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CHAPTER I

The Problem

Introduction

Peace and order are essential in maintaining social progress and

economic development. It is the policy of the state to “achieve and

maintain an accelerating rate of economic development and social

progress and ensure the maximum participation of all the people in the

attainment and enjoyment of such growth”. It becomes compelling

duty of the law enforcer, the PNP, charged with the responsibility of

maintaining peace and order as the protector of the people and the

state.

The 1987 Constitution provides in Article 11, Sec 5, that: The

maintenance of peace and order, the protection of life, liberty and

property, and the promotion of the general welfare are essential for

the enjoyment by all the people of the blessings of democracy.

Law enforcement agencies in the Philippine collect detailed data

on criminal incidents in their jurisdictions. These data include location

of incidents, description of offenders and narrative information about

incidents.

Crime analysts search these reports to compare incidents with

each other and associate incidents with similar fields. These similar

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incidents possibly indicate multiple incidents committed by the same

person or group of persons. Once the crime analysts have these

associated incidents, they could discover underlying patterns of crimes

and use these patterns to assists in apprehension. This task of

associating crime incidents according to the similarity between

incidents is called crime incident association.

However, performing crime incidents association manually is

time consuming, as noted by Brown and Hagen performing pairwise

comparison on just 500 cases would require more than 1 million hours.

Therefore, the objective of the crime incident association research is to

develop a method to associate crime incidents automatically, as well

as, accurately and thereby to significantly reduce the time required by

manual methods.

Brown and Hagen developed methods for automating crime

incident data association by scoring the similarities between incidents.

Only categorical and numerical variables were considered. Prats

developed methods to perform crime incident association by

considering narrative data. Prats integrated narrative information in

criminal data association using the Term Frequency - Inverse

Document Frequency (TF-IDF) similarity function. The TF-IDF is used in

information retrieval. However, this method cannot measure the

similarity between narrative information accurately and quickly.

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The existence of reliable baseline data and research on crime

incidence is essential in developing and adapting relevant crime

prevention programs and strategies. Such data are equally important

for the monitoring and evaluation of activities undertaken. Currently,

there exists no baseline data on Pili. Accordingly, the purpose of this

study was to investigate the crime incident in Pili, Camarines Sur.

This exploration aims to augment information and statistics on

crime incidence in Pili for the enlargement of crime prevention

programs and strategies. Here is also a necessity to propagate the

information acquired in this study to government authorities at all

levels, Local Government Unit, and Police Organization to contribution

them in developing data, measuring performance and evaluating the

impact of present crime prevention programs of the town.

Statement of the Problem

This study looked into the socio-economic and personal factors

affecting crime prevalence in the municipality of Pili, C/Y 2010-2013.

Specifically, this sought to answer the following question.

1. What are the index and non-index crimes in the Municipality of

Pili from 2010-2013?

2. What is the personal and socio-economic Contributory Factor to

crime prevalence in the Municipality of Pili?

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3. What measures may be proposed to reduce the crime prevalence

in the Municipality of Pili?

Assumption

This study guided with the assumption that;

1. There are varied crimes committed in Pili, Camarines Sur form

2010-2013.

2. There are number of factors that contributed to the incidence of

criminality in the Municipality of Pili as perceived by the PNP,

elected barangay officials and barangay tanods.

3. There are measures which can be instituted for the prevention,

control and lessen the commission of crimes in the municipality.

Importance of the Study

This study is important because it will be useful to the PNP, LGU,

Municipal Government of Pili, barangay tanods, students, school,

community, and other researchers.

The following are expected to benefit the following;

Philippine National Police (PNP). is also a beneficiary of this

study, this will be a source of information in the agency to pursue

relevant programs and to suppress criminality.

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Local Government Unit(LGU). in general and the Barangay

Council in particular, will helped in the assessment of the situation and

evaluate what measures can be taken to prevent the rise of crimes in

the municipality.

Barangay Tanods. This study will guide them on the causes of

crimes and facilitate their work in promoting peace and order in the

municipality.

Students. Especially in the Criminal Justice Education

Department may use this study as reference for the kinds of crimes

committed in any municipality and coping mechanism suggested.

Community. If the peace and order situation in the whole

municipality is maintained, the residents will enjoy a contented and

harmonious interaction with one another thus devote more time and

attention for improving their livelihood and varied occupations.

Other researchers. Data which this study revealed may be

used by other researcher in the completion and enrichment of their

own studies. Especially this will serve as a basis for other persons to

conduct in-depth investigation of conditions and other causes of

criminality in their respective municipalities thereby to contribute a

crime- free society.

Scope and Delimitation

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This study focused on the crimes and the criminality in the

municipality of Pili, Camarines Sur for the past 4 years namely 2010-

2011-2012-2013. This study was conducted from June to October 2014.

Respondents of this study include 43 PNP personnel, 80 elected

barangay officials and 80 barangay tanods. Data were limited to index

and non-index crimes recorded by the PNP of Pili,Camarines Sur. Drug

related crimes were not covered in this study due to confidentiality of

information.

Definition of Terms

In order to have a clearer understanding of this study, some

terms are clarified conceptually and operationally.

Philippine National Police.Is the national police force of the

Republic of the Philippines with a manpower strength of 113,928 as of

end-July 2007. It provides law enforcement services through its

regional, provincial, municipal, district and local police units all over

the islands. (Republic Act 6975)

Access to justice.refers to the courts; the independence,

impartiality and integrity of the judiciary; the prosecution service; and

legal defense and legal aid. (Encarta Encyclopedia Philippine Criminal

Justice System)

7

Barangay Council. Is the legislative body of the barangay.

(http://www.merriam-webster.com)

Criminality. This relates to acts specifically forbidden or enjoined

by law. (http://www.merriam-webster.com)

Barangay Tanods. They are also so called as the “force

multipliers” of the PNP in the barangay. They are appointed by the

barangay captain, their function is to preserve and assist in protecting

the people against law violators. (Encarta Encyclopedia Philippine

Criminal Justice System)

Crime Prevention. Is the attempt to reduce and deter crime and

criminals. it is applied specifically to efforts made by the government

to reduce crime, enforce the law and maintain criminal justice.

(http://www.merriam-webster.com)

Peace And Order. A condition when residents or an ordinary

citizen can walk along the. streets, enjoy his family and social

environment and participate in community. (http://www.merriam-

webster.com)

Crime. Is the breach of rules or laws for which the Philippine

government (via mechanisms such as legal system) can ultimately

prescribe a conviction. While every crime violates the law, not every

violation of the law counts as a crime; for example: breaches of

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contract and of other civil law may rank as "offences" or as

"infractions". (Encarta Encyclopedia Philippine Criminal Justice System)

Index Crimes. refer to those violations of the penal code

considered to have socioeconomic significance, and occur with

sufficient regularity to be meaningful. These include crimes against

person (murder, homicide, physical injury and rape), and crimes

against property (robbery and theft). (Encarta Encyclopedia Philippine

Criminal Justice System)

Murder. refer to the act human killing if committed with any of

the following attendant circumstances: (1) With treachery, taking

advantage of superior strength, with the aid of armed, men, or

employing means to weaken the defense of means or persons to

insure or afford impunity: (2) In consideration of a price, reward, or

promise; (3) By means of inundation, fire, poison, explosion, shipwreck,

stranding of a vessel, derailment or assault upon a street car or

locomotive, fall of an airship, by means of motor vehicles, or with the

use of any other means involving great waste and ruin; (4) On occasion

of any calamities, or of an earthquake, eruption of a volcano,

destructive cyclone, epidemic or other public calamity; (5) With

evident premeditation; (6) With cruelty, by deliberately and inhumanly

augmenting the suffering of the victim, or outraging or scoffing at his

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person or corpse. (Encarta Encyclopedia Philippine Criminal Justice

System)

Non-Index Crimes. refers to all other crimes not classified as

index crimes. These are mostly composed of victimless offenses (e.g.,

crimes against national security, crimes against the fundamental laws

of the state, crimes against public order, crimes against public morals,

and violations of special laws). Non-Index Crime includes negligent

manslaughter, non-aggravated assault, forgery and counterfeiting,

fraud, embezzlement, stolen property, vandalism, weapons,

prostitution & common law vice, sex offenses, narcotic laws, gambling,

offenses against family & children, driving under the influence, liquor

laws, disorderly conduct, and all other crimes not listed here or in the

index crimes. (Encarta Encyclopedia Philippine Criminal Justice System)

Rape. is an assault by a person by a person involving sexual

intercourse with another person without that person’s consent.

(Encarta Encyclopedia Philippine Criminal Justice System)

Robbery. Is the crime of seizing property through violence or

intimidation, as opposed to stealth or fraud (which is theft). At common

law, robbery is defined as taking the property, by means of force or

fear. Robbery differs from simple theft in its use of violence and

intimidation. (http://www.merriam-webster.com)

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Serious Physical Injuries.refer to act of human wounding,

beating, or assaulting another, shall be guilty of the crime of serious

physical injuries. (http://www.merriam-webster.com)

Theft. refers to unauthorized taking, keeping or using another’s

property which must be accompanied by a mens rea of dishonesty

and/or the intent to permanently deprive the owner or the person with

rightful possession of that property or its use. (Encarta Encyclopedia

Philippine Criminal Justice System)

Crime Prevention.  Is the attempt to reduce and deter crime and

criminals. It is applied specifically to efforts made by governments to

reduce crime, enforce the law, and maintain criminal justice. (Encarta

Encyclopedia Philippine Criminal Justice System).

Criminal Law. The body of laws dealing with the criminal offenses

and their puneshments. (http://www.merriam-webster.com)

NOTES

Brown, D.E., Hagen, S..,“Data association method with

applications to law enforcement”,Decision Support Systems, Vol.34.

pp. 369-78. Feb.2002

Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines, 1987, ( Art 11 Sec.

5)

Online Source

11

Encarta Encyclopedia Philippine Criminal Justice System

http://www.merriam-webster.com

CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature and studies

This chapter contains the resume of related literature and

studies. They were taken from published and unpublished materials

including the publication about non-index crime and index crime.

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Profile of Pili Municipality

Pili is a capital of the province of Camarines Sur in the Bicol

Region of the Philippines. According to the 2010 census it has a

population of 82,307, making Pili the second largest municipality of the

province in terms of population. The municipality was classified as 1st

class in terms of income classification in 2007. Pili is one of the

municipality comprising the metropolitan area of metro Naga.

The 1st recorded history of Pili started during the promulgation of

Christianity in the early 1770s by the Spanish missionaries. It was

believed that its development as a town started when the road from

Pili loading to Lagonoy, which was also the route to Legazpi City and

Naga City was constructed. Furthermore, the establishment of the

Philippine National Railways (PNR) station in the municipality paved the

way for Pili to become the second largest center of commerce in the

province of next to the city of Naga. It was establish in 1919 and

named after the Pili nut, now a famous product of the town. On June 6

1955, Pili was declared the new province capital of the Camarines Sur

by virtue of Republic Act 1336, replacing Naga City. Pili is politically

subdivided into 26 barangays Anayan, BagongSirang, Binanuaanan,

Binombong, Cadlan, Caroyroyan, Curry, Del Rosario, Old San Roque,

(Pob) ,Palistina, Pawili, Sagurong, Sagrada, San Agustin, San Antonio

(Pob), San Isidro, San Jose, San Vicente, (Pob.), Santo Nino, Tagbong,

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and Tinangis. There are two Bicol Languages used all over the

municipality, Coastal Bicol on the Northern part, and RinkonadaBikol

on the south. Tagalog, Hilagaynon (Bisaya) and Ilocano are used by

few. English language is widely understood.

Pili's major role in Metro Naga is the incubation of Agro-Industrial, and

Industrial institutions. As of present, Pili is the regional manufacturer of

Purefoods, and Lucky Star Food Products, and the state run Camarines

Sur Manufacturing and Distribution Services. Pili is also the location of

the massive, technologically advanced Bicol Granary and Food

Manufacturing, which is the largest granary, and manufacturing

institute in Southern Luzon. The Bicol Industrial Park located in

Barangay San Jose is also a mass provider of jobs for Agro-Industrial

purposes. The 120-hectare area houses the rice waste to energy plant

sponsored by the Korean Government, the WL Manufacturing Center,

the Bicol Rice Research and Graining Institute, Samsung Electronics

Institute, and the Department of Agriculture Regional Office and

Warehouse. An ice plant owned by an Australian Company is set to

open their own plant in the industrial park. The company is known to

be SM's international company partner.

Other than being the center of agro-industrial business, Piliis also the

third largest commercial center in Camarines Sur, and is the 10th

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largest commercial center in the Bicol Region. Pili host also the very

first SM Hypermart in the Bicol Region, and the fourth Puregold in the

same region. Robinsons also has planned to expand their commerce in

Bicol, by instituting a supermarket at the Diversion Road, near the

crossing by Bula, which would be the third in Bicol. LCC also has

instituted their own mall in Pili, which was the incorporation of the LCC

Supermarket, the old Public Market, and LCC Department Store.

Another mall in Pili is the MetroCenterPili which is the mall developed

by Westpark Development Corporation which aims to construct

metropolitan malls in every municipality part of the Metropolitan Area

of Naga City. The MetroCenterPili is the first mall to be constructed

after the main mall in Naga City, the Avenue Square, and leisure hub,

Westpark Center.

Crime Prevention

In many countries, crime prevention has traditionally been seen

as the responsibility of the police or as stemming from the deterrent

aspects of the law or repression of offenders. However, as a result of

increasing innovation, research and experience throughout the world,

it is now recognized that crime has multiple causes and that many

other sectors of society can have an impact on crime levels and

15

therefore have a responsibility to act to help prevent crime. The police

cannot do so alone (UNODC, 2009).

There is a much broader role for government at all levels in

establishing proactive rather than reactive strategies for preventing

and reducing crime and victimization. Housing, health and job creation,

recreation, social services and environmental services can all make a

significant difference to crime levels when they work in partnership

with the police and justice sector (UNODC, 2009).

More significantly, this is not just a government role, but one that

includes communities and civil society organizations, working in

partnership with government and public and private institutions. For

this reason, this Tool emphasizes the need to understand how security

and safety emerge in a specific context and what measures may be

taken to support governance, and the involvement of stakeholders and

communities in crime prevention.

The assumption that prevention can somehow be accomplished

through the establishment of the rule of law and a viable criminal

justice system remains strong in many countries, nevertheless. Having

a well-resourced and well-run criminal justice system has been

assumed to be the best way not only to build strong democratic

institutions, but also to prevent crime. What has become increasingly

clear, however, is that this is not necessarily the case (UNODC, 2009).

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In developed countries such as the United Kingdom of Great Britain

and Northern Ireland, for example, over a 10-year period significant

increases in penalties, in the numbers of police and in resources for

youth justice have resulted in increasing numbers of young people

being drawn into the criminal justice system and being charged or

placed in custody (Solomon and Garside, 2008).

Crime Trends in Asia

For many developed countries in Asia, the likelihood of a family

being the victim of a common property crime such as burglary or car

theft has decreased gradually in the last few years. Yet, owing to an

extended rise in crime rates in the 1960s and 1970s, the likelihood of a

family falling victim to a crime in the year 2000 is still between two

and three times higher than it was in the 1960s. The likelihood of

violent crime continues to increase to rates that are several times what

they were in the 1960s. Violence against women and crimes

committed by and against youth are matters of particular concern

(Reports on Tenth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime

and the Treatment of Offenders, 2000).

Even in countries where crime rates are decreasing, levels of

public insecurity and fear remain high. It is well known that levels of

insecurity are related to factors other than crime itself: a sense of

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insecurity may be exacerbated by several factors, including precarious

living conditions, rising unemployment and little hope for the future.

Crime, however, remains a main source of public insecurity (Reports on

Tenth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the

Treatment of Offenders, 2000).

For many developing countries and countries with economies in

transition, crime rates have escalated dramatically in recent decades.

Studies show that nine of the 10 countries with the highest rates of

serious violent crime are those with economies in transition. Murder

rates in some cities in developing countries are 10 times or more than

those of developed countries in Europe (Reports on Tenth United

Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of

Offenders, 2000).

The social consequences of crime are significant. Crime affects

the poor in urban areas more frequently and more deeply than other

groups of the population (Graeme, 1999). It leads to shattered lives for

victims and has an impact on society in general, seen in the increase in

measures taken to ensure private security, loss of confidence in the

justice system for a large segment of society and architecture of fear.

Generally, the highest rates of homicide, between 22 and 64 per

100,000 populations tend to occur in cities of developing countries

(Graeme, 1999).

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Philippine Laws relating to Crime

Presidential Decree No. 1866 are laws on illegal/unlawful

possession, manufacture, dealing in, acquisition or disposition, of

firearms, ammunition or explosives or instruments used in the

manufacture of firearms ammunition or explosives and imposing stiffer

penalties for certain violations thereof and for relevant purposes.

Republic Act No. 9165 enacted on June 7, 2007 is an act

instituting the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, repealing

Republic Act No. 6425, otherwise known as The Dangerous Drugs Act

of 1972, as amended, providing funds therefore, and for other

purposes.

Republic Act No. 8294 is an act amending the provisions of

Presidential Decree No. 1866, as amended, entitled “Codifying the

Laws on Illegal/Unlawful Possession, manufacture, dealing in,

acquisition or disposition of firearms, ammunition or explosives or

instruments used in the manufacture of firearms, ammunition or

explosives, and imposing stiffer penalties for certain violations thereof

and for relevant purposes.”

Republic Act No. 7610 enacted on June 17, 1997 is an act

providing for stronger deterrence and special protection against child

abuse, exploitation and discrimination and for other purposes.

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Crime Trends in the Philippines

Despite some improvement in law and order, crime remained a

major problem through the end of the 1980s in the Philippines. Police

attributed the country's chronic crime problems to a variety of social

and cultural factors. Widespread poverty and rapid population growth

were frequently cited. Population pressures and a shortage of land and

jobs in rural areas had produced a steady internal migration to the

cities. This urbanization of a traditionally agrarian society was

commonly mentioned as cause for increased crime rates. In particular,

police pointed to the rapid growth of urban slum and squatter areas;

more than 25 percent of the population of Metro-Manila was thought to

be squatters in the late 1980s. Widespread possession of firearms--

including automatic rifles--was another factor contributing to crime.

Undisciplined private armies, usually maintained by local politicians

and wealthy families, and numerous organized crime gangs were the

biggest violators of firearms laws. The Communist and Muslim

insurgencies compounded the problem of proliferating guns and

violence. Piracy and smuggling also were thriving criminal industries,

especially in the southern portions of the archipelago (Winslow, 2002).

According to the police, the incidence of serious crime escalated

through the early 1980s, from approximately 250 crimes per 100,000

population in 1979, to a sustained level of around 310 during 1984

20

through 1987, then declined in 1988 and 1989. In 1988 the crime rate

dipped below 300 crimes per 100,000 people, and then fell

dramatically in 1989 to 251 crimes per 100,000 citizens. Because of

differing reporting practices and degrees of coverage, it was difficult to

compare Philippine crime rates to those of other countries (Winslow,

2002).

Government officials attributed the decrease in crime to

improved police work, but economic conditions appeared to be as

important. The deterioration in law and order during the early and mid-

1980s accompanied a steadily worsening economy, whereas the

improvement in the late 1980s paralleled renewed economic growth

under Aquino. Not surprisingly, crime rates were highest in major

urban areas, where unemployment was the highest. Regionally,

peninsular southern Luzon, the western Visayan Islands, and portions

of Mindanao--impoverished rural areas where insurgents were active--

had the most criminal activity in the mid-1980s (Winslow, 2002).

Drug use and trafficking were growing problems during the

1980s, particularly in marijuana. Cultivation was geographically

widespread, but the mountainous portions of northern Luzon and the

central Visayas were the major marijuana-growing centers. During the

late 1980s, another drug, methamphetamine, was fast becoming a

narcotics problem. Known locally as shabu, it had generally been

21

smuggled into the country, but domestic production expanded sharply

in 1989 to meet growing demand. Coca cultivation was not significant

in 1989, and there was no evidence of opium poppy cultivation or

heroin manufacture (Winslow, 2002).

The Philippines remained a center of drug trafficking and

transshipment. Cannabis growers exported their product to Hong Kong,

Japan, Australia, and the United States, and Philippine waters were

routinely used by other smugglers as a transshipment point for

Southeast Asian marijuana bound for North America. Manila's Ninoy

Aquino International Airport, too, was used for transshipment of heroin

and marijuana destined for Guam, Australia, Europe, and the United

States. Production and trafficking of illegal drugs was accomplished by

a variety of domestic and foreign criminal groups, notably Australian,

American, and ethnic Chinese Filipinos. Communist insurgents also

were involved in marijuana cultivation (Winslow, 2002).

Corruption remained a serious problem in the early 1990s, and

its elimination was one of the government's most vexing challenges.

Despite persistent efforts, petty graft was commonplace, and high-

level corruption scandals periodically rocked the government. As part

of its continuing efforts to weed out official malfeasance, the

government maintained a special anticorruption court, known as the

Sandiganbayan (Winslow, 2002).

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Other government initiatives targeted corruption, crime, and

terrorism. Peace and Order Councils at the national, regional, and

provincial level were rejuvenated under Aquino. By regularly bringing

together responsible government, military, and community leaders,

the government hoped to improve the effectiveness of its anticrime

and counterinsurgency programs. AFP and police commanders also

attempted to address the problems of internal corruption and abuse,

which, they admitted, undermined public confidence in, and

cooperation with, the security forces. Top military leaders routinely

publicized retraining programs, the discharge and demotion of

scalawags in the ranks, and other measures designed to improve

discipline. The military also mounted a counternarcotic effort,

spearheaded by the constabulary's Narcotics Command. Government

agents more than doubled arrests during 1989 and eradicated millions

of marijuana plants, but they still found it difficult to keep pace with

the growing drug trade.

The crime rate in the Philippines is low compared to

industrialized countries. An analysis was done using INTERPOL data for

the Philippines. For purpose of comparison, data were drawn for five of

the seven offenses used to compute the United States FBI's index of

crime. Index offenses include murder, forcible rape, robbery,

aggravated assault, and motor vehicle theft. The Philippines does not

23

report data for burglary, and theft data do not exclude burglary and

are thus not comparable to FBI data on larceny. Lacking complete data

on property crimes, the combined total of these offenses constituting

the Index used for trend calculation purposes cannot be made. The

Philippines will be compared with Japan (country with a low crime rate)

and USA (country with a high crime rate) with the data available.

According to the INTERPOL data, for murder, the rate in 2000

was 7.85 for the Philippines, 1.10 for Japan, and 5.51 for USA. For rape,

the rate in 2000 was 4.21 for the Philippines, compared with 1.78 for

Japan and 32.05 for USA. For robbery, the rate in 2000 was 8.06 for the

Philippines, 4.08 for Japan, and 144.92 for USA. For aggravated assault,

the rate in 2000 was 15.10 for the Philippines, 23.78 for Japan, and

323.62 for USA. The rate for motor vehicle theft in 2000 was 3.26 for

the Philippines, compared with 44.28 for Japan and 414.17 for USA.

Crime Statistics in the Philippines

In the Philippines, between 1997 and 2000, according to

INTERPOL data, the rate of murder decreased from 14.11 to 7.85, an

decrease of 44.4%. The rate for rape was not given for 1997. The rate

of robbery increased from 7.94 to 8.06, an increase of 1.5%. The rate

for aggravated assault decreased from 17.37 to 15.10 per 100,000, an

decrease of 13.1%. Data were not given on auto thefts for 1997.

24

Limited studies were found on regional and provincial crime

statistics in the Philippines. One study conducted by the National

Statistical Coordination Board (2009) focused on Crime Incidence,

Crime Rate/ and Crime Solution Efficiency Rate in Region XI as of 2008.

The preceding section discusses the results of this study:

Crime statistics of the Philippine National Police XI revealed that

in 2008, among the provinces and cities in Region XI, Davao del Sur

posted the lowest crime rate with only 40 crimes per 100,000

populations. Among the four provinces in the region, Davao del Norte

had the highest crime rate of 74 crimes per 100,000 while Samal City

recorded the lowest crime incidence among cities with 64 crimes per

100,000 population (NCSB, 2009).

On the other hand, of the total 5,164 crimes committed in the

region in 2008, about 60 percent (3,115) of this were non-index crimes

while the remaining 40 percent (2,049) were index crimes. Among the

index crimes committed, physical injuries recorded the highest with

573 cases or about 28.0 percent of the total index crimes. This was

followed by murder with 540 reported cases or roughly 26.4 percent of

the total. Homicide posted the lowest among index crimes committed

in the region with only 132 cases or 6.4 percent of the total (NCSB,

2009).

25

In terms of crime solution efficiency, or the percentage of crimes

solved, the Philippine National Police in Region XI was able to solve

90.6 percent of the total crimes reported in the region in 2008. The

province of Compostela Valley topped the other provinces in the region

as it recorded the highest crime solution efficiency with 92.8 percent

while police authorities in Samal City managed to solve 98.5 percent,

the highest among the cities in the region (NCSB, 2009).

Among the industrialized towns in Cavite, Carmona is considered

the most peaceful. It has a very low crime rate at 7.15%, with a crime

solution efficiency of 90%, despite the unfavorable policeman-to-

population ratio of 1:1,788. This is made possible through the

concerted efforts of the Carmona PNP, private volunteer groups, and

organizations with the local government taking the lead.

The local police force of Carmona works in close cooperation with

other PNP units and agencies both in the provincial and national level. 

Extending support to its efforts, the Carmona Traffic Management

Office oversees road safety and regulations.  Moreover, emergencies

and fires are quickly responded to by the local Bureau of Fire Station

with additional enforcements from other fire stations in Cavite.

Synthesis of the State-of-the-Art

26

For the past decade there are speeding rates of crime each year.

Our country continues facing the increasing rate of crime. San

Fernando also facing these issues of increased the crime rate. As per

studies and literature reviewed similarities and differences showed.

Studies and Literature are alike for they both wanted to eradicate this

big problem.

The study of Graeme, Solomon and Garside deals directly to the

factors that affect the crime rates. They emphasis the precarious living

conditions, rising unemployment and little hope for the future, and

pointed out the role of the government in establishing proactive rather

than reactive strategies for preventing and reducing crime and

victimization.

Winslow focused also in major problem that affects the rates of

crime at the end of the 1980’s in the Philippines. It’s focused on the

Police attributed the country’s chronic crime problems to a variety of

social and cultural factors.

According to the National Statistical Coordination Board the

Crime Statistics of the PNP revealed that in 2008, among provinces and

cities in Region XI, Davao del Sur posted the lowest crime rate, among

the four provinces in the region Davao del Norte had the highest crime

rate in the Philippines.

27

Gap bridged by the study

All literature and studies reviewed dealt with the Trends and

Statistics. While a few touched on law relating to crime. Not one

ventured to investigate on the rates of index and non-index crime

occurring in Pili. This is the gap which the study attempted to bridge.

THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

The theories that supported this study are Abraham Maslow

“Need Hierarchy Theory”, Karl Marx “Theory of Social Change” and

Jean JacquezRoussean “Theory of Natural Man”.

Abraham Maslow developed the Hierarchy of Needsmodelin

1940-50s USA, and the Hierarchy of Needs theory remains valid today

for understanding human motivation, management training, and

personal development. Indeed, Maslow’s ideas surrounding the

Hierarchy of Needs concerning the responsibility of employers to

provide a workplace environment that encourages and enable

employees to fulfill their own unique potential (Self-actualization) are

today more relevant than ever. Abraham Maslow’s book Motivation and

Personality, published in 1954 (second edition 1970) introduced the

Hierarchy of Needs, and Maslow extended his ideas in other work,

notably his later book Toward A Psychology Of Being, a significant and

28

relevant commentary, which has been revised in recent times by

Richard Lowry, who is in his own right leading academic in the field of

motivational psychology.

Abraham Maslow was born in New York in 1908 and died in 1970,

although various publications appear in Maslow’s name in later years.

Maslow’s PhD in psychology in 1934 at the University of Wisconsin

formed the basis of his motivational research, initially studying rhesus

monkeys. Maslow later moved to New York’s Brooklyn College.

The Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs five-stage model below (structure

and terminology- not the precise pyramid diagram itself) is clearly and

directly attributable to Maslow; later versions of the theory with added

motivational stages are not so clearly attributable to Maslow. These

extended models have instead been inferred by others from Maslow’s

work. Specifically Maslow refers to the needs cognitive, Aesthetic and

Transcendence (subsequently shown as distinct needs levels in some

interpretation of his theory) as additional aspects of motivation, but as

not distinct levels in the Hierarchy of Needs.

There have been very many interpretations of Maslow’s Hierarchy of

Needs in the form of pyramid diagrams. The diagrams on this page are

my own interpretations and are not offered as Maslow’s book

29

Motivation and Personality, which first introduced the Hierarchy of

Needs, there is not a pyramid to be seen.

Social ChangeMarx’z focused on the social change is central to his

thinking. He believed that the development of productive forces was

the root of social change. In the process of transforming nature,

however, man transforms themselves. Human history is the process by

which men change themselves even as they as they devise more

powerful ways to exploit their environment. “Men begin to distinguish

themselves from animals as soon as they begin to produce their means

of subsistence”. In contrast to all other animals who can only passively

adjust to nature’s requirement by finding a niche in the ecological

order that allows them to subsist, man is active in relation to his

surroundings. People alone fashion tools with which to transform the

natural environment.

“Men who every day remake their own life in the process of production

can do so only in association with others.” These associations-these

relations of production-are critical in understanding social life.

In their struggle against nature to gain their livelihood, men create

specific social organizations that are very much in tune with the forces

of production.

30

All of these social organizations, with the exception of those prevailing

in the original state of primitive communism are characterized by

social inequality.

As societies merge from primitive communism, the division of labor

leads to emergence of stratified classes of men. These strata are

distinguished by their differential access to the forces of production

and thus their differential access to power. Given relatively scarcity,

whatever economic surplus has been accumulated will be taken by

those who have attained dominance through their ownership or control

over the forces of production. The exploited and the exploiters have

confronted one another from the beginnings or recorded time. The

dominance of the exploiters often challenged.

Theory of Natural Human. The first man who, having fenced in a piece

of land, said “This is mine,” and found people naïve enough to believe

him, that man was true founder of civil society.

From how many crimes, wars, and murders, from how manyhorrors

and misfortunes might not any one have saved mankind, by pulling up

the stakes, or filling up the ditch, and crying to his fellows: Beware of

listening to this impostor; you are undone if you once forget that the

fruits of the earth belongs to us all, and the earth itself is nobody. In

31

common with other philosophers of the day, Rousseau looked to a

hypothetical State of Nature as a normative guide.

Rousseau criticized Hobbes for asserting that since man in the

“state of nature”. . . has no idea of goodness he must be naturally

wicked; that he is vicious because he does not know the virtue”. On

the contrary, Rousseau holds that “uncorrupted morals” prevail in the

“state of nature” and he especially praised the admirable moderation

of the Caribbean’s in expressing the sexual urge despite the fact that

they live in an a hot climate, which “always seems to inflame the

passions”.

Rousseau asserted that the stage of human development

associated with what he called “savages” were the best and most

optimal in human development, between the less-than optimal

extreme of brute animals on the one hand and the extreme of

decadent civilization on the other.”. . .nothing is so gentle as man in

his primitive state, when placed by nature at an equal distance from

the stupidity of brutes and the fatal enlightenment of civil man.”

Referring to the stage of human development which Rousseau

associates with savages, “Hence although men had become less

forbearing, and although natural pity had already undergone some

alteration, this period of development of human faculties, maintaining

32

a middle position between the indolence of our primitive state and the

petulant activity of our egocentrism, must have been the happiest and

the most durable epoch. The more one reflects on it, the more one

finds that this state was the least subject to upheavals and the best for

man, and that he must have left it only by virtue of some fatal chance

happening.

Need Hierarchy Theory(Abraham Maslow)

“Man seeks tosatisfy thelower levelneeds. When satisfiedseek the high level

Theory of Natural Human(Jean Jacques Rousseau)(Jean Piaget’s)

Man is borngood but society makes him bad and corrupt”.

Social Change(Karl Marx)

Social control a

Modification of behavior”.

DECREASE THERATES OFINDEX ANDNON-INDEXCRIMES

CRIME FREE

MUNICIPALITY

33

Figure 1

Theoretical Paradigm

Conceptual Framework

The perspective of the study was realized through the conceptual

framework as shown to Figure 1.

Input.The inputs provided the components to be worked with

such that the goals of this study will attain. This included the non-index

and index crime in each barangay. Next is on how the Socio-economic

and Personal Factors affects the prevalence of crime in Municipality of

Pili. And lastly is identification of how to reduce the prevalence of

crime in Pili.

Process. The procedure started with a letter sent to the head of

the PSO for the approval of conducting the study, followed by

gathering the data using a questionnaire, observations and

unstructured interviews. Gathered information was calculated through

34

percentage technique and weighted mean. The data gathered was

interpreted.

Output. The outcome of the interpreted data was used to arrive

to a suggestive Measure can be done to prevent the rates of the index

crimes and the non-index crime in Pili, Camarines Sur.

INPUT PROCESS

OUTPUT

1.DataGathering -Questionnaires, -Interview, -Documentary Analysis

2. Data Processing -Statistical Treatment

3. Data analysis and Interpretation

Measures instituted to

prevent, control or minimize the

commission of crimes.

1. What type of non-index crimes are recorded by the police force in Pili, Camarines Sur from year 2010-2013?

2. What year has the most number of crime occurrences?

3. Factors contributing the commission of crime.4. What measure can be done to minimize the occurrence of crimes in Pili, Camarines Sur?

35

Figure 1

Conceptual Paradigm

NOTES

PNP Directorate of Information.Compendium of Master Plans for

Police Operation,PNP National Headquarters, Camp Crame Quezon

City.

Charles N Deleon. “Crimes Incidence in MilaorCamarines Sur

2005-2007”. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Naga College

Foundation, 2008)

Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Naga College Foundation, 2008.

Greame, N. ed. (1999)Global Report on Crime an Justice. New

York, Oxford University Press; K. Kangaspunta and others. Crime and

Criminal Justice Systems in Europe and North America( Helsinki, HEUNI,

1998).

Feedback

36

National Statistical Coordination Board.(2009). Davao del Sur

posts lowest crime rate in Davao Region, NCSB Fact Sheet, FS200910-

R11-04.

Report of the Secretary-in General on United Nations standards

and norms in crime prevention and criminal justice. E/CN.(November

15, 2007).

Report on Tenth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of

Crime and the Treatment of offenders. Vienna, 10-17 April 2000.

Solomon and R. Garside (2008) Ten years of Criminal Justice

under Labor: an Independent Audit. London, Centre for Crime and

Justice Studies.

Online Source

Winslow, R. (2002). Philippines Crime and Society: A comparative Criminology Tour of the World.San Diego State University. Retrieved from http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/faculty/rwinslow/asia_pacific/philippines.html on September 21013.

CHAPTER III

METHODS AND PROCEDURE

This chapter presents the research methodology, sources of

data, procedure of investigation, data gathering tools and statistical

treatment of data.

37

Method Used

The descriptive-correlation method was used in this study.

Descriptive in the sense that existing conditions relating to crime and

criminality in the municipality of Pili were assessed. The correlation

method was used in relating the perception of law enforcers and the

barangay leaders regarding the factors that contribute to the cause of

crimes in Pili.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of this study were composed of the several

police forces in the Municipality of Pili, having a total of 43 policemen,

the barangay elected officials and barangay tanods of each barangay,

having a total of two hundred three (203).

Table 1

Respondents of the Study

Respondents N n PercentPNP Personnel 80 43 53.73

Barangay elected officials 182 80 43.96

Barangay Tanods 338 80 23.67Total 600 203 100.00

Procedure of Investigation

A permit to undertake this study was requested from the head of

the Police station in Pili. Similarly another request was obtained from

the Municipal Mayor of Pili as well as the barangay captains of the 26

barangays. The prepared questionnaires were hand carried by the

38

researchers for the distribution. This gave them an opportunity to

conduct an interview, observe the conditions in the municipality and

have an informal conversation with the residents. Retrieval of the

accomplished questionnaires was done by the researchers. This gave

them a chance to clarify some items in the study and in particular, the

questionnaires which classified questionnaires were classified and the

results are tallied.

Data Gathering Tools

Four data gathering tools were used. These were the

questionnaires, unstructured interview, observation and documentary

analysis.

Questionnaire. The questionnaire was composed of three parts.

Part 1 dealt with the kinds of crimes committed in the municipality of

Pili and the frequency of occurrence of each in the 26 barangay. Part II

dealt with the major factors that contributed to the incidence of the

crimes. Part III dealt with the measures that may be instituted. To

prevent, control or minimize the commission the commission of such

crimes.

A dry run of the questionnaire was conducted among selected

senior criminology students and instructors of the Criminal Justice

Education Department of the Naga College Foundation. Vague

39

questions were further clarified. Suggestions to further clarification

were inculpated in the final draft.

Unstructured Interview. Information not revealed in the

questionnaire as well as responses that were Vague were cross

checked through the unstructured guide was questions asked were

taken from the questionnaire, hence, no interview guide was used.

Documentary Analysis.To verify data obtained from the

accomplished questionnaire the researcher referred to the respective

records of barangay offices the complaints recorded in the NCRS were

also examined. Court cases were verified from court records.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The data gathered were treated using the following tools:

a. Percentage Technique. This was used to determine the profile

of the respondent. Its composed as follows:

P =Fx 100 where : P = is the percentage n = number of respondent

100 = the constantb. Weighted Mean. This was used to measure the Contributory

Factors that affects the rates of criminality in municipality of

Pili. Its composed as follows:

Mw= Fs where: Mw = is the weighted mean

F= is the frequency

S = scale of the responses

N = is the number of the respondents

NOTES

40

Consuelo G. Sevilla, et al. Research Methods.

(Manila: Rex Bookstore, 1992) p. 184

Estela Adanza. Research Methods Principles and

Application.( Manila. Rex Bookstore, 1993) pp 157-159

CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

41

This chapter presents the result of this study, as well as the

interpretation derived from the products of the document analysis,

questionnaire, to the respondents.

Types of Index Crime

This section shows the recorded index crime of Pili Police Station,

calendar year 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013.

Table 2

“Index Crimes Occurred in the Municipality of Pili”

PeriodCases

2010 2011 2012 2013

f % f % f % f % Total

%

Murder 2 1.77 4 2.99 6 3.17 1 0.11 13 0.94

Homicide 2 1.77 3 2.24 8 4.23 13 1.47 26 1.89

Physical Injuries 82 48.23

33 2.46 33 17.46

527 59.49 675 48.95

Rape 0 0 3 2.24 2 1.05 10 1.13 15 1.09

Robbery 23 13.53

31 23.13 16 8.47 64 7.22 134 9.71

Theft 60 35.29

27 20.14 20 10.58

257 29.00 364 26.49

Car napping 1 0.59 1 0.74 3 1.59 12 1.35 14 1.02

Cattle Rustling 0 0 2 1.49 0 0 2 0.22 4 0.29

Total 170 134

189

886

1379 100

Table 2. Index crime is violations of the penal code considered to

have socioeconomic significance, and occur with sufficient regularity to

be meaningful. These include crimes against person and against

42

property. The table shows the recorded index crime in Pili Police

Station calendar year 2010-2011-2012-2013. Its show that Physical

Injuries and theft is most crime occurrence in the year 2010 with a

percentage of forty eight point twenty three percent (48.23%) and it

fall to two point forty six percent (2.46%) in the year 2011 which relate

to the Crime Statistic in the year 2009 recorded the highest with 573

cases. (NCSB, 2009).And on the succeeding year the rate of the

Physical Injuries was increase with the five hundred twenty seven

cases were recorded in the year 2013 with the percentage of fifty nine

point forty nine percent (59.49). Homicide is the lowest crime

occurrence in the year 2010 with two (2) cases were recorded with one

point seventy seven percent (1.77%) which also relate to the crime

statistic in the Philippine in the year 2009 which also recorded as the

lowest index crime rate. (NCSB, 2009). In the year 2013 theft was

become larger than 2012 with two hundred fifty seven (257) cases of

theft was recorded in the municipality of pili with twenty nine point

nine percent. A Car napping case in municipality of pili is silently being

committed almost one in year 2010, 2011. In the year 2013 all the

case in municipality of Pili was become bigger because all the cases

was recorded only in Main Police station Municipality of Pili. Cattle

rusting was also being committed in Muncipality of Pili were committed

only in the year 2011 and 2013. This show that in Municipality of Pili a

43

lot of index crime being recorded in the year covered by this research

and also revealed that physical injuries is most committed index crime

in the municipality of pili.

Types of Non-Index Crime

This section shows the recorded non-index crime of Pili Police

Station, calendar year 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013.

Table 2B

“Index Crimes Occurred in the Municipality of Pili”

Cases 2010 2011 2012 2013 Total

%

Frq

% Frq

% Frq

%Frq %

Malicious mischief

2 10 4 30.77

5 15.15

4 20 15 16.30

Alarm and Scandal

2 10 1 7.69 6 18.18

3 15 12 13.04

RIRH 3 15 2 15.38

1 3.03 1 7.69

7 7.61

Vehicular Accident

4 20 1 7.69 1 3.03 1 7.69

7 7.61

Estafa 3 15 1 7.69 2 6.06 2 10 7 7.61Threats 1 5 1 7.69 5 15.1

51 7.6

98 8.79

Illegal Fishing

1 5 0 0 1 3.03 1 7.69

3 3.26

Unjust vexation

1 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Violation of R.A. 9165

1 5 0 0 7 21.21

7 21.21

15 16.30

Violation of R.A. 9262

0 0 1 7.69 4 12.12

3 15 8 8.79

Violation of R.A. 7610

2 10 2 15.38

1 3.03 3 15 8 8.79

Total 2

0

100 13 100 33 100 26 100 92 100

44

Table 2b .Non-index mostly composed of victimless offenses

(e.g., crimes against national security, crimes against the fundamental

laws of the state, crimes against public order, crimes against public

morals, and violations of special laws). The table shows the

documented non-index crime in Pili Police Station c/y 2010-2011-2012.

Year 2010 there’s a lot of non-index crime recorded by the Police Force

of Pili Vehicular Accident with twenty percent (20%) it become top

because recklessness of the driver of the tricycle in the municipality. In

the year 2011 malicious mischief was the top non-index crime

recorded by the Police Force of Pili with thirty point seventy seven

(30.77) and then fell dramatically to fifteen point fifteen (15.15) year

2012, Violation of R.A. 9165 was the highest frequency recorded by the

Pili Police Station force with twenty one point twenty one percent

(21.21).

Table 3

“Socio-Economic Factors Contributory to the Crime Prevalence in Municipality Pili”

PNP BO BT AWM

I R

A.INDICATORSDrunkenness resulting to traffic accidents

2.45 2.14 2.79 2.46 VO 1

Violence under the influence of drugs

2.27 2.19 2.15 2.20 LO 2

Extreme depression due to 2.20 2.58 1.25 2.01 LO 3

45

povertyIndebtedness due to gambling resulting in violence

1.70 1.36 2.15 1.74 LO 4

Social rejection due to aggressive behavior

1.69 1.65 1.60 1.65 NO 5

Peer or “Barkada” influence resulting to robbery

1.48 1.65 1.39 1.51 NO 6.5

Frustration due to unemployment

1.40 1.70 1.42 1.51 NO 6.5

Persecution due to political motives

1.69 1.13 1.56 1.46 NO 8.5

Uneducated or out-of-school 1.50 1.40 1.47 1.46 NO 8.5Unemployment 1.48 1.20 1.50 1.40 NO 10

TOTAL 1.75 1.70 1.73 1.73 LOLegend: Very much Observed (VO)2.30-3.00 Less Observed (LO)1.67-2.32 Not Observed (NO)1.00-1.66

Table 3. The table shows the socio-economic factors to crime

prevalence in Municipality of Pili. The ranking shows the that

Drunkenness resulting to traffic accidents is top among the socio

economic factors with the AWM of two point forty six (2.46) which is

Very much observe in the municipality of pili which may result to

physical injuries which is most crime occurrence in the year 2013 in

municipality of Pili, while on the other hand Violence under the

influence of drugs was second in ranking with the AWM of two point

twenty (2.20). While unemployment is last among the socio economic

factors with the AWM of one point forty (1.40) which is unemployment

is very rampant in the Philippines especially in bicol region.

Table 3B

46

“Personal Factors Contributory to the Crime Prevalence in Municipality of Pili”

PNP BO BT AWM

I R

B. INDICATORSJuvenile delinquency of children from broken home or separated families.

2.14 2.19 2.29 2.21 LO 1

Rape cases due to situational provocation.

2.17 1.95 1.86 1.99 LO 2

Infidelity of marital partner (either husband or wife)

1.81 1.91 2.15 1.96 LO 3

Frustration due to unsatisfactory sexual relation

2.02 1.84 1.98 1.95 LO 4

Child Abuse/Child molestation 1.72 1.9 1.78 1.87 LO 5Jealousy due to unrequited love affair

1.67 2.11 1.7 1.83 LO 6

TOTAL 1.92 1.98 1.96 1.95 LOLegend: Very much Observed (3)2.30-3.00 Less Observed (2)1.67-2.32 Not Observed (1)1.00-1.66

Table 3B. The table shows the personal factor that may

contribute in the commission of crime. Juvenile delinquency of children

from broken home or separated families top among the personal

factors which is very much observed the PNP personnel of Pili police

station with awm of 2.21, While on the other hand rank two (2) rape

cases due to situational provocation with the AWM of one point ninety

nine (1.99) which is less observed and also child abuse/child

molestation is not also less observed with the AWM of one point eighty

seven (1.87) and Jealousy due to unrequited love affair last among the

personal factor that affect in the commission of crime in the

municipality of pili with awm one point eighty three which is less

47

observed. This result that juvenile delinquent of separated family are

very serious factors that affect the commission of the crime in the

municipality of pili

Table 3C

Summary Table of Contributory Factors as perceived by PNP, Barangay Tanods and Brangay Officials of Pili

Aspects PNP BrgyOffi.

BrgyTan.

AWM

Inter.

Rank

Personal Factors 1.92 1.98 1.96 1.95 LO 1

Socio- Economic Factors 1.75 1.70 1.73 1.73 LO 2

TOTAL 1.83 1.84 1.85 1.84 LO

Legend: Very much Observed (3)2.30-3.00 Less Observed (2)1.67-2.32 Not Observed (1)1.00-1.66

Table 3D

Summary Table of the Socio-Economic and Personal Factors to the Crime Prevalence in the Municipality of Camarines Sur

Indicators AWM Interpretation

Rank

Drunkenness resulting to traffic accidents

2.45 Very much Observed

1

Juvenile delinquency of children from broken home or separated families.

2.30 Very much Observed

2

Violence under the influence of drugs

2.27 Less Observed 3

Extreme depression due to poverty

2.20 Less Observed 4

Rape cases due to situational provocation.

1.89 Less Observed 5

Infidelity of marital partner (either husband or wife)

1.84 Less Observed 6.5

48

Frustration due to unsatisfactory sexual relation

1.84 Less Observed 6.5

Indebtedness due to gambling resulting in violence

1.70 Less Observed 8

Social rejection due to aggressive behavior

1.69 Less Observed 9.5

Peer or “Barkada” influence resulting to robbery

1.69 Less Observed 9.5

Frustration due to unemployment

1.50 Not Observed 11.5

Child Abuse/Child molestation 1.50 Not Observed 11.5Jealousy due to unrequited love affair

1.49 Not Observed 13

Persecution due to political motives

1.48 Not Observed 14.5

Uneducated or out-of-school 1.48 Not Observed 14.5Unemployment 1.40 Not Observed 16

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter, the researchers present the result of the findings

based on the interpretation and analysis of the tabulated and recorded

data coming from documentary analysis and interview. The knowledge

based information given by the Police Officer in Pili Police Station.

This study looked into the Crime Incidence in the Municipality of

Pili, Camarines Sur from the calendar year of 2010-2011-2012-2013.

Specifically, the following questions were answered;

49

Problem No.1.What is the Index and Non-Index crime in the

Municipality of Pili from calendar year of 2010-2011-2012-2013?

Finding:

1. The researcher study shows that there are eight types of index

crime recorded by the Pili Police Station which is Murder, Homicide,

Physical Injuries, Rape, Robbery, Theft, Carnapping, and Cattle

Rustling. It was found out that Physical Injuries and Theft was topped

among the cases in the year 2010 and also Physical Injuries and

Robbery was the leading cases documented in the year 2011. In the

year 2012 and 2013, Physical Injuries and Theft was also the primary

cases recorded by the Pili Police Station.

2. This study also revealed that there are several types of Non-

Index crime recorded by the Pili Police Station. Violation of other Non-

Index Crimes was topped among the cases in year 2010 and 2011. It

was found out that Violation of Special Laws was leading in year 2012

and in year 2013, Other Non-Index Crime was also primary cases

recorded by Pili Police Station.

Conclusion:

50

1. Based on the finding in index crime that physical injuries is

commonly committed in municipality of pili therefore the researcher

conclude that municipal police station of pili should address this

problem by information the community about occurrence of crime in

their community.

2. According to the findings it was revealed that violation of a

non-index crime is being committed through negligent manslaughter

for that reason we conclude that municipal police station should make

a campaigned to address the occurrence of non-index crime in

municipality of pili.

Recommendations:

1. We highly recommend to minimize the rapid increase of index-

crime incidence in Pili is to have a Police Community Relation and

Police Visibility that provide direct service to the community and to

enhance awareness and appreciation on the value of community

involvement and partnership in crime prevention program and

community development activities. 

2. The researcher recommends avoiding the occurrence of the

non-index crime in the municipality of pili that the municipal police

station of pili have an annual campaigned against criminal to avoid the

commission of the non-index crime in Pili.

51

Problem No.2 What are the personal and socio-economic contributory

factors to crime prevalence in the Municipality of Pili?

Findings:

1. The major socio-economic factors to crime prevalence in

Municipality of Piliis socio-economic factors wherein Drunkenness

resulting to traffic accidents (AWM 2.46), Violence under the influence

of drugs (AWM 2.20) and Extreme depression due to poverty (AWM

2.01), Indebtedness due to gambling resulting in violence (AWM 1.74),

Social rejection due to aggressive behavior (AWM 1.65), Peer or

“Barkada” influence of resulting to robbery (AWM 1.51)and some of the

factors is not observed in the municipality of Pili.

2. Personal factors that contribute to crime prevalence is Juvenile

delinquency of children from broken home or separated families (AWM

2.21), Rape cases due to situational provocation (AWM 1.99), Infidelity

of marital partner either husband or wife (AWM 1.1.96), Frustration due

to unsatisfactory sexual relation (AWM 1.95) and some of the Personal

factors is merely not observed the municipality of Pili.

Conclusion:

52

1. Based on the finding it was revealed that in socio-economic

factors that contribute in the crime prevalence in pili the researcher

conclude to address the socio-economic factors in the prevalence of

crime in pili the local government should allocate a livelihood program

to those who unemployed that why it may lessen the occurrence of

crime thru this contributory factors.

2. The researcher therefore concludes that the municipal police

station had a harmonious relationship to the community to avoid these

factors in the commission of the crime in the municipality of pili.

Recommendation:

In order to control the major factors that contribute the

commission of crimes, it recommended that:

1. Students in school may be required to put up projects at home

like vegetable gardening, poultry and swine. Incentives can be given

by the teacher.

2. Sports development may be enhanced to channel excess

energy of the youth to useful activities. Donations from Civic oriented

organizations may be cited to finance the project.

3. Inviting representatives form TESDA, FIDA, DepEd ALS

(Alternative learning system and private handicrafts exporters to

demonstrate cottage industries so that those parents who are in home

53

can be given a part-time job in handicraft making and will generate

income.

CONTRIBUTORY FACTORS AFFECTING CRIME PREVALENCEIN PILI CAMARINES SUR

_____________________________________

A Thesis

Presented to the Faculty of

College of Criminal Justice Education, Division of College Studies

54

Naga College Foundation

Naga City

___________________________________

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

By:

Maila D. Salvino

Reovil R. Villaganas

Nicholo V. Soto

Deorne Tubongbanwa

Darryl C. Tubig

2015