figure 6-1 comparison of: (a) ac waveform: (b) dc waveform; (c) dc variable power supply and...

FIGURE 6-1 Comparison of: (a) ac waveform: (b) dc waveform; (c) dc variable power supply and battery-sources of dc; (d) function generator-a source of ac; (e) function generator-a common type of laboratory equipment. (Courtesy Fluke Corp.)

Dale R. PatrickElectricity and Electronics: A Survey, 5e

Copyright ©2002 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

All rights reserved.

FIGURE 6-1 continued Comparison of: (a) ac waveform: (b) dc waveform; (c) dc variable power supply and battery-sources of dc; (d) function generator-a source of ac; (e) function generator-a common type of laboratory equipment. (Courtesy Fluke Corp.)




FIGURE 6-1 continued Comparison of: (a) ac waveform: (b) dc waveform; (c) dc variable power supply and battery-sources of dc; (d) function generator-a source of ac; (e) function generator-a common type of laboratory equipment. (Courtesy Fluke Corp.)




(e)

FIGURE 6-2 Five cycles of alternating current.




FIGURE 6-3 Voltage values of an ac waveform.




FIGURE 6-4 Comparison of effective ac voltage and dc voltage.




FIGURE 6-5 A square-wave voltage.




FIGURE 6-6 Harmonics: (a) square wave to be produced; (b) fundamental plus third harmonic; (c) fundamental plus third and fifth harmonic; (d) fundamental plus third, fifth, and seventh harmonic.




FIGURE 6-7 Pulses: (a) short duration; (b) medium duration; (c) long duration.




FIGURE 6-8 Two ac voltages that are in phase.




FIGURE 6-9 Two ac voltages that are out of phase by an angle of 90




FIGURE 6-10 Comparison of (a) single-phase and (b) three-phase ac voltages.




FIGURE 6-10 continued Comparison of (a) single-phase and (b) three-phase ac voltages.




FIGURE 6-11 Scale of an analog multimeter with the ac voltage section shown.




FIGURE 6-12 Oscilloscope used to measure ac voltage. (Courtesy of Hickok Electrical Co.)




FIGURE 6-13 Ac waveform displayed on the screen of an oscilloscope.




FIGURE 6-14 Symbols used for inductors: (a) air core; (b) iron core © powered metal core.




FIGURE 6-14 continued Symbols used for inductors: (a) air core; (b) iron core © powered metal core.




FIGURE 6-15 Some types of inductors: (a) subminiature inductors used with high frequencies; (b) inductors that use a color-coded value; (c) inductors used in equipment power supplies; (d) inductors for various electronic applications. [(a), (b), and (d) Courtesy of J.W. Miller Division/Bell Industries; (c) courtesy of TRW/UTC Transformers.]




(a)

FIGURE 6-15 continued Some types of inductors: (a) subminiature inductors used with high frequencies; (b) inductors that use a color-coded value; (c) inductors used in equipment power supplies; (d) inductors for various electronic applications. [(a), (b), and (d) Courtesy of J.W. Miller Division/Bell Industries; (c) courtesy of TRW/UTC Transformers.]




(b)





(c)





(d)

FIGURE 6-16 Capacitor symbols: (a) fixed capacitor; (b) variable capacitor.




FIGURE 6-16 continued Capacitor symbols: (a) fixed capacitor; (b) variable capacitor.




FIGURE 6-17 Types of capacitors: (a) small capacitors used in electronic equipment; (b) variable trimmer capacitors used in communication circuits; (c) variable capacitor used in tuning circuits; (d) capacitors used for power factor correction on electrical power systems. [(a) Courtesy of Centralab, Inc., a North American Philips Co.; (b) courtesy of Johanson Manufacturing Corp.; (c) courtesy of J.W. Miller Division/Bell Industries; (d) courtesy of McGraw-Edison Co.]




FIGURE 6-17 continued Types of capacitors: (a) small capacitors used in electronic equipment; (b) variable trimmer capacitors used in communication circuits; (c) variable capacitor used in tuning circuits; (d) capacitors used for power factor correction on electrical power systems. [(a) Courtesy of Centralab, Inc., a North American Philips Co.; (b) courtesy of Johanson Manufacturing Corp.; (c) courtesy of J.W. Miller Division/Bell Industries; (d) courtesy of McGraw-Edison Co.]




FIGURE 6-18 Inductive phase relationships.




FIGURE 6-19 Capacitive phase relationships.




FIGURE 6-20 Capacitor charge and discharge circuit.




FIGURE 6-21 Paper capacitor construction.




FIGURE 6-22 Resistive ac circuit.




FIGURE 6-23 Voltage and current waveforms of a resistive ac circuit.




FIGURE 6-24 Power curve for a resistive ac circuit.




FIGURE 6-25 Voltage and current waveforms of a purely inductive ac circuit: (a) circuit; (b) waveforms.




(a)

FIGURE 6-25 continued Voltage and current waveforms of a purely inductive ac circuit: (a) circuit; (b) waveforms.




(b)

FIGURE 6-26 Power curve for a purely inductive circuit.




FIGURE 6-27 Resistive-inductive (RL) circuit and its waveforms: (a) RL ac circuit; (b) voltage and current waveforms.




FIGURE 6-28 Capacitive ac circuit.




FIGURE 6-29 Voltage and current waveforms of a purely capacitive ac circuit.




FIGURE 6-30 Power curves for a purely capacitive ac circuit.




FIGURE 6-31 Resistive-capacitive (RC) circuit.




FIGURE 6-32 Waveforms of an RC circuit.




FIGURE 6-33 Vector diagrams showing voltage and current relationships of ac circuits: (a) resistive (R) circuit; (b) purely inductive (L) circuit; (c) RL circuit; (d) purely capacitive (C) circuit; (e) RC circuit.




FIGURE 6-34 Right triangle for an ac series RC circuit.




FIGURE 6-35 Sine, cosine, and tangent ratios.




FIGURE 6-36 Standard graph and the method used to find sine, cosine, and tangent values.




FIGURE 6-37 Rectangular coordinates.




FIGURE 6-38 Polar coordinates.




FIGURE 6-39 Radian values: (a) relation of radians to degrees; (b) radian/degree conversions; (c) table of radian/degree conversions; (d) sine-wave generation.




(a)

FIGURE 6-39 continued Radian values: (a) relation of radians to degrees; (b) radian/degree conversions; (c) table of radian/degree conversions; (d) sine-wave generation.




(b)





(c)





(d)

FIGURE 6-40 Coordinate diagram.




FIGURE 6-41 Series impedances.




FIGURE 6-42 Polar diagram.




FIGURE 6-43 Series RL circuit example: (a) circuit; (b) procedure for finding circuit values; (c) circuit triangles.




FIGURE 6-44 Series RC circuit example: (a) circuit; (b) procedure for finding circuit values; (c) circuit triangles.




FIGURE 6-45 Series RLC circuit example: (a) circuit; (b) procedure for finding circuit values; (c) circuit triangles.




FIGURE 6-46 Parallel RL circuit example: (a) circuit; (b) procedure for finding circuit values; (c) circuit triangles.




FIGURE 6-47 Parallel RC circuit example: (a) circuit; (b) procedure for finding circuit values; (c) circuit triangles.




FIGURE 6-48 Parallel RLC circuit example: (a) circuit; (b) procedure for finding circuit values; (c) circuit triangles.




(a)

FIGURE 6-48 continued Parallel RLC circuit example: (a) circuit; (b) procedure for finding circuit values; (c) circuit triangles.




(b)

FIGURE 6-48 continued Parallel RLC circuit example: (a) circuit; (b) procedure for finding circuit values; (c) circuit triangles.




(c)

FIGURE 6-49 Power triangles for ac circuits: (a) RL circuit; (b) RC circuit; (c) RLC circuit with XL larger than XC; (d) RLC circuit with XC larger than XL; (e) formulas for calculating power values.




FIGURE 6-50 Three types of filter circuits: (a) low-pass filter-passes low frequencies and blocks high frequencies; (b) high-pass filter-passes high frequencies and blocks low frequencies; (c) bandpass filter-passes a midrange of frequencies and blocks high and low frequencies.




FIGURE 6-50 continued Three types of filter circuits: (a) low-pass filter-passes low frequencies and blocks high frequencies; (b) high-pass filter-passes high frequencies and blocks low frequencies; (c) bandpass filter-passes a midrange of frequencies and blocks high and low frequencies.




FIGURE 6-51 Circuits used to filter ac frequencies and their response curves: (a) low-pass filters; (b) high-pass filters; (c) bandpass filter.




FIGURE 6-52 Resonant circuits: 9a) series and (b) parallel resonant circuits and their frequency response curves.




FIGURE 6-53 Sample resonant circuit problem: (a) circuit; (b) procedure to find circuit values.




FIGURE 6-53 continued Sample resonant circuit problem: (a) circuit; (b) procedure to find circuit values.




FIGURE 6-54 Effect of resistance on bandwidth of a series resonant circuit: (a) high resistance, low selectivity; (b) low resistance high selectivity.




FIGURE 6-54 continued Effect of resistance on bandwidth of a series resonant circuit: (a) high resistance, low selectivity; (b) low resistance high selectivity.




FIGURE 6-55 Transformers. (Courtesy of TRW/UTC Transformers.)




FIGURE 6-56 Transformers: (a) pictorial; (b) schematic symbol.




FIGURE 6-56 continued Transformers: (a) pictorial; (b) schematic symbol.




FIGURE 6-57 Transformers: (a) set-up; (b) step-down.




FIGURE 6-58 Transformer current ratio.




FIGURE 6-59 Adjustable transformer. (Courtesy of Superior Electric Co.)




FIGURE 6-60 Current transformer. (Courtesy pf F.W. Bell Co.)




FIGURE 6-61 Set-up transformer used in automobile ignition system. (Courtesy of Delco-Remy.)




FIGURE 6-62 continued Three-phase transformers: (a) small three-phase transformers; (b) large three-phase power transformer used at electrical substations. [(a) Courtesy of TRW/UTC Transformers; (b) courtesy of Kuhlman Corp.]




figure 6-1 comparison of: (a) ac waveform: (b) dc waveform; (c) dc variable power supply and...

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