Figure 24-17 Schematic representation of the thylakoid membrane showing the

components of its electron-transport chain.

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Figure 24-30 Electron micrograph of thylakoids.

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Figure 24-18 Detailed diagram of the Z-scheme of photosynthesis.

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Figure 24-22 Schematic mechanism of O2 generation in chloroplasts.

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Figure 24-29 Segregation of PSI and PSII.

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Figure 24-31The Calvin cycle.

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Table 24-1 Standard and Physiological Free Energy Changes for the Reactions of

the Calvin Cycle.

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Figure 24-32Algal 3BPG and RuBP levels on removal of CO2.

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Figure 24-33a X-Ray structure of tobacco RuBP carboxylase. (a) The

quaternary structure of the L8S8 protein.

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Figure 24-34 Probable reaction mechanism of the carboxylation reaction catalyzed by RuBP carboxylase.

Figure 24-31The Calvin cycle.

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Figure 24-36 Probable mechanism of the oxygenase reaction catalyzed by RuBP

carboxylase–oxygenase. (Photorespiration)

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Figure 24-37Photorespiration.

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Figure 24-38 The C4 pathway.Pa

ge 9

04

PS SONG

http://www.csulb.edu/~cohlberg/Songs/photosynthesis.mp3

Chapter 25: Lipid Metabolism

Suggested problems: 1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9

Table 25-1Energy Content of Food Constituents.

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Figure 25-2 Catalytic action of phospholipase A2.

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Figure 25-4b Structure and mechanism of

phospholipase A2. (b) The catalytic mechanism of

phospholipase A2.

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Figure 25-8 Franz Knoop’s classic experiment indicating that fatty acids are metabolically oxidized at their -carbon

atom.

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Figure 25-9Mechanism of

fatty acid activation catalyzed by

acyl-CoA synthetase.

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Figure 25-10 Acylation of carnitine catalyzed by

carnitine palmitoyltransferase.

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Figure 25-11 Transport of fatty acids into the mitochondrion.

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Figure 25-12The -oxidation pathway of fatty acyl-CoA.

Figure 25-15Mechanism of action

of -ketoacyl-CoA thiolase.

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Figure 25-16 Structures of two common unsaturated fatty acids.

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Figure 25-17Problems in the

oxidation of unsaturated

fatty acids and their solutions.

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Figure 25-18Conversion of propionyl-CoA

to succinyl-CoA.

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Figure 25-19

The propionyl-CoA carboxylase reaction.

Figure 25-20 The rearrangement catalyzed by methylmalonyl-CoA mutase.

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Figure 25-21Structure of

5’-deoxyadenosyl-cobalamin

(coenzyme B12).

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6Figure 25-23Proposed mechanism of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase.

Figure 25-25

Ketogenesis: the enzymatic

reactions forming

acetoacetate from

acetyl-CoA.

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Figure 25-28 A comparison of fatty acid oxidation and fatty acid

biosynthesis.

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Figure 25-29The phosphopantetheine group in acyl-carrier protein (ACP) and in

CoA.

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Figure 25-30Association of

acetyl-CoA carboxylase protomers.

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Figure 25-31Reaction cycle for the biosynthesis of

fatty acids.

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Figure 25-32The mechanism

of carbon–carbon bond formation in

fatty acid biosynthesis.

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“Alfonse, Biochemistry makes my head hurt!!”\