figure 6.1 the electromagnetic radiation spectrum covers everything from very low frequency (vlf)...
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![Page 1: FIGURE 6.1 The electromagnetic radiation spectrum covers everything from very low frequency (VLF) radio to X-rays and beyond. Curtis Johnson Process Control](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022070305/55151785550346a87d8b4dba/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
FIGURE 6.1 The electromagnetic radiation spectrum covers everything from very low frequency (VLF) radio to X-rays and beyond.
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FIGURE 6.2 The energy carried by one photon varies inversely with the wavelength of the EM radiation.
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FIGURE 6.3 Sources of EM radiation exhibit divergence through the spreading of the beam with distance from the source.
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FIGURE 6.4 Diagram to aid in solving divergence problems, as in Example 6.5.
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FIGURE 6.5 The intensity of light from a point source depends on the distance from the source, R, and the area considered, A.
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FIGURE 6.6 Comparison of EM radiation emitted by the sun and heated tungsten filament, as well as the spectral sensitivity of the human eye.
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FIGURE 6.7 The candela is defined in terms of uniform monochromatic radiation from a point source.
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FIGURE 6.8 The photoconductive cell has a structure to maximize exposure and minimize resistance.
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FIGURE 6.8 (continued) The photoconductive cell has a structure to maximize exposure and minimize resistance.
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FIGURE 6.9 A photoconductive cell resistance changes nonlinearly with radiation intensity.
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FIGURE 6.10 This circuit is the solution for Example 6.7.
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FIGURE 6.11 A photovoltaic “solar” cell is a giant pn junction diode.
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FIGURE 6.12 The IV curves of a pn junction diode vary with exposure to EM radiation.
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FIGURE 6.13 The Thévenin equivalent circuit for a photovoltaic cell. The resistance also varies with radiation.
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FIGURE 6.14 This circuit converts the cell short-circuit current into a proportional voltage.
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FIGURE 6.15 One solution to Example 6.8.
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FIGURE 6.16 The photodiode uses the pn junction reverse current to measure radiation.
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FIGURE 6.17 Photodiodes are very small and often use an internal lens to focus light on the junction.
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FIGURE 6.18 Circuit for Example 6.9.
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FIGURE 6.19 A phototransistor does not need base current because it is effectively supplied by incoming light intensity.
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FIGURE 6.20 IV curves of phototransistor collector current and collector-emitter voltage form a family of curves with light intensity as the parameter.
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FIGURE 6.21 Structure of the basic photoemissive diode.
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FIGURE 6.22 A photomultiplier depends on multiplication of photoelectrons to achieve a high gain. Each dynode is maintained at successively more positive voltages to accelerate the electrons.
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FIGURE 6.23 Ideal curves of EM radiation as a function of temperature.
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FIGURE 6.24 A blackbody can be simulated by a hole in a metal sphere at a temperature, T.
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FIGURE 6.25 A total radiation pyrometer determines an object’s temperature by input of radiation of a broad band of wavelengths.
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FIGURE 6.26 An optical pyrometer matches the intensity of the object to a heated, calibrated filament. Comparison is made in the red, using red filters.
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FIGURE 6.27 Examples of the appearance of the filament during use of an optical pyrometer.
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FIGURE 6.28 A representation of electron transitions in an atom with the emission of EM radiation.
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FIGURE 6.29 An energy-level diagram schematically shows the electron orbit energies and possible transitions.
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FIGURE 6.30 Stimulated emission of radiation gives rise to monochromatic, coherent radiation pulses moving in random directions.
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FIGURE 6.31 A laser gives preference to radiation pulses emitted perpendicular to reflecting surfaces.
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FIGURE 6.32 Label-inspection system as an example of optical technique.
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FIGURE 6.33 One possible circuit to implement Example 6.12.
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FIGURE 6.34 Turbidity measurement can be made in-line with this optical system.
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FIGURE 6.35 Circuit for Problem 6.13.
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FIGURE 6.36 Circuit for Problem 6.16.
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FIGURE 6.37 Figure for Problem 6.22.
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FIGURE 6.38 Setup for Problem S6.1.
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FIGURE 6.39 Solar tracking system.
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