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TRANSCRIPT
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
FieldFox Handheld
Education Series Part 2:
Techniques for Precise
Cable and Antenna
Measurements in the Field
Tom Hoppin
Business Development Engineer
FieldFox Handheld Education Series
• Interference Testing
• Cable and Antenna Measurements
• Calibration and Alignment
• Time Domain Measurements
• Precise Power Measurements
www.agilent.com/find/FieldFoxWebcasts
© 2012 Agilent Technologies © 2012 Agilent Technologies
Techniques for Precise Cable and
Antenna Measurements in the Field
October 24, 2012
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
Outline
• Why is Cable and Antenna Testing Important?
• Cable Testing
• Antenna Testing
• Distance-to-Fault (DTF) Measurements
• FieldFox Calibration
Image courtesy of John Arthur, Wireless EDGE
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
Why is Cable and Antenna Testing Important?
• Verify transmission performance (line sweeping)
• Measure installed antenna performance and isolation
• Determine the location of damaged components
Images courtesy of John Arthur, Wireless EDGE
Types of cable damage
• Failed seal at a cable splice (liquid ingress)
• Failed solder joint at connector interface
• Cut, crushed and/or weather-induced cracks
• Minimum bend radius exceeded
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
Line Sweeping and Distance-to-Fault (DTF)
Measured line sweep
Calculated DTF
X-band horn
antenna
Coaxial
cable
FieldFox
N9918A
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
Cable Loss Measurement Techniques
2-port
loss measurement
1-port
loss measurement
Open or short
Power sensor-based
loss measurement
Power
sensor
USB
cable
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
Cable Loss Measurement Examples
2-port and 1-port cable loss
Open or
short
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
Antenna Properties
• Return loss (dB)
• Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR)
• Antenna-to-antenna Isolation
• Gain
• Efficiency
Return loss (dB) VSWR
FieldFox
Special
equipment
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
Antenna-to-Antenna Isolation
Copyright J M Briscoe and licensed for reuse under
the Creative Commons License.
Antenna
#1
Antenna
#2
Insertion loss
(2-port)
Isolation
FieldFox
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
Antenna-to-Antenna Isolation Measurement
900 MHz 2400 MHz
Insertion loss (2-port)
FieldFox
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
What is a Distance-to-Fault (DTF) Measurement?
Measurement technique to determine the location of problems
along a cable or transmission line
Input
pulseReflected
pulse
Transmitted
pulse
Damaged
cable
)1 ( 1
VF
22(meters) DTF
cable
tripround
cable
tripround
r
r
c
v
ctimev
time
material ofconstant dielectric relative
light of speedc
r
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
DTF Measurement
“Velocity
factor” (VF)
Cable Adapter Cable 50-ohm
load4 m 9.8 m
End of
cable
(M2)
(M3)
(M2)(M3)
FieldFox
(M1)
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
DTF Multiple Reflections
(M4)
(M5)
(M4)(M5)
Open
50-ohm
Open /
50-ohm
Adapter
• Multiple reflections may
create additional responses
past the cable end
• Swap the load from open to
50-ohm, observe changes in
response
FieldFox
End of cable
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
Entering Cable Parameters
• Manual entry
• Select/create cable file
RG8U cable specs
FieldFox DTF cable spec menu
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
Application Example: Estimating Velocity Factor
VF = ?
OpenFieldFox
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
Application Example: Distributed Antenna System (DAS)
Directional
coupler #1
Directional
coupler #2
Directional
coupler N
Antenna
#1
Antenna
#2
Antenna
N
CU
CU=Central unit
DAS techniques can
• Extend signal coverage
• Reduce signal fading
• Reduce system cost
DAS troubleshooting can result in complex DTF measurement
DAS verification is made with return loss measurement
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
Application Example: DAS Measurement
Baseline Reported problem
Directional
coupler #1
Directional
coupler #2
Antenna
#1
Antenna
#2
FieldFox
DTF
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
Application Example: DAS Measurement
Directional
coupler #1
Directional
coupler #2
Antenna
#2 Antenna
#1 Port
FieldFox
DTF
50-ohm
or open
(common
input)
DTF from antenna #1
DTF from antenna #2
Coupler #1
Open
Coupler #2
Open
Isolate reflections by measuring DTF
from antenna port(s)
DirectIsolated
Antenna #1
• FieldFox to coupler: 1.4 m
• FieldFox to common input: 3.8 m
• Coupler to common input: (3.8 - 1.4) = 2.4 m
(same as before)
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
Measured Frequency Span and Resolution
DTF with 1 GHz span
DTF with 6 GHz span
Wide
frequency
span
Improved
distance
resolution
Lowpass mode
• Highest resolution
• Requires broadband DUT (i.e. cable)
Bandpass mode
• Lower resolution
• Band-limited DUT (filter, antenna)
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
Maximum DTF Distance
BW2
Points VF Distance DTF Max.
c
range frequency BW
points data of # Points
light of speed c
FactorVelocity VF
Set distance
FieldFox distance menu
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
FieldFox Calibration Requirements
Factory calibration User calibration
Certificate of
calibration
Adapter
Jumper
cable
Calibration plane
Calibration plane
Re-calibration
recommended
12 to 18 months
Frequent
calibration
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
Calibrating for 1-Port Measurements
CalReady
(built-in)
Calibration plane
Factory
calibrated
Adapter
Jumper
cable
Calibration
plane
QuickCal
Open Load*
* Load
optional
Calibration
plane
Mechanical
Open Load
Requires mechanical
cal kit
Adapter
Jumper
cable
Short
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
Calibrating for 2-Port Measurements
Calibration plane
Factory
calibrated
Calibration
plane
Open Load*
* Load
optional
CalReady
(built-in)
QuickCal
Jumper
cable
Open Load* Thru
1 2
Mechanical cal requires
O, S, L during step 1
Adapter
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
FieldFox Guided Calibration – Cal Wizard
• FieldFox recommends calibration type
• Simple setup process
• Cal Wizard for step-by-step connections
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
Combination Analyzer: 10 Instruments in 1
Cable and antenna analyzer
30 kHz to 26.5 GHz
Full 2-port vector network
analyzer with time domain
analysis, 30 kHz to 26.5 GHz
Spectrum analyzer, with full-
band tracking generator
5 kHz to 26.5 GHz
Power meter
5 kHz to 26.5 GHz
Independent signal generator
30 kHz to 26.5 GHz
Vector voltmeter, 2-port
30 kHz to 26.5 GHz
Interference analyzer
Variable DC source and
current monitor Light weight: 6.6 lbs (3.0 kg)
Long battery life: 3.5 hrs
Bright display: 6.5 inch TFT
MIL-PRF-28800 F Class 2
MIL-STD-810G, 511.5, Proc 1Built-in GPS receiver Frequency counter
25
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
FieldFox Accessories
N9910X-810, type N(m) to N(m), 6 GHz
Waveguide
Type N, 7/16
Coax, 4-in-1
Other cal kits available
N9910X-709, 3.5 mm(f) to 3.5 mm(f), 26.5 GHz
N9910X-704, type N(m) to TNC(f), 13 GHz
Calibration kits
Phase stable test cables
Coax, 3-in-1
3.5 mm, Type N X-band, P-band, K-band
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
FieldFox Analyzer Characteristics
N9912/3/4/5/6/7/8A RF and microwave combination analyzers
N9923/5/6/7/8 RF and microwave vector network analyzers
N9935/6/7/8A RF and microwave spectrum analyzers
Top frequency ranges from 4 GHz – 26.5 GHz
• Carry precision with you - Agilent-quality measurements
• Full amplitude accuracy of ±0.6 dB at turn-on, -10 to +55 oC
• Weather resistant, MIL-PRF-28800F Class 2 design
• 6.6 pounds (3 kg)
• Built-in GPS
• 3.5 hour battery life
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
Conclusions
• Introduced Cable and Antenna Testing and its importance for optimizing
and troubleshooting transmission systems and antennas
• Discussed measuring cable insertion loss using 1-port and 2-port
techniques
• Discussed antenna parameters and field measurements
• Introduced Distance to Fault (DTF) measurement and concepts
• Reviewed the different types of user calibrations available on the
FieldFox
© 2012 Agilent Technologies
For More Information
Web: www.agilent.com/find/FieldFox
Literature:- Techniques for Precise Interference Measurements in the Field, application note,
literature number 5991-0418EN
- Techniques for Precise Cable and Antenna Measurements in the Field, application
note, literature number 5991-0419EN
- FieldFox Handheld Analyzers, brochure, literature number 5990-9779EN
Thank you for your time
Questions?
First in a series of monthly application webcasts
• Sept 26, 2012: Interference Testing
• Oct 24, 2012: Cable and Antenna Measurements
• Nov 28 2012: Calibration and Alignment
• Jan 23 2013: Time Domain Measurements
• Mar 27 2013: Precise Power Measurements
Registration: www.agilent.com/find/FieldFoxWebcasts