Distributed Generation and Integration with National Grid

Group Members

• Syed Faizan Ali (EE-040)• Syed Ibtihaj (EE-057)• Dareer Bin Khalid (EE-061)• Muhammad Ali Siddiqui (EE-062)

Introduction

Analogy behind our Project

• Load Sharing

• Individual Contribution

Background Facts

Demand in Power is increasing exponentially

Out of which 16% is the share ofhydal and 3% of renewable likewind, solar etc

Today 19% of the world’s total energy requirement is fulfilled via renewable energy

By 2070, 70% of power will be provided by renewable resources

The graph below shows the cost comparison of some renewable energy resources with the conventional resources.

Renewable Resources

What are Renewable Resources? Major Renewable Resources

Solar EnergyWind Energy

Topics to be covered in Presentation:

The ProjectBasic Working Of the ProjectSoftware Introduction

• The GridSimulation Work

• CUK Converter

Suggestions and Possible ModificationsQuestion and Answer session

• Renewable Resources

• The Three phase Inverter• Phase Shifting Transformer

• PV Array

The Project

Aim of The ProjectBenefits

Benefits for Power generation and development authorities Benefits for the consumers

Reduction of Fuel cost Lesser Power Outage

Maximum utilization of renewable energy sources

To encourage consumer participation and reduce load on the grid

Real time check and balance of power flow (net metering)

Isolation in fault conditions

Basic Idea

2000W

500W

4000W

2500

W

2500W

500W

Distributed Generation Our System

Utility

Load

2500W

2500W

2500W

1500W

1500W

2500W 2500W

Simulation Work

The Grid

Components:

Standard 9 bus system

Three Generating Sources

Three Transformers

Nine Buses

Three Loads

Ratings

G1: 192MVA @ 18KV

G2: 128MVA @13.8KV

G3: 247.5MVA @ 16.5KV

Simulation Work

PV Array/Solar Panel

Background

Definition

Major theme of the project is all about utilizing the renewable energy

Solar panel is a clean source of electricity.

Panel designed to absorb the sun's rays as a source of energy for generating electricity or heating.

Why Solar?

Add more panels easily

The Sun’s Input Irradiation Pattern to Solar Cells

Simulation Work

Modelling of a PV Array/Solar Panel

A solar panel is a module made up of many small solar cells.

Solar cells operate on the principle of Photoelectric effect.

The number of cells in an array depend upon the desired requirement of electricity.

The Output Current, Voltage and Power Delivered by the PV Array for the given Input Irradiation

A 6 Cell Solar Module x12A 72 Cell Solar Module

Simulation Work

CUK ConverterA converter that transforms DC voltage at the input to a DC voltage at desired level to the output.

The output is with a reversed polarity and required magnitude.

Working:The MOSFET SwitchPurpose:To Stabilize the Voltage at constant 24 Volts3 Stages:

ON StateOFF StateON State

Controlling Equation

Vout = - Vin

Why Cuk ConverterLesser Ripples than Buck Boost Converter

Simulation Work

Controlling Of Cuk’s Duty CycleTo Increase the Duty Cycle, when output is less than desired Voltage (24 Volts)

To Decrease the Duty Cycle, when output is greater than desired Voltage (24 Volts)

Sine wave

DC Reference Signal

Comparator Pulses

The PWM TechniqueGeneration Of Pulse WidthObservation

Simulation Work

PV Array and Ćuk Converter:

Input IrradiationThe PV ArrayĆuk ConverterVariable Duty CycleObservations

Three Phase Inverter Circuit

ComponentsBJT SwitchesDiodesIdeal Switches

Simulation Work

A device that converts the DC voltage to the 3phase AC Voltage

Made up of 3 Single Phase Inverter

Technique used for Inverter Circuit

The Pulse Width Modulation TechniqueGeneration of Pulse Width Signal

Triangular wave

Sine wave

Comparator Gate Pulses

Simulation Work

The Pulse Width Modulation Technique

Simulation Work

Problems

Voltage Drop

Solution

Parameter Adjustment• Amplitude Modulation• Frequency Modulation

Final Inverter CircuitryThe PWM ModulatorThe Switching CircuitryFilterObservation:

Simulation Work

Simulation Work

Renewable Source Ready to be Integrated with The Grid

Integration of Renewable Source to the Grid

Simulation Work

-760 KW

-1060 KW

Simulation Work

Problems:

+ve Power

Grid

-ve PowerPower flow

Solution:

 

Simulation Work

Phase Shifting TransformerA device for controlling the power flow through specific lines in a power transmission network

Purpose of Using Phase Shift Transformers

To control the power flow between two large independent power systems To change the phase angle between the sending end and the receiving end voltage of a transmission line.

To balance the loading when power systems are connected together in more than one point.

To protect from thermal overload and to improve transmission system stability.

Simulation Work

Phase Shifting Transformer

Construction:Two Separate 3phase Transformer

Series TransformerShunt Transformer

Working Equation:

𝑃=|𝑉 𝑠||𝑉 𝑅|

𝑋 𝐿𝑠𝑖𝑛 δ

𝑄=|𝑉 𝑠||𝑉 𝑅|

𝑋𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠 δ− V R

V S )

Working Of Phase Shifting Transformer(With Ideal Sources)

Source 1(As Utility Grid)Source 2(As Renewable Resource)Phase Shifting TransformerThree Phase LoadThe Measurement Blocks

Simulation Work

Working Of Phase Shifting Transformer(With Ideal Sources)

Simulation Work

Observation:

Phase Angle(Deg)

Power (DG)(Watt)

Power (Grid)(Watt)

-0.16 1000 0

-0.12 840 160

-0.08 600 400

-0.04 315 685

-0.01 180 820

0.01 0 1000

Conclusion

Varying The No. of Taps of Shunt Transformer Varies the Phase Angle of the Voltage

With the Variation of the Phase Angles, the Contribution of the Grid and DG can be controlled

The Sum Of Contribution of Power from Grid and DG is same and equals the Load Demand

Total Power to 1kW Load

1000

1000

1000

1000

1000

1000

The Final Integration of Distributed Generation to the Utility Grid

Suggestions and Possible Modifications

Hybrid energy system (HES):

Integrating system with a computer:

A fuel cell or other renewable energy sources can be connected for extended power source.

More reliable system and dependable at the times of high power demand.

Communicated with the computer, using serial bus communication.

Easily trouble shooting

Suggestions and Possible Modifications

Use of maximum power point tracking (MPPT):

This function is like the transmission of the car, where wheels don’t receive maximum power, when car’s in wrong gear

Maximum power transfer circuit is interfacedWith the solar panel INPUT.

ThankYou