final exam review 2014 oceans: coriolis effect: deflection of moving objects north= right...
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Final Exam Review2014
Oceans:
Coriolis Effect: deflection of moving objects
North= Right (clockwise) South= Left (counter clockwise)
Basin Shape: Coastline AKA the toilet bowl
Major causes of ocean currents
Salinity
INCREASES (salt concentration goes up)
Evaporation Ice formation
Decreases(salt concentration goes down)
Fresh water goes in Rain Surface runoff
Ice Melts
El Nino Conditions:
Trade winds are weak or reversed
Ocean current then is reversed Less hurricanes
Floods in South America Bad for fishing
Droughts in Australia and Indonesia
US warmer winters (Michigan)
Ocean-Atmosphere Patterns
What is a mineral?
Minerals
• 4 basic rules for classifying minerals1. Inorganic
2. Naturally occurring
3. Regular crystal arrangement (solid)
4. Definite Chemical Composition
• Rocks are made of minerals!
Mineral Identification
1. Hardness
2. Luster
3. Streak
4. Cleavage & Fracture
Hardness
• Moh’s Hardness scale– 1 thru 10
– 1 being the softest 10 being the hardest
Hardness
1
• Softest –Can be
scratched by a fingernail
Talc
Hardness
7HardScratches glass
Quartz
Minerals are made of elementsAtomic # = # protons (+)
Atomic mass Protons+ Neutrons
How many neutrons does Iron have?
TimerTimes up!
Atoms of elements can be charged Protons >electrons = PositiveElectrons>Protons = Negative
Charges are shown in superscript
Na 1+
Ores Mineral deposit from which a metal or
nonmetal can be profitably extracted
Native Elements Native element minerals are those
elements that occur in nature in uncombined form with a distinct mineral structure.
Michigan common ores Aggregate
Sand, gravel Used for construction
Halite / Brine Salt/ Salt water
Used for food Deicing (lowers freezing point of water)
Iron ore Used for industry
Copper Wires Coins
Aggregate is an important ore. Is it a mineral?
I. Igneous rocks are formed from molten material (magma).
A. Extrusive igneous rocks are formed when moltenrock cools above ground. Usually they are formedafter the material has been erupted by a volcano.
1. This molten materialcools quickly.
2. No crystals are visibleto the eye.
B. Intrusive igneous rocks are formed when molten rock cools below ground.
1. These rocks cool very slowly.
2. There is lots of time for visible crystals to grow
Igneous rock textures
Coarse
mineral grains easily visible (grains several mm in size or larger)
Granite
Igneous rock textures
Fine
mineral grains smaller than 1mm (need hand lens or microscope to see minerals)
Igneous rock textures
Vesicular
(Open spaces, bubbles)
Igneous rock textures
Glassy
Shiny no visible crystals (looks like glass)