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Time (min)

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1&*E-6%(7:(F(E43 _,A9A+,94 7<22B3: J= V*<:7+?* _B37+?<AK7EK*D*,A7+?9C: F^3 ceI610G8 V*<:7+?*3 &@9.*D,7+?*3 &<7E:9<7+?.,*A7: FV&&VG 9A. :?3B<K? >P" A*:MB3@ K39A: )"HE_P"LEU>5cE\1\I 93* K39:*C<44= 9+@ABM4*.K*.T UBDD*A:7 D9.*J= :MB 9ABA=DB<7 3*-,*M*37 ?*42*. :B ,D23B-* :?* D9A<7+3,2:T

@%4%,%+&%5

H,A.*3 ^ F1551G Q2,AB.94 .*+BD2B7,:,BAT P9:*3,947 Q+,*A+* 9A.>*+?AB4BK= hB4T YT hUO8 [*,A?*,D 22 ]\eg]c1

H39= &; F155]G >?*B3= BC 2?97*EB3.*3,AK @,A*:,+7T &.- (?=7]XFXG/XYcg]Y5

U932*A:*3 P& F15519G P*+?9A,7D7 9A. @,A*:,+7 BC &4EQ, B3.*3,AK,A 9AB3:?,:*/ #T #A+BDD*A7<39:* 7:3<+:<3* 9A. .BD9,A +B937E*A,AKT &D P,A*394 ce/111\g1115

U932*A:*3 P& F1551JG P*+?9A,7D7 9A. @,A*:,+7 BC &4EQ, B3.*3,AK,A 9AB3:?,:*/ ##T )A*3K*:,+7 9A. 9 $,A`J<3KE'9A.9< 39:* 49MT&D P,A*394 ce/110\g11XX

U932*A:*3 P&8 VBD*A*K?*::, PU8 >9``B4, h F155\G &224,+9:,BABC '9A.9< :?*B3= :B +9:,BA B3.*3,AK ,A *D2?9+,:* ##/ ^,A*:,+J*?9-,B<3T )<3 ; P,A*394 0/15g0I

O933,7BA ";8 (<:A,7 & F155cG >?* +B<24,AK J*:M**A D9KA*:,+ 9A.+9:,BA B3.*3,AK/ 9 D9+3B7+B2,+ 9223B9+?T )<3 ; P,A*3945FeG/111Yg11X\

^3B44 O8 Q+?4*A` O8 (?,44,27 P[ F155]G >?*3DB.=A9D,+ DB.*4E4,AK BC ABAE+BA-*3K*A: B3.*3,AK ,A B3:?B2=3BW*A*7/ 9 +BD293E,7BA BC +4977,+94 9A. '9A.9= 9223B9+?*7T (?=7 U?*D P,A*394701/YYYgYe\

'9AK*3 ;Q F1550G &A ,A:3B.<+:,BA :B :?* @,A*:,+7 BC R37:EB3.*32?97* :39A7,:,BA7T #A/ $B.3*p +?* U F*.G QB4,.7 C93 C3BD *S<,E4,J3,<DT U9DJ3,.K* dA,-*37,:= (3*778 U9DJ3,.K*

P94+?*3*@ >8 Q94a* )^O8 ^3B44 O F155cG & 2?*ABD*AB4BK,+949223B9+? :B B3.*3,AK @,A*:,+7 CB3 293:,944= +BA7*3-*. B3.*32939D*:*37T ; (?=7 UBA.*A7 P9::*3 5/I\cYgI\I]

P94+?*3*@ >8 U932*A:*3 P&8 ^3B44 O8 Q94a* )^O F1555G U9:,BAB3.*3,AK ,A H9&40$*0!IEC*4.7293/ ,D24,+9:,BA7 CB3 :?* #$1 9 U$12?97* :39A7,:,BA ,A 9AB3:?,:*T (?=7 U?*D P,A*3947 0eF]G/XY]gXee

P939,7 Q8 Q94a* )^O F1551G V*3,-9:,BA BC 39:* 49M CB3 ABAE<A,CB3D7=7:*D7 9A. +BA:,A<B<7 B3.*3 2939D*:*37T ; (?=7 UBA.*A7P9::*3 X/XeecgXec\

(3*77 [O8 >*<+?B47@= Q&8 h*::*34,AK [>8 _49AA*3= H( F1550G%<D*3,+94 3*+,2*7 ,A _B3:39AT U9DJ3,.K* dA,-*37,:= (3*778U9DJ3,.K*

"*.C*3A Q&>8 O*A.*37BA UPH8 ^A,K?: ^Q8 [BB. H; F155cGO,K?E:*D2*39:<3* B3.*3 .,7B3.*3 ,A F_*\"YPA\"YG0Q,!] 9A.FPK\"YPA\"YG0Q,!] B4,-,A*7/ 9A ,AE7,:< A*<:3BA .,N39+:,BA 7:<.=)<3 ; P,A*394 5F0G/0IcgX\\

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Q94a* )^O F15IIG ^,A*:,+ 39:* 49M7 97 .*3,-*. C3BD B3.*3 2939DE*:*3 :?*B3= #/ :?*B3*:,+94 +BA+*2:7T (?=7 U?*D P,A*3947 1Y/XXegX]I

Q94a* )^O8 ^3B44 O F1551G ^,A*:,+ 39:* 49M7 97 .*3,-*. C3BD B3.*32939D*:*3 :?*B3= ###/ &48Q, B3.*3,AK ,A 79A,.,A*T (?=7 U?*DP,A*3947 1c/YeXgYeI

0.35

0.30

0.25

0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

15001400130012001100Temperature [K]

(ζ/ζ)

c2

89:" ;= !0+!!0 97 C<A+:,BA BC :*D2*39:<3* CB3 * ) 1\\ @; AD0T >?*

0,.-'0 %3(&' 7?BM7 :?* *W2*+:*. J*?9-,B<3 ,C !0+!!0 ,7 *W23*77*. ,A

:*3D7 BC 39:* +BA7:9A:78 ,T*T !0+!!0 ( #*1

0 !+#*10 - #*1

1 ,

011

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!66%+-)?

(39+:,+94 972*+:7 BC :?* +94+<49:,BA7

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& 7<,:9J4* "^]E94KB3,:?D ,7 K,-*A J= (3*77 *: 94TF1550GT #: 9.-9A+*7 :?* 7B4<:,BA BC 9A !V) C3BD 9@ABMA 7:93:,AK 2B,A: $ :B $ - !$ J= <7,AK :?* @ABMA.*3,-9:,-* )"!)$ 9: :?* J*K,AA,AK 9A. :3,94 .,N*3*A:,947D,.M9= :?3B<K? 9A. 9: :?* *A. BC :?* :,D*7:*2 $ - !$T)"!)$8 ,T*T :?* 39:* *S<9:,BA8 ?97 :B J* 23B-,.*. 97 9C<A+:,BA +944*. J= :?* 94KB3,:?DT

#A )ST I a<7: 9 7,AK4* !V) ,7 7B4-*.T >?* 3*7<4:8 "1+$,8,7 +BDJ,A*. M,:? :?* ABAE<A,CB3D F9A94=:,+94G 293:T "+9A :?*A J* 3*RA*. 9K9,A7: *W2*3,D*A:94 -94<*78 :?*3*J=B2:,D,`,AK :?* 2939D*:*37 :?9: *A:*3 )ST IT

& DB3* +BD24*W 23B+*.<3* ,7 A**.*. :B 7B4-* :?**W:*A.*. 39:* *S<9:,BA )ST 1]8 *72*+,944= ,C :?* 3*7<4:793* :B J* 3*RA*. 9K9,A7: *W2*3,D*A:94 .9:9/

1T QB4<:,BA BC :?* 39:* *S<9:,BA7T#A.,-,.<94 7:93:,AK -94<*7 CB3 "+$ ) \% /, D<7: J*

@ABMAT >?* 39AK* J*:M**A / ) \ 9A. / ) %!6 ,7 .,E-,.*. ,A:B 9 7<Z+,*A:4= 493K* A<DJ*3 BC *S<,.,7:9A:7:*27T h94<*7 BC :?* :,D* +BA7:9A: 93* +94+<49:*. 97C<A+:,BA BC / 9A. 7:B3*. ,A 9 K4BJ94 9339=T & 7<,:9J4*9339= BC :,D*E7:*27 !$ +9A J* .*:*3D,A*. ,A 9.-9A+*B3 J= 9.92:,-* 7:*27,`* +BA:3B4 F7** (3*77 *: 94T 1550GT>?* 9++<39+= BC :?* "^E94KB3,:?D7 +9A J* +?*+@*.<7,AK 9 .3,-,AK CB3+* CB3 9 +4977,+94 7*+BA. B3.*3 2?97*:39A7,:,BA8 ,A M?,+? +97* 9A 9A94=:,+94 7B4<:,BA BC)ST c +9A J* BJ:9,A*. F7** )ST 1Y ,A P94+?*3*@ *: 94T155cGT

>?* +94+<49:,BA BC :?* B3.*3 2939D*:*3 "+$, ,A :?*:MB 7:9K* DB.*4 ,7 .,-,.*. ,A :MB 293:7/

F9G V<3,AK :?* *934= 7:9K*7 :?* <A,CB3D +BD2BA*A:"F/ ) \8:G .*:*3D,A*7 :?* !(T >?* B:?*3 +BD2BEA*A:7 93* BA4= 23B29K9:*. :?3B<K? :,D*T

FJG #C "+$, & "+$<,8 )ST 1] ,7 ,A-B@*.T >?,7 ,7 .BA* 9:7<Z+,*A: .,7:9A+* :B :?* :?3*7?B4. F1g0q 9JB-*"+$<,G8 ,A B3.*3 :B 9-B,. :?* ,A?*3*A: .,7+BA:,A<,:= 9::?,7 2B,A:T >?* 7M,:+? C3BD BA* 39:* *S<9:,BA :B :?*B:?*3 ,7 +B.*. ,A 9A /8 +BA.,:,BA 97 293: BC :?*C<A+:,BA :?9: 23B-,.*7 )"!)$T &44 :?* 3,K?: ?9A. 7,.*93K<D*A:7 BC )ST 1] 93* +94+<49:*. .<3,AK 9 "^]7:*2 9A. 9223B23,9:* 9-*39K,AK B-*3 944 +94+<49:*.+BD2BA*A:7 / K,-*7 "+$,T

0T "*RA*D*A: 9K9,A7: BJ7*3-*. "T#C $ +B33*72BA.7 :B *W2*3,D*A:94 -94<*78 "+$% =, ) "+$,

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:9,A*.T P,A,D,`9:,BA BC )08 M,:? 3*2*9:*. +9447 :B :?*"^]E3B<:,A*78 944BM7 :?* 3*RA*D*A: BC :?* 2939D*:*37,A-B4-*. ,A +94+<49:,AK )"!)$8 7<+? 97 39:* +BA7:9A: 9A.D,W,AK +B*Z+,*A:T

010