Final Psychology

PortfolioSarah Swindell

January 20th, 2012University of Phoenix

Dr. Vicki Koenig

Introduction and Table of Contents

Behavioral Theories Cognitive Theories Developmental Theories Humanist Theories Personality Theories Social Psychology Theories Freud Future of Psychology EMDR (My new method to research) My World View Critical and Creative Thinking

(Microsoft Office, 2007).

Relevant TheoriesBehavioral Theories

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Ivan Pavlov Learning associated with

stimulus Unconditioned stimulus▪ Causes natural reaction▪ Reinforcement

Conditioned stimulus▪ Neutral reaction

When US and CS are paired with CS first, CS can be cause of natural reaction from US

INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING Skinner Box

Reinforcement contingent upon behavior

When desired behavior is not displayed, it is not reinforced

Eventually association between action and reward is seen, and behavior is learned

OPERANT CONDITIONINGBehavior is:

• reinforced by desirable results

• Punished by undesirable results

• Extinguished by no result

(Microsoft Office, 2007).

Relevant Theories Cognitive Theories

PIAGET’S THEORY OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

Schemas Mental and physical

actions involved in understanding and knowing

Assimilation Process of taking new

information into previously existing schemas

Accommodation Adaptation involving

changing or altering schemas

Equalibration Balance between

assimilation and accommodation

4 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT Sensorimotor Stage

Birth to 2 years old Preoperational stage

2 to 4 years old Concrete Operations

7 to 11 years old Formal Operations

11 to 15 years old

(Microsoft Office, 2007).

Relevant TheoriesDevelopmental Theories

Attachment Theory Emotional bond to

another person

John Bowlby

“lasting psychological connectedness between human beings”

4 Key Components Safe haven▪ Comfort and soothing

when threatened or afraid Secure base▪ Secure, dependable base

for child to explore world Proximity Maintenance▪ Child stays near

caregiver, keeping child safe

Separation distress▪ When separated from

caregiver, child is upset

(Microsoft Office, 2007).

Relevant Theories Humanist Theories

MASLOW’S HOLISTIC DYNAMIC THEORY

Whole person motivated

Self-actualization Satisfy needs of safety,

love, esteem Motivation

Once satisfied, loss of motivational power replaced with other need

Needs arranged in hierarchy

MAY’S EXISTENTIALISM Looking at humans

based on clinical experience

Individuals are responsible for life and outcomes

Face and challenge destiny to gain freedom

Recognize inevitability of death

Umwelt, Mitwelt, and Eigenwelt

(Microsoft Office, 2007).

Relevant Theories Personality Theories

PERSONALITY

From Latin word “persona,” referring to theatrical masks (Feist & Feist, 2009).

Psychological term refers to a pattern of traits and characteristics give consistency and

individuality to an individual’s behavior.

PSYCHOANALYTIC SOCIAL THEORY

•Childhood experiences shape personality•Based on personal experience•Based on clinical experience•Children need to be shown love and affection•Lack of love and affection can lead to internal and external issues

(Microsoft Office, 2007).

Relevant Theories Social Psychology Theories

Social Thinking Humans construct their

own social reality Social Influences

Shapes behavior Displayed in culture

Individual Attitudes Attitudes shape behavior and are shaped by behavior

Biologically Based Natural selection Neuroscience (Microsoft Office,

2007).

Theories I Dislike

Freud Psychoanalytic

Theory▪ Sex and Aggression▪ Unconscious,

Preconscious, and Conscious

Critique▪ Scientist, not

Psychologist▪ No understanding of

women

Freud Psychosexual Development

Theory▪ Personality established by age

5▪ Most controversial▪ Male Focused▪ Difficult to test scientifically▪ Vague▪ Case studies, not empirical

research

▪ Id, Ego, Superego▪ Stages▪ Oral▪ Anal▪ Phallic▪ Latent▪ Genital

(Halberstadt, 1921).

Future of Psychology

Dependant upon relevant theories Dependant upon outdated theories Groundwork for further research and

theory development Offer valuable information and insight

Behavior Motivation Learning

New Treatments

(Microsoft Office, 2007).

EMDR

Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing

Psychotherapy Trauma treatment Incorporates

elements from different approaches

One or more 60-90 minute session required

8 phases1. Client History2. Preparation3. Assessment4. Desensitization 5. Installation 6. Body Scan7. Closure8. Reevaluation

(Microsoft Office, 2007).

My Worldview

Empathy Understanding Education Psychological disorders don’t =

shame Health care reform Treatment is all-encompassing Learning differences

(Microsoft Office, 2007).

Critical and Creative Thinking

Deciding which theories to use Which do I like?▪ Why do I like them?

Which do I agree with?▪ Why do I agree?

Which do I not like?▪ Why do I not like them?

Future of Psychology?

(Microsoft Office, 2007).

Conclusion

Theories Behavioral Cognitive Developmental Humanist Personality Social Psychology Freud

Future of Psychology EMDR Views

(Microsoft Office, 2007).

References

American Psychiatric Association (2000), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition, Washington DC.

Cherry, K. (2010). Freud's Stages of Psychosexual Development . Retrieved from

http://psychology.about.com/od/theoriesofpersonality/ss/psychosexualdev_7.htm

Cherry, K. (2010). Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory. Retrieved from

http://psychology.about.com/od/developmentecourse/a/dev_psychoanaly.htm

Cherry, K. (2010). Attachment Theory. Retrieved from http://psychology.about.com/od/loveandattraction/a/attachment01.htm

EMDR International. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://emdria2.affiniscape.com/displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=2

Feist, J., & Feist, G. J. (2009). Theories of Personality, Seventh Edition. [University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-Text]. New York,

NY: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc... Retrieved from University of Phoenix, PSY405 - Theories of Personality website.

Halberstadt, M. (1921). Sigmund Freud. Image. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud

Myers, D. (2010). Social Psychology (10th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.

Microsoft Office. (2007). Clip Art.

Olson, M. H. & Hergenhahn, B. R. (2009). An introduction to theories of learning (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ:

Pearson/Prentice Hall.

Schunk, D. H. (2007). Learning Theories: An Educational Perspective (5th Edition). New York: Prentice Hall.