field methods for conservation and policy-making€¦ · species global conservation statusb local...
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FIELD METHODS FOR CONSERVATION AND POLICY-MAKING
VIEW FROM THE BANGGAI IS., SULAWESI, INDONESIA
outline
• Research … Outreach
• knowledge-based policy making
• warning: highly local
• small islands, decentralized, endemism
Togean Is. (to the north)
Eastern peninsula, Sulawesi
Banggai Is. (to the south)
Peleng I,
of the Banggai Is.
Notes:
•Dark green = primary forests
•Lighter green= secondary forests
Species Global conservation status b
Local status c
Pearl Oyesters, including Pinctada margaritifera Commercially threatened PresentGiant clams, including Tridacna gigas Vulnerable Common in 1991Coconut crab Birgos latro Data deficient Relatively common in 1991* Banggai Cardinalfish Pteropogon kauderni --- Relatively common At least two species of chelonid turtles, Chelonia mydas and Eretmochelys imbricate
Endangered Present
o Sula Megapode Megapodius bernsteinii Near threatened Common but declining Bald-faced Rail Gymnocrex rosenbergii Vulnerable Present o Slaty Cuckoo-shrike Coracina schistacea --- Present Nicobar Pigeon Caloenas nicobarica Near threatened Present # Banggai Crow Corvus unicolor Critically Endangered Restricted to western half
of Peleng I. o Helmeted Myna Basilornis galeatus Near threatened Common o Henna-tailed Jungle Flycatcher Rhynomias colonus
Near threatened Present
Red-backed Thrush Zoothera mendeni Proposed to be ‘Near threatened’
Unknown
# Peleng Island Cuscus Strigocuscus pelingensis
--- Relatively common
# Sulawesi tarsier Tarsius spectrum pelingensis --- Common Dugong Dugon dugon Vulnerable Present
rich in marine biodiversity
Includes a mouth brooding endemic species, Pterapogon kauderni a.k.a. the Banggai Cardinal Fish
Photo: A. Vagelli
Fishes from the forests ….
• Discovered (109 years ago), – never seen alive by ornithologists hitherto
• 1991– archipelago-wide searches,
a small brownish crow, in moss forest, at c. 600 – 700 m a.s.l. , quite wild
• Confirmed (2004,’06,’07, ‘08)
– the island’s western par only– primarily, a forest bird, lower montane to sub-alpine – on the altitudinal range of 500 – 900 m.a.s.l.– only in 3 sub-districts (Buko, Bulagi, Liang)– specimens, photos, and sound recording for sonograph analysis
• A true point endemic – Re-characterization: good species
Photo: F. Masala
Critically endangered Banggai Crow
Leap of faith of the unconverted
Drawing Agus Prijono
GOAL
Developing local capacities
communities and government
conservation and sustainable development
Photo: Frangky Masala
Objectives Objectives Community conserved areas Community conserved areas
–– Especially sacred places in the forests Especially sacred places in the forests
sacred places = sacred places = ‘‘old religionold religion’’
Conservation, in exchange for agricultural improvementConservation, in exchange for agricultural improvement
–– improved livelihoods assistanceimproved livelihoods assistance
–– the study tours were paid for by the the study tours were paid for by the ““KuyakKuyak”” Banggai CrowBanggai Crow’’
District spatial planningDistrict spatial planning
Culture
a crucial ancillary that should be considered for conservation and sustainable development.
Photos: Frangky Masala
Culture of nature (Lowe 1999)
people: physical, socio-cultural landscapes and seascapes
‘nature’ becoming artifact of culture
Approaches • ‘science’; indigenous knowledge
• Anthropology: participants’ observations, FGDs, SsI
• Trade off – Agricultural technical assistance (training, from farmer to farmer)
• to alleviate shifting cultivation– Shared learning: Ecotourism study tour to Tangkoko,
‘vertebrates are not mere fishes from the forests’– Hooking up district governments with more advanced district
governments and int’l development agencies
• Engaging the district government– enabling policies
ActivitiesActivities
Public discussions in the villagesPublic discussions in the villages
Study tourStudy tour
–– Creating the demand Creating the demand
–– of what might have been of what might have been
Ecotourism vs. Ecotourism vs. bushmeatbushmeat
Sustainable agriculture vs. Shifting cultivation Sustainable agriculture vs. Shifting cultivation
ActivitiesActivities
Engaging with the district Engaging with the district governmentgovernment–– Spatial plans Spatial plans –– Community protected areas Community protected areas
Engaging with the central (and Engaging with the central (and provincial) provincial) government(sgovernment(s))
Media pressure Media pressure
The initial road show: The initial road show: Public discussions in situPublic discussions in situ
over four different forested villagesover four different forested villagesMore than 200 people were talked toMore than 200 people were talked to
religious networks (suspended impacts) religious networks (suspended impacts) continuing the campaign, through the yearscontinuing the campaign, through the yearssuspended impactssuspended impacts
locally devised conservation sloganslocally devised conservation slogans
““sodiyosodiyo tomisitomisi KuyakKuyak nana madaangmadaang doidoi togongtogong PelengPeleng””((let the let the KuyakKuyak be abundant in be abundant in PelengPeleng).).
Photos: Simson Katiandag
Ecotourism Study Tour (Ecotourism Study Tour (TangkokoTangkoko) )
Direct
observations
interactions
Photos: Frangky Masala
Ecotourists in Tangkoko Nature Reserve
Study tour: Discussions Study tour: Discussions
Photo: Frangky Masala
study tour: what the islanders say study tour: what the islanders say
“… as if the tarsiers were holding festivities, and humans came endlessly from all over the world to attend the festival… ”Mrs. Dorkas See, the Head of Village of Alul
“… it is amazing that an animal as small as tarsiers could elicite so much flow of (tourism) dollars…”.
Mr. Un Madus, farmer and hunter, Tetendeng village
Photo: Frangky Masala
study tour: what the islanders saystudy tour: what the islanders say
• “… even if the (Tangkoko) guides lacked formal education, they can learn foreign languages (especially English) and lead the visitor groups … ‘
Mr. Labi Mopook, farmer, Ginggiok sub-village
“ … (Mr. Henry Palamia, local elder) taught us how to fight for the good of environment, for the common people, and not merely expecting outside assistance.. ”
Mr. Reverend Ayub Maleso, Head of village legislature, Tetendeng village
Study tour Study tour
focused group discussion (FGD)on the economic benefits of conservation,
featuring
• a local ecotourism leader,
• an international primate researcher,
Photos: Frangky Masala
• and one int’ television programme
Borderless learningBorderless learning
farmers and hunters presenting local perspectives in university farmers and hunters presenting local perspectives in university discussiondiscussion
the spirit of enterprise:
formal institutions are not the only sources of knowledge;
forest dwellers are also sources of wisdom and knowledge
Photo: Frangky Masala
Agricultural study tour (Agricultural study tour (TomohonTomohon),),north north SulawesiSulawesi
Farmer to farmer: Learning from the local practicians
in collaboration with
Yayasan Masarang Foundation
Tomohon Association of Sugar Palm Growers
Photo: Frangky Masala
Agricultural study tour (Agricultural study tour (TomohonTomohon) )
For the first time,
the islanders learn about
•‘bedeng’ (terracering)
• fertilizing the soils
•diversification and management of crops
•in lieu with seasonality, maintaining productivity of soils
•marketing and pricing
•cooperatives, and the organization of farmers
Photo: Frangky Masala
NonNon--wood forest productswood forest products
International citizens are likely to purchase handicrafts from the Banggai Islands.
Practically no islanders have ever seen nor hold a US Dollar currency before
Photos: Frangky Masala
Heliconia and other pot-plants already found an international market in Europe
Non-wood forest products,
marketing
BioprospectingBioprospecting opportunities opportunities
Photos: Frangky Masala
applying the pressureapplying the pressure
National Media campaignNational Media campaignrediscovery of rediscovery of BanggaiBanggai CrowCrow
applying the pressureapplying the pressure
Local Media campaignLocal Media campaignagricultural study touragricultural study tour
‘Banggai Islands farmers
trained in Tomohon’
‘C. Sulawesi farmers trained
in Tomohon ‘
Engaging district government
report to the Regent• ten-page letter, cc 9 representations of government agencies
and community members, in Bahasa Indonesia
response from the district government• dated 25 July 2007; number: 500/02.15/ Bag. Ekon/ 2007, • signed by the District Assistant of Economics and Development• acknowledging the importance of environment development
and ecotourism
request for assistance from the district government• dated 31 Jan. 2008; number 500/3583/Bag. Ekon/2007,• signed by the Vice-Regent• to seek structural model for establishment of District
Environmental Agency
Engaging the provincial government
from this study report, the Head of Provincial Conservation Agency, 10 December 1998,
issued a circular (367/BKSDA VI-1/1998), outlining proposals to protect endemic fauna in Central Sulawesiespecially those in Banggai and Togean Is.
In 2004, Togean was declared a national park
meetings with the Head of Provincial Conservation Agency (18 July and 13 August 2007); agreements
need to create demand and process for establishment of nature reserves in Banggai Islands
multiple stakeholder meetings are needed collaborations should aim to establish district spatial plans (currently non-existent), and within the district spatial plans
community conserved areas can be establishedthrough bottom-up procceses
Lessons learned 1.a change, biodiversity
conservation in the eye of the local people
2.need assessment:
minimize assumptions
3.Direct compensations,
beyond do no harm
(agriculture vs. conservation)
Photo: Frangky Masala
Conservation does not stand alone
– trade off
– from conservation to sustainable development
– research to negotiation
– field to policy
Conclusions
•Local government support
• especially progressive minds
… islands of integrity
-Bottom up planning is possible
-Species mainstreamed into development
-Caveat: for conservation, years of investment
A long way ahead
Very many thanks Very many thanks BundesamtBundesamt ffüürr NaturschutzNaturschutz
The people, village and district governmentThe people, village and district governmentof the of the BanggaiBanggai IslandsIslands
British BirdsBritish BirdsNagao NEFNagao NEF
Museum Museum ZoologicumZoologicum BogorienseBogorienseYABSHI YABSHI –– YayasanYayasan BinaBina SainsSains HayatiHayati Indonesia Indonesia
ZGAP ZGAP Zoological Society for the Conservation of Species and PopulatioZoological Society for the Conservation of Species and Populationsns
Indonesian OrnithologistsIndonesian Ornithologists’’ UnionUnionCelebes Bird Club Celebes Bird Club
Prof. Dr. Pamela RasmussenProf. Dr. Pamela RasmussenDr. Paul DonaldDr. Paul DonaldMr. Roland WirthMr. Roland Wirth
Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. SoekarjaSoekarja SomadikartaSomadikartaProf. Dr. Stephen GarnettProf. Dr. Stephen Garnett
Thank you …
Photos: Frangky MasalaDrawing Agus Prijono
Rhynomias colonus …
faster than ornithologists
born in a grave
no parental care
builds mounds of nests
ocean crosser
only in Sula and Banggai
Biology?
‘Kailong’Megapodius bernsteinii
another species our team re-discovered in 1991 after more than 70 years ‘lost’ from science
For the first time everthrough the present endeavour
the major types of the forest habitats have been studied
Lowland to sub-alpine forest remnants
Lacustrine wetlands … rare in Wallacea
Identities?
Taxonomy?
Biology
Dysphania (Geometridae:Geometrinae).
Draco boschmaiPsammodynastes pulverulentus
Tropidolaemus wagleri
Draco boschmai
Psammodynastes pulverulentus Tropidolaemus wagleri
F. Masala F. Masala
F. Masala
Neither W & B 1986 nor Coates & Bishop 1998 mentioned that Banggai has a
Rhipudura teijsmanni fantail …
Investigation of this bird as a taxon hitherto unknown to science,
in progress
and truly cryptic ones…
Otus manadensis mendeni?
Otus magicus mendeni?
Otus mendeni?
Need
•DNA
•Vocal signature
2 species of Cuscus
One point endemic
Bear-cuscus Ailurops ursinus
Dwarf Cuscus Strigocuscus pelengensis
The little known performing arts …
Traditions rules …
but conservation calls for reason
and naturally,
the community has the right to know
Will the ecoturists come?
and will ecotourism save islands, biodiversity, livelihoods and... people?