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1. Position and Foundation

Teos, the important commercial harbour on the Ionian coast, was one of the most powerful cities of the region until the Hellenistic period. The remains of the city lie very close to the present Siğacik, within about 30 km from Smyrna. The name is Greek but its etymology remains unknown.1

Teos was founded during the Ionian colonisation, which must have started towards the 10th century BC at the latest. According to tradition,2 the first settler of the city was Athamas with his Minyans from the ancient Boeotian city of Orchomenus. The next settlers were the Ionians under Apoecus and shortly later a third group of immigrants from Athens under Damasus and Nauclus, the sons of Codrus, and from Boeotia under Geres settled there.

The city was one of the earliest members of the Ionian Dodecapolis, as indicated by the fact that colonists from Teos and Erythrae settled in Phokea, whose first inhabitants were Aeolians. Tradition says that the fall of Phokea to the Ionians from Teos and Erythrae was considered a submission of Phokea to the kings of the two above cities so that Teos could become a member of the Ionian union.3 Around 600 BC Thales of Miletus suggested that a political union of the Ionian cities should be based in Teos thanks to the ideal location of the city exactly in the middle of Ionia.4

2. Colonial Activity

Teos soon became an important commercial power and can be traced back to Egypt in the 6th century BC. In Naukratis of Egypt Teos and eight other cities participated in the foundation of the Hellenion,the most important temple the Greeks built in Naukratis in the years of Amases (569-525 BC), when the trade between the two peoples was flourishing.5

The fall of the Lydian Asia Minor to the Persians (546 BC) affected greatly the history of Teos. Because the inhabitants could not

Περίληψη :

Teos was an important city on the Ionian coast. In the 6th century BC the city became an influential commercial power and established the significant colonies of Abdera in Thrace and Phanagoreia in the Cimmerian Bosporus, while it participated in the establishment of the Greek trading station at Naukratis. In the early 5th century BC Teos took part in the Ionian revolt and later joined the Delian League. After the Peloponnesian War the city came under the Spartans and later the Persians. In 334 BC it was liberated by Alexander the Great, while after the Macedonian king died the city became the bone of contention among Hellenistic sovereigns. From 129 BC onward Teos was under Roman dominion. The most interesting public building is the temple of Dionysus designed by the famous architect Hermogenes.

Άλλες Ονομασίες

Γεωγραφική Θέση

Western Turkey

Ιστορική Περιοχή

Ionia

Διοικητική Υπαγωγή

Lydian kingdom, Persian Empire, Spartan dominion, Macedonian dominion, Seleucid kingdom, Kingdom of Pergamum, Province of Asia

Δημιουργήθηκε στις 14/2/2013 Σελίδα 1/9

IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ

Συγγραφή : Αλεξανδροπούλου Ιωάννα Μετάφραση : Βελέντζας Γεώργιος

Για παραπομπή : Αλεξανδροπούλου Ιωάννα , "Teos (Αntiquity)", Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία

URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=7025>

stand “the hybris of the Persians”,6 they abandoned their hometown (between 545 and 540 BC) and founded two colonies: Abdera in Thrace and Phanagoreia in the Cimmerian Bosporus. Among the Teians who settled at Abdera was also the famous poet Anacreon. However, according to Strabo,7 some inhabitants returned from Abdera later, at an unknown time. Most modern researchers believe that Teos was refounded before the Ionian revolt (499-494 BC), since the city participated in the uprising with a considerable number of ships (17 in total). Unlike the practically non-existent relations between the metropolis and the colony during the so-called 2nd Colonisation movement in antiquity, Teos and Abdera enjoyed close economic, religious and political relations until the Hellenistic period.

The two cities minted similar silver staters depicting a griffon sitting on the right for Teos and on the left for Abdera. According to a recent study, the first coins of both cities were minted in the same period dating later than 520/515 BC.8 It is possible that Abdera minted coins some years earlier than its metropolis. According to one opinion, this suggests the real reason why Abdera was founded: Teos should have access to deposits of precious metals outside Asia Minor and, thus, maintain its economic independence while under the Persian rule.9

The religious calendars of Abdera and Teos had at least 3 important festivals in common, the Anthesteria, the Herakleia and the Dia. The latter is evidenced in Abdera as the festival of Zeus (Ζηνόςἑορτή).The metropolis and its colony had also common political background, while certain regulations concerning the internal political situation of the metropolis were into force in Abdera as well.

According to epigraphic evidence, the close relations between the two cities continued until the 2nd century BC. It was in 168 or 166 BC that a delegation from Teos intervened with Rome on behalf of Abdera, which had territorial claims against the king of Thrace.10

3. Historical Background

After the unsuccessful Ionian revolt, the Persian domination in Teos and the entire Ionia finished almost 20 years later with the battle of Mycale in 479 BC. The city then joined the Delian League and paid an annual tax of 6 talents, which proved its thriving economy at the time. In the eight last years of the Peloponnesian War (412-404 BC) the Spartans and the Athenians fought bitterly for the control of Teos. In 407 or 406 BC the city was successfully besieged by the Spartans under Lysander or Callicratidas and remained under Spartan control until 394 BC, when it was liberated by the Athenian admiral Conon. The city remained free for a short period before it came, together with all Asia Minor Ionian cities, under Persian control in 386 BC by Antalcidas' Peace. Despite the lack of factual historical evidence, the city must have been freed from Persian domination along with the entire Ionia after the victory of Alexander the Great in the battle of Granicus (334 BC).

According to Strabo,11 a sanctuary in honour of the Macedonian king was founded in Teos, where the festival of Alexandreia was also held. Alexander’s death (323 BC) signalled a new period of turmoil in the eastern Mediterranean. When the kingdom of Alexander fell, the city was successively occupied by Antigonids, Seleucids and Ptolemies.

In 319 BC the city was recaptured by Antigonus I the One-Eyed but in 302 BC it fell to Prepelaos, Lysimachus’ general. The successive conquerors of Teos prevented it from being united with Lebedus, which Antigonus tried to achieve between 306 and 302 BC, since Lysimachus had different plans and made the inhabitants of Lebedus move along with the Ephesians and the Colophonians to his own new Ephesus-Arsinoeia. When Lysimachus died in 281 BC in Corupedium (Lydia) Teos changed sides and came under the kingdom of the Seleucids.

During the rest of the 3rd century BC the Seleucids and the Attalids fought continuously for Teos. With the exception of the short period between 222 and 218 BC, when Teos was captured by Achaeus, who had rebelled against Antiochus III the Great, the region was under the control of Attalus I from 220 to 205/204 BC.

In 205/204 BC the city and its territory came under the sphere of the Seleucid influence and managed to enjoy immunity, as it was one of the most important centres of the Dionysian cult.






In 190 BC the allied fleets of the Romans and the Rhodians defeated the fleet of Antiochus III, commanded by Hannibal, in the bay of Teos. The city, which stood on the side of Antiochus, was compelled to surrender to the Romans and escaped unplundered. Under the Peace of Apamea (188 BC), which redefined the spheres of influence in Asia Minor, Pergamon regained control of the region. The Attalid domination in Teos is evidenced by the worship of Eumenes II and his family, according to inscriptions from the mid-2nd century BC.12 This period finished when Attalus III died and the kingdom of Pergamon was bequeathed to Rome in 133 BC. Following the foundation of the Roman province of Asia the importance of Teos diminished and the information from the sources become scarcer. According to the numismatic evidence Augustus contributed in the rebuilding of the city after the devastating earthquake of 47/6 BC.13

4. Economy

The inhabitants of Teos took advantage of the strategic geographical position of the city between two harbours and early on there was a flurry of commercial activity in the basin of the eastern Mediterranean. In the 6th century BC Teos was an important economic power and, together with other cities, co-founded the Greek commercial station at Naukratis.

Indisputable evidence of the city’s strong economy is its flourishing coinage, introduced in the late 6th century BC. In the 4th century BC there were 400 wealthy citizens in Teos (ευπορούντες), while, according to some estimates, the total population of the city amounted to at least 2,000 to 3,000.14

Apart from sea commerce the city’s resources included stock breeding; cattle, sheep and swine are reported on epigraphic texts. At the same time handicraft, mainly textiles, was particularly developed. Types of clothing, like the chlandia (χλάνδια) and the ambechona (αμπέχονα)from wool imported from Miletus, famous for the superb quality of its fabrics in Antiquity, were manufactured from the late 4th century BC. Pottery was the second important activity. Vessels from Teos were very famous already from the years of Alcaeus in the late 7th century BC. Apart from timber, Teos exported a local limestone, mined in a hill behind the present road connecting Seferihisar with Siğacik.

In the Roman period the city, just like the rest of Ionia, has relatively declined because it was impossible to compete with the continuously increasing power and influence of neighbouring Smyrna.

5. Society – Institutions – System of Government

Important information about the system of government of Teos is provided by the numerous surviving inscriptions. In the 5th century BC, after it was liberated from the Persians, the city established a democratic regime, which was attempted to be stabilised through regulations preserved on two inscriptions.15 These measures aimed to prevent situations and actions like ‘rebellions and revolts, exile, expropriation of property, arrests and death sentences in case these actions were not consistent with the law and were not decided by the competent collective body of the city’.16 In addition, the appointment of an Aesymnetes was prevented so that the regime could be safeguarded and disorder prevented.

The demos and the boule were the supreme powers. The prytanis was the supreme and eponymous archon from the 4th to the late 1st century BC. The supreme executive power was previously in the hands of the timouchoi, while in the Roman period the strategos was the eponymous archon. The population was divided into tribes, the only known being an old Ionian tribe, the Geleontes. Moreover, the citizens were divided into symmories, which could be identified with the Attic genos. The city’s finances were under the control by the treasurers – the economic archons. Income came from taxes, dues and fees paid in advance, while the system of liturgies (public services) was particularly advanced.

6. Religious Life






Dionysus was the patron god of Teos and was worshipped as the founder of the city under the unusual name Setaneios, to whom the main temple of Teos, designed by the architect Hermogenes, was dedicated. More evidence about the special position Dionysus held in the religious life of the city comes from coins and epigraphs. The god’s symbols, and particularly the griffon on the front side, are the most frequent representations on coins. The god’s worship included two important religious festivals: the Anthesteria and the Dionysia held annually in honour of the god. Towards the late 3rd century BC the city and the nearby area were recognised as a sacred centre dedicated to Dionysus and enjoyed immunity.

The foremost place the Dionysian worship held in Teos was the reason why the association of the Dionysian artists of Asia Minor, the so-called “peri ton Dionyson technitai”(Technites of Dionysus), was based in the city. The association consisted of actors, singers, musicians and poets that performed over the entire western Asia Minor. The “peri ton Dionyson technitai” enjoyed increased independence in Teos and had their own political system with archons, priests and judges. However, the relations of the artists with the city deteriorated and around the mid-2nd century BC they left the city and settled in Ephesus. Other important festivals evidenced in Teos are the Heracleia and the Dia, dedicated to Heracles and Zeus respectively.

7. Topography and Buildings

Teos lay on the isthmus of a small peninsula and had two harbours, one on each side. The northern harbour, called Geraiidai or Geraesticus according to ancient sources,17 is still used by the inhabitants of the village of Siğacik unlike the southern harbour, which has been embanked. Traces of the ancient piers have been preserved in both harbours below sea level.

The city has not been fully excavated and, as a result, the city plan cannot be determined. The acropolis overhung the middle of the isthmus, within 1.5 km from both harbours. Recent excavations have revealed the foundations of an oblong building measuring 38.46 x 7.30 m, which may be compared with the temple of Hera in Samos, built in the 8th century BC.

Very few parts of the ancient polygonal wall of Teos are preserved on the western side of the acropolis. The same happens with the classical or early Hellenistic wall, built of isodomic masonry from local limestone. The ground plan was rectangular with straight walls crossing at right angles. It enclosed an area of 0.5 square kilometers between the acropolis and the southern harbour, which formed the main part of the ancient city.18

The few remains of the temple of Dionysus, the most important public building of Teos, are inside the western wall. It is one of the most well-known temples designed by the architect Hermogenes and is considered as one of his earliest works.19 It was a peripteral temple in Ionic order with 6 columns on the short and 11 columns on its long sides. It was based on a complicated system of proportions contrived by Hermogenes and is an example of an eustyle temple. Today some of the columns have been restored, while parts of the relief frieze and an acroterion are exhibited at the Museum of Smyrna.

The remains of the theatre, constructed in the 2nd century BC, are to the south of the acropolis. Almost nothing has been preserved from the cavea unlike the skene, which was rebuilt in the Roman period and has been preserved to a great extent.

The odeum of the Roman years lies to the southeast of the theatre. It is a roofed building with 11 rows of seats, preserved in good condition. Some private houses and parts of an ancient road were found to the west of the odeum. According to an inscription, the gymnasium of the city was identified with the few remains of a sizeable building to the northeast of the acropolis. Finally, recent excavations have brought to light the remains of a small temple of the Hellenistic years in the Agora near the harbour.

1. According to Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnika 619,15-620,3: « Ἐκλήθη δὲ ἀ πὸ τῆ ς Ἀθάμαντος θυγατρὸ ς Ἀρᾶ ς. Σκοπουμένου γὰ ρ τοῦ Ἀθάμαντος ἔ νθα ἱ δρύσει τὸ ν λαόν, ἀ θύρουσα οἷ α δὴ παῖ ς ἐ κ λίθων οἰ κίαν δειμαμένη ἔ λεγεν ἕ ως σὺ χῶρον ἐ σκόπεις, τέως ἐ γὼ πόλιν σοι

ἐ δειμάμην. Καὶ διὰ τοῦ το ἡ πόλις οὕ τως ὠ νομάσθη».

2. On the sources see, RE 5 (1934), col. 543-544, see entry “Teos” (W. Ruge).






3. Paus. 7.3.10.

4. Hdt. Ι.170.

5. Many years earlier in the period of Psammetichus II (beginning of 6th cent. BC) a Teian soldier, Elesibios, carved his name on the left thigh of the colossal statue of Ramses II in Abu Sibel, Nubia. Lang, G., Klassische antike Stätten Anatoliens ΙΙ (Norderstedt 2003), p. 544.

6. Strabo, 14.644.

7. Strabo, 14.644.

8. Chryssanthaki, K., L’histoire monétaire d’Abdère du Vie avant J.-C. au IIe siècle après J.-C. (Ph.D diss. Paris 2000).

9. Loukopoulou, L. – Parissaki, M.-G., “Teos and Abdera: The Epigraphic Evidence”, in Moustaka, A. – Skarlatidou, E. – Tzannes, M.C. – Ersoy, Y., Klazomenai, Teos and Abdera: Metropolis and Colony (Thessaloniki 2004), p. 306.

10. Herrmann, P., “Zum Beschluss von Abdera und Teos Syll. 656”, ZPE 7 (1971), p. 72-77.

11. Strabo, 14.644.

12. RE 5 (1934), col. 551, see entry “Teos” (W. Ruge).

13. See "Σεβαστός Κτίστης", in: RPC I, 2511-2512.

14. Gauthier, P., “Quorum et participation civique dans les democraties grecques”, Cahiers du Centre Gustave-Glotz 1 (1990), p. 86.

15. These inscriptions are known as Τeiorum dirae.

16. Βεληγιάννη-Τερζή, Χ., «Τέως και Άβδηρα», in Τριαντάφυλλος, Δ. – Τερζοπούλου, Δ. (ed.), Αρχαία Θράκη, 2ο Διεθνές Συμπόσιο Θρακικών Σπουδών Κομοτηνή 20-27 Σεπτεμβρίου 1992 (Κομοτηνή 1997), p. 697.

17. Strabo, 14.644· Liv. 37.27.9.

18. On the fortification of the city, see McNicoll, A.W., Hellenistic Fortifications from the Aegean to the Euphrates (Oxford 1997), p. 157-160.

19. The temple was inside a temenos, of a trapezoid ground-plan, which was bordered by Doric stoas on the north and south sides and Ionic stoas on the east and west sides. It is also worth mentioning that the temple was repaired in Roman times (1st and 2nd cent. AD), possibly due to the damages caused by earthquakes, see Uz, D.M., “The temple of Dionysos at Teos”, in Hoepfner, W. – Schwandner, E.L. (ed.), Hermogenes und die hochhellenistische Architektur. Internationales Kolloquium in Berlin vom 28. bis 29. Juli 1988 im Rahmen des 13. Internationalen Kongresses für Klassische Archäologie (Mainz 1990), p. 51-61.

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Magie D., Roman Rule in Asia Minor. To the End of the Third Century after Christ, I-II, Princeton – New Jersey 1950






Bean G.E., Aegean Turkey An Archaeological Guide, London 1966

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Βεληγιάννη-Τερζή Χ., "Τέως και Άβδηρα", Τριαντάφυλλος, Δ., Τερζοπούλου, Δ. (επιμ.), Αρχαία Θράκη, 2ο Διεθνές Συμπόσιο Θρακικών Σπουδών, Κομοτηνή 20-27 Σεπτεμβρίου 1992, Κομοτηνή 1997, 691-703

Béquignon Υ., Laumonier Α., "Fouilles de Téos (1924)", BCH, 49, 1925, 281-321, 482-483

Boysal Y., Özgün B., "Teos kazisi 1962 kısa raporu [Short report on the 1962 Teos excavations)", TürkArkDerg, 12.1, 1962, 12-13

Boysal Y., "1962 senesi Teos kazilari hakkinda kısa raporu [Short report on the 1962 Teos excavations)", TürkArkDerg, 12.2, 1963, 5-7

Boysal Y., "Teos kazisi 1965 yili kısa raporu [Short report on the 1965 Teos excavations)", TürkArkDerg, 14.1, 1965, 231-233

Chryssanthaki K., L’histoire monétaire d’Abdère du Vie avant J.-C. au IIe siècle après J.-C. (αδ. διδ. διατρ.), Paris 2000

Davesne Α., "Le temple de Dionysos à Téos. Numismatique et archéologie", RN, 29, 1987, 15

Merkelbach R., Dunst G., "Zu dem neuen epigraphischen Dokument aus Teos", ZPE, 3, 1968, 170-173

Engelmann H., "Eine Inschrift aus Teos", ZPE, 20, 1976, 24

Engelmann H., "Zu einer Inschrift aus Teos", ZPE, 20, 1976, 156

Errington R.M., "Rom, Antiochos der Grosse und die Asylie von Teos", ZPE, 39, 1980, 279-284

Fant J. C., "Poikiloi lithoi. The anomalous economics of the Roman imperial marble quarry at Teos", The Greek renaissance in the Roman empire. Papers from the Tenth British Museum Classical Colloquium, London 1986, London 1989, 206-218

Giovannini Α., "Téos, Antiochos III et Attale Ier", MusHelv, 40, 1983, 178-184

Gluskina L. M., "Asilija Teosa i Del’fy [Die Asylie von Teos und Delphi]", Problemy antičnoj kul’tury, Moskva 1986, 346-353

Graham A.J., "'Adopted Teians'. A Passage in the New Inscription of Public Imprecations from Teos", JHS, 111, 1991, 176-178

Graham A.J., "Abdera and Teos", JHS, 112, 1992, 44-73

Hahland W., "Der Fries des Dionysostempels in Teos", ÖJh, 38, 1950, 66-109

Rubinstein L., "Teos", Hansen, M.H., Nielsen, T.H. , An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis, Oxford 2004, 1101-1102






Herrmann P., "Zum Beschluss von Abdera aus Teos Syll. 656", ZPE, 7, 1971, 72-77

Herrmann P., "Teos und Abdera im 5. Jahrhundert v.Chr. Ein neues Fragment der Teiorum dirae", Chiron, 11, 1981, 1-30

Herrmann P., "Eine berühmte Familie in Teos", Ihık, C. (ed.), Studien zur Religion und Kultur Kleinasiens und des ägäischen Bereiches. Festschrift für Baki Ögün zum 75. Geburtstag, Bonn 2000, Asia Minor Studien 39, 87-97

Holleaux M., "Etudes d’histoire hellénistique. Remarques sur les décrets des villes de Crète relatifs à l’ ασυλία de Téos", Klio, 13, 1913, 137-159

Hurter S., "Teos over Tanagra", Florilegium numismaticum. Studia in honorem U. Westermark edita, Stockholm 1992 1992, 171-173

Huxley G.L., "Teos in Pindar", Studies peresented to St. Dow on his 80th birthday, Durham 1984, 149-152

Kinns P., Studies in the coinage of Ionia: Erythrae, Teos, Lebedus, Colophon, c.400-30 B.C., Cambridge 1980

Klaffenbach G., "Zu König Antigonos’ Schreiben an die Teier", Philologus, 97, 1948, 179-180

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MacDonald D., "A Teos-Abdera overstrike", SchwMbll, 44, 1994, 37-40

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Merkelbach R., "Epigramm aus Teos Corrigenda", ZPE, 9, 1972, 185

Merkelbach R., "Zu dem neuen Text aus Teos", ZPE, 46, 1982, 212-213

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Özgün B., "Teos kazilari 1963 [1963 Teos excavations]", TürkArkDerg, 13.1, 1964, 115-122

Piejko F., "Ptolemies in a List of Deified Seleucids from Teos", ZPE, 49, 1982, 129-131

Piejko F., "The Athamanian recognition of the asylia of Teos", Epigraphica, 50, 1988, 41-46

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Şahin S., "Eine revidierte Mauerbauinschrift aus Teos", EpigAnat, 5, 1985, 17-18

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Δικτυογραφία : Dionysostempel inTeos

http://www.phil.uni-erlangen.de/~p1altar/photo_html/bauplastik/fries/teos/ebene4.html

The Archaeological Investigations at Teos http://www.tacdam.metu.edu.tr/index.php@option=com_content&task=view&id=18&Itemid=58

Γλωσσάριo : cavea

Τhe auditorium or audience sitting of a theater.

eustyle templeHaving an intercolumniation of 2 1/4 diametres.

scene (lat. scaena -ae) The stage building of the ancient theaters originally used for storage but provided a convenient backing for performances.

Χρονολόγιο

11th-10th cent. BC: Foundation of Teos.






6th cent. BC: The city is under Persian control.

546 BC: Persian domination. The Teians abandon their country and found Abdera (545-540 BC).

499-494 BC: Participation of Teos in the Ionian revolt.

479 BC: Liberation of the city from the Persian domination. Teos joins the First Athenian League and remains until 412 BC.

407/406-394 BC: The city is under Spartan control.

386 BC: Peace of Antalcidas. The Persian control is re-established in the area.

334 BC: After the battle at Granicus Alexander the Great liberates Teos.

319-302 BC: The city under the control of Antigonus I the One-eyed.

302-281 BC: Lysimachus assumes control of the city.

281 BC: Death of Lysimachus at Corupedium (also called Corupedion). Teos passes in the hands of the Seleucids.

229-205/4 BC: The Attalids assume control of the city, interrupted only for the period 222-218 BC.

205/4 BC: The Seleucids are back in power in Teos.

190 BC: After the defeat of Antiochus’ fleet by the combined Rhodian and Roman forces the city is surrendered to Rome.

188 BC: Peace of Apamea. Pergamum regains control of the area.

129 BC: Teos becomes part of the Roman province of Asia.






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