final combating pollution in the nigeria svc paper

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DMW/JC/63/07

COMBATING POLLUTION IN THE NIGERIA

MARITIME ENVIRONMENT

INTRODUCTION

1. The presence of enormous living and non livingresources in !he mari!ime environmen! gave rise !o a

num"er of economic ac!ivi!ies. These ac!ivi!ies include

oil e#plora!ion$ %shing$ coas!al !rade$ recrea!ion and

shipping. The cumula!ive e&ec! of !hese ac!ivi!ies has

resul!ed in pollu!ion such as oil spill. This !rend if lef!

unchec'ed !hrea!ens !he "ene%!s deriva"le from !he

mari!ime environmen!. (n !he la!e 1)60s$ !he s!a!e of

!he environmen! emerged as an in!erna!ional issue

arising largel* in response !o several oil spills glo"all*.

Conse+uen!l*$ !his "rough! !o fore !he a!!en!ion of

li!!oral s!a!es !o !he high levels of mari!ime pollu!ion

and !he !hrea!s !he* pose !o human heal!h and

ecological diversi!*. 1

1 (n!erna!ional ,a-$ Microsof! ncar!a$ 006 .

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. igeria "eing a li!!oral s!a!e has -i!nessed rural

ur"an migra!ion from !he villages !o ur"an cen!res such

as ,agos$ or! 2arcour! and aduna. This -as largel*

due !o !he oil "oom resul!ing in !he neglec! of

agricul!ure as a source of income. The resul!an! e&ec!

is a signi%can! rise in !he level of pollu!ion in !he ur"an

cen!res. This rise in pollu!ion s!ems from an upsurge in

!he level of ur"anisa!ion$ indus!rialisa!ion and o!herac!ivi!ies rela!ed !o !he oil "oom.

3. 4ome sources of pollu!ion in !he ur"an cen!res

include human -as!e$ refuse$ gas 5aring$ pipeline

vandalisa!ion$ oil spillage and un!rea!ed indus!rial-as!e. rom 1)) !o 00 $ over 000 cases of crude oil

spillage -as repor!ed in !he iger Del!a area alone.

This resul!ed in !he discharge of a"ou! million "arrels

of oil in!o !he ecos*s!em. (n 1))8$ 90$000 "arrels of

crude oil -as spilled from !he Mo"il pla!forms a! (do'o

in :'-a ("om s!a!e. 3

9. Conse+uen!l*$ igeria made progress in cur"ing

!his !rend "* se!!ing up !he ederal nvironmen!al2 Sontag RJ, Protecting the Environment in OIL and Gas Exploration and Production, Businessopportunities, April !! "3 #ax$ell I#A, Preservation o% #arine Resources, A%rica &oda', April ())*"

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:genc* ; :< in 1)88 !o address !he pro"lem of oil

pollu!ion$ deser!i%ca!ion$ and land degrada!ion. (n

1)) $ :=s scope -as increased !o cover na!ural

resources. This is in line -i!h igeria "eing a signa!or*

!o !rea!ies and par!* !o conven!ions aimed a!

com"a!ing environmen!al pollu!ion and ensuring safe!*

of !he populace. The igerian >overnmen! also made

per cen! of her annual "udge! availa"le !o !he

cological fund. The e&or!s of !he >overnmen! !o %gh!

pollu!ion have "een par!l* successful. This is eviden! in

!he mon!hl* sani!a!ion e#ercise conduc!ed around !he

coun!r*.

. 4u"s!an!ial cons!rain!s e#is! in !he e&ec!iveimplemen!a!ion of di&eren! legisla!ions and polic*

documen!s on environmen!al issues. These cons!rain!s

include uncoordina!ed policies and legisla!ions$ -ea'

da!a"ase$ inade+ua!e enforcemen! of an!i pollu!ion

la-s "* relevan! agencies$ inade+ua!e e+uipmen!s$ and!echnolog* !o com"a! pollu!ion. ?!hers include

(ns!i!u!ional con5ic!s$ inade+ua!e and un!imel* funding$

and lac' of pu"lic a-areness amongs! o!hers. (! is

agains! !his "ac'drop !ha! !his paper see's !o address

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!he issues associa!ed -i!h com"a!ing pollu!ion in

igeria=s mari!ime environmen!.

6. The purpose of !his paper !herefore is !o anal*se

!he valua"le means of com"a!ing pollu!ion in igeria=s

mari!ime environmen!. The paper -ill cover igeria=s

mari!ime environmen!$ sources of mari!ime pollu!ion

and !he !hrea! of pollu!ion !o igeria=s mari!ime

environmen! economic po!en!ials. The paper -ill also

consider measures !o com"a! pollu!ion in igeria=s

mari!ime environmen! and s!ra!egies for com"a!ing

pollu!ion in !he mari!ime environmen!. This paper -ill

ho-ever "e limi!ed !o !he mari!ime environmen! -i!hin

!he iger Del!a area.

AIM

7. The aim of !his paper is !o e#amine !he ederal

>overnmen!s e&or!s in com"a!ing pollu!ion in igeria=s

mari!ime environmen! -i!h a vie- !o ma'ing

recommenda!ions.

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NIGERIAS MARITIME ENVIRONMENT

8. igeria has a mari!ime environmen! of a"ou!89$000 s+uare nau!ical miles. This coas!line s!re!ches

from longi!ude 0 0 9 = !o longi!ude 08 0 3 = $ -i!h

a leng!h of 9 0nm and 00nm @. 9 igeria=s

mari!ime area could "e descri"ed as a d*namic

s!orehouse of living and non living resources. :"ou! 0per cen! of !he es!ima!ed 100 million popula!ion$ as

-ell as mos! of !he economic ac!ivi!ies in igeria are

loca!ed in !he mari!ime s!a!es. 4ome mari!ime

economic ac!ivi!ies in !he area include shipping$ %shing$

recrea!ion$ shrimping$ harnessing of energ*$ and oil and

gas e#plora!ion amongs! o!hers. : map of igeria=s

mari!ime environmen! is a! :nne# :.

). The oil and gas sec!or con!ri"u!es a"ou! )0 per

cen! of !he na!ion=s foreign e#change earnings and

accoun!s for a"ou! 80 per cen! of igeria=s >rossDomes!ic roduc! ;>D


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sea. igeria has inves!men!s -or!h over 10 "illion 4

dollars in !he pe!roleum sec!or -i!hin her @. 7

10. The iger Del!a is one of !he larges! del!as in !he

-orld and !he !hird larges! in :frica. 8 This large e#panse

of -e!lands covers a"ou! 70$000 s+uare 'ilome!res and

ma'es up 7. per cen! of igeria=s land mass. (!

includes land in :"ia 4!a!e $ :'-a ("om 4!a!e $ :nam"ra

4!a!e $ Aa*elsa 4!a!e $ Cross Biver 4!a!e $ Del!a 4!a!e $ do

4!a!e $ (mo 4!a!e and Bivers 4!a!e . iger Del!a houses

mos! valua"le rene-a"le and non rene-a"le na!ural

resources. ) nsus!aina"le e#ploi!a!ion and

environmen!al degrada!ion are increasingl* impairing

!he na!ural resource "ase on -hich !he ruralcommuni!ies depend.

11. The igerian econom* is heavil* dependen! on

crude oil sales and o!her marine economic ac!ivi!ies of

-hich !he iger Del!a accoun!s for a"ou! 7 per cen! of !he sales. 10 ncon!rolled e#ploi!a!ion and e#cessive

!echnological in5uences have resul!ed in !he

degrada!ion and pollu!ion of !he mari!ime environmen!- ("id$ p./ 0i i edia en lo edia $ www& wi i edia&o"g wi i Nige"5Delta& I)id

1% 6tt 7 www&0i i edia&o"g wi i Nige"5Delta

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.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abia_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akwa_Ibom_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anambra_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anambra_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayelsa_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_River_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imo_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivers_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akwa_Ibom_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anambra_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anambra_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayelsa_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_River_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imo_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivers_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abia_State


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especiall* in !he iger Del!a. These ac!ivi!ies are no-

!hrea!ening !he survival of mos! of !he living marine

resources and !he "ene%!s !hereof. The need !o pro!ec!

and 'eep !he mari!ime environmen! clean is impera!ive

for full "ene%!s !o man and marine life. (! is !herefore

impera!ive for !he ederal >overnmen! !o adop!

measures !ha! -ould pro!ec! and 'eep !he mari!ime

environmen! from pollu!ion.

SOURCES OF MARITIME POLLUTION

1 . :! all levels of produc!ion$ goods$ and services

come -i!h -as!es as "* produc!s. These "* produc!s

-hen no! properl* disposed "ecome pollu!an!s.

ollu!ion s!ems from di&eren! sources depending on !he!*pe of ac!ivi!* going on in !he environmen!. (n !he

iger Del!a$ !he ma or sources of pollu!ion are

indus!ries$ shipping ac!ivi!ies$ agricul!ural run o&$

ur"anisa!ion$ oil and gas e#plora!ion and e#ploi!a!ion

us! !o men!ion a fe-.

INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION

13. The e#plora!ion of !he iger Del!a encourages

coas!al indus!rialisa!ion for manufac!ure of secondar*

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produc!s. There e#is! gian! indus!ries$ pe!rol chemical

and fer!iliser plan!s. The -as!e and eEuen!s from !hese

indus!ries are released in!o cree's and drainages !here

"* pollu!ing !he environmen!. Thermal discharges

associa!ed -i!h !he produc!ion process also a&ec! !he

!hermal "alance in !he ecos*s!em.

19. (n 1)88$ acciden!al discharge of -as!e-a!er

con!aining high level of ammonia in!o ?'iri'a Biver in

Bivers 4!a!e "* a!ional er!iliser Compan* of igeria

; : C? < caused loss of a+ua!ic life and damage !o

social life of !he people in !he area. 11 The e&ec! of

indus!rial pollu!ion is adverse !o human and a+ua!ic

life. 2ence$ !he need for indus!ries !o "e made !oconform !o in!erna!ional regula!ions on allo-ed levels

of discharge of eEuen!s !o -a!er "odies.

SHIPPING POLLUTION

1 . igeria has an ac!ive shipping indus!r* due !o her

impor! dependen! econom*$ oil and gas e#plora!ion and

e#ploi!a!ion ac!ivi!ies. Bou!ine pollu!ion arising from

mari!ime !raFc is usuall* associa!ed -i!h !an' cleaning11 Peter + $ilo and Olusegun & Bade-o, Impact and #anagement o% Oil Spill Pollution along the

igerian +oast Areas, !!."

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of large oil carriers. 1 These ships discharge !heir "allas!

-a!er$ -hich con!ain animals or plan!s !ha! acciden!all*

hi!chhi'e along causing !heir in!roduc!ion in!o igeria=s

mari!ime environmen!.

16. 4ome of !hese organisms ei!her cause pro"lems in

-a!er-a*s or have compe!i!ive advan!age over local

fauna leading !o undesira"le shif! and changes in

communi!* s!ruc!ures. The -a!er h*acin!hs !ha!

presen!l* "loc' -a!er-a*s in igerian mari!ime

environmen! is an e#ample. The ships also dump oil

-as!e$ gar"age and se-age in!o !he -a!ers$ -hich is a

ma or source of pollu!ion !o coas!al -a!ers. The ederal

>overnmen! could e+uip igerian Mari!ime:dminis!ra!ion and 4afe!* :genc* ; (M:4:< -i!h

modern and sophis!ica!ed pa!rol "oa!s !ha! can "e used

!o enforce all local legisla!ion on pollu!ion.

AGRICULTURAL RUN-OFF

17. The food demand of igeria=s !eeming popula!ion

has necessi!a!ed !he in!ensi%ca!ion of agricul!ural

12 Sandra /lo%% and +live 0ic1s, Environmental management o% o%%shore oil development and maritimeoil transport, !!2"

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ac!ivi!ies. armers use fer!ilisers$ pes!icides and

her"icides$ -hich are collec!ed "* rain-a!er and

-ashed in!o rivers$ s!reams and oceans. The* have !he

po!en!ial pro"lems of "eing residues !o !he ecos*s!em

and impac! on non !arge! organisms in !he mari!ime

environmen!. These !end !o al!er !he na!ural s!a!e of

a+ua!ic life in !he sea.

18. These chemical compounds do no! decompose and"ecome !o#ic$ persis! longer in !he mari!ime

environmen! and cause damage !o !he a+ua!ic

resources -i!hin. Therefore$ !he ederal Minis!r* of

:gricul!ure need !o educa!e farmers on !he adverse

e&ec! of using her"icides$ pes!icides and fer!ilisers.ur!hermore$ farmers could "e encouraged !o use a

mi#!ure of fermen!ed -eed and animal -as!e as

manure !o enrich !heir farmland.

URBANISATION

1). The seemingl* unending rural ur"an drif! has made

ma or ci!ies especiall* coas!al ones !o e#perience

increase in popula!ion. The "igges! pro"lem !his

ur"anisa!ion and large popula!ion could face is disposal

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of human and solid -as!e. (! is es!ima!ed !ha! 130 1 0

li!res per person per da* of -ashing -a!er and 70 li!res

per person per da* of faeces is genera!ed in ur"an area

and discharged in!o !he sea un!rea!ed. The disposal of

un!rea!ed se-age in!o -a!er "odies resul!s in o#*gen

deple!ion$ in!roduc!ion of pa!hogenic organism in!o !he

sea. This causes diseases li'e diarrhoea$ cholera$

!*phoid$ and d*sen!er* amongs! o!hers.

0. 4olid -as!es in !he form of -a!er sache!s$ -as!e

paper and di&eren! forms of pac'aging of fas! food$ and

so on are !hro-n in!o !he sea. These solid -as!es do

no! "rea' do-n easil* and ma* persis! for man* *ears

even decades. These ma'e !he -a!er-a*s dir!* and!he living organism can "e en!angled !herein. 2ence$

!he in!roduc!ion of domes!ic and solid -as!e in!o

mari!ime environmen! is haGardous. The ederal

>overnmen! could pu! in place ade+ua!e ph*sical and

land use plan !o com"a! !he pollu!ion due !our"anisa!ion.

OIL AND GAS EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATION

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1. (nciden!s of oil pollu!ion in iger Del!a have usuall*

resul!ed in grave ecological and socio economical

conse+uences. Ae!-een 1)76 and 1))8 alone$ a"ou!

7 9 inciden!s resul!ed in !he spill of appro#ima!el* .

million "arrels of crude oil in!o !he environmen!. 13 The

fragile mari!ime environmen! !ha! har"ours man* oil

and gas ins!alla!ions is su" ec! !o opera!ional spills from

e#plora!ion opera!ions$ pipeline vandalisa!ion and

illegal "un'ering$ -hich e#poses !he inha"i!an!s !o

heal!h and economic haGards. :nne# A sho-s !he

num"er and volume of oil spilled in igeria "e!-een

1)76 and 1))8.

. Mos! of !hese ac!ivi!ies are descri"ed as necessar*and direc!ed !o-ards mee!ing igeria=s energ*$

ma!erial and o!her needs. The igerian governmen!

has over !he *ears pu! in place s!ruc!ures aimed a!

com"a!ing pollu!ion especiall* mari!ime rela!ed

pollu!an!s. 4ince various forms of pollu!an!s e#is! in our

-a!er source$ e&or!s could "e direc!ed !o-ards

prevailing pollu!an!s li'e oil spills$ solid -as!es$ ra!her

!han a fe- !*pes from degrading !he environmen!. The

13 3r P+ $ilo 4 O& Bade-o, Impacts o% Oil Spills Along the igerian +oast, !!("

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real po!en!ial of !he mari!ime environmen! -ould !hen

"e reaped -hen pollu!ion is e&ec!ivel* com"a!ed.

THREATS OF POLLUTION TO NIGERIAS MARITIME

ENVIRONMENT ECONOMIC POTENTIAL

3. ollu!ion is a serious pro"lem facing igeria=s

mari!ime environmen! and !he !hrea! i! pose !o !he

s!a!e of !he living resources !herein. These e&ec!s have

i!s !oll on !he economic po!en!ial of !he mari!ime

environmen! due !o reduc!ion in e#pec!ed re!urns on

inves!men!$ living and non living resources. The heal!h

of inha"i!an!s of !he mari!ime environmen! is

vulnera"le !o e&ec!s of pollu!an!s. ?ver !he *ears$ !he

ocean has "een a cheap -a* of disposing -as!e

ma!erials -i!h high cos! of cleaning up !ha! is "orne "*

!he ederal >overnmen!.

9. 4ome of !hese -as!e ma!erials are !o#ic and

harmful !o a+ua!ic organism and could cause dea!h of

!he organism or ma* render !hem un%! for human

consump!ion. (! could also cause "ir!h defec!s and

cancer amongs! inha"i!an!s of !he iger Del!a area.

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,eacha!es from solid -as!e dumps could con!amina!e

ground -a!er !here"* ma'ing inha"i!an!s search for

al!erna!ive sources. This lead !o increase in living cos!

of !he people and economic loss !o !he communi!*.

. The -as!e from ur"anisa!ion and agricul!ural run

o& fer!ilise !he sea and increases produc!ivi!* of !he

a+ua!ic organisms. #cessive nu!rien!s could cause

unna!ural and uncon!rolled gro-!h of some species a!

!he e#pense of o!hers and !here"* reducing

"iodiversi!*. 4e-age is organic in na!ure and so su" ec!

!o "ac!eria deca*. The "ac!eria ac!ivi!* causes

reduc!ion in o#*gen concen!ra!ion in -a!er "odies

causing s!arving of o#*gen !o a+ua!ic life. This couldcause "rea'do-n of pro!eins and o!her ni!rogenous

compounds !here"* releasing h*drogen sulphide and

ammonia !o !he sea$ -hich is !o#ic !o marine organism

in lo- concen!ra!ion. This leads !o reduc!ion in !he %sh

availa"le for harves!ing and !hus reducing !he po!en!ialincome !hereof.

6. The oil and gas indus!r* a&ec!s people and !he

environmen! in !hree -a*s$ clima!e change$ opera!ions

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on land and a! sea and posi!ive or nega!ive in5uences

on na!ional economies. ?il 'ills plan!s and animals in

!he es!uarine Gone. ?il se!!les on "eaches and 'ills

organisms !ha! live !hereinH i! also se!!les on !he ocean

5oor and 'ills "o!!om d-elling organisms such as cra"s.

7. ?il poisons algae$ disrup!s ma or food chains and

decreases !he *ield of edi"le crus!aceans. (! also coa!s

marine d-elling "irds$ impairing !heir 5igh! or reducing

!he insula!ive proper!* of !heir fea!hers$ !hus ma'ing

!he "irds more vulnera"le !o cold. ?il endangers %sh

ha!cheries in coas!al -a!ers and as -ell con!amina!es

!he 5esh of commerciall* valua"le %sh. >as 5aring is of

grea! economic loss and i! causes increased!empera!ure of !he environmen!$ acid rain$ releases

C? $ C? and car"on par!icles in!o !he environmen!.

8. The high cos! of clean up and gas ga!hering

preven!s oil companies from appl*ing cos!l* andmodern !echnologies in reducing gas 5aring and oil spill

clean up. This e#poses !he inha"i!an!s !o environmen!al

heal!h and economic haGards. The vege!a!ion usuall*

has o#*gen suppl* !o !he roo! !issues$ causing

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s!agna!ion in gro-!h and less frui! *ield. >ases 5aring

"* !he oil companies and !hermal po-er genera!ing

s!a!ions have increased !he !empera!ure of !he

environmen! and caused acid rain$ -hich des!ro*s

roof!ops$ a+ua!ic life and !he vege!a!ion.

). The nega!ive e&ec!s of ollu!ion on !he ecos*s!ems

of mari!ime environmen! could "e harmful !o "iological

processes and !hus could decrease "iodiversi!*. Thedea!h of !he living resources in !he area causes

economic loss !o %shermen$ !he econom* and !he

environmen! !ha! could no! replenish herself.

reven!ion !herefore$ -ould "e a much more e&ec!ive

and less cos!l* means of dealing -i!h pollu!ion !hancleaning i! up or su&ering !he conse+uences !hereof.

The ederal >overnmen! !herefore needs !o moni!or !he

e&ec! of pollu!ion on marine organisms in order !o

chec' !he pollu!an!s.

MEASURES TO COMBAT POLLUTION IN NIGERIAS

MARITIME ENVIRONMENT

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30. The managemen! issue remains ho- !o preserve

and main!ain !he mari!ime environmen! as a via"le

medium for living a+ua!ic resources$ as -ell as

reducing heal!h haGards due !o pollu!ion. The

preven!ion of fu!ure environmen!al con!amina!ion

-ould sus!ain !he repair !o pas! pollu!ion e&ec!s. The

a!!ainmen! of !his o" ec!ive re+uires inpu! of more

resources !han i! is presen!l* giving.

GLOBAL POLLUTION CONTROL

31. The occurrence of man* environmen!al !ragedies

in !he mid !-en!ie!h cen!ur*$ led man* na!ions !o

ins!i!u!e comprehensive regula!ions designed !o repair

!he pas! damage of uncon!rolled pollu!ion. 19 The

(n!erna!ional Mari!ime ?rganisa!ion ;(M?< a specialised

agenc* of !he "od* "ased in Ari!ain -as es!a"lished

in 1)98 and charged -i!h mari!ime safe!*$ pollu!ion

preven!ion and con!rol.

3 . (M? has 167 mem"er coun!ries and enforces !hese

mem"ers !o ra!if* and implemen! !rea!ies and

conven!ions aimed a! achieving clean and pollu!ion free

14 Pollution, #icroso%t Student 353, !!6"

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mari!ime environmen!. (n!erna!ional conven!ions are

"inding on na!ional governmen!s$ -hich are o"liged !o

implemen! !he in!erna!ionall* es!a"lished rules and

regula!ions !hrough !heir o-n na!ional legisla!ion.

igeria is a mem"er of (M? and signa!or* !o her

!rea!ies and conven!ions. :nne# C con!ains !rea!ies and

conven!ions on mari!ime environmen! !ha! igeria is a

signa!or*.

33. Curren!l*$ !he "ul' of in!erna!ional regula!ions for

mari!ime pollu!ion are con!ained in !he 1)73

(n!erna!ional Conven!ion for !he preven!ion of ollu!ion

from ships. :mended in 1)78 and !hereaf!er called

M:B ?, 73/78. (! con!ains regula!ions for dischargefrom vessels of an* !*pe opera!ing in !he mari!ime

environmen!$ including 5oa!ing craf! and %#ed or

5oa!ing pla!forms. M:B ?, 73/78 incorpora!es !he

?(, ?, conven!ion of 1) 9 and i!s various

amendmen!s.1

1' Sand"a 8loff and Cli9e 0i !, Environmental #anagement o% O%%shore Oil 3evelopment and#aritime Oil &ransport, O to)e" 2%%4&

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39. The ni!ed a!ions Conven!ion on !he ,a- of !he

4ea$ 1) 8 ; C,?4< ar!icle provides s!a!es -i!h an

in!erna!ional legal "asis for por! s!a!e con!rol. 4!a!es

are allo-ed !o !a'e necessar* s!eps !o preven! an*

"reach of condi!ions !o -hich !he call of an* vessels a!

i!s por!s ma* "e su" ec!. :r!icles 16 and 18 ena"le a

li!!oral s!a!e !o enforce in!erna!ional an!i dumping and

an!i pollu!ion measures$ -i!h ar!icle 1) giving s!a!es

po-er !o !a'e measures !o preven! erran! vessels from

leaving por!.

3 . (n!erna!ional regula!ions on pollu!ion con!rol are

no! glo"al due !o some coun!ries no! signing !he

!rea!ies and conven!ions. This crea!es pro"lems -i!ho"servance of !hese regula!ions. Therefore$ needs

!o persuade non signa!ories !o !hese in!erna!ional

!rea!ies and conven!ions so !ha! !he desired aim -ould

"e derived. (n !he same vein$ coun!ries li'e igeria !ha!

are signa!ories need !o enac! na!ional la-s in order !o

implemen! !he !rea!ies and conven!ions.

NATIONAL POLLUTION CONTROL

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36. The igerian >overnmen! has made several e&or!s

over !he *ears in com"a!ing mari!ime pollu!ion "*

formula!ion of la-s and !he es!a"lishmen! of an!i

pollu!ion agencies. : num"er of ederal and 4!a!e

agencies -ere es!a"lished !o com"a! mari!ime pollu!ion

in igeria. These agencies include !he Depar!men! of

e!roleum Besources ;D B


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90. The igerian 4a! 1 an ?r"i! 4a!elli!e for

geographical mapping launched "* !he ederal

>overnmen! in 006$ -ould help !o chec' !he perennial

pro"lem of oil pipeline vandalisa!ion. (! -ould also

assis! in moni!oring !he spread of oil spill and managing

mari!ime pollu!ion. The informa!ion from !he sa!elli!e

are vi!al for +uic' clean up of pollu!ed areas.

91. The preven!ion of mari!ime pollu!ion is !he

responsi"ili!* of all governmen! agencies. The

enforcemen! of e#is!ing regula!ions and la-s -ill go a

long -a* in achieving !his aim. 2o-ever$ !he non

enac!men! of some in!erna!ional conven!ions has

reduced !he eFcac* of !hese agencies coupled -i!hlac' of funds and e+uipmen!. The ederal >overnmen!

!herefore needs !o e+uip$ increase !he funding !o !he

agencies and ensure enac!men! of appropria!e

an!ipollu!ion legisla!ion as soon as possi"le.

STRATEGIES FOR COMBATING POLLUTION IN

NIGERIAS MARITIME ENVIRONMENT

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9 . reven!ion is "e!!er !han cure !herefore !he "es!

s!ra!eg* for com"a!ing pollu!ion is preven!ion. The

ederal >overnmen! needs !o ensure ade+ua!e annual

"udge!ar* provision for polic* formula!ion and

implemen!a!ion of !he a!ional olic* on nvironmen!.

:lso >overnmen! could e&ec!ivel* chec' !he menace of

pollu!ion in !he mari!ime environmen! "* enforcing

e#is!ing legisla!ion and regula!ions rela!ing !o pollu!ion.

93. (n order !o realiGe !he o" ec!ives of enac!ed

legisla!ions on mari!ime pollu!ion$ re+uisi!e

enforcemen! agencies mus! "e pu! empo-ered. The

igerian av* ; < and (M:4: need !o "e "e!!er

e+uipped$ !rained and funded !o carr* ou! enforcemen!

and surveillance du!ies agains! pollu!ion ac!ivi!ies "*

miscrean!s. (f !his is no! done$ !he legisla!ion -ould "e

us! on paper.

99. The >overnmen! could !a'e full advan!age of

"ila!eral and mul!ila!eral !echnical and %nancial

assis!ance in environmen!al pro!ec!ion. The* need !o

ensure ma#imum "ene%!s from !he %nancial

mechanisms for !he implemen!a!ion of !he

Conven!ions and ro!ocols ra!i%ed "* igeria.

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9 . The ederal >overnmen! needs !o in!ensif* pu"lic

enligh!enmen! campaigns a! all levels "* se!!ing up

forums for !he educa!ion of !he main users of !he

mari!ime environmen! on !he haGards of pollu!ion. The

"ene%!s of an a!!i!udinal change$ adop!ing e&ec!ive

!echnolog* for eFcien! energ* use and increased cos!

"ene%! is priceless. >overnmen! could also crea!e a

und for : and (M:4: !o adminis!er for rapid

response !o indus!rial acciden!s -i!h signi%can! adverse

environmen!al impac!.

96. :no!her means of preven!ing pollu!ion is !he

implemen!a!ion of an eFcien! gar"age disposal

s*s!em. s!a"lish (ndus!ries for rec*cling of various

ma!erials li'e plas!ic !ha! end up in !he mari!ime

environmen! as pollu!an!s -ould grea!l* reduce

pollu!ion in !he mari!ime environmen!. (n addi!ion$

pollu!ion -ould also "e preven!ed "* !he !rea!men! of

!o#ic eEuen!s from indus!ries ma'ing !hem non !o#ic

"efore release in!o !he drains.

97. mphasis on !he es!a"lishmen! of lia"ili!*

provisions and compensa!ion for damages in !he even!

of mari!ime pollu!ion inciden!s are ver* impor!an!. :ll

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!he s!ra!egies have a singular aim$ preven!ion of !he

occurrence of mari!ime pollu!ion. (f !his -ere achieved$

!he full economic po!en!ial of !his environmen! -ould

"e derived. Therefore$ !he >overnmen! need !o adop!

!hese s!ra!egies !o achieve a pollu!ion free mari!ime

environmen!.

CONCLUSION

98. The need !o pro!ec! and 'eep !he mari!ime

environmen! clean is impera!ive for full "ene%!s !o man

and marine life. (! is !herefore impera!ive for !he

ederal >overnmen! !o adop! measures !ha! -ould

pro!ec! and 'eep !he mari!ime environmen! from

pollu!ion ;paragraph 8 11


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0. reven!ion !herefore$ -ould "e a much more

e&ec!ive and less cos!l* means of dealing -i!h pollu!ion

!han cleaning i! up or su&ering !he conse+uences

!hereof. The ederal >overnmen! !herefore needs !o

moni!or !he e&ec! of pollu!ion on marine organisms in

order !o chec' !he pollu!an!s ;paragraph 3 )


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environmen! -ould "e derived. Therefore$ !he

>overnmen! need !o adop! !hese s!ra!egies !o achieve

a pollu!ion free mari!ime environmen! ;paragraph

9 97overnmen!

should

a. (ncrease concer!ed e&or!s !o-ards pro!ec!ion and

con!rol of mari!ime pollu!ion ;paragraph 98


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O B ANIMASAHUN Jaji-Kadu a L!Ma" #$ S!ud% !

:nne#es

:. : Map of igeria=s Mari!ime nvironmen!.

A. ?il 4pill Da!a in igeria "e!-een 1)76 and 1)88.

C. Trea!ies and Conven!ions on Mari!ime nvironmen!!ha! igeria is a 4igna!or*.

D. 4ome ?f !he :c!s and Begula!ions on ollu!ion in

igeria.

2/

final combating pollution in the nigeria svc paper

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