final career episode model

8/18/2019 Final career episode model

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 OVERVIEW

Stepper motor, due to their positional accuracies and fast response, is now finding

applications in computer peripherals, process control, machine tools, robotics and various

surveillance systems. Especially in process control like silicon processing, I.C. Bonding and laser

trimming applications, it is necessary to control the stepper motor from remote place. Here

describes DTMF for controlling stepper motor through AT89C51 microcontroller with existing

GSM network for the advantage of simplicity and audibility DTMF of mobile phone for

controlling Motor remotely. Mobile devices, like cell phone or smart phone are being used to

monitor and control remote devices. Human-Robot interaction mechanisms that allow a human

commander to control a mobile robot via cellular phone is to target to develop here.

In the present project the angular position of a stepper motor has been controlled

remotely using GSM link based DTMF signaling through microcontroller. Wireless position

control can also be achieved through RF transmitter and receiver but in case of RF

communication; devices using similar frequencies such as wireless phones, scanners, wrist

radios, personal locators etc. can interfere with transmission. In the present scheme GSM based

DTMF signaling Technology has been used to implement here for controlling the angular

position of the stepper motor remotely anywhere in the world through mobile phone network.

DTMF decoder has been used to decode the DTMF signal. The decoded signal has been read by

the microcontroller through its I/O port and generates the control signal to position the stepper

motor at the desired angle. Experimental results show that the system has good linearity and

repeatability. The error in measurement of angular position is less than the previous result of ±

2.7%.


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1.2. PROBLEM STATEMENT

In the proposed work DTMF signal has been generated by pressing the keys on the user

mobile phone key pad and the decoded output corresponding to the key pressed is shown in the

“Table 1”. DTMF signals from 12 different keys on the user mobile key pad have been used here

to generate the desired angular position signal for the stepper motor. Transition from 1 to 0 of Q-

test bit signifies that the system mobile phone is receiving the valid DTMF signal or the key pad

tone from the user mobile phone. The decoded output bits are Q0, Q1, Q2 and Q3 respectively

which after inversion have been fed to the microcontroller to store as desired angular position

signal. The microcontroller then executes the software for generating the required bit pattern for

the stepper motor and sends the same to the driver circuit so that the stepper motor rotates at thedesired angular position as set by the user.

TABLE 1 Frequency assignments in a DTMF system

Equivalent decimal value (m) of the decoded output of the corresponding key pressed on

user mobile phone has been plotted against the measured angular position (θm) in Fig.1.1. The

curve shows a linear relationship. Calculated angular position (θc) and the measured angular

position (θm) in degree, corresponding to the key pressed on the user mobile phone has been

plotted. This is also a linear curve. The percentage error in measuring the angular position has


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been shown in Fig. which indicates that the error lies within ±2.77% , this error can again

minimized by different methods as follows the project.

TABLE 2 DTMF Data Output


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Figure 1.1 Equivalent Decimal Value (m) from the Decoder vs. Measured Angular Position (θc)

The range of angular position achieved is 3.5° to 24° with a resolution of 1 step angle

(1.8°). If the desired angular position is beyond 24°, a combination of two or more keys decided

by “Table 1” may be pressed to achieve that particular angular position. As example, to achieve

the angular position of 57°, where 57°=24°+24°+9°, a combination of key positions to be pressed

may be 1, 1, 9. Thus any anguler position in between 0 to 360° with a resolution of one step

angle (1.8°) may be achieved with different combination of keys press. Also the mode of rotation

i.e. forward or reverse can be selected by pressing the appropriate keys on the user mobile phone.

The experimental results indicate that the system has good linearity and repeatability

Overall block diagram of the present project is shown in Fig 1.3. From the block diagram

it is clear that two mobile phones have been used, one is with the user or operator side and theother is in the system or experimental setup side which may be located at any distance from the

user and connected through mobile network. When the user makes a call to the mobile phone of

the system, it receives the call as it is always in auto receiving mode. Thus the user and the

system are connected via mobile network. Now if user presses any key on the key pad, DTMF

tone is generated which corresponds the desired angular position of the stepper motor. This

DTMF signal is received by the system mobile phone located at the receiving side. There it is


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decoded by the DTMF decoder. The hex inverter has been used to maintain the voltage level

properly

Figure 1.2 Percentage Error Curve

Fig 1.3 Overall block diagram of the present project

1.3. OBJECTIVE


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The main objectives of the proposed projects are listed below

1. To determine accurate position control system/control board irrespective of the integrated

systems,

2. To utilize the existing GSM network as the low cost remote RF communicator.

1.4. SCOPE

Man has invented many machines and in almost all the machines, ultimately motions

have been controlled by in-situ or through remote techniques. In this direction, the use of DTMF

(Dual Tone Multiple Frequency) technique by GSM system available in a mobile or cell phone

or a GSM modem is becoming an interesting topic, as it offers many convenient solutions for

controlling the various motors both in forward and reverse directions. In fact, once a motor gets

controlled, its motion can be translated in many dimensions. The Cell Phone Application group

in the Incubation Cell at the SBIT has utilized two cell phones in controlling three motors. In

actual situation, DTMF signals have been utilized to control three motors mounted in a robot

developed at the SBIT. In it motors control the movement of the any machine In GSM based

DTMF technique controls can be used in business machines, process control, machine tools and

robotics. Especially in different areas of robotics, process control like silicon processing, I.C.

Bonding and Laser trimming applications, it is necessary to control the stepper motor from

remote places

1.5. REPORT ORGANIZATION

This report consist of five chapters, this chapter discuss about overview of project,

problem statement, objective research, project scope and report organization

Chapter 1 presents the background of the existing project; the importance and

application of wireless remote position control of machines using DTMF based GSM System

and emphasizes the scope and objectives of the current implementations etc.


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Chapter 2 presents the review of different literature surveys using with the project

development aspects and how ideas in the literature help me design the project titled remote

position control of stepper motor using GSM Technology operate with large degree of accuracy.

Chapter 3 mainly discuss the area of study of different hardware and soft ware for the

design and implementation of the projects ,that is the various devices like 89c51 micro controller

,DTMF decoder ,GSM systems, stepper motors, programming and simulation soft wares and

finally the PCB design using ORCAD etc.

Chapter 4 documents the implementation of the theory derived in Chapter 4 using

graphic user interface for ALP in motor control applications, here I also discuss the development

of program, testing of program, simulation in register mode and hardware modes, PCB design

using ORCAD, upto this level the project is wired on bread board, apply DTMF codes for

control the motor.

Chapter 5 showcases the performance of the work presented by deploying the ALP

program first testing ,position control accuracy PCB design ,errors and modification methods etc

,I test the computation performance in real-world situations directly interface the controller and

motor DTMF decoders etc

Chapter 6 concludes with the dissertation key points identifying avenues for extendingmy project on next phase

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE RIVIEW

Ahmed, Vasif; Ladhake, Siddharth A.-2010 This paper describes the development of an ultra

low cost cell phone based remote control application for induction motor-pump based irrigation

in agriculture. Rural areas in many states of India are plagued by frequent power cuts and

abnormal voltage conditions. The developed system ensures that water is distributed to field

whenever normal conditions exist based on task specified. The task is initially specified through

keyboard / SMS. A novel concept of number of miscalls in specified duration has been used to

reduce the operational cost of the system to bare minimum. Information is exchanged in form of

messages / miscalls between the system and the user cell phones.


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Dong-ying Ju; Rui Zhong -2011 In the paper a system with abilities of remote monitor and

remote control based on BREWTM, a wireless application platform, is designed for an

autonomous mobile robot (ROBO-E). The construction of network environment, real-time image

transfer and autonomous and manual control program of the autonomous mobile robot of the

remote wireless monitor and control system are presented by using Internet and cell phone

network. It is realized to monitor and operate the ROBO-E remotely and wirelessly by using a

developed application through Internet

Sagarika Pal1, Niladri S. Tripathy -2011 This work describes the development of innovative

low cost cell phone based remote control application for induction motor-pump based irrigationin agriculture. The developed system ensures that water is distributed to field whenever normal

conditions exist based on task specified. A novel concept of miscall for specified duration has

been used to reduce the operational cost of the system and for the convenience of farmers facing

difficulty in typing messages. Information is exchanged in form of miscalls / message between

the system and the user cell phones. The system is based on AT 89C51 micro-controller and

includes protection against single phasing, over-current, dry running and other desirable features.

DS1307 and DS18S20 are used for time and temperature measurement respectively. It is

expected that system will relieve hardships of farmers relating water distribution to a great extent

Ahmed,V.; Ladhake,S.A -2011 Stepper motor is found in a lot of applications so it is necessary

to control the stepper motor from remote places. This paper describes a remote angular position

control system of stepper motor using DTMF Technology as an alternative means of

communication using Radio Frequency (RF) with advantages of simplicity and audibility. DTMF

Technology has been used here to implement acoustic communication for controlling the angular

position of the stepper motor remotely anywhere in the world through mobile phone network.

The desired value of angular position signals, in terms of DTMF tones have been generated by

using a mobile phone. The microcontroller has been used to implement the control algorithm

after receiving the DTMF tone. Since no extra transmitting and receiving device is needed except

mobile phone, the system is very much simple, rugged, and cost effective. The experimental

results indicate that the system has high resolution, repeatability and error is also within tolerable

limit.


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Rajesh Kumar, Manpreet Singh, Raman, Ashish Riyal-2012 This paper describes the

controlling of a Robot using DTMF technique and are helpful to the Army for making a blast at

the target. The robot is controlled by a cell phone that makes call to the other Cell phone

connected to the robot. If any button of operator’s cell phone is pressed then tone corresponding

to that button is received at the other end of the call.

Suman Khakurel, Ajay Kumar Ojha, Sumeet Shrestha, Rasika N. Dhavse-2010 It discuss

Robotics and automation engrosses designing and implementation of prodigious machines which

has the potential to do work too tedious, too precise, and too dangerous for human to perform. Italso pushes the boundary on the level of intelligence and competence for many forms of

autonomous, semi- autonomous and tele-operated machines. Intelligent machines have assorted

applications in medicine, defense, space, under water exploration, disaster relief, manufacture,

assembly, home automation and entertainment. Prime motive behind this project is to design and

implement in hardware, a mobile controlled robotic system for maneuvering DC motors and

remotely controlling

the electric appliances. Mobile platform is to be in the form of a robot capable of standard

locomotion in all directions.

A. P. Bagade, S. L. Haridas P. R. Indurkar-2012 This paper is an example of embedded

system and mobile communication as all its operations are controlled by intelligent software

inside the microcontroller and communication takes place using a cell-phone. Here is a circuit

that lets you operate the home appliances like lights and water pump from the office or any other

remote place. So if anyone forgets to switch off the lights or other appliances while going out, it

help him to turn off the appliance with his cell-phone. The cell-phone works as a remote control

for the home appliances or any other devices which we want to operate. We can control the

desired appliance by pressing the corresponding key and through this circuit we can operate 6

devices at a time. This system also gives you voice acknowledgement of the appliance status.

This means it gives us the information about that particular appliance, weather it is switched on

or off.


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Tomás Tormo Franco-2010 This paper describes users with a new interface for controlling

robots, which allows the use of the phone as a joystick, thanks to the orientation sensors the

smartphones include. The robots can also be controlled by a joypad-like set of buttons, which the

user can use to send basic orders to the robot as move forwards, move backwards, turn left or

turn right. Movement orders are sent to the robot using the Serial Port Profile (SPP) of the

Bluetooth specification

CHAPTER 3

STUDY AREA DESCRIPTION

3.1 GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE (GSM)

GSM is the most successful digital mobile telecommunication system in the world today.

It is used by over 800 million people in more than 190 countries. In the early 1980s, Europe had

numerous coexisting analog mobile phone systems, which were often based on similar standards

(e.g., NMT 450), but ran on slightly different carrier frequencies. To avoid this situation for a

second generation fully digital system, the groupe spéciale mobile (GSM) was founded in 1982.

This system was soon named the global system for mobile communications (GSM), with the

specification process lying in the hands of ETSI (ETSI, 2002), (GSM Association, 2002). In the

context of UMTS and the creation of 3GPP (Third generation partnership project, 3GPP, 2002a)

the whole development process of GSM was transferred to 3GPP and further development is

combined with 3G development. 3GPP assigned new numbers to all GSM standards.

However, to remain consistent with most of the GSM literature, this GSM section stays with

the original numbering will present the ongoing joint specification process in more detail. The

primary goal of GSM was to provide a mobile phone system that allows users to roam

throughout Europe and provides voice services compatible to ISDN and other PSTN systems.

The specification for the initial system already covers more than 5,000 pages; new services, in


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particular data services, now add even more specification details. Readers familiar with the

ISDN reference model will recognize many similar acronyms, reference points, and interfaces.

GSM standardization aims at adopting as much as possible.

GSM is a typical second generation system, replacing the first generation analog systems, but

not offering the high worldwide data rates that the third generation systems, such as UMTS, are

promising. GSM has initially been deployed in Europe using 890–915 MHz for uplinks and 935–

960 MHz for downlinks – this system is now also called GSM 900 to distinguish it from the later

versions. These versions comprise GSM at 1800 MHz (1710–1785 MHz uplink, 1805–1880

MHz downlink), also called DCS (digital cellular system) 1800, and the GSM system mainly

used in the US at 1900 MHz (1850–1910 MHz uplink, 1930–1990 MHz downlink), also calledPCS (personal communications service) 1900. Two more versions of GSM exist. GSM 400 is a

proposal to deploy GSM at 450.4–457.6/478.8–486 MHz for uplinks and 460.4–467.6/488.8–496

MHz for downlinks. This system could replace analog systems in sparsely populated areas.

A GSM system that has been introduced in several European countries for railroad

systems is GSM-Rail (GSM-R, 2002), (ETSI, 2002). This system does not only use separate

frequencies but offers many additional services which are unavailable using the public GSM

system. GSM-R offers 19 exclusive channels for railroad operators for voice and data traffic.

Special features of this system are, e.g., emergency calls with acknowledgements, voice group

call service (VGCS), voice broadcast service (VBS). These so-called advanced speech call items

(ASCI) resemble features typically available in trunked radio systems only. Calls are prioritized:

high priority calls pre-empt low priority calls.


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Figure 3.1 GSM system architecture

3.1.1. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

As with all systems in the telecommunication area, GSM comes with a hierarchical,

complex system architecture comprising many entities, interfaces, and acronyms. Figure 3.1

gives a simplified overview of the GSM system as specified in ETSI (1991b). A GSM system

consists of three subsystems, the radio sub system (RSS), the network and switching subsystem


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(NSS), and the operation subsystem (OSS). Each subsystem will be discussed in more detail in

the following sections. Generally, a GSM customer only notices a very small fraction of the

whole network – the mobile stations (MS) and some antenna masts of the base transceiver

stations (BTS).

3.1.2. SUBSYSTEMS

As the name implies, the radio subsystem (RSS) comprises all radio specific entities, i.e.,

the mobile stations (MS) and the base station subsystem (BSS). Figure shows the connection

between the RSS and the NSS via the A interface (solid lines) and the connection to the OSS via

the O interface (dashed lines). The A interface is typically based on circuit-switched PCM-30

systems (2.048 Mbit/s), carrying up to 30 64 kbit/s connections, whereas the O interface uses the

Signalling System No. 7 (SS7) based on X.25 carrying management data to/from the RSS.

● Base station subsystem (BSS): A GSM network comprises many BSSs, each controlled by a

base station controller (BSC). The BSS performs all functions necessary to maintain radio

connections to an MS, coding/decoding of voice, and rate adaptation to/from the wireless

network part. Besides a BSC, the BSS contains several BTSs.

● Base transceiver station (BTS): A BTS comprises all radio equipment, i.e., antennas, signal

processing, amplifiers necessary for radio transmission. A BTS can form a radio cell or, using

sectorized antennas, several cells and is connected to MS via the Um interface (ISDN U

interface for mobile use), and to the BSC via the Abis interface. The Um interface contains all

the mechanisms necessary for wireless transmission (TDMA, FDMA etc.) and will be discussed

in more detail below. The Abis interface consists of 16 or 64 kbit/s connections. A GSM cell can

measure between some 100 m and 35 km depending on the environment (buildings, open space,

mountains etc.) but also expected traffic.

● Base station controller (BSC): The BSC basically manages the BTSs. It reserves radio

frequencies, handles the handover from one BTS to another within the BSS, and performs paging

of the MS. The BSC also multiplexes the radio channels onto the fixed network connections at

the A interface.

3.1.3. CHANNEL ALLOCATION


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Figure 3.2 GSM TDMA frame

Figure 3.2 shows the TDM frame format. Each of the 248 channels is additionally

separated in time via a GSM TDMA frame, i.e., each 200 kHz carrier is subdivided into frames

that are repeated continuously. The duration of a frame is 4.615 ms. A frame is again subdivided

into 8 GSM time slots, where each slot represents a physical TDM channel and lasts for 577 µs.

Each TDM channel occupies the 200 kHz carrier for 577 µs every 4.615 ms.


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Fg 3.3. Internal block diagram

3.2. MICROCONTROLLER AT89C51

3.2.1 DESCRIPTION

The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K

bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is

manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with


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the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set and pinout.The on-chip Flash allows the program

memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer.

By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a

powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many

embedded control applications. The internal block diagram is shon in Fg 3.3

3.2.2. FEATURES

• Compatible with MCS-51™ Products

• 4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory

• Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles

• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz

• Three-level Program Memory Lock

• 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM

• 32 Programmable I/O Lines

• Two 16-bit Timer/Counters

• Six Interrupt Sources

• Programmable Serial Channel• Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes

3.3. DTMF SIGNAL OF MOBILE PHONE AND DTMF RECEIVER

DTMF is the signal to be transmitted to the counterpart when the keypad buttons (Figure

3) of the mobile phone are pushed. Each button pushed creates two tones of differing frequency.

One tone belongs to the high frequency range and the other tone low frequency. Voice tones

generally range from 0Hz to 4000Hz. A DTMF tone includes two frequencies in this range

(TABLE 3). The DTMF tone corresponding to five buttons consists of mixed frequencies of

770Hz and 1336Hz corresponding to row 1 and column 1 in TABLE 3. The A, B, C, D buttons

are not used in general mobile phone. These buttons are reserved for special use. The DTMF

tones of mobile phones are generated by the same process as with general telephone, Fig. 3.4.

Phone Keypad layout.


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Fig. 3.4. Phone Keypad layout.

TABLE 3 DTMF tone

The DTMF tones generated from mobile phones are transmitted over mobile

communication networks to a GSM external modem that is incorporated in the mobile robot. The

CDMA external modem sends the voice signals with the DTMF tone to the DTMF receiver

through a stereo ear phone jack. As the Figure 3.5 shows, the DTMF receiver passes the DTMF

tone through a zero crossing detector and divides the width frequency and the height frequency

into a high group filter and a low group filter. The DTMF receiver calculates a point of

intersection between the two frequencies. The DTMF receiver modulates this signal through a

digital detection algorithm and outputs a 4-bit binary signal to Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4. Table 4 presents

the values corresponding to the generated digital binary signal. The DTMF receiver processes the

interrupt to the connected microprocessor-based control board. The microprocessor-based

control board receives the 4-bits through Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4. These values range from 1 to 12.

Table 4 generated digital binary signal


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Figure 3.5. The diagram of DTMF receiver.

3.4. STEPPER MOTOR


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A stepper motor is the simpler of the two kinds of motors that we can control with a

digital system. Its operation is shown in simplified form in Figure 3.6 .The motor consists of a

permanent magnet rotor mounted on the shaft. Surrounding the rotor is a stator with a number of

coils that can be energized to form electromagnetic poles. The figure shows that, as coils are

energized in sequence, the rotor is attracted to successive angular positions, stepping around

through one rotation. The magnetic attraction holds the rotor in position, provided there is not

too much opposing torque from the load connected to the motor shaft. The order and rate in

which the coils are energized determines the direction and speed of rotation.

Figure 3.6. Operation of a stepper motor.

Practical stepper motors have more poles around the stator, allowing the motor to step

with finer angular resolution. They also have varying arrangements of coil connections, allowing

finer control over stepping. In practical applications, current through the coils is switched in

either direction using transistors controlled by digital circuit outputs. The fact that the motor is

activated by the on/off switching of current makes stepper motors ideal for digital control.

CHAPTER 4

IMPLIMENTATIONS


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4.1. DEVELOPMENT STAGES

The implementation is done in 3 stages as shown below

1. Develop the program and compile it,

2. Simulate the 8051 µC,

3. Writing program into the chip.

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2.Simulate the program

3. Write the program in 89c51

Micro controller

1.Develop ALP

Fig 4.1 the implementation flow chart

4.1.1. THE PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT AND ASSEMBLING.

You can call a third party external assembler package to assemble your input programlines. The simulator captures the output file coming out of the assembler and displays the same

in a separate window for your convenience. You can activate this only when using Normal View.

When you get assembly errors, you can keep both Text Editor Window and the Assembler output

window side by side to analyze the output file. It is a convenient feature helping you in

debugging process. We have tested the simulator with freeware cross assembler supplied by the

Atmel, ASM51. The assembler is made available in the accompanied CD ROM. Actually this


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ASM51 is a DOS program. But when you call this assembler through simulator, you need not

open DOS window separately. Assembling and data capturing tasks are handled by the simulator

itself. You really don't know that everything is happening in the DOS environment. Then you

can even load the assembled program straight into the simulator memory. You can configure the

whole process of developing the program and then loading the same into simulator memory in a

single step. This is an important and time saving feature that helps you save time during

repeated debugging operations. You should start the program entry by opening the Text Editor.

Click Load Text File in the File menu for this. A file open dialog box will appear on the screen

to prompt you to select an existing file (available in the disk) or enter a new file name and then

press Open button

4.1.2. SAMPLE ALP

$MOD51

ORG 0000H

MAIN: ACALL CAPTURE

ACALL TEST0

ACALL TEST1

ACALL TEST2

ACALL TEST3

ACALL TEST4

ACALL TEST5

ACALL TEST6

ACALL TEST7

ACALL TEST8

ACALL TEST9

CAPTURE: MOV A,#0FFH;COLLECT DTMF SIGNAL AND STORE ON

R0

MOV P1,A


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MOV A,P1

MOV R0,A

RET

TEST0: MOV A,R0;TEST THE DATA IS 0001

ANL A,#0FH

XRL A,#01H

JZ R00

ACALL TEST1

R00: ACALL ROTATE0RET

TEST1: MOV A,R0;TEST THE DATA IS 0010

ANL A,#0FH

XRL A,#02H

JZ R11

ACALL TEST2

R11: ACALL ROTATE1

RET

TEST2: MOV A,R0

ANL A,#0FH

XRL A,#03H

JZ R22

ACALL TEST3

R22: ACALL ROTATE2

RET

TEST3: MOV A,R0

ANL A,#0FH

XRL A,#04H

JZ R33


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ACALL TEST4

R33: ACALL ROTATE3

RET

TEST4: MOV A,R0

ANL A,#0FH

XRL A,#05H

JZ R44

ACALL TEST5

R44: ACALL ROTATE4

RETTEST5: MOV A,R0

ANL A,#0FH

XRL A,#06H

JZ R55

ACALL TEST6

R55: ACALL ROTATE5

RET

TEST6: MOV A,R0

ANL A,#0FH

XRL A,#07H

JZ R66

ACALL TEST7

R66: ACALL ROTATE6

RET

TEST7: MOV A,R0

ANL A,#0FH

XRL A,#08H

JZ R77

ACALL TEST8

R77: ACALL ROTATE7

RET


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TEST8: MOV A,R0

ANL A,#0FH

XRL A,#09H

JZ R88

ACALL TEST9

R88: ACALL ROTATE8

RET

TEST9: MOV A,R0

ANL A,#0FH

XRL A,#0AHJZ R99

ACALL TEST0

R99: ACALL ROTATE9

RET

ROTATE0: MOV A,R0

MOV B,#0AH

MUL AB

MOV R1,A

LL0: MOV A,#08H

MOV P2,A

ACALL DELAY1

MOV A,#04H

MOV P2,A

ACALL DELAY1

MOV A,#02H

MOV P2,A

ACALL DELAY1

MOV A,#01H

MOV P2,A

ACALL DELAY1


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DEC R1

JZ X0

SJMP LL0

X0: ACALL DELAY1;AFTER COMPLETING ONE COMPLETE

STEP COMMAND,DELAYED

RET

ROTATE1: MOV A,R0

MOV B,#0AH

MUL ABMOV R1,A

LL1: MOV A,#08H

MOV P2,A

ACALL DELAY1

MOV A,#04H

MOV P2,A

ACALL DELAY1

MOV A,#02H

MOV P2,A

ACALL DELAY1

MOV A,#01H

MOV P2,A

ACALL DELAY1

DEC R1

JZ X1

SJMP LL1



RET

ROTATE2: MOV A,R0


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MOV B,#0AH

MUL AB

MOV R1,A

LL2: MOV A,#08H

MOV P2,A

ACALL DELAY1

MOV A,#04H

MOV P2,A

ACALL DELAY1

MOV A,#02HMOV P2,A

ACALL DELAY1

MOV A,#01H

MOV P2,A

ACALL DELAY1

DEC R1

JZ X2

SJMP LL2



RET

ROTATE3: MOV A,R0

MOV B,#0AH

MUL AB

MOV R1,A

LL3: MOV A,#08H

MOV P2,A

ACALL DELAY1

MOV A,#04H

MOV P2,A


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ACALL DELAY1

MOV A,#02H

MOV P2,A

ACALL DELAY1

MOV A,#01H

MOV P2,A

ACALL DELAY1

DEC R1

JZ X3

SJMP LL3X3: ACALL DELAY1;AFTER COMPLETING ONE COMPLETE


RET

ROTATE4: MOV A,R0

MOV B,#0AH

MUL AB

MOV R1,A

LL4: MOV A,#08H

MOV P2,A

ACALL DELAY1

MOV A,#04H

MOV P2,A

ACALL DELAY1

MOV A,#02H

MOV P2,A

ACALL DELAY1

MOV A,#01H

MOV P2,A

ACALL DELAY1

DEC R1


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JZ X4

SJMP LL4



RET

ROTATE5: MOV A,R0

MOV B,#0AH

MUL AB

MOV R1,ALL5: MOV A,#08H

MOV P2,A

ACALL DELAY1

MOV A,#04H

MOV P2,A

ACALL DELAY1

MOV A,#02H

MOV P2,A

ACALL DELAY1

MOV A,#01H

MOV P2,A

ACALL DELAY1

DEC R1

JZ X5

SJMP LL5



RET

ROTATE6: MOV A,R0

MOV B,#0AH


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MUL AB

MOV R1,A

LL6: MOV A,#08H

MOV P2,A

ACALL DELAY1

MOV A,#04H

MOV P2,A

ACALL DELAY1

MOV A,#02H

MOV P2,AACALL DELAY1

MOV A,#01H

MOV P2,A

ACALL DELAY1

DEC R1

JZ X6

SJMP LL6



RET

ROTATE7: MOV A,R0

MOV B,#0AH

MUL AB

MOV R1,A

LL7: MOV A,#08H

MOV P2,A

ACALL DELAY1

MOV A,#04H

MOV P2,A

ACALL DELAY1


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MOV A,#02H

MOV P2,A

ACALL DELAY1

MOV A,#01H

MOV P2,A

ACALL DELAY1

DEC R1

JZ X7

SJMP LL7

X7: ACALL DELAY1;AFTER COMPLETING ONE COMPLETESTEP COMMAND,DELAYED

RET

ROTATE8: MOV A,R0

MOV B,#0AH

MUL AB

MOV R1,A

LL8: MOV A,#08H

MOV P2,A

ACALL DELAY1

MOV A,#04H

MOV P2,A

ACALL DELAY1

MOV A,#02H

MOV P2,A

ACALL DELAY1

MOV A,#01H

MOV P2,A

ACALL DELAY1

DEC R1

JZ X8


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SJMP LL8



RET

ROTATE9: MOV A,R0

MOV B,#0AH

MUL AB

MOV R1,A

LL9: MOV A,#08HMOV P2,A

ACALL DELAY1

MOV A,#04H

MOV P2,A

ACALL DELAY1

MOV A,#02H

MOV P2,A

ACALL DELAY1

MOV A,#01H

MOV P2,A

ACALL DELAY1

DEC R1

JZ X9

SJMP LL9



RET

DELAY1: MOV R3,#0FFH

MOV R4,#0FFH


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LLL: DJNZ R3, LLL

LLLL: DJNZ R4 ,LLLL

RET

END

4.1.3. SIMULATE THE 8051 µC

Top view Simulator gives an excellent simulation environment for the Industry's most

popular 8 bit microcontroller family, MCS 51. It gives all the required facilities to enable the

system designers to start projects right from the scratch and finish them with ease and

confidence. The following figure indicates the facilities available in the simulation environmentthat give you required development power to handle your next real time embedded system design

applications Topview Simulator is the total solution giving many state of art features meeting the

needs of the designers possessing different levels of expertise. If you are a beginner, then you

can easily learn about 8051 based embedded solutions without any hardware. If you are an

experienced designer, you may find most of the required facilities built in the simulator that

enable you to complete your next project without waiting for the target hardware. The simulator

is designed by the active feedback from the demanding designers and when you use this in your

next 8051 project, you are assured of definite savings in time and increase in productivity. The

features of the simulator are briefly tabulated here.

DEVICE SELECTION A wide range of device selection, including generic 8031 devices and

Atmel's AT89CXX series 8031 microcontrollers.

PROGRAM EDITING Powerful editing feature for generating your programs and the facility

to call an external assembler to process input programs.

CLEARVIEW GUI ENVIRONMENT ClearView GUI facility gives all the internal

architectural details in the strategically placed windows. Information about the Program, Data

Memory, Registers, Peripherals, SFR Bits, Memory Bits are clearly presented in many windows

to make you understand the program flow very easily.


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PROGRAM EXECUTION A variety of program execution options include Single Stroke full

speed execution, Single Step, Step Over and Break Point execution modes give you total control

over the target program. Clear View updates all the windows with the correct and latest data and

it is a convenient help during your debugging operations. You may find how this Top view

Simulator simplifies the most difficult operation of the program development, debugging, into a

most simple task.

Fig 4.1.Assembled program using simulator

SIMULATION FACILITIES Powerful simulation facilities are incorporated for I/O lines,

interrupt lines and the clock sources meant for Timers/Counters. Many external embedded

building blocks can be simulated:

Range of Plain Point LED's and Seven Segment LED Display options.

LCD modules in many configurations.

Momentary ON keys, Toggle Switches.


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A variety of keypads upto 4 X 8 key matrix.

All modes of on-chip serial port communication facility.

IIC components including RTC, EEPROMs.

SPI Bus based EEPROM devices.

Fig 4.2. simulation is running

4.1.4. WRITING PROGRAM INTO THE CHIP.

The Device Programmer is meant for programming all the Atmel's 89CXX Family devices

using any standard personal computer. In fact, the programmer is an external addon card that can

be connected to the host computer at the serial port.. The programmer supports entire family of

Atmel's 89CXX devices:


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AT89C1051

AT89C2051

AT89C4051

AT89C51

AT89LV51

AT89C52

AT89LV52

AT89S53

AT89LS53

AT89C55 AT89LV55

AT89S8252

AT89LS8252

PROGRAMMING OPERATIONS.

The programmer maintains a separate buffer area for the device’s flash memory and also

for EEPROM memory (in 89S8252) space in the personal computer. Initially the programmingdata (Hex/Binary Files) has to be loaded into this buffer area and then transferred into the device.

When the buffer holds the relevant data, using proper commands, the data can be manipulated,

disassembled and then also be viewed as the assembly program.

The programmer also supports programming the flash memory space using SPI bus in

devices, 89S8252, 89LS8252, 89S53 and 89LS53. For this purpose, a separate 5 pin connector is

provided onboard. Using this facility, the flash memory area of the device can be programmed

using SPI bus even after the device has been soldered in the target hardware.


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Fig 4.3. Selection of chip

4.1.5. SIMULATE THE PROGRAM USING DEBUGGER HARDWARE KIT OF 89C51

Top view Debugger is the important facility meant for developing 8051 Microcontroller

based embedded solutions. Debugging is an inevitable part in any tool suite required to develop

applications in real time. A right debugging tool may save a lot of development time in any

product development process.

An exclusive version of Top view Debugger is made available for the Top view Trainer

that gives the required development power to enable you to face real time challenges with ease

and confidence. This debugger is a two part program in which the major part stays inside of the

trainer and keeps track of internal operation of microcontroller. During program execution, it

catches information on various register contents, internal /external memory areas and also

various peripherals of the microcontroller. This information is later transferred to the host

computer to which it is connected. Since it is residing in the target hardware, sometimes it is also

called, `Remote Monitor'. Second part of the debugger operates in the host computer and is


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responsible for presenting the information received from the remote monitor in a most useful

format using a GUI environment. When you establish a reliable communication link between the

trainer and the host personal computer, the Topview Debugger automatically comes into action

Top view Debugger gives you facility to develop your programs right from the scratch.

Debugger’s built-in Text Editor takes care of program entry operations. You can simply key in

your target code line by line. You can also download any input program from the disk. You can

call a third party Assembler package to assemble the keyed in programs. The debugger captures

the output file coming out of the assembler and displays the same in a separate window for your

convenience. You can activate this editor only when using Normal view. When you get

assembly errors, you can keep both Text Editor Window and the second Assembler output

window side by side to analyze the output file. It is a convenient feature helping you in

debugging process. We have tested the debugger with the Freeware Cross Assembler supplied

by the Atmel, ASM51. This assembler is made available in the accompanied CDROM.

Actually this ASM51 is a DOS program. But when you call this assembler through

debugger you need not open DOS window separately. Assembling and Data capturing tasks are

handled by the debugger itself. You really don't know that everything is happening in the DOSenvironment. Then you can even download the assembled program straight into the trainer.


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Fig 4.4. Open the debugger program as shown below

You can configure the whole process of developing the program and then downloading the

same into the trainer into a single step. This is an important and time saving feature that helps

you save time during repeated debugging operations. You should start the program entry by

opening the Text Editor. Click Load Text File in the File menu for this. A file open dialog box

will appear on the screen to prompt you to select an existing file (available in the disk) or enter a

new file name and then press Open button


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Fig 4.5. Open the AL Program as shown below

Fig 4.6. Assemble the ALP using the the assembler ASM51


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Fig 4.7. Download the hex program into hardware kit and execute

4.2. THE SYSTEM SCHEMATIC CIRCUIT

The circuit schematics of the basic system or evaluation is drawn by using orcad capture.

The detail circuit for DTMF decoder and its interfacing with microcontroller, stepper motor and

its driver circuit is shown in Fig 4.8. In the present project CM8870 IC is used as DTMF

decoder. A crystal or ceramic resonator having a resonant frequency of 3.579545 MHZ has beenconnected to complete the internal clock circuit. The circuit is powered by 5 volt supply. The

DTMF signal from the user mobile phone is picked up by the system mobile phone. The tip and

ring of the microphone is connected to the specified pin of CM8870 as shown in the Fig 4.8. C1,

R1 and R2 has been adjusted for gain control of the input signal. Resistance R3 and capacitor C2

has been used to set the „guard time‟ which is a time duration through which a valid DTMF tone


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must be present for its recognition. The „Q-test‟ signal (pin 15) indicates that the valid DTMF

tone has been detected.

The output of decoder (Q0, Q1, Q2, Q3) is sent to the microcontroller AT89C51 input

port. The microcontroller executes the developed control software and generates the sequence of

bit pattern which goes to the stepper motor driver IC ULN2003A through the output port of AT89C51

micro controller. The driver in turn drives the stepper motor for rotation.

Fig 4.8 the circuit schematics

4.2. 1. TESTING THE CIRCUIT

The circuit schematics is wired on bread boards & connect the stepper motor, observe the

direction with respect to DTMF input, it is only for primary testing.

4.2.2 PCB-DESIGN USING ORCARD

The following procedures are used to draw the schematic in Orcad in capture software

1. Open Orcad Capture, draw the schematic, save, give foot print of each components,

save, as shown below


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2. Create net list error checking, save the circuit again

Fig 4.9 orcad capture

Fig 4.10 orcad capture schematic for PCB


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3. Then open the layout plus, auto route the board as shown below

Fig 4.11 orcad layout plus for the circuit

4 Print the bottom layer as shown below


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CHAPTER 5

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

5.1. SEQUENCE OF OPERATIONS

In the present project, following sequence of operations have been followed for

remote position control of stepper motor.

Step 1: The user makes a call to the system mobile phone. The system mobile phone is set in

auto-receiving mode. Thus two mobile phones are connected via mobile network and the system

mobile phone is now ready to receive the tone from the user mobile phone.

Step 2: The specified key (1 or 2) of the user mobile phone is pressed for selecting the mode of

the rotation of stepper motor (i.e. forward or reverse). The keypad tone (DTMF signal) generated

due to pressing of keys of the user mobile phone is received by the system mobile phone.

Step 3: The received tone for selection of direction of motion is decoded by the developed

DTMF decoder circuit.

Step 4: Microcontroller reads the decoded signal through the I/O port and store the data in it‟s

register which in turn decides the digital bit pattern of A, 6, 5, 9 for forward motion and 9, 5, 6,

A for reverse motion of the stepper motor.

Step 5: Now any key on the user mobile is pressed for desired angular position and the

corresponding DTMF signal is decoded and then received by the Microcontroller which executes

the software program and generates the control signal for motor rotation.

Step 6: Control signal generated by the microcontroller is fed to the I/O port and then to the

stepper motor driver for driving the stepper motor at desired angular position.

5. 2.EXPERIMENTAL RESULT

In the proposed work DTMF signal has been generated by pressing the keys on the user

mobile phone key pad and the decoded output corresponding to the key pressed is shown in the

“Table 5”. DTMF signals from 12 different keys on the user mobile key pad have been used here

to generate the desired anguler position signal for the stepper motor. Transition from 1 to 0 of Q-

test bit signifies that the system mobile phone is receiving the valid DTMF signal or the key pad

tone from the user mobile phone. The decoded output bits are Q0, Q1, Q2 and Q3 respectively


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which after inversion have been fed to the microcontroller to store as desired angular position

signal. The microcontroller then executes the software for generating the required bit pattern for

the stepper motor and sends the same to the driver circuit so that the stepper motor rotates at the

desired angular position as set by the user. Experimentation has been performed to record the key

position pressed on the user mobile phone and the actual angular position achieved by the

stepper motor and is shown in “Table 5”.

Table 5 the experimental output, key position vs rotation of stepper motor

The percentage error in measuring the angular position has been shown here which

indicates that the error lies within ±1.5%. Experimental results show that the system has

1 Good linearity and repeatability,

2. By optical isolation there is no back emf from the motor side ,

3. The error in measurement of angular position is within ± 1.5%, than the existing

system of error ±2.77%,

4. Circuit complexity is also minimized by eliminating certain components like 8255 in the

existing system.

CHAPTER 6


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CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PLAN

In the present project GSM network based DTMF technology has been used to position

the shaft of the stepper motor at a desired angle which in turn may be used in deferent

application areas. As conventional RF wireless system has distance limitation, DTMF

technology has been used here. The system developed in this project is very much simple,

rugged, and cost effective. The experimental result shows that one step angle resolution has been

achieved in the range between 3.5° and 24°. Also other angular positions beyond 24° can be

achieved by pressing a combination of two or more keys on the key pad of the user mobile

phone. The error in the measurement is within ±1.5% which is tolerable. Any angular position

between 0° and 360° can be obtained from this system and the achieved angular position can be

varied only in integral multiple of one step angle (1.8°). Application of such control system of

stepper motor in remote surveillance system is the future scope of this work. Next phase I want

to interface the same system with a real-time position controller like robotic arm

8. REERENCE

1. Remote Position Control System of Stepper Motor Using DTMF Technology,

International Journal of Control and Automation Vol. 4 No. 2, June, 2011 Sagarika Pal1,


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Niladri S. 1Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technical Teachers

Training and Research, Kolkata. [Under MHRD, Govt. of India], Block-FC, Sector-III, Salt

Lake City, Kolkata-700106, India

2. A Low Cost, Easily Accessible Telepresence Using Mobile Phone Global Journal of

Computer Science and Technology Hardware & Computation Volume 12 Issue 10 Version

1.0,2012, Global Journals Inc. (USA) Online ISSN: 0975-4172 & Print ISSN: 0975-4350

3. An insight into motor control using DTMF technique, International Journal of Enterprise

Computing and Business Systems http://www.ijecbs.com, Vol. 2 Issue 1 January 2012

4. Hausila Singh and Sudhansu Sharma, “Some Novel microprocessor based configurations

for controlling Remotely Located stepper Motors as Actuators of control valves”, IEEETransaction on industrial electronics, AUGUST 1991, 38(4), PP 283-287.

5. Joao Neves Moutinho, Fernando David Mesquita, Nuno Martins and Rui Esteves Araaujo.

“Progresses On The Design of a Surveillance System to Protect Forests from Fire”, IEEE

Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, 2, 16-19 Sept.2003, PP

191-194, 10.1109/ETFA.2003.1248696.

6. D. Manojkumar, P. Mathankumar, E. Saranya and S. pavithradevi, “Mobile Controlled

Robot using DTMF Technology for Industrial Application”, International Journal of

Electronics Engineering Research, 2010, 2( 3), PP. 349-355.

7. Ali Sekman, Ahmet Bugra Koku, and Saleh Zein-Sabatto, “Human Robot Interaction via

Cellular Phones”, IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 2003,

4,PP.3937-3942

8. M. A. Mazidi, J. G. Mazidi and R. D. Mckinlay, The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded

System, Prentice-Hall, India, 2006.

9. Sai K.V.S. and Sivaramakrishnan R , “Design and Fabrication of holonomic Motion Robot

Using DTMF Control Tones”, International Conference on control, Automation,

Communication and Energy Conservation, Perundurai, India, 4-6 June 2009 , pp.1-4.

10.Jegede Olawale, Awodele Oludele, Ajayi Ayodele and Ndong Miko Alejandro,

“Developmemt of a Microcontroller Based Robotic Arm”, proc. of the 2007 Computer

Science & IT Education Conference, Mauritius, 16-18 November 2007.

11. Andrew Gilbert, John Illingworth and Richard Bowden, “Accurate Fusion of Robot ,

Camera and Wireless Sensors for Surveillance Application”, IEEE 12th International


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Conference on Computer Vision Workshops (ICCV Workshops), Kyoto, 2009, pp. 1290-

1297.

12 Yun Chan Cho and Jae wook Jeon, “Remote Robot Control System based on DTMF of

Mobile Phone” , The IEEE International conference on Industrial Informatics(INDIN 2008)

DCC, Daejeon, Korea, July 13-16, 2008, pp. 1441-1446. 13. Tulijappa M Ladwa, Sanjay M

Ladwa, R Sudhrashan Kaarthik, Alok Ranjan Dhara and Nayan Dalei, “Control of Remote

domestic System using DTMF”, International Conference on Instrumentation,

Communications, Information Technology, and Biomedical Engineering (ICICI-BME),

Bandung, Indonesia, 2009, pp. 1-6.

14.Daniel Heß, Christof Röhrig. “Remote Controlling Technical Systems Using MobileDevices”, IEEE International Workshop on Intelligent Data Acquisition and Advanced

Computing Systems:Technology and Applications, Rende (Cosenza), Italy 21-23 September

2009, pp.625-628.

15. T. Kubik and M. Sugisaka, “Use of a Cellular Phone in Mobile Robot Voice Control”,

Proceedings of the 40th SICE Annual Conference. International Session Papers, Nagoya,

2001, pp.106-111

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