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SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN

Bachelor of Science (Hons) in Architecture

Building Science 2 (ARC 3413 / BLD61303)

Project 1b: Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design

Tutor: Sivaraman Kuppusamy

Prepared by: Chen Ee Dong 0321181

Eunice Chan Yu Ming 0315729Foo Wei Min 0321577Koh Kar Yi 0320567

Saravanan Vytelingum 0320564Teo Chen Yi 0320618

CONTENT PAGE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Aim and Objective

1.2 Site Information 1.2.1 Site Introduction 1.2.2 Site Selection 1.2.3 Technical Drawings

2.0 PRECEDENT STUDIES

2.1 Introduction2.2 Acoustic Properties2.3 Existing Design2.4 New Design2.5 Conclusion

3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Acoustic Measuring Equipment3.2 Methodology3.3 Data Collection Method3.4 Limitation3.5 Zoning

4.0 ANALYSIS

4.1 Zone A (Bar Area)

4.1.1 Locations of Noise Sources 4.1.2 Material and Properties 4.1.3 Sound Meter Reading4.1.4 Sound Intensity Level (SIL)

4.1.4.1 Peak Period4.1.4.2 Non-Peak Period

4.1.5 Reverberation Time (RT)4.1.6 Sound Reduction Index (SRI)4.1.7 Photographic observation

4.2 Zone B (Dining Area)

4.2.1 Locations of Noise Sources 4.2.2 Material and Properties 4.2.3 Sound Meter Reading4.2.4 Sound Intensity Level (SIL)

4.1.4.1 Peak Period4.1.4.2 Non-Peak Period

4.2.5 Reverberation Time (RT)4.2.6 Sound Reduction Index (SRI)4.2.7 Photographic observation

5.0 CONCLUSION

6.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.0INTRODUCTION

1.1 Aim and Objective

This project is mainly aimed to help students understand the acoustic characteristics and the requirement in a suggested space. A few calculations will be done to assist the analysis. They are sound intensity level (SIL) which determines sound power per unit area, reverberation time (RT) which is the prolongation of sound as a result of successive reflections and sound reduction index (SRI) which measures the number of decibels lost when transmitted through a partition wall.

1.2 Site Information

1.2.1 Site Introduction

Building proposed is a 8000-square-feet Korean – operated headquarters factory café established by Keith, located in the industrial area at Sunway Damansara. It is a two – storeys building with orange fencing connected with Mayekawa MyCom, renovated from industrial-like warehouse space, hiding

from the busy shopping malls in Petaling Jaya. With its modern and contemporary interior hailed from Korea juxtaposing with its factory raw exterior look, Bean Brothers Coffee Malaysia scores significant points and this makes them a hit for all social influencers. In the ground floor are old bricks wall in white that stacks up to towards the high ceiling and numbers of slender dark steel pillars, giving a raw and rustic feel to the environment. Bar counter in the center of the café below the void allow costumer at 1st floor to overlook barista at work whereas the wooden as well as barrel ‘table’ go around the 360 degree area to cater crowds during peak hour.

Building Identification: Cuisine Café

Location: Jalan PJU 3/50, Sunway Damansara Petaling Jaya Selangor

Opening Hours: 9AM – 8PM

Figure 1.1: Photograph showing exterior view of the site. (Source: Malaysian Flavor, 2015)

Figure 1.2: Photograph showing interior view of the site. (Source: Malaysian Flavor, 2015)

1.2.2 Site Selection

One of the reason why this place is chosen is that it is an extremely spacious coffee bar that scores significant points with various photogenic corners, mainly contributed by the lighting design, the primary element in Architecture Design. In addition, it stands out from the other coffee bar due to its location and context at industrial area. With this given opportunity, we would like to evaluate this social-media-famous café and understand the impact of building design and material on acoustic qualities. Evaluation will be carried out to understand how the acoustic quality can be achieved in its open interior finished by various building materials such as concrete and steel frame and how it is affected by the open kitchen and bar area.

1.2.3 Technical Drawings

Figure 1.3: Ground Floor Plan. (Source: Keith. 2016)

Figure 1.4: First Floor Plan. (Source: Keith. 2016)

2.0PRECEDENT STUDIES

Case study: The Music Café, August Wilson Center

Location: Pittsburgh, PA, United States

Acoustic: ArupAcoustic

2.1 Introduction

The music café can be accessible directly from the street, it is located at the sidewalk level from within the center. The area serves as a traditional museum café originally and a sidewalk café during the day. There is a seating terrace adjacent to the café, designed to lodge a varied range of emerging technologies with wired internet access, electronic link are provided to all international visitors.

Furthermore, the café is also designed to lodge a series of programs and to perform as an unconventional performance space for intimate performances with limited seating during the night. A portable stage and theatrical lighting will be imported to support such performances as required.

Figure 2.1: Photograph showing exterior of Music Café. (Source: Culture District, n.d.)

Figure 2.2: Photograph showing interior of Music Café. (Source: Culture District, n.d.)

2.2 Acoustic Properties

A building design with acoustical design elements is essential. The building has a large rectangular massing with three glass sides, however, it provides sufficient acoustic properties such as a hard floor, a sound absorbing treatment on the ceiling, hanging metal baffles and acoustical blanket over 80% of the underside of the floor structure above.

According to the architect, a reverberation time of approximately 1.0 second is ideal as this would place the space somewhere between speech and music use. Architectural Acoustics: Principles and Design stated: a very high STC value around 60+ would be desirable. This is important to both spaces, as a spoken word performance in the café could suffer if a huge crowd was gathering in the lobby for a performance in the main theater, while the lobby must remain quiet during a performance in the main theater if patrons are entering or exiting the auditorium since a main set of doors is directly across from the café.

Figure 2.3: Hard Floor. (Source: Pullen, n.d.)

Figure 2.4: Sound Absorbing Treatment. (Source: AliExpress, n.d.)

Figure 2.5: Hanging Metal Baffles. (Source: Acoustical Surfaces, n.d.)

Figure 2.6: Acoustic Blanket.(Source: All Noise Control, n.d.)

2.3 Existing Design

Figure 2.7: Music café reflected ceiling plan – Existing Design. (Source: AE Senior Thesis, n.d.)

REVERBERATION TIME SUMMARY: MUSIC CAFÉ (EXISTING)

Freq (Hz.) 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000T60 = 1.677 2.596 0.801 0.798 0.807 0.752

Figure 2.8: Music café reverberation time – Existing Design.(Source: AE Senior Thesis, n.d.)

Figures above prove that the existing reverberation times are far-off from the ideal. However, the manufacturer of the metal baffle ceiling system has been omitted from the calculation because it does not have acoustical data for the product. Additional of baffles in the calculation would likely to reduce high reverberation times at lower frequencies and higher frequencies which are already lower than ideal.

2.4 New Design

Figure 2.9: Music café reflected ceiling plan – New Design. (Source: AE Senior Thesis, n.d.)

REVERBERATION TIME SUMMARY: MUSIC CAFÉ (NEW)

Freq (Hz.) 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000T60 = 1.620 1.243 0.984 1.054 1.077 1.065

Figure 2.10: Music café reverberation time – Existing Design.(Source: AE Senior Thesis, n.d.)

BAFFLES – MUSIC CAFE

TAG QUANTITY LENGTH (FT)

WIDTH (FT)

PANEL TYPE A

28 8’-0’’ 2’-6’’

PANEL TYPE B

28 3’-6’’ 2’-6’’

Figure 2.11: Music Café New Baffle Schedule of Materials.(Source: AE Senior Thesis, n.d.)

2.5 Conclusion

The new reverberation times are very close to the desired values. According to Architectural Acoustics: Principles and Design finest reverberation times at 125 have to be 1.3 times the ideal reverberation time at 500 hertz and a multiplier of 1.15 should be used at 250 hertz. These multipliers are used to correct for the fact that the human ear is less sensitive at lower frequencies. With these factors included, the new design is very near the target. The new ceiling system will provide superior acoustical performance at a reduced cost.

3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Acoustic Measuring Equipment

Figure 3.3: Camera meter. (Source: REED, n.d.)

It is used to measure the sound levels at each intersection of gridlines at the site. The readings displayed are in decibel (dB).

Figure 3.2: Measuring tape. (Source: REED, n.d.)

It is used to find the intersections of grid line on site for data recording.

Figure 3.1: Sound level meter. (Source: REED, n.d.)

It is used to record materials of furniture and building components used.

3.2 Methodology

a) Research on different types of spaces and choose a suitable enclosed space for acoustic study.

b) Obtain approval from the owner and conduct visitation to the chosen site.

c) Measure and sketch the rough building layout before getting the proper plans from the owner.

d) Set gridline at 3m x 3m.

e) Distribute tasks among group members.

f) Collect data based of proper procedure.

g) Observe and record noise sources.

h) Tabulate data.

i) Carry out calculation and analysis.

3.3 Data Collection Procedure

a) Prepare gridlines of 3m x 3m on the floor plan.

b) Stand at every intersection of gridlines and hold the device at 1m from the ground.

c) Remain silent and record after the reading becomes stable.

d) Record the possible sound source at each intersection point.

e) Repeat step a to d for another period of time (peak/non-peak).

3.4 Limitation

Environmental factorDue to high sensitivity of sound meter, the reading is very susceptible to surrounding sound, eg: wind and vehicle.

Human errorDifferences in height levels can affect the reading of sound meter. Also, different manipulators have different height, leading to inaccuracy of result.

3.5 Zonings

Zone A is a bar area. It is near the bar counter where the baristas brew coffee and where foods are ordered and paid.

It has a total area of 138.39m2 and a total of 20 intersections of gridlines.

Zone B is a spacious area used for dining. There are different types and arrangements of furniture.

It has a total area of 91.11m2 and a total of 12 intersections of gridlines.

Figure 3.4: Plan with zonings.

4.0 ANALYSIS

4.1 Zone A (Bar Area)

4.1.1 Location of Noise Sources

Figure 4.1: Identification of noise sources found in the building.

Indication Noise Source Specification Units

Speaker Product Name Bosch LC2-PC30G6-4 4Power Handling 50WFrequencies Response

65Hz-20kHz

Input Configuration

70V/100V

Sound Pressure Level

35-45dB

Placement Wall

Air-conditioning Product Name Daikin FFR15CV1 4Total Power 940WCooling Operation 12500 Btu/hrSound Pressure Level

38-45 db

Placement Ceiling

Fan Product Name Panasonic Ceiling Fan PSN-FM15E2

2

Total Power 30WSound Pressure Level

35-45dB

Placement Ceiling

Electric Appliances Product Name Mastrena Starbucks Espresso Machine CTS2 801

3


82-87

Placement Bar

4.1.2 Material and Properties

No. Materials Colour Absorption (Hz) Surface500 2000 4000

1. Clear epoxy floor finishing Grey 0.01 0.01 0.01 Smooth

2. Concrete wall Grey 0.01 0.02 0.05 Semi-Smooth

3. Concrete Ceiling Grey 0.01 0.02 0.05 Semi-Smooth

4. Concrete blocks wall Light Grey 0.31 0.39 0.25 Rough

5. Glass Transparent 0.03 0.02 0.02 Smooth

6. Stainless steel table top Silver 0.25 0.15 0.15 Smooth

7. Paper drum table (Aluminum top)

Silver 0.4 0.43 0.4 Smooth

8. Steel stool Black 0.40 0.43 0.40 Smooth

9. Laminated wood tables and chairs

Light Brown 0.15 0.18 0.20 Semi-Smooth

10. Leather cushion Black 0.58 0.58 0.50 Smooth

4.1.3 Sound Meter Reading

Figure 4.4: Plan showing sound meter readings during peak period.

Figure 4.5: Plan showing sound meter readings during non-peak period.

4.1.4 Sound Intensity Level (SIL)

4.1.4.1 Peak Period

Highest readings: 75.9, 76.3, 80.7

I total = (3.890 x 10−5) + (4.266 x 10−5) + (1.175 x 10−5)

= 9.331 x 10−5

Hence, SIL = 10log ( IIo )

= 10log ( 9.331 x 10−5

I x10−12 )

= 79.70 dB

The sound intensity level at Zone A during peak hour is 79.70dB.

SIL = 10log ( I A1o

)

75.9 = 10log ( I A

1x 10−12 )

7.59 = log ( IA

1x 10−12 )

107.59 = ( IA

1x 10−12 )

IA = (1x10−12) x (107.59)

= 3.890 x 10−5

SIL = 10log ( I B1o

)

76.3 = 10log ( I B

1x 10−12 )

7.63 = log ( IB

1x 10−12 )

107.63 = ( IB

1x 10−12 )

IB = (1x10−12) x (107.63)

= 4.266 x 10−5

SIL = 10log ( IC1o

)

80.7 = 10log ( IC

1x 10−12 )

8.07 = log ( IC

1x 10−12 )

108.07 = ( IC

1x 10−12 )

IC = (1x10−12) x (108.07)

= 1.175 x 10−5

4.1.4.2 Non-Peak Period


I total = (4.074 x10−6) + (4.898 x 10−6) + (4.786 x 10−6)

= 1.376 x 10−5


= 10log ( 1.376 x 10−5

I x10−12 )

= 71.39 dB

The sound intensity level at Zone A during non-peak hour is 71.39dB.

SIL = 10log ( I A1o

)

66.1 = 10log ( IA

1x 10−12 )

6.61 = log ( IA

1x 10−12 )

106.61 = ( IA

1x 10−12 )

IA = (1x10−12) x (106.61)

= 4.074 x 10−6

SIL = 10log ( I B1o

)

66.9 = 10log ( I B

1x 10−12 )

6.69 = log ( IB

1x 10−12 )

106.69 = ( IB

1x 10−12 )

IB = (1x10−12) x (106.69)

= 4.898 x 10−6

SIL = 10log ( IC1o

)

66.8 = 10log ( IC

1x 10−12 )

6.68 = log ( IC

1x 10−12 )

106.68 = ( IC

1x 10−12 )

IC = (1x10−12) x (106.68)

= 4.786 x 10−6

4.1.5 Reverberation Time (RT)

Volume of Zone A = 484.36m3

Material absorption coefficient at 500Hz

Component Material Surface Area (m2)

/ Quantity

Absorption Coefficient

Sound Absorptio

n

Floor Clear epoxy floor finishing 138.39 0.01 1.38Wall Concrete blocks wall plaster finish 59.37 0.31 18.40

Exposed concrete blocks 44.45 0.25 11.11Glass 19.50 0.03 0.59

Ceiling Concrete 57.65 0.01 0.58Furniture Stainless steel table top 2 0.25 0.50

Paper drum table ( Aluminum) 8 0.40 3.20Steel stool 24 0.40 9.60Laminated wood tables 2 0.15 0.30

Occupants 25 0.46 11.50Total Absorption (A) 57.16

RT = 0.16 x484.3657.16 = 1.36s



/ Quantity


Sound Absorption

Floor Clear epoxy floor finishing 138.39 0.01 1.38Wall Concrete blocks wall plaster finish 59.37 0.39 23.15

Exposed concrete blocks 44.45 0.30 13.34Glass 19.50 0.02 0.39

Ceiling Concrete 57.65 0.02 1.15Furniture Stainless steel table top 2 0.15 0.30

Paper drum table ( Aluminum) 8 0.43 3.44Steel stool 24 0.43 10.32Laminated wood tables 2 0.18 0.36


RT = 0.16 x484.3666.58 = 1.16s

4.1.6 Sound Reduction Index (SRI)

There is no separation of quiet zone from the open bar, dining and even kitchen area hence no partition wall can be found in the chosen study area. Therefore, a wall that separates the open area and store room will be taken as an example to show the calculation for sound reduction index.

Figure 4.6: Elevation of interior wall.

Component Surface Area (m2), SSound Reduction Index, T

Transmission Coefficient, T= 1/log-1 (T/10)

Concrete Block Wall

25 42 6.310 x 10-5

Wooden Door 2 28 1.585 x 10-3

Tav = (S1T1 + S2T2)/(S1+S2)

= [25(6.310 x 10-5) + 2(1.585 x 10-3)]/(25+2)

= 1.758 x 10-4

Overall SRI = 10 log (1/ 1.758 x 10-4)

= 37.55dB

4.1.7 Photographic observation

The café is located in Jalan PJU, the corner slot next to the industrial area and adjacent to residential area, Sunway Rymba Hill, therefore vehicle circulation in front of the site is quite low as the end of the road only consist of high end residence.

Human noises are high in the café especially in zone B due to the fact that it is mostly tables filled with customers doing activities such as chit-chatting, laughing and etc. Other than that, there are also noises coming from zone B, the baristas’ area, human noise level is solely based on reception activities and customer from café lounge.

Figure 4.7: Mayekawa (M) Sdn Bhd, factory next to Bean Brother.

Figure 4.8: Rymba Hill, adjacent to the Bean Brother.

Figure: Zone C, social activities happen during peak hour (Source)

Figure 4.9: Zone B, social activities happen during peak hour.

Figure 4.10: Café lounge in front of the barista area.

Speakers are distributed throughout the building for the purpose of playing soft music during opening hour.

Figure 4.11: Speakers located at the every possible wall throughout the building.

Appliances at the barista such as coffee maker and cooler which generate cool air to keep cakes and dessert fresh produce noise on its own. Furthermore, noises from the open kitchen which produce by the fiction of appliances also contribute certain amount of turbulence and clearly hearable.

Ceiling Cassette Unit are found distributed evenly to cover most of the area. They are high in power and produce relatively low noise.


Figure 4.13: Barista in the middle of the building.

Figure 4.14: Open kitchen.

4.2 Zone B (Dining Area)

4.2.1 Locations of Noise Sources

Figure 4.15: Identification of noise sources found in the building.

Indication Noise Source Specification Units

Speaker Product Name Bosch LC2-PC30G6-4 3Power Handling 50WFrequencies Response

65Hz-20kHz

Input Configuration

70V/100V

Sound Pressure Level

35-45dB

Placement Wall

Air-conditioning Product Name Daikin FFR15CV1 2Total Power 940WCooling Operation 12500 Btu/hrSound Pressure Level

38-45 db

Placement Ceiling

Fan Product Name Panasonic Ceiling Fan PSN-FM15E2

2


35-45dB

Placement Ceiling

4.2.2 Material and Properties

No. Materials Colour Absorption (Hz) Surface500 2000 4000

1. Clear epoxy floor finishing Grey 0.01 0.01 0.01 Smooth

2. Concrete wall Grey 0.01 0.02 0.05 Semi-Smooth

3. Concrete Ceiling Grey 0.01 0.02 0.05 Semi-Smooth

4. Concrete blocks wall Light Grey 0.31 0.39 0.25 Rough

5. Glass Transparent 0.03 0.02 0.02 Smooth

6. Stainless steel table top Silver 0.25 0.15 0.15 Smooth

7. Paper drum table (Aluminum top)

Silver 0.4 0.43 0.4 Smooth

8. Steel stool Black 0.40 0.43 0.40 Smooth

9. Laminated wood tables and chairs

Light Brown 0.15 0.18 0.20 Semi-Smooth

10. Leather cushion Black 0.58 0.58 0.50 Smooth

4.2.2 Sound Meter Reading

Figure 4.16: Plan showing sound meter readings during peak period.

Figure 4.17: Plan showing sound meter readings during non-peak period.

4.2.3 Sound Intensity Level (SIL)

4.1.3.1 Peak Period


I total = (5.248 x 10−5) + (3.981 x 10−5) + (4.169 x 10−5)

= 1.340 x 10−4


= 10log ( 1.340x 10−4

I x10−12 )

= 81.27 dB

The sound intensity level at Zone B during peak hour is 81.27dB.

SIL = 10log ( I A1o

)

77.2 = 10log ( I A

1x 10−12 )

7.72 = log ( IA

1x 10−12 )

107.72 = ( IA

1x 10−12 )

IA = (1x10−12) x (107.72)

= 5.248 x 10−5

SIL = 10log ( I B1o

)

76.0 = 10log ( I B

1x 10−12 )

7.60 = log ( IB

1x 10−12 )

107.60 = ( IB

1x 10−12 )

IB = (1x10−12) x (107.60)

= 3.981 x 10−5

SIL = 10log ( IC1o

)

76.2 = 10log ( IC

1x 10−12 )

7.62 = log ( IC

1x 10−12 )

107.62 = ( IC

1x 10−12 )

IC = (1x10−12) x (107.62)

= 4.169 x 10−5

4.1.3.2 Non-Peak Period


I total = (3.388 x 10−6) + (4.266 x 10−6) + (4.266 x 10−6)

= 1.192 x 10−5


= 10log ( 1.192 x10−5

I x10−12 )

= 70.76 dB

The sound intensity level at Zone B during non-peak hour is 70.76dB.

SIL = 10log ( I A1o

)

65.3 = 10log ( IA

1x 10−12 )

6.53 = log ( IA

1x 10−12 )

106.53 = ( IA

1x 10−12 )

IA = (1x10−12) x (106.53)

= 3.388 x 10−6

SIL = 10log ( I B1o

)

77.2 = 10log ( I B

1x 10−12 )

7.72 = log ( IB

1x 10−12 )

107.72 = ( IB

1x 10−12 )

IB = (1x10−12) x (107.72)

= 4.266 x 10−6

SIL = 10log ( IC1o

)

77.2 = 10log ( IC

1x 10−12 )

7.72 = log ( IC

1x 10−12 )

107.72 = ( IC

1x 10−12 )

IC = (1x10−12) x (107.72)

= 4.266 x 10−6

4.2.4 Reverberation Time (RT)

Volume of Zone B = 329.38m3



/ Quantity


Sound Absorption

Floor Clear epoxy floor finishing 94.11 0.01 0.94Wall Concrete with plaster finish 19.15 0.05 0.96

Concrete blocks wall plaster finish 151.34 0.31 46.92Exposed concrete blocks 12.32 0.25 3.08Glass 17.68 0.03 0.53

Ceiling Concrete 89.53 0.01 0.90Furniture Steel stool 28 0.40 11.20

Laminated wood tables 15 0.15 2.25Leather cushion 2 0.58 1.16


RT = 0.16 x484.3671.62 = 1.08s



/ Quantity


Sound Absorption

Floor Clear epoxy floor finishing 94.11 0.01 0.94Wall Concrete with plaster finish 19.15 0.09 1.72

Concrete blocks wall plaster finish 151.34 0.39 59.02Exposed concrete blocks 12.32 0.30 3.70Glass 17.68 0.02 0.35

Ceiling Concrete 89.53 0.02 1.79Furniture Steel stool 28 0.43 12.04

Laminated wood tables 15 0.18 2.70Leather cushion 2 0.58 1.16


RT = 0.16 x484.3687.10 = 0.89s

4.2.6 Photographic observation

Speakers are distributed throughout the building for the purpose of playing soft music during opening hour.

Figure 4.18: Speakers located throughout the building.


Fans are found on the area that are not covered by the air conditioner. Produce certain amount of noises but noises often covered by the noises of human activities and not till extend which will distract and affect the customers nearby.

5.0 CONCLUSION

Type of occupancy & activities

Recommended reverberation time

Coffee bars 45 50 <1.0Restaurant 45 50 <1.0

Recommended design sound level of a coffee bars and restaurants should be in the average of 45db to 50dB with the recommended time of less than 1.00s by according to AS/ZS 2107:2000 standard for reverberation time and sound levels.

Zones Sound Pressure Level(dB)

Reverberation Time (s)500Hz

Reverberation Time (s)2000Hz

A 79.70 dB , 71.39dB 1.36s 1.16sB 81.27 dB, 70.76dB 1.08s 0.89s

It can be concluded that both two zones did not meet the minimum requirement of the acoustic standard for 500Hz except for zone B which has less than 1.00s reverberation time for 2000Hz. This is due to the selections of material, material that has been used cannot absorb sounds efficiently.

From the table above, it is clear that zone B has the highest sound pressure level during peak hours due to the amount of human activities and noise sources of the surrounding. Furthermore, open space concept of the café has also led to the high sound pressure level, for instance, due the open ceiling of the ground floor, noises from the first floor can be transmitted to the ground floor.

Satisfactory

y

Maximum

6.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Malaysian Flavor. (2015). Bean Brothers Malaysia @ Sunway Damansara. Retrieved from http://www.malaysianflavours.com/2015/09/bean-brothers-malaysia-sunway-damansara-pj.html

2. Culture District. (N.d). August Wilson Center. Retrieved from https://culturaldistrict.org/pages/awc

3. Pullen. (N.d). Eco Friendly Wood Floor. Retrieved from http://greenliving.lovetoknow.com/Eco_Friendly_Wood_Floor

4. Reed. (N.d). REED C-322 Sound Level Meter/Data Logger, 32 to 130dB. Retrieved from http://www.reedinstruments.com/product/reed-instruments-c-322-sound-level-meter-data-logger

5. AliExpress. (N.d). Acoustic Foam. Retrieved from https://www.aliexpress.com/w/wholesale-acoustic-foam.html

6. Acoustical Surfaces (N.d). Echo Eliminator. Retrieved from http://www.acousticalsurfaces.com/echo_eliminator/ee_hangbaf.htm

7. All Sound Control. (N.d). Outdoor Noise Control Blankets. Retrieved from http://www.allnoisecontrol.com/outdoor-noise-control-blankets.cfm

8. AE Senior Thesis. (N.d). – August Wilson Center. Retrieved from https://www.engr.psu.edu/ae/thesis/portfolios/2008/mpr184/files/final_report/Section5_Acoustics.pdf

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