final korba translation

8/7/2019 Final Korba Translation

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Chapter2: Ecological study

Ecology is basically the study of co-relation between the manmade structure and

the environment.ecology is the only science which can provide ideas to examine

and plan for physical and social environment.it is an important investment in

getting knowledge about nature and creating urban form.Nature reacts on suitablevalues and opportunities of human consumption in limited manner.hence it is

necessary to know how the nature (biosphere ) works. Eco-system,bio-land-

chemical-cycle,energy flow and food chain are decided because of balanced

activities of nature. The ecology of biosphere is distributed in the following manner.

1. Ocean

2. Sea beach and bank of river

3. Forest

4. Pond

5. Rivers and water fall

6. Non-salty water marshy land

7. Grass land

8. Desert

aircycle,watercycle, carbon cycle and mineral cycle etc bio-land-chemical

cycles helps the ecosystem to work properly. The effect of ecosystem and

ecocycle on each other can be understood with the example of water cycle.

In water cycle the water gets into atmosphere due to vaporization and after

condensation it returns again to water cycle. Apart from waterfall the ground

water is brought to the surface by artificial means. The river water either

percolates directly or from the canals. The interdependency of different

ecological systems is essential. If any component of the eco system is

disturbed the entire eco system is effected adversely. For example if the

vegetation is depleting then the land erosion takes place, imbalance in

miniral cycle, and imbalance in oxygen cycle is evident. The elements and

the principles involved in natural process, has to be identified and the

opportunities ,boundries and limitations has to be essentially formulated. The

nature changes according to physics, geology, soil, vegetation, climate,

animals, fundamental neccecities and present human activities. Hence for

the use of mankind the evaluation and estimation of the value and relation of

natural resources is a big hindrance.


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For the study of Korba Investment area the following methodology is used :

1. City :

I. Physical process

II. Mutual effect

III. Valuation method

Physical process :

a. Opportunity

b. Control/Prevention

c. Constraints

Opportunity Intrinsic suitability for different land uses


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Decide the options to achieve the planning aim.

Data :

I. Physical

II. Mutual effect

III. Organic

Mutual effect :

i. Geology

ii. Geo-structure science

iii. Hydrology

iv. Soil

v. Vegetation

vi. Climate

vii. Wildlife

viii. Pollution

ix. Inner resources

x. Health & health science

xi. Land-use - present & proposed

Geology:

Nonmetallic mining area of Korba is divided into various geological groups.The

maximum variation is in Shehdol distict (consisit of 9 different zone) and the


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minimum variation is in Bilaspur (consist of 3 different zones).Gondvana,dharwad

and kuppa zones are found in Bilaspur district.older granular igneous rocks and

sedimentary rocks are found in Korba Investment area.The sequence are as

followes :

1. Refused land

2. Sandy stone with small chips Barakar

3. Rock & sand stone at lowlying area Talcher

4. Irrelevancy

5. Granite and related old igneous rocks : Archeyan

Granite has medium to large particles and feldspar has large size particles.

Weathering and decomposition is found at 2m depth from the surface. Because of

uncertaitity of weathering and decomposition, standard rock surfaces are difficult toget.Granite are used in foundation of buildings because of its rigid & soft nature.

Shells generally have soft and thin cracks. As there is low compression force in it

so it is not suitable for the foundation of large industries. Special precautions should

be taken for the foundation of large industries at these places. Sand stones are of

soft, amorphous & porous in nature. These stones are useful for the foundation of

low stories buildings and they are suitable for the casting of multistoried buildings.

Korba Investment Area is situated in zone no.2, in the map of earthquake prone

area in India. Recently, there is no any incidence of earthquake in the radius of

100Km.The construction of building should be according to the guidelines providedfor the zone -2 of earthquake prone zone map of india.

Coal deposition area :

Korba is situated in the lower Gondwana of important coal area. There are 3410

lakh tons of coal deposition in these area. These coals are suitable for thermal

power generation.The deposion of coals are at the depth of 609 m.There are

21types of stratum at 900 ft. depth which has 8 to 150 ft thickness.

The important stratums are :

1. Jatraj

2. Rajgaamar

3. Ghordeva


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Table no. 2.1 Korba : disscription of mines according

to blocks

Sr.no Name of mining

blocks

Area ofmining

in sqm

Deposits inlakh tonnes Yearly

minin

g

capac

ity

Surcharge in lakh

tonnes

Time inyears

1 korba 17.531 135 ug

2 manikpu

r

18.128 500 20 87.50 25

3 balgi 41.647 Baanki 142

Surakchar

363.4

Balgi 175.6

5

11

6

wg 28

35

29

4 kusumun

da

26.594 3650 60 514.65 60

5 gevra 31.859 6225.9 100 623 65

6 rajgama

ar

28.961 266.25 7 wg 38

7 dipka 17.014 2385 20 180 120

The available amount of ash in Korba is 40%.The following problems arises in the

city because of coal mines.

1. Abondend area

2. Flood prone area

3. Probable land sliding area

4. Because of prvious minning activity,permanently unsuitable area for the

development.


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5. The necessary area for the pile of garbages produced by mining activity.

Mining process are divided in to two parts :

a. Mining from open mines :

There are so much heaps are accumulated around mines during mining fromopen mines.

b. Mining from surface mines :

After mining from the surface mines the empty space are filled up by sand.

There are 5 % concavity can be seen after filling the sand.

There are likely to be mining activity in Korba city and E-N & south area of the city.

2.2. Land-water science:

Korba has 80% soft and 20% hard rocks. Rocks are classified in the following

manne:

a. Soft rocks :

These are unified,breakable,granular and porous in nature.

b. Hard rocks

Soft rocks

Stones are porous and pores retain the ground water. These kind of granular

particles are present in appropriate amount in Korba. Ground water levels are high

in this region. Land with granite, retain water in their cracks and joints. Similarly the

land with sedimentary rocks. This is evident from the wells of the following villages.

In these areas 9.5 -8 m deep ground water. Present land form and the possibility of

ground water below sandstone present in Hasdeo river. The river slope south west,

east and west. Wells can retain water up to a depth of 5-20 m. Dengur nala in the

east of Hasdeo river and ahiran nala in the west of Hasdeo river have water

through out the year.

2.3 Land structure

The geographical area consists of hard and soft rocks. Low lying plain areas which

divides further into smaller hilly sub regions. The hilly region generally slope

towards north to south situated in east west direction. The hilly regions are situated

in the North, North-east, South, South-East directions. Other hilly regions have steep

slope upto 50-70 ft while in the plains it is only 9-15 ft.


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2.4 Soil

Chattisgarh area is having light soil. In Korba soil, phosphorus, humas and nitrogen

are present in low amounts. Due to hydration of ferric acid ,the color for soil is red-

yellow. Soil has both acidic and Basic nature. PH value is between 5.5 5.8. the soil

is slightly red and infertile upto 4 depth and has traces of calcium and iron.

2.5 Vegetation

Korba has a variety of species and vegetation. Due to urbanization and

industrialization in Korba, over the last few decades there has been a decline in the

vegetation cover. In comparison to east, west is has more vegetation cover. The MP

electric division and BALCO in their residential areas have developed gardens as

part of the vegetation cover. At the western bank of the river there is a prevalent

forest. The settlement situated at the east and west of the river can be developed if

the forest on the western bank is developed. To prevent the ills of the pollution it is

necessary to afforest the eastern bank of the river. In the developed areas and

along the roads there are very few plantation and vegetation. In the developing

areas locally available plantation will be put to use.

The following trees are found in this area-

Tree name local name

1. Syria Robusta Sal

2. Termanilia Tonentosa saja

3. Hengisra Letipolia havra

4. Delbergia Letiphoria Shisham

5. Preticapas Marsupia Bija

Trees available near villages

1. Acacia Babul

2. Albirigia -

3. Bantia Firdosa -

4. Iugramia -

5. Malia indica Neem


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2.6 Landscape

Depending on the citizens activities, the design of landscape has been proposed

also keeping in mind the ecology of the place. This will help people to mutually

interact. If citizens activities are well defined then landscape portrait of the place

can be determined. Regional plan will have layout of each zone. The aim for makinglayout for each zone is as follows

For cities development it is necessary to develop road and infrastructure. Plantation

along the roads gardens and playgrounds is the first stage so that there is

maximum utilization of the amenities.

Development is effected by the following elements-

1) Surface water runoff

2) Slope of the land

3) Amt of sunrays

4) Wind direction

5) Naturescape and its points

6) Present vegetation coverage

For betterment of the Korba landscape,the following measures have been taken:

A) Alignment of roads:

Depends on:

Position of surface land,movement of sun,percentage of slope.The drainage lines should

be aligned according to the natural slope of water.As far as possible southwest-

northwest and west-east direction,road alignment shouldnt be done.

If this cant be avoided,it is necessary to increase the road width by 25% for plantation

along so that it can be protected from sun rays.

B) Construction of buildings:

Sun path should be taken into consideration.The kitchen should be avoided from

southwest and west sunrays.North-South and west-east are the main wind directions

and should be seen that rooms are aligned accordingly.Hence south and west building

facades should have no openings.

C) Plantation along roads:


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Roads connecting different areas to city create corridors.So,it is necessary to protect

them from sunrays.

D) Regional and gardens:

While designing these gardens,care should be taken of sunpath,wind direction and

external noise etc.Urban and regional gardens should have the provision of large

lawns.To enrich the environment,fruit bearing trees and bushes should be prevalent in

industries.

E) Bank of river:

Scenic beauty can be experienced from bank of river.Weathering of banks can be

prevented by plantations along the banks and also to beautiful.Due to the presence of

Largestramia and other fruit bearing trees adds to the beauty.During zonal planning,it

should be taken care that the roads are of such width that the trees along both the

sides give adequate amount of shade.25% overlap should be there between the trees.

2.7)Climate and microclimate:

Change in weather everyday is known as climate.According to physical science,the

reaction of human beings to warm and cold climate is difficult to comprehend.The body

heat of human are balanced because of the following climatic reasons:wind

speed,humidity,air temperature.

For tension free human behaviour it is very important it is very important to retain

climatic balance.For proper climatic balance in Korba,it is essential to study and

understand the microclimate properly.Classification of climate and their results and

expected improvement in the upcoming passages.

1)Climatic elements:Air temperature,relative humidity and wind speed is explained in

the following table:

Korba: Value of climatic elements

Srno.

month Avg maxtemperature

Relativehumidity(morning)

Relativehumidity(evening)

Avgwindspeed

air

A

summer


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1

march 35.3 38 22 5.4 hot

2

april 39.9 36 18 5.7

3

may 43.0 36 18 6.7

B

monsoon

4

june 38.9 60 45 8.1 Hot&humid

5

july 31.4 86 75 8.3

6

august 30.8 87 79 7.4

7

september

31.5 73 75 5.4

C

Aftermonsson

8

october 31.4 78 63 3.9 hot

9

november

29.3 67 45 4.9

D

cold

10

december

27.8 69 44 3.9

11

january 27.5 68 39 4.5 cold

12

february

31.1 55 26 5.3

2)Air temperature:

Air temperature depends on movement of sun,latitude,longitude and height and

type of surface and geographical conditions.

Korba:sun path:

Maximum transverse is on 21 june and minimium is in 22 december.When sun is

at 75 degree inclination,then maximum temperature is at 1 noon and at an


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angle of 49 degree,temperature is maximum at 3 o clock.The maximum solar

azimuth is 257 degree and 283 degree.

3)Radiation:

Radiation depends on land structure and surface.Surface with vegetationreduces radiation effect and also air temperature and as air becomes hotter

humidity reduces.By the help of vegetation cover,humidity is produced which

makes air cooler.When outside temperature is hot,it becomes uncomfortable for

human beings and hence trees should be planted for shade and comfort.

In 257-283 solar azimuth,too heavy traffic road construction is unsuitable

because in this zone,the sun ray is perpendicular to the ground.To decrease the

temperature,outside recreational space and open spaces should be planted with

trees and the presence of lawns is of utmost necessity.Due to low temperature

in air during rainy season,maximum humidity is formed.When humidity is morethan 50%,the speed of wind is more in the latter case.Humidity is more in the

morning and less in the evening.In the summer season,provision of water related

recreation activities should be provided for the comfort of citizens.

2.8)Wind direction and speed:

To make the climate gentle,the flow of air or wind plays an important role.Airy

day:593.67days(morning and evening together)

Table:Korba:Wind distribution according to

direction

Sr no. Winddirection

% daymorning

%dayevening

toatal

1 North tosouth

15.25 13.44 28.69

2 Northeast-south

andtowardswest

3.47 2.82 6.29

3 East-west 4.78 3.14 7.924 South

east-northwest

2.41 2.12 4.53


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5 Southeast-north

2.40 2.60 5.00

6 Southwest-

northeast

5.81 2.37 8.18

7 West-east

9.16 12.38 21.54

8 Northwest-southeast

7.36 10.49 17.85

Korba:wind direction and speed

Srno.

Month Winddirection-north

Winddirection-west

Winddirection-North west

Calmperiod

Avgspeedkm/hr

1. January Morning54.44Evening38.35

Morning7.13Evening8.37

4.5

2. February

Morning59.48

Evening27.95

Evening31.18


5.3

3. March Morning41.55

Evening32.22


5.4

4. April - Evening31.03


5.7

5. May - Evening29.34

Evening27.17


6.7

6. June - Morning40.90

Evening21.97


8.1


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7. July - Morning41.75Evening30.00


8.3

8. August - Morning47.19

Evening36.78

Morning3.41

Evening4.03

7.4

9. September

- Morning28.04


5.4

10.

October Morning43.03Evening31.16

Evening7.13

11.

November



4.9

12.

December

Morning69.23


3.6

January-march and October-december months have winds from north to south

direction.While,wind flow from the west takes place for 7 months from February-

september.

During this period,the wind flow during the evenings is important.Min-max calm

periods are found in the month of

November,January,march,October,December,September,February and

april.Exceedingly calm periods are found in November and minimum calm period

in april.Throughout the year,total 127 days(17.65%) are found to be calm.Calm

period is defined as a condition when the wind speed is negligible and man cant

feel the movement of wind.

City gets,light wind in june,july and august. In other months it gets light movement of

air.buildings should be designed such that,it creats minimum obstruction to windmovement.

Korba-wind speed its physical result

Sr no objectives Physical effects Wind speed


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limits

1 calm Smoke rising

above


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industrial environment has destroyed rapidly.mining and electricity generation has

changed the scene completely. Traffic condition has increased. Hasdev river was

main source of cool air. Now the river was deriorated to a layer of sand only.

Hasdev barrage gives good scenery . Barrage and hill of foot are important places in

point of view of scenery.

2.11 Minning of coal :

Korba has 3410 lakh ton deposited coal. This coal is very good for thermal power

generation.There are two methods for minings.

1. Open cast mining :

From open minings,it is important to mine completely the deposits of coal

finishes.the empty mines requires filling.Some places are reserved for piling

of coal. After removal of these piles only greenery can grown. So after

removal of deposited coal near river, beautification can be done. Dust makesair polluted, which comes from open mines. These are the location of present

and proposed open mines.

a. Manikpur in South of Korba

b. Banki

c. Surakchhar

d. Balgee

2. Mining from surface mines:

Minings are done in following areas

a. Manikpur

b. Korba

c. Rajgaamar

d. Deepka

Problems created by surface mines :

a. Probability to land slidding

b. Foods affected the area

The area completely disabled for the urban development.


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M.P. electricity board and present Korba city has some unsuitable area for

development.

2.12.Thermal power generation :

This area gets cheap electricity,due to presence of coal mines and thermal power

centre.On the otherside, health of people getting deiorated.in 1959,100 mega watt

power station was established. In 1966,200MW powerstation was established. With

the establishment of Balco 120MW power station was established on the estern

side,thermal power will have total capacity of 540MW. On north side of Korba,near

Balco factory,120 MW powerstation is established.After this on the western side of

the river,1000 MW power station is established by M.P. electricity board and 2100

MW power station ,is established by NTPC.

In 1980, National engineering research institute, studied air pollution of Korba .The

study was done at following places :

1. Kadambari bhavan

2. PWD guesthouse at C hampa road.

3. Balco clubs.

4. S.E.C.L. office

5. Inspection building near Hasdev barrage.

6. Vikas Bhawan

7. Sada colony

Impact of wind and its quality evaluation

Sr

no

Position of

extracted

mines

supply(

gm)

Demand

Mg/cum

m

Sulphur

ic acid

Maximu

m

supply

Mg/cumm

Directio

n of

wind

during

survey

1 Kadambari

bhavan

191 150 11 30 North to

south

2 Pwd rest

house

213 20


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i. Ash on surface and protected flyash 3.6 x 100000

Forecast:

There are 3000000 tones of coals burns in the plant by which 1000MW electricity is

produced which is equal to 8.7 x 1000000 KW.

There are 42 to 50 % of amount f ash found in Kusumunda area of KORBA.

Because of 3000MW thermal power station at west side the resident activity of

southern part is affected by air pollution.by the study of National mechanical

research institute it is clear that there are so much amount of dust particle in the

air.The study also show that this is only related to 1/5 area of electctric generating

capacity. By the establishment of these plants the problems are solved and the

working capacity is increased.

Effect of air pollution:

Although there is no data available on bronchitis diseases but on the basis of

previous knowledge it is found in this type of environment.There is also possibility

to get damage of open eyes .so it is necessary to protect residential areas.As the air

flow is very less in W-S & S-N and S-N-W direction of the city so west and north area

of thermal power plant is suitable for residential use.

Effect of pollution on vegetation:

Because of industrial and commercial activity and specialy coal based thermal

power plants are adding SO2 to the environment. In India the expected growth of

SO2 is 21 % from 1966 to 1980 while in America it is 8 %.

According to study done by National engeenering research institute the Sada colony

and PWD resthouse area has maximum SO2 amount.The bad effect can be seen on

photosynthesis, breathing and other vegetation activities because of increase in

SO2.Practicaly , the concentration of 429 U.G.S. O2 par M.3(0.15 PPM ) indicates the

signal for danger.

Hence, it necessary to prepare programs for plantaion for the north of Hasdev river

and west of NTPC.

Effect on the road transport management:

For the transporatation of coal use of trucks will be continue. At present the road

conditions are not good.so it is necessary to improve. Besides this it is necessary to

form new tourist spot so that the division between passenger and fright corridor

will be possible.and thetraffic load on Darri bandh will be reduced.


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Transmission line:

These type of lines are initiated from thermal power station and distributed all

around. The laying of these lines are so that it may creat problems in development

at present and in future.This problem seems to be more in west of Korba at super

thermal power.It is good to lay along coal construction a corridor area so that there

will be less problem in future.

From above study we got the following result :

1. Limitation of the area for services and ameneties of the settelements .

2. Limitation of area for the future industrial activity.

3. Provision of new transportation infrastruvture.

4. Limitation of prohibited area for residential industrial and building

construction.

5. Limitation of area for the disposal of dry ash and liquid solution.

6. Making of policies for the development of Korba.

7. Permanent setup for the measurement of air and water quality.

Analysis

On the basis of study and analysis the objectives for the landuse plan has been

jotted down below.

1. Use of abandoned areas- This land is not suitable for construction. For the use

of such land the permission should be taken from the director general of

mines and safety.

2. Space for ash piles- Suitable and porous land should be chosen for the

disposal of ash slurry. Porous and high water table areas are not suitable are

not suitable for ash piling. For the conservation of ground water it is

necessary.


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3. Transmission lines it is expected that minimum six extra lines will be

delivered from the thermal power plant. Presently there is only one circuit

form there. There must be open spaces for this. Hence it is proposed that for

the laying of high tension lines there must be appropriate lane width using

multi circuit turner technology.

4. Use of areas for ground water replenishment these areas should not be

used for the making of bridge or any other kind of urban use. It can be used

for future development. It can be used for recreational purpose.

5. Problems due to wind direction the flow of air is from N-S & N-W area to S-E

& West to east. During monsoons due to humidity the wind direction isprevalent. The areas in the west of the Korba are more prone to the hazards

of pollution. Hence these areas are not suitable for any heavy development.

The design of the buildings in this area should be according to situation. It is

suggested that for the regular monitoring of the air pollution a monitoring

station should be established.

6. Problems due to geological stratum and faults faults are shown according to

the geology. These areas are not suitable for building and road construction.

The land which have become geologically stable are used for future urbandevelopment.

7. Suitable space for future expansion according to analysis it is clear that

south and north area of Katghora Margh is suitable for urban development

activities. In the south of BALCO there is a strip of land available which can

be used . for industrial development the land is available in the east of the

city.

8. Urban level circulation Hasdeo dam is the one link which connect city from

east to west. It is very necessary to connect east west area of city to main

road. For efficient circulation and to reduce the movement across the Hasdeo

dam this road is essential. East and west Korba should be connected by

railline for transportation. Korba till now has been developed as an

independent zone.


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Hence for urban development activities proper planning and scheduling is

necessary.

CH 9 Pollution

If the qauantity of impure and discarded material goes inside the human body,

more than the tolerance capacity , then it affects the inhabitants of that place.

In the town of Korba , there is substantial amount of air and water pollution. The

population of the town as well as those of 10-12 villagers around, suffer from

various illness, related to air and water pollution.

9.1 Air pollution :-

The main reason of air pollution in Korba are :-

1. Smoke from thermal power plants.

2. Mining

3. Transporting coal

4. Household

These factors are elaborated below :-

9.1.1 Generation of smoke :

The thermal power plants located on the west bank of Hasdeo river continuouslygenerate smoke. Mainly M.P. elec. Board , SECL Colony and Korba slum area mainly

effected by pollution As far as we consider the other thermal power stations of M.P.

---- pollution control mechanisms have been applied.

Inspite of all these efforts it has been observed that 5-10% of the pollutants and

they are polluting the environment . 60% of the people in the NW are effected by

the smoke.


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9.1.2 Mining :

A lot of mining activities happen in Manikpur village and other villages at the west

of Hasdeo river like Kusumuda and Gewra. In mining areas big piles of coal are

there. Apart from these beside open mines heavy depositions are situated. Coal

particles fly from these depositions and pollute the atmosphere. Apart from thesethe heaps of ash after drying pollute the atmosphere when particles fly from it.

9.1.3 Transporting Coal

More than 50% of the coal transported from the mines to the electro thermal plants

is done in open trucks. Bauxite is also transported in open trucks.

9.1.4 Household activities

Since coal is easily available here, it is used as a fuel in daily household activities,

this also creates air pollution hazards.

Fly ash and fly ash slurry

The fly ash and fly ash slurry should be disposed of in nearby areas. For this work

wells should be dug.

For this work special area development authority and other concerned offices

should be consulted and a step by step program should be developed. Fly ash slurry

should be disposed off using pipes.

Transportation of coal

Coal should be transported through conveyer belt. In this relation the information isprovided in the development plan. By this plan it is expected that the no. of trucks

transporting the coal will reduce. Special care has been taken in the proposal of

roads in the plan, because the no of coal carrying trucks cannot be reduced to a

greater extent.

9.3.2 Ways to reduce water pollution

Detailed description of the reasons of water pollution has been discussed before. It

is necessary to have a detailed study of the different types and quantity of

chemical pollutants and effluents coming out of various industrial establishments.

MP pollution control board should govern the NOC to be given to the industries todispose off the impurities in the rivers. It is necessary to have a check of the

effluents of the industry that is asking for NOC.

9.4 Previous plans

The air pollution causing industries in present and in the future and the effected

areas has been indicated in the plan. This development plan indicates the areas in


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which no housing development should take place. And the areas are indicated

below-

1- Within 2 km radius of Present location of Plants .

2- Within 2 km radius of Present location SE of 100MW thermal power plant .

3- Within 3 km radius of Present location of Fertilizer plant.

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