshhiirrtt??
TThhiinnkk ooff / /II ccaann''tttthhiinnkk ooff hheerr nnaammee nnooww..YYoouu sshhoouullddtthhiinnkk ooff ootthheerr ppeeooppllee..eellddeerr (( )) tthhaann eellddeerr ssiisstteerr // eellddeerr bbrrootthheerr
SShhee iiss mmyyeellddeerr ssiisstteerr..eldest ( ) eldest sister / eldest brother HHee iisstthhee eellddeesstt mmeemmbbeerr ooff tthhee ffaammiillyy..
oollddeerr ((tthhaann)) () () SShhee iiss ffiivvee yyeeaarrssoollddeerrtthhaann mmee..oollddeesstt () () HHee iiss tthhee oollddeessttssttuuddeenntt iinn oouurr ccllaassss....LLeeaarrnn // tteeaacchh ++ttoo--iinnff..
HHeelleeaarrnntt ttoouusseetthhee ccoommppuutteerr..WWhhoottaauugghhtt yyoouuttooccooookk??
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KKeeeepp yyoouurr ccooooll == ttoo ssttaayy ccaallmm aanndd nnoott ggeett uuppsseett oorr nneerrvvoouuss
AA cclloossee ccaallll== mmaannaaggee ttoo aavvooiidd aa ddaannggeerroouuss ssiittuuaattiioonn
IInn aa ttiigghhtt ccoorrnneerr == iinn aa ddiiffffiiccuulltt ssiittuuaattiioonn
MMaaddee mmyy ddaayy== mmaaddee mmee hhaappppyyOOuutt ooff tthhee bblluuee== ssuuddddeennllyy aanndd uunneexxppeecctteeddllyyRRaaiissee mmoonneeyy == ccoolllleecctt mmoonneeyy
::PPrrooffeessssiioonn
HHee lleefftt tthhee tteeaacchhiinnggpprrooffeessssiioonn ttoo sseett uupp hhiiss oowwnn bbuussiinneessss..WWoorrkk::PPeetteerr''ss wwoorrkk iinnvvoollvveess aa lloott ooff ttrraavveelllliinngg..
JJoobb:: () ()WWhheenn sshhee lleefftt ccoolllleeggee,, sshhee ggoottaajjoobb aass aa sseeccrreettaarryy..SShhee hhaass aapppplliieedd ffoorraa jjoobb wwiitthh aann iinnssuurraannccee ccoommppaannyy..
CCaarreeeerr::HHee hhaass aa ggoooodd ccaarreeeerr iinn jjoouurrnnaalliissmm..
QQuuiitt ((qquuiitt//qquuiitt)) //He quit smoking a year ago. She quit school when she was 15.
QQuuiieett = calm Be quiet! Ive got a headache .
QQuuiittee / = fairly / completelyAlthough they are brothers, they are quite different.
Prepositions:mix with people depend on = rely
on
talk about ask for advicehunt in packs live in groupsattached to=tiedto
benefit from
cooperate with show tolerancetowards
people of differentages
come out ()
specialize in related toanswer to solution to
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pass onknowledge to
at times =sometimes
go on holiday takeresponsibility for
signal to on the islandshoot down aplane
escape from
set fire to look aftersplit into protect
from/againstplan for the future compare .. with ..get on with cruel topopular with give up
have advice for under controlexposure to fall off amountain
fall to his death excited abouton the walls dream of / aboutat the summit of nervous ofgo away / worried aboutfamiliar with
Asking for Advice / Giving Advice
Asking for Advice Giving AdviceWhich (sport) do you think I shouldchoose?
If you ask me, youshould
I want to .. What do you think Ishould do?If I were you, I'd
Can you give me some advice(about)..?
I think you should
Can I ask your advice about? Why don't you?It is a good idea to The best thing is to
ExercisesExercises on Vocabulary and Language Notes:
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Next (year/month/week) / in the future / soon / in a year, month, week / tomorrow /his time next week / this time tomorrow
I'll meet him tomorrow morning.She will visit us soon.Where will you be this time next year?
:
expect / I'm sure / I think / I don't think / I wonder / probably / I suppose /I hope
believe / I feel sure / Perhaps..
I expect she will pass the test.I don't think he will leave the country.I wonder what will happen.I'll probably be home late this evening.
If: If I know his address, I'll write him a letter.
Will is used:
1- To express a true fact I'll be 18 next week.2- To predict event The plane will land in half an hour.3- To decide something quickly. I'll have coffee, please.4- To offer to do something I'll clean the car for you.5- To ask someone to do somethingWill you look at my homework tonight?
6- To make an arrangement I'll see you this evening.7- To make a threat I'll resign if I don't get a pay rise.
Shall (I / we)
I / We shall go to Cairo next month.You / He / She / It / Theywill stay here.
1- To make suggestions: shallShall I meet you on Friday? Shall we have a party?
2- To make offers:
Shall I help you with your homework?
Shall / will = 'll
I'll do it. You'll do it.
will not = won't
Shall shan't / ( )
We shall meet the boss tomorrow, shan't we?: am / is / are + going to
: We are saving up because we are going to buy a car.
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I'm going to make some coffee. Do you want some?:
I think I'm going to fail this exam. (I haven't done much work) I think it's going to rain. The sky's looking very dark.
was / were going to + inf.:I was going to tidy the flat, but I didnt have time.
:Are you going to + inf. = Do you intend to + inf.
Are you going to buy a new car? (Do)Do you intend to buy a new car?
Is she going to take the test? (Does)Does she intend to take the test?
():
He's travelling to Cairo tomorrow. (He's got his tickets)I'm going home in half an hour. (I have arranged it with the boss)
(:
You leave Cairo International Airport at 7 p.m. and arrive in Paris at 11 p.m.The film starts at 9. The exam takes place on 2nd April.
The future continuous:
Will/shall + be + ING:
A : Can I come and see you at 4 o'clock tomorrow?B : No. I'll be driving to the airport then. Come at 2.30 before I leave.
Between 9 and 11 a.m. tomorrow I'll be studying
Definite and Indefinite Articles
A / an
We have a house with a garden.
Hes an engineer
:a couple / a dozen / a hundred / a thousand
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Two pounds a kilo / sixty kilometers an hour
:What a clever boy! / What an interestingstory!
ananapple /aneye /anumbrella /an
orangeuaan:anulceranuncle
:university /aunit /auniform / aEuropean country /ausefulbook
a / an:
I usually have lunch at 2 p.m. He gave us a good breakfast.
the:
1-
The sun/ the moon/ the world / the Earth The country / thecountryside / the town / the sea / the sky / the ground / the
Pyramids /the Cairo Tower /the High Dam /the state
Cairo is the capital of Egypt.
2-:
the best /the most difficult /the least expensive /the smallest /the biggest
3-:at the top of his voice / at the end of ... / in the end
4-:go to thecinema /go to thetheatre /listen to theradio /usetheinternet /go tothebank /go to thepost office /go to theshops
:watch TV
5-play / practiseplay the piano, the violin , the guitar , the lute , etc.
6-:
the poor the young the richthe dead the unemployed the deaf
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the old the injured the sick:
The young are in need of help.
7-:
the U.A.E the U.K. the U.S.A / theSudan / The Nile / the Himalayas / the Atlantic /the Red Sea / the Mediterranean / the Alps / the
Middle East / the Far East / the south of Egypt /
the Sahara
8-:
I saw a film last night. The film was about the Second World War.
9-:
The more you practice, the better you getThe warmer the weather, the better I feel . The more you have, the more you want .
10-:
TheGiraffe is found in Africa
11-:
When was thetelephone invented?
Thebicycle is an excellent means of transport.
12-:
the French the English the Swiss
13-:
I like your garden. The flowers are beautiful. (the flowers in your garden)
Do you like the coffee we had last night?
Can you pass the salt, please? (the salt on the table)]
14-of:
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The Museum of Modern Art The Bank of England
The Great Wall of China The Tower of London
15-:The TimesThe Guardian
16
-:The Quran / The Bible
17-the():
the government /the state /the stone age / in the morning /
in the afternoon / in the evening /the environment /the weather
18-:The man who lost his son was verysad.
19-:
The fifties the nineties
:
1-people/food/jobs/ plants:Women usually live longer than men do. Scientists do research.
Beans are good for you. Money does not grow on trees.
2-: Food and drink : milk, water etc.
Activities: smoking / reading / writing / shopping
Sports : football / basketball / volleyball
Abstract nouns : democracy , beauty , love ,
happiness , sadness , misery , truth , poverty , progress ,music, etc./
People fear death. Everyone is looking for happiness.
the:
The death of their father made them very sad.
School subjects : History , Math , Science , etc.
Languages : English, Arabic etc.)
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Oil is used to make plastic.
Smoking is harmful to health.
I want to study Science and Technology .
Englishis the worlds most widely used language.
languagethe:
The English language / the French language
3-:northern / southern / eastern / western
He went to hospital = he was ill.
He went to the hospital = to visit someone.
He went to prison = he did something wrong
He went to the prison to visit his brother
thework:
He arrives at work at 7 every day.
King William attended the conference.
President Mubarak appointed a new prime minister.
I do not go out at Christmas.
thehomego/comemount /mountain / lake:
He went home early yesterday.
He climbed Mount Everest.
Lake Victoria is in Africa.
the:
The Bahamas The Great Lakes The Andes
/
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:the:
Pollution is a dangerous problem.
Music can be used to cure some diseases.
Peace is the dream of all nations.
Adjectives
Comparative adjectives:
to belook / seem / appear / taste / feel /sound / smell:
It wascold. She looks ill. The food smells bad.
er:
cheap cheaper large larger quiet quieter
eryyi:lucky luckier funny funnier happy happier
big bigger hot hotter fat fatter
erstWide wider widest
:
more / less . than
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more / less expensivethan more / less terrifyingthan
:
as + adj./adv. + as
John is as tallas Peter:
not as / so + adj./ adv. + as
Hassan isnt as old as Peter. (older/younger)
Peter is older than HassanHassan is younger than Peter.
I dont know as many people as you do. (more/fewer)You know more people than I do.
I know fewer people than you do.
Frank isnt as rich as Joe. (richer)Joe is richerthan Frank.
The test was not as difficult as I thought. (easier)The test was easierthan I thought.
I didnt expect her to be so smart. (smarter)She was smarterthan I expected.
/slightly / even / a bit / much /a lot / a little / far:
Going by bus is a lotcheaperthan going by plane. Going by plane is much more expensive. You have to move a bit faster.
illworsewellbetter She feels much better today. He was so ill yesterday. He's even
worse today.
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Superlative adjectives:
:
the . est
deep the deepest old the oldest
high the highest short the shortest
clever the cleverest rich the richest
stupid the stupidest
:
the most / the least .
interesting the most / the least interesting
expensive the most / the least expensive
Irregular adjectives:
good better best bad worse worst
much
many
far farther/further farthest / furthest
little less least
further = more Are there any further questions?
most + adj. (without the) = very
The article Ive just read was mostinteresting. = very interestingfirst / second / third,..etc
Alexandria is the second largest city in Egypt.
the:It was his biggest achievement in Chemistry.
more the most
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less
He is less tall than his friend. = He is not as tall as his friend= His friend is taller than him.= He is not the same heightas his friend.
the same + n. + as = as + adj. + as
:
long Length expensive pricewide width big size
old age far distancedeep depth high heightYour house is as high as mine. (height)Your house is the same height as mine.
The red shirt is as expensive as the white shirt. (price)The red shirt is the same price as the white shirt.
Adjectives ending inly:
friendly friendlier friendliest
lovely lovelier loveliest
silly sillier silliest
the . the.. ----
the less the less
the more the more
the + adj.-er the + adj.-er
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The harder you study, the higher marks you get.
You eat a lot. You become fat. (The more)
The more you eat the fatter you become.
If we leave early, well arrive soon. (The earlier)
The earlier we leave, the sooner we will arrive.
You use much electricity. Your bill will be high. (The more..)
The more electricity you use, the higher your bill will be.
inThe longest river in the world (Not: of the world)
The best student in the class /The best player in the team
This is the loveliestcard Ive ever received.Its the most boringfilm Ive ever seen.
than + .me (I +v.) / her (she +v.),etc.
than():
He is taller than me/him/her.
But: He is taller than I am / he is/ she is.
TThey earn more money than us. But: They earn more money than wedo
The boy is clever. A clever boy
To Be
beseem / look / feel
afraid / awake / asleep / alone / alight / absent/alive
The boy wasafraid. She is still awake.
edingfascinating fascinated exciting excited
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amazing amazed terrifying terrified
embarrassing embarrassed boring bored
annoying / annoyed confusing confused
depressing depressed frightening frighteneddisappointing disappointed
Jane is bored because her job is boring.Tom is interested in the job. Tom finds the job interesting.
ing:
He is a boring person.She is bored.Exception: impressed impressive
Delighted delightful
She was delighted with the news.Thank you for a delightful evening.
and.
Its becoming harder and harder to find a job. Its becoming more and more difficult to find a job. These days more and more people are learning English. The weather is getting colder and colder.
to + inf.happy / pleased/ disappointed /amazed/afraid/glad / delighted /surprised
/ sad / relieved astonished
I am sorry to hearthat your brother is ill. Tom was surprised to seeme. She was delighted to getyour letter.
:
It ( be ) + adj. + of + someone + to do something
(nice / kind / stupid / silly / clever / polite / careless)
It is kind of you to help me.
It was careless of Jack to leave the door unlocked.It was very generous of Ann to lend us the money.not to:
The boy didnt study his lessons well. (It was careless)It was careless of the boy not tostudy his lessons well.
ExercisesChoose the correct answer:
1- I (am flying fly going to fly flies) to Moscow tomorrow.2- The train from Cairo (has arrived will be arriving arrives was arriving) at
5.15 p.m. tomorrow morning.
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3- He (may drive shall drive drives - is driving) the children to the match tonight.He has booked 3 tickets.4- I think I (buy am buying will buy had been buying) this watch.5- Tom (is seeing saw has seen was going to see) the director in a few
minutes.6- I promise I (have bought will buy am going to buy must buy) you a nice
present.7- The cup is on the edge of the table. It (is falling has fallen is going to fall
will be falling).8- She has already packed her luggage. She (is going to might has been
shall) leave.9- I (break has broken will break will be breaking) your neck if you do that
again.10- (Might May Should Will) you buy me some stamps, please?11- They (leave would have left would be leaving are leaving) for Rome
tomorrow morning.12- (Do Does Are Will) you intend to resign from the company?13- The forecast says it's (be going to going to will shall) be hot and sunny
tomorrow.14- My cousin and his wife (must were going to shouldn't are going to) have a
baby next spring.15- A: My car has broken down. B: Don't worry. I (will mustn't ought need) give
you a life.16- (Do Will Should May) you give that to Ali when you see him, please?
17- If he's late again, I (should ought going to will) be angry.18- We (shall will have are going ought) let you know as soon as there's anynews.19- I don't think he (shall will couldn't might) come on time.20- Between 10 and 12 a.m. tomorrow, They (travel travelled have travelled
will be travelling) to London.21- As soon as he (is finishing will finish to finish finishes) his work, hell go
home.22- I (phoned had phoned will phone have phoned) my friend after he comes
back from London.23- Before she (does will do had done did) the washing up, she will see a
movie.24- I (wouldnt wont would might) leave until I have lunch.25- When she (sees had seen saw will see) her exam results, she will be so
happy.26- He (got will get would get had got) a job as soon as he gets his degree.27- As soon as Peter arrives, (told will tell would tell tell) him to come to the
managers office.
28- Before you operate this machine, (read will read has read had read) theinstructions very well.
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29- I will wait here until they (had called are calling will call call) my name.30- When she (get gets will get had got) the new job, she will move into a new
house.31- After (a an the no article) sun went down, (a an the no article) moon
came up.32- (A An The no article) policeman usually wears (a an the no article)
uniform.33- (A An The no article) intelligence is important for (a an the no article)
success.34- (A An The no article) hard work which John did was the reason for (a an
the no article) success that he enjoyed.35- The interviewer asked (a an the no article) Professor Zewail about his
work.36- I think he plays (a an the no article) guitar very well.37- It was (a an the no article) happy party, but we could only stay for half (a
an the no article) hour.38- (a an the no article) Chemistry is a difficult subject.39- Vegetarians dont eat (a an the no article) meat.40- My uncle plays (a an the no article) tennis well.41- (A An The No article) reason I was successful was because my parents
encouraged me.42- I think (a an the no article) education is something all (a an the no
article) children should value.43- He said that (a an the no article) subject he enjoyed most at school was (a
an the no article) Science.44- Dont spend all (a an the no article) money you have.45- (A An Theno article) Money doesnt always bring (a an the no article)
happiness.46- Yesterday I heard a (fright frightened- frightening frighten) noise outside.47- He often tells me (amused amusing amusement entertainment) stories about
his family.48- This is the (hard- harder less hard- hardest) test Ive ever taken.49- It was wrong (with for of to) him to neglect his study.
50- He was not (cooperative as cooperative more cooperative less cooperative) ashis colleagues.51- He is not (so more less lessen) reliable as his friend.52- My flat is (more big less big bigger the biggest) than yours.53- You didn't do as (more less least much) work as I did.54- Her friend is (wealthy wealthiest wealthier wealthiest) than her.55- My car is (less more least most ) small than yours.56- Nobody in our company is (efficient as efficient as most efficient than as
efficient) Peter.
57- It was (more foolish than less foolish foolish least foolish) of her to wasteall her money.
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58- Laptops are becoming (less and more more and less much and more moreand more) popular nowadays.59- She was astonished (seeing to see of seeing seen) some of her old friends
at the party.60- You shouldn't have invited John to the party. He's a (bored bores boring to
bore) man.
Find the mistakes in the following sentences and write themcorrectly:
1- She is gone to finish her work early today.2- Can she intend to study medicine in the USA?3- We are packing our luggage because we have gone to travel to Italy.4- Should you close that window, please?5- The bookcase isn't well fixed. It's will go falling.6- Italy is an European country.
7- The continent to the east of Europe is the Asia.8- The Aswan High Dam is on river Nile in Egypt.9- Good doctor needs a lot of experience.10- I must go to bank and change some money.11- I really enjoyed book I've just finished reading.12- I'm just going to have wash.13- All I had for lunch was piece of cake.14- It's a honour to get this international award.15- During sixties, people were interested in music.
16- The much food you eat, the fatter you become.17- The place was more farther than I thought.18- No student in our class is as cleverer as John.19- This is the more higher building in our city.20- Tokyo is the more busier city in the world.21- She is more hard-working of all the students in this class.22- The blue vase is the same price than the yellow one.23- The weather is many colder than normal for this time of year.24- Thats the funny joke I have ever heard.25- Eating fruit is most fattening than eating chocolate.
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Final revision 2nd secondaryUnits 7,8and 9
Important vocab.
chain chief //representative / yield /afford corporation
distribute distributioneconomy employ /global goods /technology wagespopulation communication
represent take off ()/ ()act // armycanoeing collectionadmire balldebts identicalmanual necklace /savings valuablecontinuously except (for)
bronze medal exercise /judo take part inbenefit // boxingcareer professionaltake place festivalhighlight / destroy
amateur regularlytake care of take turns
Prepositions:work for acompanyexport to .. import from ..proud of do a project onrefer to all over the world
all over Egypt in this waycommunicate with set uptrade with in the same
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regionat the same time thank somebody
forthanks to grow upbring up write to someonewrite about
something
talk on the phone
stay at a hotel look for = searchfor
related toat the age of fight forin the past in the futureat present at all timeshappy with/about the way to
success
attached to =joined to consist of
perform in a play mix with peoplea set of things an invitation toclose to borrow .. from ..lend .. to .. share withowe money to go on holidayon a small scale on a large scalework at his
computer
be based in
exchange .. for .. exchange ..with ..be exposed to be willing tolook up switch off = turn
off()
turn on = switchon
() tend to
win a medal forjudo
prepare to + inf.
prepare for + n.interested in at that timein ancient times harmful tothrow someoneonto the ground
with the help of
at the side of theroad
play for a team
pay for .. suitable forhave contact with sail through the
Suez Canalat a reasonableprice
be based on
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aspire to participate in
:aa ccaarr ffaaccttoorryy ttwwoo ccaarr ffaaccttoorriieessaa ddoooorr kknnoobb tthhrreeee ddoooorr kknnoobbss
EEvveerryyddaayy ((aaddjj..))EEvveerryy ddaayy ((aaddvv..))
WWee ffaaccee aa lloott ooff pprroobblleemmss iinn oouurreevveerryyddaayy lliiffee.. II ggoo ttoo sscchhoooolleevveerryyddaayy..
ss::EEccoonnoommiiccss ssttaattiissttiiccssmmaatthheemmaattiiccss pphhyyssiiccss EEccoonnoommiiccssiissssoommeettiimmeess hhaarrdd ttoo uunnddeerrssttaanndd..
affect = have an effect oneffectaffecthave:
The storm affected the roads badly. (effect)The storm hada bad effect on the roads.
The accident has affected her deeply. (effect)The accident has hada deepeffecton her.
:chiefchief buyer chief engineer
be made of This handbag is made of plastic.
be made from Bread is made from flour and water.
be made in (a country)
We should encourage products that are made in Egypt.be made by
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This table was made by a clever carpenter.
Most = nearly all / almost allMost students passed the test. = Nearly all students passed the test
:Wages salary fare fees
Wages () The workers went on strike because they wanted higher wages.
SalaryThis bank manager gets a salary of 40,000 dollars a year.Fare Taxi fare bus fare plane fareFees lawyer's fees school fees
Doctors' fees are very high nowadays.
afford + to + inf. . ... afford + n.I cant affordto buy a new car. I wish I could afforda
new computer.
hire ()/ We hired a car for a week. The company hired a new
secretary.hire out
Why don't you hire out your car to your neighbours while you areaway and make some money?Rent : (a flat / an office / a building)
Look forward to + v-ing / n. I look forward to visiting London. I am looking
forward to my holiday.
Be located in = be situated inBe located on = be situated onThe office is located in the city center. The town is
situated on the Mediterranean Sea.
Start with = begin with + n. Start by = begin by + v-ing
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Let's begin withexercise B. He started his speech bytelling us something about his life.
wear /.. ( + . )wear:
He was wearing his best suit at the party.
Policemen usuallywear a uniform.We wear light clothes in summer. put on .. ( + . )Put on your coatits cold. She put on her uniform and went toschool.Hurry up. Put on your shoes. We are late for school. dress (I) = get dressed ()She always dresses fashionably.
dress: Can you dress the kids for me?be dressed in () . = be wearing
He was dressed in a black suit. = He was wearing a black suit.
Suggest: + v-ingHe suggested sending Frank some flowers.
Suggest (that) +Sub+ inf.
He suggestedthatIprune the trees. He suggested thatshecome early.
should: He suggested that she shouldcome early.
Ashamed of ()Shy
You made a big mistake. You should be ashamed of yourself. My son was too shy to speak to the guests.
except (for) / Everyone went to the show except for Scott . (Scott was..)
Scott was the only one who didnt go to the show.except / except for:1-except:
It's the same everywhere except in Scotland.
He's good-looking except when he smiles.
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2-except / except for: Everybody understands except me. We are all ready
except for her.3-except that:
I know nothing about him except that he lives in Cairo.
Accept + n accept an invitation / an apology / a presentExpect to + inf.Expect will
He accepted my invitation to the party . She expects tofind a good job soon. I expect that she will pass the test.
fy / ify:
solid solidify pure purify
beauty beautify terror terrify
gas gasify liquid liquefy
Way of + V-ing way to + inf. There are many ways of solving the problem. That's not the
way to do the job.
Stop to + inf
Stop + -ing.
On his way to work, he stopped to buy a newspaper. The doctoradvised me to stop eating fatty food.
:What + be ++ like ? = describe What was life
like in the past?
What is Ali like? What is theweather like today?
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sense verbs: (smell / taste / feel / sound / look) + Adj. :
That flower smells beautiful. That cloth feels soft. Themeat tasted nice.
have
: That flower hasa beautiful smell. That cloth hasa soft
feel. The meat hada nice taste.
: :BBee sseeeemm aappppeeaarr
SShhee''ss cclleevveerr.. SShheesseeeemmss iillll..II''mm aaffrraaiiddII''mm ssoorrrryy ttoo ssaayy....::
II''mm aaffrraaiidd II''mm ssoo bbuussyy..== II''mm ssoorrrryy ttoo ssaayy tthhaatt II''mm ssoo bbuussyy..
hheeaarr // wwaattcchh // sseeeeiinnff..iinngg::IIssaaww hhiimmppllaayyiinngg tteennnniiss.. IIssaaww hhiimmppllaayy tteennnniiss..
eachevery2/ 3 / 4:every student / every 4 years
each one / each book
:: eevveerryywwhheerreeII llooookkeedd ffoorr mmyy bbooookkeevveerryywwhheerree,, bbuutt II ccoouullddnn''tt ffiinndd iitt..
TTooggeetthheerr wwiitthh == iinncclluuddiinnggLLoonnggeerr rraacceess wweerree aaddddeedd ttoo tthhee OOllyymmppiiccss,,ttooggeetthheerr wwiitthh bbooxxiinngg..
ppllaayy::PPllaayy ))ffoooottbbaallll,, bbaasskkeettbbaallll,, hhoocckkeeyy,, ssoocccceerr,, tteennnniiss,, ssqquuaasshh ,,
ttaabbllee--tteennnniiss,, rraacckkeettss,, ppiinngg--ppoonngg,, vvoolllleeyybbaallll))ggooiinngg::
Go (swimming, jogging = slow running, sailing ,dancing
water-skiing , running, scuba-diving, riding, hunting,climbing )
iinnggssoommeeaa lloott ooff:: ddoo
IIddiidd ssoommeessccuubbaa ddiivviinngg llaasstt wweeeekk..ddoo::
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DDoo ((ggyymmnnaassttiiccss // kkaarraattee // aatthhlleettiiccss // ssppoorrttss))do/playsport::
DDoo yyoouuddoo aannyyssppoorrttss?? YYeess,, IIppllaayy hhoocckkeeyy..
bbeeeennggoonneeiinngg::HHaavvee yyoouu eevveerr ggoonnee sswwiimmmmiinngg?? //HHaavvee yyoouu eevveerr bbeeeenn sswwiimmmmiinngg??
wwiinn ((TT//II)) // aa ggaammee// aa rraaccee // aa mmeeddaall // aa ccoommppeettiittiioonn // aaccuupp // aa mmaattcchh //
aa ccoonntteesstt // ssuuppppoorrtt // // // lloovvee // ttrruusstt // ccoonnffiiddeennccee// aapppprroovvaall //wwaarr//llooyyaallttyy / / // ffrriieennddss..
WWhhiicchh yyeeaarr wwaass iitt tthhaatt IIttaallyywwoonn tthhee WWoorrllddCCuupp??
bbeeaatt // HHoollllaannddbbeeaatt BBeellggiiuumm bbyy 33//11..ggaaiinn ))iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn // kknnoowwlleeddggee // eexxppeerriieennccee // rreeppuuttaattiioonn ((
ggaaiinn ((wweeiigghhtt // ssppeeeedd // hheeiigghhtt (//) (//) ))eeaarrnn ((mmoonneeyy // eeaarrnn aa lliivviinngg))
SShheeeeaarrnnss $$4400,,000000 aa yyeeaarr..AAcchhiieevvee aa ggooaall () () SSccoorree aa ggooaall
() ()
Business Letters
.
1.2.3.4.5."Dear sir,""Dear
Madam,""Dear Sir or Madam,"6.7
., I will, I would, I am, I have, etc.:
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Thank you for your assistance.I look forward to hearing from you.I am looking forward to meeting you.
Yours sincerely,
Your address,
Your Phone No.E-mail address
Name and address of the Company/person you are writing to
Dear Mr./ Mrs.,OR Dear Sir or Madam,
Letter detailsYours Sincerely,
Name and Signature
Making Suggestions:
Making Suggestions Agreeing withsuggestions Disagreeing withsuggestionsIf you ask me, he (should)
That's a good idea. I'm not sure about that
What about + V+ing. I'll go along with that. I don't agree.I think it'd be a good idea to..
I agree No, I'd prefer to ..
Why don't (you / we)..? That's what I think I wouldn't choose ..How about + V+ing. That sounds nice I'm not very keen on
Let's .. / Shall we .. Fine by me I really don't feel like it
Exercises
Choose the correct answer:
1- To (employ dismiss expel convoy) means to pay someone to work for you.2- (Fees Fares Salaries Wages) means the money that someone is paid
every week by their employer
3- To (affect afford offend defend) means to have enough money to pay forsomething.
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4- To (distribute disturb distill destroy) means to supply goods to shops andcompanies in a particular area
5- A (collaboration combination contamination corporation) is a large businessorganisation.
6- (General Global Verbal Herbal) means affecting or including the wholeworld
7- (Astronomy Anatomy Economy Gloomy) is the way that money,businesses and products are organized in a country
8- (Woods Goods Methods Roots) are things that are produced to be sold.9- The global economy has increased (international rational irrational
intentional) trade.10- The (economic historic climatic dynamic) situation in our country is
getting better..11- New businesses will (destroy enjoy - employannoy) hundreds of people in
the city. There will be a lot of job opportunities.12- E-mails help to improve the way companies (calculate advocate -
communicate dedicate) with their customers.13- China has a (pollution population revelation violation) of 1.3 billion
people.14- They chose a famous barrister to (present - represent offend resent) them
in court.15- This drug is said to have no side (affects reflects effects contests).16- This gold watch is so (valuable cheap inexpensive worthless) and looks
beautiful. It cost me a fortune.17- (Manual Easy Casual Gradual) work can be very tiring and it is not very
well-paid.18- I really (hate astonish dislike admire) my grandfather. He has spent his
whole life working to look after his family.19- She is going to spend some of her (accounts taxes - savings cheques) on
a new car.20- (Savings- Coins Currencies Banknotes) are all the money you have not
spent.21- A/An ( bracelet earring watch - necklace) is a piece of jewellery worn
around the neck.
22- (Usual Habitual Factual - Manual) work is done by people using theirhands.
23- To (recount act detect apply)) means to be a character in a film or play.24- A (ball call fall install) is a large formal occasion when people dance.25- (Optical Classical Identical Critical) means exactly the same.26- He gave her some of his (savings samples saves seeds) to buy a new
dress.27- This morning I received an invitation (to for in with) a meeting at my
college.
28- I'm going to borrow a dictionary (to - fromby with) one of my friends.29- Before he retired, my uncle worked (like alike - as is) a hospital doctor.30- She was (wearing dressing acting putting) a nice dress at the party.
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8- She has built up a shine9- of 80 bookshops across the country.10- How many people does your company unemployed?11- Ali and Peter look very similar accept that Ali is a little taller12- That's not the way to doing it - let me show you.13- He suggested to visit the museum.14- I really admit people who can work in such difficult conditions.15- They are selecting money for the new hospital.
Grammar
Relative Clauses
:
who.whom who: TThhee bbooyy llooookkss vveerryy ttiirreedd.. HHee rraann aa lloonngg wwaayy.. ((wwhhoo))
TThhee bbooyy wwhhoo rraann aa lloonngg wwaayy llooookkss vveerryy ttiirreedd.. TThhee wwoommaann wwaass ppuutt iinn jjaaiill.. TThhee ppoolliiccee cchhaarrggeedd hheerr wwiitthh mmuurrddeerr..
TThhee wwoommaann wwhhoo ((wwhhoomm)) tthhee ppoolliiccee cchhaarrggeedd wwiitthh mmuurrddeerr wwaass ppuutt iinn jjaaiill..
which: TThhee jjoobb wwaass vveerryy ttiirriinngg.. HHee aapppplliieedd ffoorr iitt aa wweeeekk aaggoo..
TThhee jjoobb wwhhiicchh ((tthhaatt)) hhee aapppplliieedd ffoorr wwaass vveerryy ttiirriinngg..
whose. TThhee mmaann ffeelltt vveerryy ssaadd.. HHiiss wwiiffee ddiieedd iinn tthhee aacccciiddeenntt..
TThhee mmaann wwhhoossee wwiiffee ddiieedd iinn tthhee aacccciiddeenntt ffeelltt vveerryy ssaadd..
who / which / whomcomma.that.
TThhee ccoommppaannyy wwhhiicchh hhee wwoorrkkss ffoorr sseellllss ccoommppuutteerr..
TThhee wwoommaann wwhhoo kkiilllleedd hheerr hhuussbbaanndd wwaass sseenntteenncceedd ttoo ddeeaatthh..
commathat:
MMrr.. AAhhmmeedd,, wwhhoo hhaass jjuusstt aarrrriivveedd,, iiss aa ffaammoouuss ppoolliittiicciiaann.. TThhee ccoommppaannyy,, wwhhiicchh iiss iinn CCaaiirroo,, eemmppllooyyss 220000 ppeeooppllee..
that / who:TThhee mmaann ffoorr wwhhoomm hhee wwoorrkkss iiss GGeerrmmaann..TThhee mmaann tthhaatt hhee wwoorrkkss ffoorr iiss GGeerrmmaann..
TThhee mmaann wwhhoo //wwhhoomm hhee wwoorrkkss ffoorr iiss GGeerrmmaann..that:
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TThhee sshhoopp wwaass ssoo bbiigg.. HHee wwoorrkkeedd iinn iitt.. ((wwhhiicchh //wwhheerree))TThhee sshhoopp wwhhiicchh hhee wwoorrkkeedd iinn wwaass ssoo bbiigg..TThhee sshhoopp wwhheerree hhee wwoorrkkeedd wwaass ssoo bbiigg..
HHee wweenntt ttoo AAccaappuullccoo.. HHee ssppeenntt mmoosstt ooff hhiiss hhoolliiddaayy tthheerree..HHee wweenntt ttoo AAccaappuullccoo wwhheerree hhee ssppeenntt mmoosstt ooff hhiiss hhoolliiddaayy..
whenwhich: TThhee ddaayy wwaass rreemmeemmbbeerreedd ffoorr lloonngg.. TThheeyy mmeett oonn iitt..
TThhee ddaayy oonn wwhhiicchh tthheeyy mmeett wwaass rreemmeemmbbeerreedd ffoorr lloonngg..TThhee ddaayy wwhheenn tthheeyy mmeett wwaass rreemmeemmbbeerreedd ffoorr lloonngg..
:Active:V.+ ING
TThhee mmaann iiss vveerryy kkiinndd.. HHee wwoorrkkss iinn tthhiiss ooffffiiccee..TThhee mmaann wwhhoo wwoorrkkss iinn tthhiiss ooffffiiccee iiss vveerryy kkiinndd..TThhee mmaann wwoorrkkiinngg iinn tthhiiss ooffffiiccee iiss vveerryy kkiinndd..
: TThhee ooffffiicceerr ttrreeaatteedd mmee vveerryy wweellll.. II mmeett hhiimm aatt tthhee ppoolliiccee ssttaattiioonn..
TThhee ooffffiicceerr wwhhoomm//wwhhoo//tthhaatt II mmeett aatt tthhee ppoolliiccee ssttaattiioonn ttrreeaatteedd mmee vveerryy wweellll..TThhee ooffffiicceerr II mmeett aatt tthhee ppoolliiccee ssttaattiioonn ttrreeaatteedd mmee vveerryy wweellll..
II uusseedd ttoo rreenntt aa ffllaatt,, bbuutt nnooww II oowwnn oonnee..HHee uusseedd ttoo sseenndd lleetttteerrss ttoo hhiiss ffrriieennddss,, bbuutt nnooww hhee sseennddss ee--mmaaiillss.. II uusseedd ttoo ppllaayy tthhee gguuiittaarr wwhheenn II wwaass yyoouunngg.. HHee uusseedd ttoo bbee aa ddrriivveerr,, bbuutt nnooww hhee iissnntt..
:Didn't use to + inf.
HHee ddiiddnntt uussee ttoo ssmmookkee,, bbuutt nnooww hhee ddooeess..
:Did + + use to + inf. ..?
DDiidd sshhee uussee ttoo ccrryy aa lloott wwhheenn sshhee wwaass aa bbaabbyy??
:am / is / are used to + -ing
HHee iiss uusseedd ttoo hhaavviinngg aa ccuupp ooff ccooffffeeee eevveerryy mmoorrnniinngg..
== HHee uussuuaallllyy hhaass aa ccuupp ooff ccooffffeeee eevveerryy mmoorrnniinngg..:
+
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AmIs + + used to + V-ing. ..?Are
IIss sshhee uusseedd ttoo lliivviinngg oonn hheerr oowwnn?? AArree tthheeyy uusseedd ttoo ttaakkiinngg eexxeerrcciissee??
no longerused to:any more / any longerused to
:
HHee uusseedd ttoo lliivvee hheerree.. ((nnoo lloonnggeerr))== HHee nnoo lloonnggeerr lliivveess hheerree..
HHee uusseedd ttoo lliivvee hheerree.. ((aannyy mmoorree))== HHee ddooeessnntt lliivvee hheerree aannyy mmoorree..
HHee uussuuaallllyy ggooeess ttoo tthhee cclluubb oonn ffoooott.. ((uusseedd ttoo))== HHee iiss uusseedd ttoo ggooiinngg ttoo tthhee cclluubb oonn ffoooott....
HHee ddiiddnntt lliikkee CChhiinneessee ffoooodd wwhheenn hhee wwaass yyoouunngg,, bbuutt hhee iiss uusseedd ttoo iitt nnooww..
:be used to
be used to""inf.: WWaatteerr iiss uusseedd ttoo ggeenneerraattee eelleeccttrriicciittyy..
WW
oo
oo
dd
iiss
uu
ssee
dd
ttoo
mm
aa
kkee
pp
aa
pp
ee
rr.. :
am / is / are used to + -ing = am / is / are in the habit of + ing
HHee iiss iinn tthhee hhaabbiitt ooff bboorrrroowwiinngg mmoonneeyy ffrroomm ootthheerrss..((uusseedd ttoo))HHee iiss uusseedd ttoo bboorrrroowwiinngg mmoonneeyy ffrroomm ootthheerrss..
used to + inf. = was / were in the habit of + ing
SShhee uusseedd ttoo sslleeeepp iinn ccllaassss....((iinn tthhee hhaabbiitt ooff))SShhee wwaass iinn tthhee hhaabbiitt ooff sslleeeeppiinngg iinn ccllaassss..
The present perfect simple and continuous
:1-:
SS
hh
ee
hh
aa
ss
ww
oo
rrkkee
dd
vvee
rryy
hh
aa
rrdd
tthh
iiss
ww
ee
ee
kk.. SShhee hhaass lliivveedd hheerree ffoorr 1100 yyeeaarrss..
2-:
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HHee hhaass jjuusstt ppaasssseedd tthhee eexxaamm.. SShhee hhaass aallrreeaaddyy ddoonnee tthhee hhoommeewwoorrkk..
3-: HHee hhaass aallwwaayyss eennjjooyyeedd ffiisshhiinngg..
4-: CChhaarrlleess hhaass wwrriitttteenn aa nnuummbbeerr ooff sshhoorrtt ssttoorriieess..
:
TThhiiss //IItt //TThhaatt iiss tthhee ffiirrsstt //sseeccoonndd //tthhiirrdd //oonnllyy //bbeesstt //wwoorrsstt,, eettcc.. TThhiiss iiss tthhee ffiirrsstt ttiimmee II hhaavvee sseeeenn tthhiiss mmaann.. TThhiiss iiss tthhee ffiifftthh ttiimmee yyoouu hhaavvee aasskkeedd mmee tthhiiss qquueessttiioonn.. IItt iiss tthhee wwoorrsstt ffiillmm II''vvee ((eevveerr)) sseeeenn..
:HHaavvee //hhaass ggoonnee ttooHHaavvee //hhaass bbeeeenn ttoo SShhee hhaass bbeeeenn ttoo MMyyaannmmaarr.. SShhee ccaammee bbaacckk ttwwoo ddaayyss aaggoo.. HHee hhaass ggoonnee ttoo TTuurrkkeeyy.. HHee wwiillll bbee bbaacckk iinn aa ffeeww ddaayyss..
:WWhheerree hhaavvee yyoouu bbeeeenn?? II hhaavvee bbeeeenn ttoo LLoonnddoonn..
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HHeehhaass wwrriitttteenn tthhrreeee lleetttteerrss..
:():IIhhaavvee kknnoowwnn hhiimmffoorr tteenn yyeeaarrssnnooww..IIhhaavvee oowwnneedd tthhiiss wwaasshhiinngg mmaacchhiinneeffoorr 55 yyeeaarrssnnooww..HHeehhaass bbeeeenn iinn tthhee aarrmmyyffoorr 55 yyeeaarrssnnooww..
so + adj./adv. + that + sentence
very:The shirt was very nice. I couldn't resist buying it. (so that)
The shirt was so nice that I couldn't resist buying it. She ran very quickly. She could catch the train. (so that)
She ran so quickly that she could catch the train.
Such (a/an) + adj. + n. + that + sentence
a/an: He was a stupid boy. He failed all the tests.
He was such a stupid boy that he failed all the tests. The furniture he bought was so wonderful that everyone admired it. (It was)
It was such wonderful furniture that everyone admired it.
asuchfurniture:
noun: He was so reckless / that he had a terrible accident. (suc