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7/31/2019 Fight for Democracy

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14/36

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15/36

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16/36

Xlo v`do ` xlo bo~} johci cb ]ùxl Ivcmi} hoj`mvims qvo}obx} i qivih`|$ ilc}x`vcmidds mvoixoh m`bubhvuj; xlo ]ùxl Ivcmib johci bh} cx}od }ufkomxohx` xlo vudcbn qivxs} ho}cvo `v j`vo ubcxs ibh m`b}ob}u} cb xlo mùbxvs} vim*xuvoh }`mcoxs" Xlo ho}cvo ` xlo vudcbn qivxs$ xlo Ivcmib Bixc`bid M`bnvo}},IBM# ~ùdh fo jox c xlovo ~i} i j`vo }uqq`vxcwo ibh d`sid qvo}} fux xlo

qvo}} bh} m`jqdcibmo ~cxl xlc} ho}cvo ùx ` ecdxov ~cxl cx} qvò}}c`bid m`ho` oxlcm}$ cx} v`do ` l`dhcbn q`~ov x` immùbx$ d`sidxs x` xlo mcxc{obvs$ o|q`}cbnifu}o} ` q`~ov ibh focbn i ~ixmlh`n cb xlo ub`dhcbn hoj`mvims" Xlolc}x`vcmidds mvoixoh m`bubhvuj m`b}c}x} ` xlo d`ncm xlix fomiu}o xlo IBMdoh xlo dcfovixc`b }xvunndo ibh ~i} hoj`mvixcmidds odomxoh cx ho}ovwo} i j`vo}sjqixloxcm qvo}}" Fux i} Jijqlodi Vijqlodo li} b`xoh cb xlo `qobcbnyu`xixc`b x` xlc} mliqxov$ cx ~ùdh fo cvvo}q`b}cfdo x` fo miunlx cb xlo ojfvimo` `bo} dcfovix`v}$ ibh xlob ivnuifds cb }uqq`vx ` i johci cbhoqobhobx v`j

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17/36

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18/36

XLO IBM IBH XLO JOHCI Q@]X*IQIVXLOCH =

qivxcmudivds qvo}}cbn cb ]ùxl Ivcmi ~cxl cx} lc}x`vs iqivxloch vimc}j$ mdi}}hcwc}c`b}$ nv`~cbn q`wovxs$ ubojqd`sjobx$ ibh icduvo} ` }ovwcmo hodcwovs$o}qomcidds x` q``v qo`qdo"

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johci mib fo nixo*`qobov} vixlov xlib nixo*md`}ov}" Lov j`hod ` hoj`mvimsb`x `bds idd`~} `v xlo`vc}cbn xlo cbmvoi}o ` qduvidc}j ~cxlcb kùvbidc}j$ fuxid}` idd`~} `v xlo cbmvoi}o ` qduvidc}j xlvùnl kùvbidc}j" Cb ]ùxl Ivcmi$i} cb jibs `xlov qivx} ` xlo ~`vdh$ xlo johci hò} b`x o|c}x i} i |oh$ l`j`*noboù} obxcxs" Idxlùnl `vnibc}ixc`bid `vuj} ibh b`b*n`wovbjobxid ibhimihojcm f`hco} ,}uml i} xlo ]ùxl Ivcmib Bixc`bid Ohcx`v} G`vuj ,]ibo#$xlo G`vuj `v Fdime Kùvbidc}x} ,GFK#$ xlo Johci Cb}xcxuxo ` ]ùxlovb Ivcmi,Jc}i#$ xlo Gvooh`j ` O|qvo}}c`b Cb}xcxuxo ,G\C#$ Johci J`bcx`vcbn Ivcmi$

Cb}xcxuxo `v xlo Ihwibmojobx ` Kùvbidc}j ibh ^cx} Kùvbidc}j# obifdovoqvo}obxixcwo} ` xlo johci x` }livo choi}$ hofixo qvò}}c`bid c}}uo} ibh owobùxdcbo m`ho} ` m`bhumx$ xlo johci cb ]ùxl Ivcmi hò} b`x }livo i m`ddomxcwo`v ubcxivs chobxcxs"

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19/36


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20/36

XLO IBM IBH XLO JOHCI Q@]X*IQIVXLOCH ?

xlo johci iqqoid} xvcfubid$ Kim`f [uji }ich xlix lujib vcnlx} ~ovo xvijqdoh`b fs xlo johci$ xlix xlo johci cbwihoh qo`qdo} qvcwims$ ibh xlix xlo johciju}x foliwo dceo owovsf`hs od}o" Lo homdivoh xlix xlc} johci xlix }is}cx c} xlo ~ixmlh`n `v hoj`mvims ~i} b`x hoj`mvixcmidds odomxoh ,Xlo Xcjo};

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Kime}`b Jxlojfu$ ~i} x` lidx kùvbidc}x} o|mo}}o} ibh ~is~ivhbo}}" C sùliwo x` n` x` qvc}`b$ dox cx fo" C sù qis jcddc`b} `v hoijixc`b$ dox cx fo" Ckùvbidc}x} liwo x` fo voh fomiu}o xlos h`bx m`bxvcfuxo x` xlo ]ùxl Ivcmi~o ~ibx$ dox cx fo ,Jicd ' Nuivhcib; 6=*63 Kuds 6191#" Fdiho B{cjibho$ xlonobovid }omvoxivs ` xlo ]ùxl Ivcmib M`jjubc}x Qivxs ,]IMQ# ~l` fomijoxlo jcbc}xov lcnlov ohumixc`b cb 6113$ }uqq`vxoh xlo johci iqqoid} xvcfubid

fomiu}o c xlovo c} `bo }ovcù} xlvoix x` ùv hoj`mvims$ cx c} i johci xlix c}immùbxifdo x` cx}od ~o liwo b` qq`}cxc`b xlov xlib xlo fùvno`c} johci,Xlo Xcjo}; 6 Iunu}x 6191#" ]cqlc~o Bsibhi$ i `vjov nobovid cb xlo ]ùxlIvcmib Bixc`bid Hoobmo G`vmo ~l` ~i} x` fom`jo jcbc}xov ` m`jjubcmi*xc`b} ,idxlùnl lo ~i} voh cb 6191#$ id}` }uqq`vxoh xlo johci iqqoid} xvcfubidixov lo lih obhuvoh mvcxcmc}j cb xlo qvo}} `v lcnl dcwcbn; C h` b`x ubhov}xibhl`~ xlo quvmli}o ` miv} ibh l`xod }xis} ijùbx x` m`vvuqxc`b" Xlo johcixvcwcidc}o} xlo jixxov fs xinncbn i} m`vvuqxc`b xlcbn} h`bo fs q`dcxcmcib} xlixxlos h` b`x dceo ,]ubhis Xcjo}; 9 Iunu}x 6191#" Kudcu} Jidoji }ich; Cx c}cjq`vxibx xlix ~o booh x` nlx xlc} johci ~lcml c} vudcbn cx}od$ xlo johci~lcml c} b`~ i di~ ubx` cx}od" Xlo}o qo`qdo$ xlos mib ho}xv`s xlo vow`duxc`b"Xlos xlcbe xlos ivo ubxùmlifdo ibh xlos mib ~vcxo ifùx ibsxlcbn xlos dceo xlix xcjo li} m`jo x` ib obh xlo}o qo`qdo ivo hibnovù} ,]ubhis Xcjo};< Iunu}x 6191#"

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q`}cxc`bcbn xlo johci i} ùx}chov} x` hoj`mvims" Xlo hc}mùv}o }unno}x}md`}uvo} cb }`mcoxs$ ibh xlo qv`q`}oh cbxovwobxc`b} i johci iqqoid} xvcfubidibh xlo Qv`xomxc`b ` ]xixo Cb`vjixc`b Fcdd }cnbiddoh ib cho`d`ncmid }`mcidibxi}s ` xlo IBM; xlix$ xlvùnl q`dcxcmid m`bxv`d ` xlo johci$ cx mùdh m`wovuq cx} `~b cbihoyuimco}$ cx} `~b vimxcù} bixuvo ibh xlo hc}ubcxs ` }`mcoxscx}od" Lovo$ ibxi}s voov} x` xlo ~is ibxin`bc}j c} ji}eoh5 cb coeoib qlcd`*}`qlcmid hc}mùv}o$ cho`d`ns c} u}oh x` ji}e ibxin`bc}j$ ibh i }`mcid ibxi}svoov} x` hc}nuc}cbn ibxin`bc}j fs idxovcbn qovmoqxc`b} ibh cbxovqvoxixc`b}

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21/36


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Xviho _bc`b} ,M`}ixu## ~lcml lih jiho }ufjc}}c`b} x` Qivdcijobx$ ~ovooj`xc`bid ibh ls}xovcmid ,Xlo ]xiv; 6< Kuds 6191#"I xlcvh cjqdcmixc`b ` xlc} cbmvoi}cbn cbxcjchixc`b ` xlo voo qvo}} ivc}o}

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Xlo hooqobcbn ]ùxl Ivcmi} hoj`mvims ~cdd hoqobh uq`b immoqxibmo ibh

x`dovibmo fs xlo IBM ibh xlo n`wovbjobx johci }mvuxcbs cx} qov`vjibmo"Qidd` K`vhib$ ~l` c} i jojfov ` xlo IBM Bixc`bid O|omuxcwo M`jjcxxoo,BOM# ibh mlicvqov}`b ` xlo BOM }ufm`jjcxxoo `b m`jjubcmixc`b$ ibhli} id~is} foob vonivhoh i} `bo ` xlo `vnibc}ixc`b} cbxoddomxuid}$ jiho xlc}q`cbx x``" Lo ~v`xo xlix cb xlo }qcvcx ` xlo M`b}xcxuxc`b xlo widuo ~o qdimo`b i voo cbhoqobhobx ibh ùx}qèob qvo}} cb hoj`mvixcm ]ùxl Ivcmi mibb`xfo `wov}xixoh$ ibh lo i}}ovxoh xlix;Xlo IBM li} b`x ibh }lidd b`x ~cdx ubhovmvcxcmc}j `v md`}o }mvuxcbs ,Xlo Xcjo}; 61 Iunu}x 6191#" Lo id}` ~v`xo xlix lc}

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22/36

XLO IBM IBH XLO JOHCI Q@]X*IQIVXLOCH >

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dox ub}mivvoh fs xlo voq`vx} ` xlo }mibhid} ` m`vvuqxc`b o|q`}oh cb xloqvcbx johci" Mùdh xlc} fo ~ls cx} doihov}$ cbmduhcbn [uji$ Bsibhi$ Jidoji$B{cjibho ibh Jxlojfu$ ~ibxoh i johci iqqoid} xvcfubid$ ~lcml icjohudxcjixods ix q`dcxcmid m`bxv`d ` xlo johci0 Xlo nviqlcm `b xlo bo|x qino fsivxc}x K`lb JmMibb ,Jicd ' Nuivhcib; 61*67 Iunu}x 6191# }l`~oh xlo o|q`*}uvo} ` m`vvuqxc`b cb xlo qvcbx johci fs xlo if`wo doihov}; Bsibhi} wo*}xivl`xod fcbno5 Fdiho} UB{cjibhoZ lcnl dco5 [uji `v }ido5 Jidoji} bo~ xi|h`hno5 ibh IBM doihov} kicdlù}o v`me$ voovvcbn x` i }x`vs ifùx Jxlojfu}hvcbecbn ibh hvcwcbn"

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b`x m`jjob}uvixo cb }c{o ibh qdimojobx x` xlo hijino h`bo fs xlo òbhcbnivxcmdo5 ibh xlo Qvo}} Mùbmcd c} m`jq`}oh jicbds ` `vjov kùvbidc}x}"

Gvib{ Evunov }ich ix xlo m`dd`yucuj `b xlo johci ibh }od*vonudixc`b xlix}`jo ` xlo ivnujobx} v`j mvcxcm} ` xlo johci boohoh x` fo m`b}chovoh ibhxlovo }lùdh fo j`vo }od*o|ijcbixc`b fs kùvbidc}x}" ]`jo lù}o*mdoibcbnbooh} x` liqqob ibh kùvbidc}x} booh x` fo j`vo mivoud" ]`jo ` xlo c}}uo}vic}oh cb xlc} vo}qomx cbmduhoh; xlo wco~ xlix doie} }lùdh fo libhdoh ~cxlj`vo mivo i} kùvbidc}x} ~ovo wudbovifdo x` jibcqudixc`b5 iq`d`nco} ~ovo

b`x m`jjob}uvixo ~cxl jc}xieo} jiho5 xlovo }lùdh fo i mdoivov hc}xcbmxc`bfox~oob voq`vxcbn ibh m`jjobxcbn5 ibh xlix xlovo ~ovo iv x`` jibs loih*dcbo} ~lcml h` b`x vogomx xlo imxuid xo|x ` xlo }x`vs" Xlo}o mvcxcmc}j} q`cbxoh


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XLO IBM IBH XLO JOHCI Q@]X*IQIVXLOCH 3

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Fs m`jfcbcbn Jùo} m`bmoqxc`b ` i vihcmid hoj`mvims ~cxl Fuxdov} xlo`*vco} ` q`~ov ibh }ufkomxc`b ,~lovocb m`bmoqx} }uml i} vogo|cwo xuvb$ }ufkomxc*wc}ixc`b$ qi}}c`bixo ixximljobx} ibh vo}cnbcmixc`b} ivo iqqdcoh$ x`noxlov ~cxlxlo coeoib m`bmoqxuid x``d} ` Ji}xov*]cnbcov ibh }`mcid ibxi}s#$ i hc}mu}*}c`b$ vogomxc`b ibh ibids}c} ` owobx} vonivhcbn xlo johci ibh xlo IBM }cbmo9338 ob}uo}" Cb ihhcxc`b$ C o|ijcbo ~lix xuvb kùvbidc}x} jiho cb vo}q`b}ox` }ufkomxcwc}ixc`b$ `v }ufkunixc`b$ xlix lih idvoihs xieob qdimo ibh ~lix xlc}joib} `v hoj`mvims cb ]ùxl Ivcmi" ôvo xlo}o vogo|cwo xuvb}$ i} cb xuvb}

inicb}x xloj}odwo}$ `v ~ovo xlos vo}cnbcmixc`b} ibh i fvoie v`j xlo qi}x$ i} cbd`sidxco} x` xlo IBM fomiu}o cx ~i} xlo dcfovixc`b qivxs ~lcml vooh ]ùxl Ivcmiv`j m`d`bcid ibh vimc}x qqvo}}c`b0 ,Vo}cnbcmixc`b lovo joib} x` b`x vocxovixo`qqvo}}cwo b`vj} xlo qi}x5 x` hoximl bo}od v`j qi}x }cnbcov} vo}cnbcmi*xc`b c} i `vj ` vo}c}xibmo$ i} cb b`x imeb`~dohncbn xlo bijo*middcbn"#

C u}o }owovid }qomcm o|ijqdo}$ `v mi}o }xuhco}$ cb i} jibs hcovobx mliqxov}$x` cbwo}xcnixo xlo o|qomxixc`b} ` xlo IBM vonivhcbn xlo johci ibh l`~ xloIBM cjincbo} xlo johci$ i} ~odd i} l`~ xlo johci cx}od hobo} cx} v`do" C xlobqv`mooh x` o|qd`vo l`~ xlo cbhoqobhobmo ` xlo johci c} ubhov xlvoix"

Cx ju}x id}` fo }ich ix xlo ùx}ox xlix C u}o xlo xovj} xlo IBM ibh xlojohci cb ib ivjixcwo hom`b}xvumxcwo ~is xlix c}$ C u}o xlo xovj} ibh cbxov*v`nixo xloj ix xlo }ijo xcjo" ^lob C ~vcxo xlo IBM C h` b`x joib xlix xloIBM c} `bo cho`d`ncmid obxcxs" C m`b}xibxds ixxojqx x` }l`~ wivcù} }xvibh}` xlo IBM xlvùnl cx} wivcù} hc}mùv}o}$ ibh x` miqxuvo xlo ijfcnucxco}$buibmo} ibh ijfcwidobmo} ~cxlcb xlo `vnibc}ixc`b" Cb xlo }ijo ~is$ xlo johcic} b`x i j`b`dcxlcm fd`m$ ibh xlc} x`` c} }l`~b cb xlo hcovobx c}}uo} ibids}ohcb xlo hcovobx mliqxov}" Xlo xlo`voxcmid m`bmoqx} u}oh ~cdd fo hc}mu}}oh cb xlo

`vxlm`jcbn }omxc`b} ` xlc} mliqxov$ ibh ~cdd fo uvxlov odumchixoh cb xlo vo}x` xlo f`è"

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o}x0 ]lùdh cx }cjqds fo i jcvv`v xlo }`mcoxs cb ~lcml cx qovixo}$ vogomxcbnxlo `qcbc`b} ` xlo vudcbn odcxo cb i qivxcmudiv }`mcoxs0 @v }lùdh kùvbidc}x}ojfvimo xlo v`do ` `vnibcm cbxoddomxuid}$ i} hchNvij}mc0

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Ivcmi doh x` i jik`v cbhifi cb Kubo 6119 fox~oob xlo Mifcbox ibh ]ibo" Xloqvo}chobx ix xlo xcjo$ Xlif` Jfoec$ vojiveoh xlob xlix xlovo ~i} i booh `vcbxovimxc`b$ hcid`nuo ibh i qv`mo}} ` obninojobx }` xlix ~o ubhov}xibh oiml`xlov foxxov" ^lix c} xlc} bixc`bid cbxovo}x0 Jfoec i}eoh" Cx ~i} cbxovo}xcbn xlixJfoec imeb`~dohnoh xlix xlo xovj bixc`bid cbxovo}x ~i} i xvùfdo}`jo `bo$i} ~o idd m`jo v`j hcovobx ibndo}$ hcovobx lc}x`vco} ibh xlovo`vo vo}q`bhcb hcovobx ~is} ,Jfoec 6119#" ^lix lo hch b`x ihh ~i} xlix ~o idd }ooj x`liwo hcovobx ubhov}xibhcbn}$ b`x jovods ` ~lix xlo bixc`bid cbxovo}x c}$ fuxid}` ~lix hoj`mvims c} ibh ~lix i voo johci joib}" Xlc} c} xlo mvu| xlo jixxov cb xlc} f`è$ lobmo `bo ` xlo eos m`bmoqxuidc}ixc`b}; hoj`mvims c}i gìxcbn }cnbcov ,`qob*obhoh cb vo}qomx ` cx} joibcbn#"

@bo xlo }cnbcmibx voi}`b} `v xlc} f`è ~i} x` jieo i m`bxvcfuxc`b }umlxlix kùvbidc}x} ibh xlo IBM$ ~cxl xlocv qduvidcxs ` wco~}$ foncb x` ubhov}xibh`bo ib`xlov foxxov" Xlu} C òv i x~`*~is ni{o; xlo johci `b xlo IBM} cbxov*wobxc`b} ibh xlo IBM `b xlo johci} cbxovwobxc`b}" F`xl iqqoiv x` xide qi}xoiml `xlov cb xlo ~is xlos ubhov}xibh qvo}} vooh`j$ xlo v`do ` xlo qvo}} ibh~lix xlo bixc`bid cbxovo}x c}" Cb js ubhov}xibhcbn$ cx c} cb xlo bixc`bid cbxovo}x

x` o|q`}o ifu}o ` q`~ov ibh m`vvuqxc`b"Xlc} f`è }l`~} l`~ hoj`mvims c}i voo gìxcbn }cnbcov cb xlo oso} ` kùvbidc}x}$ fux l`~ xlo vudcbn xvcqivxcxoiddcibmo$ qvcjivcds xlo IBM ibh xlo ]IMQ$ ixxojqx x` jieo cx} joibcbn vcnch"

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b`xlcbn mib fo eb`~b ~cxl ibs movxicbxs ,9331; 87#" Xlc} dime ` movxicbxsho}mvcfo} xlo q`}cxc`b cb ]ùxl Ivcmi$ q`}x iqivxloch"

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xlob cx}od fonib ubviwoddcbn i} iddcibmo} mlibnoh" _}cbn xlo xlo`vco} ` Dimdiuv`j @b Q`qudc}x Voi}`b$ C liwo lcnldcnlxoh l`~ hoj`mvims cb ]ùxl Ivcmic} mlivimxovc}oh fs m`bxcbnobms" Xlvùnl xlo o|ijqdo} ` Fifsnixo ibh xloFuhnox }qooml fs Gcbibmo Jcbc}xov Qviwcb N`vhlib$ C }l`~ l`~ oi}cds iddcibmo}mib fom`jo ub}oxxdoh$ o}qomcidds c loxov`noboù} hojibh} ivo mvs}xiddc}oh cb boq`qudiv nuvo" Cb xlc} mi}o$ hojibh} ~ovo mvs}xiddc}oh cb xlo nuvo ibh xlo bijo[uji i bijo ~lcml ~i} foncbbcbn x` qv`wo ib ojqxs }cnbcov `v xlo dox"

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coe} ~`ve} Xlo ]ufdcjo @fkomx `g Cho`d`ns ,93#$ m`bxicb cjq`vxibx xlo`voxcmid ùbhixc`b} `vxlc} f`è} m`bmoqxuid$ ibidsxcmid iqqvìml" Xlo}o xo|x} ivo u}oh x` o|qdicb xloibidsxcmid m`bmoqx} m`b}xcxuxcwo ` xlo xlo`voxcmid vijo~`ve ibh liwo foobiqqdcoh x` xlc} ibids}c}" Qivxcmudivds qovxcbobx c} Xlo ]ufdcjo @fkomx `g Cho`d`nsfomiu}o coe} m`bmoqx} ` }`mcid ibxi}s$ d`sidxs ibh xlo }sjf`dcm fcn `xlov}ooj x` }qoie hcvomxds x` xlo muvvobx xob}c`b fox~oob xlo ]ùxl Ivcmib qvo}}

ibh xlo vudcbn qivxs" Oyuidds$ lc} m`bmoqx} ` obojco} ` xlo bixc`b$ xlo ni{o$q`cbx ho miqcx`bxlo vcnch ho}cnbix`v ibh Mlo Wu`c$ ivo idd iqx cb js o|ijc*bixc`b ` l`~ xlo IBM$ xlvùnl cx} ho}cvo `v i howod`qjobx kùvbidc}j$ imxu*idds icj} ix ubcscbn }`mcoxs xlvùnl ib ubqv`nvo}}cwo lonoj`bs ivùbh cx}`~b cho`d`ncmid }xvumxuvcbn qvcbmcqdo}"

Mlo Wu`c

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XLO IBM IBH XLO JOHCI Q@]X*IQIVXLOCH 9=

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cx}od$ }`joxlcbn xlix xlo `fkomx }xibh} `v# ~ovo owchobmoh cb xlo hc}mùv}ox` ho}mvcfo xlo oixuvo} ` xlo Ko~ nvoohs$ }ds$ qv`xoov$ m`vvuqx ,93 Sox$ imxuidds$f`xl qivxco} ivo ls}xovcmid$ ~cxl xlo IBM focbn j`vo ls}xovcmid xlib kùvbidc}x}"

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XLO IBM IBH XLO JOHCI Q@]X*IQIVXLOCH 9?

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xlo wivcù} qduvid }xvunndo} ibh jcmv`}xvunndo} m`bxo}x ubqv`nvo}}cwo lonoj`*bco}" Xlc} f`è }l`~} l`~ m`bxo}xixc`b} cb ]ùxl Ivcmi fox~oob xlo vudcbnqivxs} ubhov}xibhcbn} ` hoj`mvims$ howod`qjobxid kùvbidc}j ibh vooh`j` xlo qvo}} o|ojqdcs xlo m`bhcxc`b} ho}mvcfoh if`wo" Cx id}` odumchixo} xlo`wovdiq fox~oob vihcmid hoj`mvims$ ~lcml c} m`bhcxc`bid$ ibh i q`}xj`hovb}xixo ` guchcxs ibh dime ` homchifcdcxs" Cb js ivnujobx xlo johci c} qvomc}ods`bo }uml }qimo$ qivx ` xlo qufdcm }qlovo" Cx c} i qduvidc}xcm }qimo cb ~lcmlhcovobx wco~} mib fo o|qvo}}oh ibh ~lovo hsbijcm hodcfovixc`b} ibh m`bxo}*xixc`b} mib ibh h` xieo qdimo" ^ls i vihcmid hoj`mvims vijo~`ve vixlov xlibdcfovid hoj`mvims vijo~`ve `v }cjqds i hoj`mvims vijo~`ve0 Fomiu}o ivihcmid hoj`mvixcm vijo~`ve hojibh} xlo imeb`~dohnojobx hcovobmo"

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Fs cx} wovs bixuvo$ xlo xovj q`}xj`hovb iqqoiv} x` fo j`vo iqx i} xlo ho}mvcq*xc`b ` i qv`mo}} vixlov xlib ` i |oh qovc`h" Cx ho}mvcfo} xlo m`bhcxc`b q`}xxlo j`hovb ovi ~lcml ~i} mlivimxovc}oh fs vixc`bidc}j ibh m`b}ob}u} q`dcxcm}"Q`}xj`hovbc}j howod`qoh cb xlo 93?1} ibh 9371} i} i fvoiei~is v`j xlo

ubcwov}idc}j xlo obdcnlxobjobx$ xlo vixc`bidc}j j`hovbc}j ibh xlo mdi}}o}}obxcidc}j ibh vohumxc`bc}j ` Jiv|c}j" Xlovo ivo hcovobx cbxovqvoxixc`b}` q`}xj`hovbc}j cb q`dcxcm}" Xlo eos ~`vh cb q`dcxcm} ibh q`}xj`hovbc}j c}qv`mo}}" Cb `xlov ~`vh}$ q`}xj`hovbc}j midd} `v i vokomxc`b ` j`hovb q`dc*xcm}$ i vihcmidds hcovobx q`dcxcm}$ i vokomxc`b o}}obxcidc}j ibh i modofvixc`b hcovobmo ibh m`bxcbnobms" I} Hiwch ô}x ,9337; 933# }xixoh;

C xlo j``h q`}x*j`hovbcxs c} hocboh cb xovj} cbmvohudcxs x`~ivh}

joxi*bivvixcwo}$ xlo q`dcxcm} ` q`}x*j`hovbcxs c} vihcmidds ovvibx `nvibh qv`komx} ibh ijfcxcù} q`dcxcmid qv`nvijjo}$ ~lcml ivo i qv`jc*bobx oixuvo ` j`hovb }xixo} ibh cho`d`nco}" Ixxojqx} x` ubcs }`mcoxs


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XLO IBM IBH XLO JOHCI Q@]X*IQIVXLOCH 9>

ivxccmcidds imm`vhcbn x` }`jo nvibh$ x`xidc}cbn xlo`vs `v cho`d`ns ivob` d`bnov m`bwcbmcbn"

Xlo}o ivo voidds j`vo iecb x` ho}mvcqxc`b}$ vixlov xlib udd hobcxc`b}$ ` q`}x*

j`hovbc}j" Xlos jive ~lix xlo q`}xj`hovb m`bhcxc`b obxicd}$ `v c} mlivim*xovc}oh fs guchcxs$ ubhomchifcdcxs$ judxcqdo chobxcxco} ibh hc}qov}oh chobxcxco}$~cxl b` |oh }cnbcov ibh i qduvidcxs ` }xvunndo} ~cxlcb xlo }`mcid ~lcdoimeb`~dohncbn xlo }qdcx bixuvo ` }`mcoxs ibh xlo }qdcx bixuvo ` chobxcxco} x``"

Q}smlìbids}c}

Xlo xlo`voxcmid vijo~`ve c} b`x i q}smlìbidsxcmid `boqov }o" Cx c} vixlov xlou}o coe} Dimibcib x``d} xlix jive cx i} q}smlìbidsxcm" X fo j`vo qvomc}o$

cx c} xlo u}o ` xovj} }uml i} }`mcid ibxi}s$ ni{o$ }uvqdu}$ o|mo}}$ ibh ls}xovcixlix ivo hvi~b v`j q}smlìbids}c}" Dimib} q}smlìbids}c} ~i} cx}od i joxl`h` voihcbn xo|x}$ `vid `v ~vcxxob" Cx c} cb xlc} }ob}o xlix C u}o xlo q}smlìbidsxcm"

Xlo jicb u}o ` Dimib} q}smlìbids}c} fs coe c} xlo ubhov}xibhcbn `xvib}ovobmo$ xlo fodco cb xlo xlov$ i} cb xlo id}o fodco xlix xlo ibids}x eb`~}xlo joibcbn lc} v lov qixcobx} }sjqx`j}" Xlc} c} i id}o fodco ix xlo }xivx xlo ibids}c} qv`mo}}$ fux cx c} xlvùnl xlc} id}o fodco xlix xlo ~`ve ` ibids}c}mib qv`mooh" Q`dcxcmid q`~ov$ C ivnuo$ c} }sjf`dcm cb bixuvo ibh xlvùnl xlov`do} ibh xlo ji}e}$ ibh xlvùnl cbxovqoddixc`b} ,bijcbn$ licdcbn$ difoddcbn$}ufkomxcbn$ middcbn# cho`d`ncmid }ufkomxcwc}ixc`b ,}ufkunixc`b# mib xieo qdimo"Cb xlc} f`è$ xlovo ivo x~` cjq`vxibx Dimibcib xlo`voxcmid m`bmoqx}; }ufkomx}ivo id~is} hcwchoh fox~oob ~lix xlos m`b}mcù}ds eb`~ ibh }is$ ibh xlocvubm`b}mcù} fodco} ,coe 6117i; 6*69#" G`v o|ijqdo$ xlo johci c} i }cnbc*ov ~cxlùx i }cnbcoh" Ibh$ cb xlo }ijo ~is xlix coe li} ivnuoh xlix b``bo eb`~} qvomc}ods ~lix xlos joib ~lob xlos xide ifùx xlo bixc`b `v xloqo`qdo$ C ivnuo xlix xlo IBM hò} b`x eb`~ ~lix cx joib} ~lob cx xide} ifùxxlo johci"

Cx c} cb coe} u}o ` Dimib} m`bmoqxuid x``d} ` ibxi}s$ ni{o$ vcnch ho}cn*bix`v ibh kùc}}ibmo xlix lc} vihcmid hoqivxuvo ojovno}" Imm`vhcbn x` Dimib$kùc}}ibmo jcnlx joib obk`sjobx fux cx} void joibcbn vo}cho} cb xlix ~lcml c}x`` juml x` foiv$ ibh }` j`}x ` xlo xcjo cx c} ifùx }uovcbn" Cx c} dcbeoh x`qivib`ci ibh x` }`joxlcbn ùx}cho `v }`jo inobms o|xovbid x` cx$ `v o|ijqdoxodowc}c`b$ ~lcml fom`jo} xlo `xlov$ i} Hivcob Doihov ibh Kuhs Nv`wo} ,933?#liwo o|qdicboh" Xlo ivnujobx howod`qoh cb xlc} f`è c} xlix xlo IBM} ni{o`b xlo johci }cbmo hoj`mvims li} foob mlivimxovc}oh fs ib o|mo}} ibh }uvqdu}

obk`sjobx ~lcml c} xlo di}x }uqq`vx ` cho`d`ns" Eis }unno}x} xlix cb coe}u}ino obk`sjobx c} u}uidds chobxcifdo ~cxl ~lix Dimib midd} }uvqdu} obk`s*jobx ,qdu} ho kùc}}ibmo/qdu} ho kùcv#" Cb `xlov ~`vh}$ obk`sjobx m`jo} cb


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34/36


`b xlo qivx f`xl xlo johci ibh xlo IBM" Mvcxcmid hc}mùv}o ibids}c} li} foobu}oh qvcjivcds x` ubhov}xibh xlo cho`d`ncmid ~`vecbn} cb xlo xob}c`b} fox~oobxlo IBM ibh xlo johci$ }qomcmidds xlo qvo}}"

Xlc} ~`ve ih`qx} i judxc*qv`bnoh cbxonvixcwo joxl`h`d`ncmid }xvixons cb

`vhov x` qv`wcho i vcmlov ibh uddov ,i} qq`}oh x` i dcboiv# cbxovqvoxixc`b xlovodixc`b}lcq fox~oob xlo johci ibh xlo IBM" Gcv}x$ owobx} xlix liwo `mmuvvoh}cbmo 9338 liwo foob odumchixoh ibh i lc}x`vcmid m`bxo|x li} foob qv`wchoh"^lcdo xlo}o owobx} mib fo middoh mi}o }xuhco}$ xlos ivo b`x mi}o }xuhco} cb xlomdi}}cmid ibh xvihcxc`bid }ob}o5 b`v ~cdd xlos fo u}oh `v ibs xvihcxc`bid ojqcv*cmid `v yuibxcxixcwo quvq`}o}" Xlo joxl`h} ` hc}mùv}o ibids}c} ~cdd$ vixlov$ fou}oh x` `vonvùbh xlo cho`d`ncmid ubhovqcbbcbn} xlix lodq u} x` ubhov}xibhxlo q`}cxc`b} ih`qxoh fs hcovobx imx`v}"

Fo}cho} xlo xlo`voxcmid m`bmoqxuid joxl`h$ mvcxcmid hc}mùv}o ibids}c} li}id}` foob hoqd`soh xlvùnlùx xlo f`è" Cx c} xlvùnl dibnuino xlix }ufku*nixc`b xieo} qdimo ibh$ imm`vhcbn x` Dimib$ ls}xovci ojovno} ~lob i }ufkomx}xivx} x` yuo}xc`b$ `v ood hc}m`j`vx cb$ lc} `v lov }sjf`dcm chobxcxs ,coe6117; =?#" G`v xlo IBM$ xlo johci} voimxc`b x` xlo qv`q`}oh johci iqqoid}xvcfubid li} foob ls}xovcmid" Jimh`bodd ,93


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vooh`j }uml i} xlo Vcnlx6Eb`~ Mijqicnb diubml ibh m`dd`yucuj" Johcinuvo} v`j xlo IBM} m`jjubcmixc`b} hoqivxjobx$ i} ~odd i} xlo ]IMQ cbxod*domxuid Kovojs Mv`bcb ~ovo cbxovwco~oh `b xlo }ufkomx ` howod`qjobxid kùv*bidc}j" Xlo}o cbxovwco~} ibh vom`vhcbn} obvcmloh xlo qv`komx ~cxl void$ dcwo

w`cmo} v`j ]ùxl Ivcmi} ub`dhcbn hoj`mvims"Xlo xlo`voxcmid m`bmoqxuid vo}oivml joxl`h C ih`qxoh icj} x` hooqob ùv

ubhov}xibhcbn ` xlo }cnbcmibmo x` i hoj`mvixcm }`mcoxs ` i }od*vonudixcbnibh cbhoqobhobx johci" C} q`dcxcmid qlcd`}`qls ibh xlo`vs qco cb xlo }es0Fuxdov ,6111; 67?# id}` yuo}xc`boh xlo widuo ` xlo`vs" ]lo xuvboh x` Ivc}x`xdo$~l` lih vogomxoh; I} xlo }iscbn nò}$ xlo imxc`b xlix `dd`~} hodcfovixc`b}lùdh fo yucme$ fux hodcfovixc`b }d`~" Xlo qlcd`}`qlcmid ivnujobx} fox~oobFuxdov$ coe ibh Dimdiu ivo ubcxoh fs xlocv ùbhixc`b; xlos ivo j`xcwixoh

fs i ho}cvo `v i vihcmidds j`vo vo}xvumxuvoh ~`vdh$ `bo ~lcml ~ùdh liwoom`b`jcm oyuidcxs ibh q`dcxcmid obvibmlc}ojobx cjincboh cb juml j`vovihcmid ~is} xlib xlos ivo ,`q" mcx"; 6>>#" L`~owov$ xlo yuo}xc`b c} l`~ x` jieoxlo xvib}dixc`b} fox~oob qlcd`}`qlcmid m`jjobxivs cb xlo odh ` q`dcxcm} ibhxlo vo*cjincbcbn ` q`dcxcmid dco" Js ~`ve c} j`xcwixoh fs i m`jjcxjobx; x`johci vooh`j$ x` ~ibxcbn x` }oo xlc} i}qomx ` dco cb ]ùxl Ivcmi gùvc}l$fodcowcbn xlix johci cbhoqobhobmo jieo} i hcovobmo x` xlo hooqobcbn ` xloub`dhcbn ibh ubvoidc}oh hoj`mvims"

I} C u}o xovj} xlo IBM$ xlo johci$ xlo }`mcid cbhoqobhobmo ibh voo$C imeb`~dohno xlix xlo}o `vnibc}ixc`b}$ xovj} ibh obxcxco} ivo }qdcx$ ibh b`xubcoh" C liwo u}oh xlo xovj} cbhoqobhobmo ibh voo ~lcdo imeb`~dohncbnxlix xlo johci$ mib `bds fo vodixcwods voo ibh cbhoqobhobx" Cx li} x` fo vo}q`b*}cfdo ibh immùbxifdo x` xlo qufdcm$ yui xlo mcxc{obvs$ qdu} cx} voihov}$ wco~ov}ibh dc}xobov} x` xlo M`b}xcxuxc`b5 ibh x` cx} m`ho ` qvò}}c`bid oxlcm}" Ibh }` Cliwo x` invoo ~cxl Vijqlodo} `qobcbn yu`xixc`b x` xlc} mliqxov$ xlix nvixcxuho`v dcfovixc`b }lùdh b`x joib ubobhcbn nvixcxuho x` xlo doihcbn j`wojobx cbxlix qv`mo}}" Cx ~ùdh fo cvvo}q`b}cfdo ibh i }lcvecbn ` `bo} huxs x` obxvu}x xlo

uxuvo }`mcoxs }`dods x` i qivxs$ v qivxco}$ i}}`mcixoh ~cxl xlo dcfovixc`b }xvunndo"

B@XO]

9 Hv Jijqlodi Vijqlodo$ v`j i }qooml jiho ix xlo _bcwov}cxs ` Miqo X ~b ixxlo diubml ` xlo @qob ]`mcoxs J`bcx`vcbn Cbho| ,Lù}o ` Gvooh`j c} `qob xìdd$Jicd ' Nuivhcib$ 9=*93 Iunu}x 6191#"


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6 Cbxovqoddixc`b joib} bijcbn$ licdcbn$ difoddcbn$ middcbn ibh }ufkomxcbn xlix qov}`bx` xlix bijo$ `v o|ijqdo; do}fcib$ fdime$ ~lcxo$ vimc}x" Cho`d`ncmid cbxovqoddixc`b}ivo hojibh} `v }`mcid cbkubmxc`b} ~cxl xlo icj ` }ufkomxcbn ibh jiecbn xlo }uf*

komx xò xlo dcbo xlo }ufkomx fom`jo} xlo }ufkomx fs loohcbn xlo midd$ imeb`~dohn*

cbn xlo licdcbn `v o|ijqdo$ obojs ` xlo qo`qdo"= Xloq`cbx ho miqcx`b$ cb coe$ c} i eb`x$ ib uql`d}xovs fuxx`b$ ~lcml qcb} h`~b `vxco} uq joibcbn x` iw`ch }dcqqino} ibh }dchcbn}"

8 Lih xlo di~ foob cb qdimo ix xlo xcjo$ xlo `dd`~cbn }x`vco} ~ùdh b`x liwo foobqufdc}loh donidds imm`vhcbn x` o|qovx} q`ddoh cb Iunu}x 6191; xlo @cdnixo }x`vsifùx xlo qisjobx ` V99 jcddc`b cb Qoxv`]I j`bos fs i qvcwixo m`jqibs x` xloIBM} 6118 odomxc`b mijqicnb5 i }x`vs `b xlo dcbe fox~oob xlo ~co ` jcbc}xov `}xixo }omuvcxs$ ]csif`bni M~odo$ ibh ib cbxovbixc`bid m`micbo vcbn5 i }x`vs `b xlo]IFM ~i}xcbn V83 jcddc`b `b huh }l`~}5 ibh xlo 611> o|q`} ` fifs hoixl} ixxlo Jùbx Gvovo l`}qcxid cb xlo Oi}xovb Miqo ,}oo ]ubhis Xcjo}; Voih idd ifùx

xlo cb` fcdd; 9? Iunu}x 6191#"? Lo ~i} cb q`}}o}}c`b ` ib iqqivobxds viuhudobx doxxov ` vo}cnbixc`b$ ~lcml xlo

qvojcov Jqujidibni$ Hiwch Jifu{i$ ~i} }uqq`}oh x` liwo qobboh x` xlo qvo}*chobx" Xlo doxxov ~i} }uf}oyuobxds xvimoh fime x` xlo qvojcov} `cmo ibh cx ~ùdh}ooj xlix xlo kùvbidc}x lih fom`jo i wcmxcj ` q`~ov q`dcxcm} cb xlo qv`wcbmo `Jqujidibni" Xlo ivvo}x ` î Ivcei ~i} i }cnb ` }loov cbxcjchixc`b ,}oo Jicd' Nuivhcib; ]cb h`mx`v voh imoh `wov ieo doxxov ibh xlo bcbo dcwo} ` i Ivcei;9=*93 Iunu}x 6191#"

7 Xlo u}o xlo xovj xvib}cxc`bid vic}o} xlo yuo}xc`b$ mùv}o$ xvib}cxc`bid v`j~lix x` ~lix0 C u}o xlo xovj cb i Hovvchoib ~is; hoj`mvims c} bowov udds voidc}oh5

cx c} m`b}xibxds ub`dhcbn" Xlix c} ~lix Hovvchi joibx ~lob lo ~v`xo hoj`mvimsx` m`jo ~lcml joib} xlix hoj`mvims c} i qlcd`}`qlcmid m`bmoqx ib cblovcxibmo ì qv`jc}o" Cb @b xlo Q`dcxcmidJùo ~vcxo} xlix hoj`mvims c} }`joxlcbn ubmovxicbibh cjqv`fifdo ibh ju}x bowov fo xieob `v nvibxoh" Cb Xlo Hoj`mvixcm Qivih`|}lo òv} xlix xlo j`jobx ` voidc}ixc`b ` hoj`mvims ~ùdh }oo cx} hc}cbxonvi*xc`b" C u}o xlo xovj} ub`dhcbn hoj`mvims ibh xvib}cxc`bid hoj`mvims$ xlob$ cb xlc}Hovvchoib ibh Jùcib }ob}o"

> Cx ~i} O}}`q Qilih$ `vjovds jcbc}xov cb Jfoec} qvo}chobms ibh }uf}oyuobxdsqufdc}lov ibh ohcx`v `Xlo Xlcbeov$ ~l` }ich cb i }qooml ix i m`dd`yucuj ix ^cx}

_bcwov}cxs$Johci Gvooh`j ibh Vonudixc`b$ `b 9? ]oqxojfov 6191$ xlix xlo IBMùbh xlo ~is xlo Cb` Fcdd ibh xlo Johci Xvcfubid ~i} focbn dcbeoh c} ls}xovcmid"< Cb M`bxcbnobms$ Lonoj`bs ibh _bcwov}idcxs coe o|qdicb} xlo ijù} Jiv|

fv`xlov} kèo ifùx mòo `v xoi0" So}$ qdoi}o) Cx c} i vou}id ` ml`cmo"

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