final benifits intercropping in egypt

28
What are benefits of intercropping in the Nile Delta? Prof. Korany Abdel-Gawad

Upload: korany-abdel-gawad

Post on 19-Feb-2017

266 views

Category:

Documents


1 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Final benifits intercropping in egypt

What are benefits of intercropping in the Nile Delta?

Prof. Korany Abdel-Gawad

Page 2: Final benifits intercropping in egypt

Monday, May 1, 2023 Prof.Korany Ismail Abdel-Gawad

Introduction

In Egypt, the agricultural development is facing by many constraints concerned with limitation of soil, water and inputs, associated with continuous growth population, resulting in reduced production per capita.

Page 3: Final benifits intercropping in egypt

Monday, May 1, 2023

In addition, the farmers are frequently followed old practices such as the relay sowing of crops, exhausting more land area, water and inputs.

Prof.Korany Ismail Abdel-Gawad

Page 4: Final benifits intercropping in egypt

Monday, May 1, 2023

Also, these practices are commonly used for the major crops that occupied most of the available old land area in Nile Valley.

While other crops, of secondary importance, such as soybean, cowpea, barley, lupine, lentil and chickpea are restricted in small areas.

Prof.Korany Ismail Abdel-Gawad

Page 5: Final benifits intercropping in egypt

Monday, May 1, 2023

An alternative procedure to mitigate the effect of these constraints and to increase the acreage and production of such secondary crops is intercropped them particularly either in the newly reclaimed soils or in the old ones.

Prof.Korany Ismail Abdel-Gawad

Page 6: Final benifits intercropping in egypt

Monday, May 1, 2023

It is an old and widespread practice in the low input system based on the manipulation of plant interaction to maximize their growth and productivity in addition to yearly yield stability allowing more consistent yields (Willey, 1979).

Prof.Korany Ismail Abdel-Gawad

Page 7: Final benifits intercropping in egypt

Monday, May 1, 2023

Intercropping provides an efficient utilization of environmental resources,

Reduces the risk of the cost of production,

Provides greater financial stability for farmers,

Decreases pest damages,

Suppresses weed growth more than monocultures, Improves soil fertility through nitrogen increasing to the system

And improves forage yield and quality (Ofori and Stern, 1987). Prof.Korany Ismail Abdel-Gawad

Page 8: Final benifits intercropping in egypt

Monday, May 1, 2023

Intercropping in Egypt is also recommended to increase profitability for Egyptian farmers andagricultural production against food crises (Abdel-Gawad , 1992,1993; Abdel-Gawad et al,1998,2000; Metwally et al. , 2009a,b; Abdel-Gawad et al., 2011; Abdel Aziz et al. , 2012 and Abdel- Galil et al, 2014).

Prof.Korany Ismail Abdel-Gawad

Page 9: Final benifits intercropping in egypt

Monday, May 1, 2023

In Egypt • The cropping area is about 16 million fed.

• About 2.5 million fed. are growing by intercropping different annual crops and orchards.

• Water use efficiency (WUE) and land equivalent ratios (LERs), as well as, income equivalent ratios (IERs) are increased to more than 1.5 as compared to solid cropping systems. So, intercropping patterns are conventional practices by many Egyptian farmers.

Prof.Korany Ismail Abdel-Gawad

Page 10: Final benifits intercropping in egypt

Monday, May 1, 2023

Different types of intercropping have been identified.

1- mixed intercropping, where two or more 4 crops are grown together without any distinct row pattern;

2- relay intercropping in which a second crop is planted into an existing crop;

3- row intercropping where at least one crop is planted in rows narrow enough to permit interaction;

4- strip intercropping where two or more crops are grown together in strips wide enough to accommodate machinery (Ruthernberg, 1980; Kantor, 1999).

Prof.Korany Ismail Abdel-Gawad

Page 11: Final benifits intercropping in egypt

Monday, May 1, 2023

Intercropping saves water• Soybean/maize intercropping could be a way of irrigation water

saving, especially in situations of limited water resources (Tsubo et al., 2005). Intercrops have been known to conserve water, largely due to early high leaf area index and higher leaf area (Ogindo and Walker, 2005).

• Morris and Garrity (1993) stated that water capture by intercrops is higher by about 7% compared with sole crop. They also indicated that the water utilization efficiency of intercrops was higher by about 18% compared with sole crop. Same trend was shown by Barhom,2001.under soybean/maize intercropping, compared with sole maize and sole soybean (Barhom, 2001).

Prof.Korany Ismail Abdel-Gawad

Page 12: Final benifits intercropping in egypt

Monday, May 1, 2023

Materials and Methods

Three experiments were done.!- intercropping maize with soybean in summer.2- relay intercropping by planting berseem clover in the late maize planting field.3- intercropping berseem clover with wheat in winter.

Prof.Korany Ismail Abdel-Gawad

Page 13: Final benifits intercropping in egypt

Monday, May 1, 2023

• Maize (Zea mays L., cv. Yellow maize hybrid 352) seeds were sown in 2seeds per hill, on the ridges on September 17, 2013 in the experimental fields of the Agricultural Research Center (ARC) in Sakha, Kafr El-Shaikh, Egypt. Ridge distance was about 70cm and hill distance was 25cm. Seedlings were thinned to one plant per hill. Berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L. cv. El Helali) seeds were broadcasted on the slope of ridges and furrows on October 13, 2013 (Fig. 1).

Prof.Korany Ismail Abdel-Gawad

Page 14: Final benifits intercropping in egypt

Monday, May 1, 2023

Fig. 1. Cropping patterns of monoculture and intercropping.

M: maize, B: berseem.

Prof.Korany Ismail Abdel-Gawad

Page 15: Final benifits intercropping in egypt

Monday, May 1, 2023

A new intercropping method for human consumption, animal feeds and water-saving

We tried a new style of intercropping farming by planting a second crop (legumes) on the same furrow in a zigzag manner or by filling the gaps between the main crops (Fig. 2).

This system can provide high land-use efficiency and water-use efficiency by reducing evaporation from the soil. The land equivalent ratio (LER) was improved to 1.17.

The maize yield tended to increase when the maize was intercropped with Egyptian clover in late summer.

Prof.Korany Ismail Abdel-Gawad

Page 16: Final benifits intercropping in egypt

Monday, May 1, 2023

Fig. 2. A new intercropping method in the summer (left) with maize/soybean and in winter (right) with wheat/Egyptian clover.

Prof.Korany Ismail Abdel-Gawad

Page 17: Final benifits intercropping in egypt

Monday, May 1, 2023

Fig. 2. Berseem growing under the shading of maize.

Prof.Korany Ismail Abdel-Gawad

Page 18: Final benifits intercropping in egypt

Monday, May 1, 2023

• Plant length, fresh weight and dry weight of stem, leaves and panicles of intercropping maize tended higher than those of monoculture maize (Table 1).

• Fresh and dry weight of the shoots of intercropping berseem tended tremendously lower than those of solid berseem,

• While plant length of intercropping berseem was higher. In intercropping fields, maize has made shade under plants and the shade inhibited the growth of berseem (Table 1).

Prof.Korany Ismail Abdel-Gawad

Page 19: Final benifits intercropping in egypt

Monday, May 1, 2023

T a b l e 1 . G r o w t h i n c r e m e n t s o f m o n o c u l t u r e a n d

i n t e r c r o p p i n g o f m a i z e a n d b e r s e e m .

Prof.Korany Ismail Abdel-Gawad

Page 20: Final benifits intercropping in egypt

Monday, May 1, 2023

Although LER was not so high in the present study, intercropped maize tended to be higher in all growth parameters than monoculture.

Prof.Korany Ismail Abdel-Gawad

Page 21: Final benifits intercropping in egypt

Monday, May 1, 2023

• Agboola and Fayemi (1971) cultivated maize and nine different tropical legumes as an intercropping.

• The intercropping did not affect the yield of maize.

• Intercropped berseem was extra production and income for farmers in the present study because berseem has been cultivated in the open space between maize ridges.

• On the other hand, vegetation covering inhibited evaporation from the soil surface and berseem could use the soil water for growth effectively. It estimated this type of intercropping was useful in the Nile delta agricultural field for increase of the agricultural production.

Prof.Korany Ismail Abdel-Gawad

Page 22: Final benifits intercropping in egypt

Monday, May 1, 2023

At harvest 11/05/2013

R1 R2 R3 Mean R1 R2 R3 Mean R1 R2 R3 Mean R1 R2 R3 Mean R1 R2 R3 Meancut 72.6 84.0 70.2 75.6 268 408 352 342.7 0 0 0 0 880 1280 1320 1160.0 0.71 0.77 0.58 0.69

No cut 91.2 98.6 94.2 94.7 356 444 408 402.7 0 0 0 0 1480 2520 1680 1893.3 1.44 2.09 2.78 2.10mean 81.9 91.3 82.2 85.1 312.0 426.0 380.0 372.7 0 0 0 0 1180.0 1900.0 1500.0 1526.7 1.07 1.43 1.68 1.39

cut 69.2 64.0 60.8 64.7 40 88 140 89.3 1320 1400 1280 1333.3 450 520 480 483.3 0.72 0.75 0.74 0.74No cut 97.6 93.6 100.8 97.3 320 184 184 229.3 2000 1880 1720 1866.7 1080 1040 920 1013.3 1.36 1.76 1.66 1.59mean 83.4 78.8 80.8 81.0 180.0 136.0 162 159.3 1660.0 1640.0 1500.0 1600.0 765.0 780.0 700.0 748.3 1.04 1.26 1.20 1.17

R1 R2 R3 Mean R1 R2 R3 Mean R1 R2 R3 Mean R1 R2 R3 Mean R1 R2 R3 Meancut 7.6 8.8 8.4 8.3 18.0 19.0 18.0 18.3 25.0 22.4 20.0 22.5 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.2 357.00 225.72 347.39 310.04

No cut 10.1 9.5 10.0 9.9 19.2 19.0 19.2 19.1 35.5 45.0 50.4 43.6 1.8 2.4 2.6 2.3 477.04 369.00 460.80 435.61mean 8.85 9.15 9.2 9.1 18.6 19.0 18.6 18.7 30.3 33.7 35.2 33.1 1.6 1.8 1.9 1.8 417.02 297.36 404.09 372.82

cut 8.7 7.0 8.8 8.2 17.8 16.0 19.0 17.6 26.0 24.0 25.6 25.2 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.4 278.35 233.14 250.08 253.85No cut 10.3 9.0 8.4 9.2 20.5 19.4 18.4 19.4 32.4 40.8 36.0 36.4 1.6 2.1 2.0 1.9 411.60 343.60 396.80 384.00mean 9.5 8 8.6 8.7 19.2 17.7 18.7 18.5 29.2 32.4 30.8 30.8 1.5 1.8 1.7 1.7 344.97 288.37 323.44 318.93

R1 R2 R3 Mean R1 R2 R3 Mean R1 R2 R3 Meancut 156.6 109 136.8 134.1 0 0 0 0.0 1800 1480 1800 1693.3

No cut 102.2 137.6 168.6 136.1 0 0 0 0.0 3520 2640 3040 3066.7Mean 129.4 123.3 152.7 135.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2660.0 2060.0 2420.0 2380.0

cut 125.8 159.8 123.6 136.4 1320 1400 1280 1333.3 870 880 800 850.0No cut 116.2 132.2 118.4 122.3 2000 1880 1720 1866.7 920 960 800 893.3Mean 121.0 146.0 121.0 129.3 1660.0 1640.0 1500.0 1600.0 895.0 920.0 800.0 871.7

Biological yield of wheat/m2 Grains weight/spike,g

Mono

Intercropping

Cropping patterns

Treatments

spike length, cm No. of spikelts/spike No. of grains/spike No. of grains/spikelts Grains weight/m2,g

Treatments

plant height, cm No. of tillers/m2 Total bioloical yield/m2,g

Mono

Intercropping

Wheat

Clover

Wheat

Mono

Cropping patterns

Cropping patterns

Treatments

plant height, cm Total bioloical yield/m2,g Biological yield of clover/m2

Intercropping

Prof.Korany Ismail Abdel-Gawad

Page 23: Final benifits intercropping in egypt

Monday, May 1, 2023

At harvest 11/05/2013

R1 R2 R3 Mean R1 R2 R3 Mean R1 R2 R3 Mean R1 R2 R3 Mean R1 R2 R3 Meancut 72.6 84.0 70.2 75.6 268 408 352 342.7 0 0 0 0 880 1280 1320 1160.0 0.71 0.77 0.58 0.69

No cut 91.2 98.6 94.2 94.7 356 444 408 402.7 0 0 0 0 1480 2520 1680 1893.3 1.44 2.09 2.78 2.10mean 81.9 91.3 82.2 85.1 312.0 426.0 380.0 372.7 0 0 0 0 1180.0 1900.0 1500.0 1526.7 1.07 1.43 1.68 1.39

cut 69.2 64.0 60.8 64.7 40 88 140 89.3 1320 1400 1280 1333.3 450 520 480 483.3 0.72 0.75 0.74 0.74No cut 97.6 93.6 100.8 97.3 320 184 184 229.3 2000 1880 1720 1866.7 1080 1040 920 1013.3 1.36 1.76 1.66 1.59mean 83.4 78.8 80.8 81.0 180.0 136.0 162 159.3 1660.0 1640.0 1500.0 1600.0 765.0 780.0 700.0 748.3 1.04 1.26 1.20 1.17

R1 R2 R3 Mean R1 R2 R3 Mean R1 R2 R3 Mean R1 R2 R3 Mean R1 R2 R3 Meancut 7.6 8.8 8.4 8.3 18.0 19.0 18.0 18.3 25.0 22.4 20.0 22.5 1.4 1.2 1.1 1.2 357.00 225.72 347.39 310.04

No cut 10.1 9.5 10.0 9.9 19.2 19.0 19.2 19.1 35.5 45.0 50.4 43.6 1.8 2.4 2.6 2.3 477.04 369.00 460.80 435.61mean 8.85 9.15 9.2 9.1 18.6 19.0 18.6 18.7 30.3 33.7 35.2 33.1 1.6 1.8 1.9 1.8 417.02 297.36 404.09 372.82

cut 8.7 7.0 8.8 8.2 17.8 16.0 19.0 17.6 26.0 24.0 25.6 25.2 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.4 278.35 233.14 250.08 253.85No cut 10.3 9.0 8.4 9.2 20.5 19.4 18.4 19.4 32.4 40.8 36.0 36.4 1.6 2.1 2.0 1.9 411.60 343.60 396.80 384.00mean 9.5 8 8.6 8.7 19.2 17.7 18.7 18.5 29.2 32.4 30.8 30.8 1.5 1.8 1.7 1.7 344.97 288.37 323.44 318.93

Biological yield of wheat/m2 Grains weight/spike,g

Mono

Intercropping

Cropping patterns

Treatments

spike length, cm No. of spikelts/spike No. of grains/spike No. of grains/spikelts Grains weight/m2,g

Treatments

plant height, cm No. of tillers/m2 Total bioloical yield/m2,g

Wheat

Wheat

Mono

Cropping patterns

Intercropping

Prof.Korany Ismail Abdel-Gawad

Page 24: Final benifits intercropping in egypt

Monday, May 1, 2023

R1 R2 R3 Mean R1 R2 R3 Mean R1 R2 R3 Meancut 156.6 109 136.8 134.1 0 0 0 0.0 1800 1480 1800 1693.3

No cut 102.2 137.6 168.6 136.1 0 0 0 0.0 3520 2640 3040 3066.7Mean 129.4 123.3 152.7 135.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2660.0 2060.0 2420.0 2380.0

cut 125.8 159.8 123.6 136.4 1320 1400 1280 1333.3 870 880 800 850.0No cut 116.2 132.2 118.4 122.3 2000 1880 1720 1866.7 920 960 800 893.3Mean 121.0 146.0 121.0 129.3 1660.0 1640.0 1500.0 1600.0 895.0 920.0 800.0 871.7

Mono

Intercropping

Clover

Cropping patterns

Treatments

plant height, cm Total bioloical yield/m2,g Biological yield of clover/m2

Prof.Korany Ismail Abdel-Gawad

Page 25: Final benifits intercropping in egypt

Monday, May 1, 2023

• The byproduct of the crops can also make an excellent feeds for animals. We have confirmed that goats fed byproducts of wheat/Egyptian clover intercropping can produce 10% more milk than those fed monocropped clover.

• This was due to the well-balanced nutrients and easily digestible properties of the mixture of the feeds.

• Additionally, the intercropping system is a good way to introduce some crops, such as soybean, to farmers by soybean/maize intercropping.

• The intercropping system does have some disadvantages: the complicated control of pests, disease and weeds, and labor-intensive work in intercropping farms. The system could thus be more suitable for small-scale farmers..

Prof.Korany Ismail Abdel-Gawad

Page 26: Final benifits intercropping in egypt

Monday, May 1, 2023

• Photosynthetic rates of main crop in intercropping tended to be higher than that of monocultures in our experiments in summer and winter in 2013-2014.

• Growth of main crop in intercropping, especially plant height, tended to be higher than that in mono culture also.

• In our intercropping method, main crop production did not tend to decrease while extra production of leguminous crop provided food in summer and forage in winter.

• All of residues of main and leguminous crops can be taken as forage. In addition, leguminous crops fixed Nitrogen and stored them in soil as a residue of plants. They will be used by crops in the next cultivation.

Prof.Korany Ismail Abdel-Gawad

Page 27: Final benifits intercropping in egypt

Monday, May 1, 2023

Therefore, it was estimated the method of intercropping in our project was so effective to Nile delta farming.

Prof.Korany Ismail Abdel-Gawad

Page 28: Final benifits intercropping in egypt

Monday, May 1, 2023 Prof.Korany Ismail Abdel-Gawad

• Thanks for listening• My granddaughter• Heba