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September 14 th and 15 th , 2017 · Elche VITROGEOWASTES Extension TC05 (ICG) VITRIFICATION AND GEOPOLYMERIZATION OF WASTES FOR IMMOBILIZATION OR RECYCLING

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Page 1: fic.uanl.mxfic.uanl.mx/ftp/MDV/MCOIA/Categoria 1. Estructura... · VITRIFICATION and GEOPOLYMERIZATION of WASTES for IMMOBILIZATION or RECYCLING September 14th and 15th, 2017 / Elche

September 14th and 15th, 2017 · ElcheVITROGEOWASTES

Extension TC05 (ICG)

VITRIFICATION AND GEOPOLYMERIZATION OF WASTES FOR IMMOBILIZATION OR RECYCLING

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VITRIFICATION and GEOPOLYMERIZATION of WASTES for IMMOBILIZATION or RECYCLING

September 14th and 15th, 2017 / Elche

Editors

Jesús Mª Rincón, Honorific Collaborator UMH and Prof . Investigación CSIC

Manuel Jordan Vidal, Research and Innovation Vicerrector UMH - Dept. of

Agrochemistry and Environmental Sciences UMH

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Electronic publishing: Universidad Miguel Hernández

ISBN: 978-84-16024-58-2

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CONTENTS

Welcome ..............................................................................................................................9Dept of Agrochemistry and Environment. .........................................................................11

INAUGURAL LECTURESProto-historical wall vitrification in Europe: a precedent to modern vitrification and sintering? ...........................................................................................................................14Enrique Díaz-Martínez. Instituto Geológico y Minero de EspañaDepartment of Geological Resources Glass-ceramics in Spain: R+D+i five decades and some highlights about the implementation of ATC in Spain. .....................................................................................15Jesús Ma. Rincón. CSIC-IETcc-UMH, Dept. of Agrochemistry and Environment Sciences UMH , Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Alicante, Spain

INVITED LECTURES

Nuclear waste vitrification: Focus on French experience................................................18Dr. Olivier Pinet, TC05- Chair (ICG) and Head of Research Laboratory for the Development of Conditioning Matrices CEA-DEN (Marcoule, France)

Current challenges in the vitrification of nuclear wastes in the UK. .............................19 Prof. Mike Harrison, Waste Management and Decommissioning, Nuclear National Laboratory, (Penrith United Kingdom)

Synthesis, structure and properties of glass-ceramic by Fe-Ni wastes. .........................20Prof. Alex Karamanov, Prof. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Inst. Of Chemistry- Physics, Bulgaria (recognized scientist in vitrification technologies for wastes: fundamentals, design and nucleation-crystallization phenomena of glasses from wastes).

Geopolymer matrices for the immobilisation of toxic wastes. .......................................21 Prof. Ángel Palomo, CSIC-IETcc, Madrid, Spain (recognized world expert in geopolymers and their applications).

Waste-based lightweight geopolymers for novel applications........................................22Prof. Joao Labrincha, University of Aveiro, Portugal (recognized professor and scientist in recycling of all type of wastes in ceramic matrices).

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SESSION POSTERS

Vitrification

V-01 Palmtree biomass and sewage sludge vitrification ................................................24M.M. Jordán, M. B. Almendro-Candel, J.Ma. Rincón, J. Navarro-Pedreño, D. Guirao, A. Acosta

V-02 Manufacture of sustainable clay bricks valuing ash from burning of wastes from orujillo olive .......................................................................................................................25Sergio Martínez-Martínez, Eduardo Bonet-Martínez, Luis Pérez-Villarejo, Jesús María Rincón, Dolores Eliche-Quesada

V-03 Aluminium dust ashes as raw material in ceramic industry ................................26L. Pérez-Villarejo, E. Bonet-Martínez, S. Martínez-Martínez, P.J. Sánchez-Soto, D. Eliche-Quesada, B. Carrasco-Hurtado, E. Castro-Galiano

V-04 Assessment of electric steel black slags for the manufacture of ceramic materials................................................................................................................................................ 27E. Bonet-Martínez, S. Martínez-Martínez, L. Pérez-Villarejo, B. Carrasco-Hurtado, P.J. Sánchez-Soto, E. Castro

V-05 Mullite and mullite-based ceramic composites from kaolinite and sericite clays, wastes and by-products of mining ..................................................................................28 P.J. Sánchez-Soto, D. Eliche-Quesada, S. Martínez-Martínez, E. Garzón-Garzón, B. Carrasco-Hurtado, L. Pérez-Villarejo, J.Mª. Rincón-López

V-06 Dissolution kinetics of apatites in borosilicate glass melt .....................................30J.Renaud, E. Régnier, F. Faure, H-P. Brau, X. Le Goff, O. Pinet

V-07 Inertization of galvanic sludge waste containing Chromium and Copper in a vitreous matrix ..................................................................................................................31S. Aissou, N. Bouzidi, E. Bonet-Martinez, L. Cormier, D. Merabet

V-08 Phase composition and properties of glass-ceramic tiles obtained using granitic screenings and basaltic tuffs ............................................................................................32Hanna Pazniak, Ivan Levitskii, Svetlana Barantseva

V-09 Development of a glass-ceramic glaze formulated from industrial residues to improve the mechanical properties of the porcelain stoneware tiles ............................33Ester Barrachina, María De La O Esquinas, Jorge Llop, María Dolores Notari, Juan Bautista Carda

V-10 Manufacturing new ceramic materials from clay and chamotte derived from the structural ceramic industry ..............................................................................................34Sergio Martínez-Martínez, Luis Pérez-Villarejo, Dolores Eliche-Quesada, Pedro José Sánchez-Soto

V-11 Sintering parameters optimization during inertization bauxite tailing in ceramic products .............................................................................................................................36Sergio Martínez-Martínez, Dolores Eliche-Quesada, Luis Pérez-Villarejo, Pedro José Sánchez-Soto

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V-12 Development of new ecological porcelain ceramic tiles by the addition of recycled soda-lime glass and ceramic chamotte ...........................................................................37Ester Barrachina, Gabriela Guinand, Diego Fraga, Iván Calvet, Joaquín Lira, Juan Bautista Carda

V-13 Evaluation of the ability of a sewage sludge-like matrix to inertize industrial wastes ................................................................................................................................38 Mariona Tarragó, Maite Garcia-Valles, Salvador Martínez

V-14 Recycling tungsten tailings for making glass .........................................................39Oriol Tomasa, Maite Garcia-Valles, Pura Alfonso, Mariona Tarragó, Salvador Martínez

V-15 Manufacture of bricks based on sludge from mine tailings ..................................40Alonso Zúñiga Suárez, Francisco Hernández Olivares, Francisco Fernández Martínez, Berenice Zúñiga Torres, Xabier Arroyo Rey

V-16 Assessment of solar panel waste glass in the manufacture of sepiolite based clay bricks..................................................................................................................................42Juan Jiménez-Millán, M.Isabel Abad-Martínez, Rosario Jiménez-Espinosa, África Yebra-Rodríguez

V-17 Developing CIGS solar cells on glass ceramic substrates ......................................43Diego Fraga, Ester Barrachina, Iván Calvet, Teodora Stoyanova, Juan B. Carda

V-18 Red mud as a stable pigment for ceramic glazes ...................................................44J. Carneiro, W. Hajjaji, M.N. Capela, D.M. Tobaldi, R.M. Novais, M.P. Seabra, J.A. Labrincha

V-19 Obtaining a glass-ceramic material from industrial wastes which improves the technological properties of the porcelain stoneware ......................................................45 E. Barrachina, I. Calvet, D. Fraga, F. Martínez-Julián, N. Carbó, J.B. Carda

V-20 Sintering of glass matrix composites: A non-isothermal kinetic model ...............46 J. L. Amorós, E. Blasco, A. Moreno, E. Zumaquero, C. Feliu

V-21 Inertization of pyritic mine tailings by encapsulation in glass- ceramics with the addition of Brazil Nut shell ashes ....................................................................................47Javier Lovera, Jose Omar Arzabe M, Rosemary Teran, Edwin Escalera

V-22 Raschig Rings Glass- Ceramics With Nanosilver Particles .....................................48Cristian Rodríguez, Noelia Guzmán, Javier Soliz, José Omar Arzabe, Pío Callejas

V-23 Introduction of Cr/Ni/Cu wastes from galvanizing sludges as ceramic pigments............................................................................................................................................49S. R. Prim, C. Gargori, M. LLusar, M.V. Folgueras,G. Monrós

V-24 Immobilization of heavy metals on celsian lattice by ceramization: reusing as ceramic pigments ..............................................................................................................50C. Gargori, S. Cerro, N. Fas, M. LLusar and G. Monrós

V-25 Thermal plasma vitrification process as the effective technology for hospital incineration fly ash immobilization .................................................................................51 Z. Kołacinski, JM Rincón, Ł Szymanski, TP Olejnik, E. Sobiecka

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V-26 Thermal treatment of asbestos containing materials (ACM) by mixing with Na2CO3 and special clays for vitrifying waste ................................................................52 A.I. Ruiz, A. Ortega, R. Fernández, J. Cuevas

V-27 Sintering and phase formation of ceramics based on huge amount of MSWA ....53 E. Karamanova, R. Taurino, S. Atanasova-Vladimirova, G. Avdeev, F. Andreola, L. Barbieri, A. Karamanov

V-28 Vitrification of mining wastes containing the magnesium hydrous phyllosilicate mineral vermiculite with derived lithium glass-ceramics ..............................................54P. Callejas, P. J. Sánchez- Soto, Jesús Ma. Rincón, Manuel Jordán

V-29 Vitrification of U3O8 in iron aluminium phosphate matrices including Cs2O, Bi2O3, PbO and MoO3 .......................................................................................................55Jesús Ma. Rincón, C. Ramos, P. Arboleda, C.J. R. González-Oliver

GEOPLYMERATION

G-01 Biomass bottom ash and aluminium industry slags-based geopolymers ...........58L. Pérez-Villarejo, E. Bonet-Martínez, D. Eliche-Quesada, P.J. Sánchez-Soto, J.Mª. Rincón-López, E. Castro-Galiano

G-02 Alkali activation of biomass and aluminium industry filter dust in metakaolin-based porous inorganic polymers: microstructural analysis .........................................59 L. Pérez-Villarejo, E. Bonet-Martínez, S. Martínez-Martínez, N. Bouzidi, E. Castro-Galiano

G-03 Inorganic polymers synthesized using biomass ashes-red mud as precursors based on clay-kaolinite system ........................................................................................61 E. Bonet-Martínez, E. Castro-Galiano, L. Pérez-Villarejo, S. Bueno, J.Mª. Rincón-López

G-04 Stabilization of flotation rejects resulting from the treatment of Pb/Zn ore based on geopolymers .................................................................................................................62N. Bouzidi, K. Bouguermouh, L. Mahtout, T. Hassam, S.Mouhoub, L. Pérez-Villarejo

G-05 Solidification and Stabilization of heavy metals by using coal fly ash aluminate geopolymers ......................................................................................................................63Y. Luna Galiano, C. Fernández Pereira, M. Pérez Clemente, R. Villegas, C. Leiva, F. Arroyo, L. Vilches

G-06 Effect of temperature on the clinkerization of low energy belite cements using byproducts from the ceramic industry as raw material .................................................64Sergio Martínez-Martínez, Dolores Eliche-Quesada, Luis Pérez-Villarejo, Eduardo Bonet-Martínez, P.J. Sánchez-Soto

G-07 Influence of carbon fiber waste on properties of blast furnace slag geopolymers............................................................................................................................................65Yolanda Luna Galiano, Constantino Fernández Pereira, Carlos Leiva Fernández, Rosario Villegas Sánchez, Fátima Arroyo Torralvo, Luis Vilches Arenas

G-08 Old Kingdom Pyramids, constructive hypothesis with geopolymers: a brief review............................................................................................................................................66Gustavo Arcones Pascual, Francisco Hernández Olivares, Alberto Sepulcre Aguilar

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G-09 Synthesis of ceramic materials from alternative geopolymer precursors ............67 Mónica A. Villaquirán-Caicedo, Ruby Mejía de Gutiérrez

G-10 Building elements produced by the geopolymerization of debris from the construction sector ............................................................................................................68Rafael Andrés Robayo-Salazar, Ruby Mejía de Gutiérrez

G-11 Synthesis hydrothermal of hydrotalcite-type material employing bauxite residues from Juruti (Amazon Region, Brazil) .................................................................69Renata de Souza Nascimento, Bruno A. M. Figueira, Liliane Silva, Thays C.C. Lavra, Leidiane A. da Silva, José M. Rivas Mercury

G-12 Preparation of lithium birnessite-type material employing Mn residues from Carajás Mineral Province (Pará State, Brazil) ...................................................................70Thays C.C. Lavraa, Leidiane A. da Silva, Soraya Silva de Oliveira, Kamilla Cavalcante Mendes, Bruno A. M. Figueira, J. M. Rivas Mercury

G-13 Processing of cellular geopolymers by direct foaming of alkali-activated ceramic clays and metallurgical slags ...........................................................................................71 M.L. Navío-González, R.J. Galán-Arboledas, L. Peréz-Villarejo, D. Eliche-Quesada, S. Bueno

G-14 Low thermal expansion geopolymers fabricated from waste borosilicate glass and its use as photocatalysts support .............................................................................73Mónica V. Vázquez-López, Isaías Juárez-Ramírez, Leticia M. Torres-Martínez

G-15 Porous geopolymers obtained from rice husk ash and aluminum industry waste............................................................................................................................................74D. Eliche-Quesada, S. Ruiz-Molina, L. Pérez-Villarejo, P.J. Sánchez-Soto, E. Castro

G-16 Green geopolymer-based mortars from paper pulp industry wastes for sustainable construction ..................................................................................................75Manfredi Saeli, Rui M. Novais, Maria Paula Seabra, João A. Labrincha

G-17 Geopolymers incorporating soda lime glass waste ................................................76Nicoletta Toniolo, Acacìo Rincón Romero, Piero Ercole, Enrico Bernardo, Aldo Boccaccini

G-18 Use of residual diatomaceous earth as a silica source in geopolymers production............................................................................................................................................77Alba Fon, Lourdes Soriano, Lucía Reig, Mauro Tashima, María Victoria Borrachero, José Monzó, Jordi Payá

G-19 Calcined Clays for low carbon cement: Rheological behaviour in Portland cement pastes .................................................................................................................................78César Pedrajas, Viviana Fátima Rahhal, María Dolores Gómez Pulido, Edgardo Fabián Irassar, Rafael Talero

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LATE POSTERS ...................................................................................................79

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS ................................................................................81

KEYWORDS ........................................................................................................ 83

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WELCOME to VITROGEOWASTES 2017Miguel Hernández University is hosting the VITROGEOWASTES 2017 international workshop, due to be held from 14 to 15 September in Elche (Alicante-Spain). Over what are expected to be two intense days, discussions will be centred on a series of topics of enormous interest connected with vitrification and geopolymerization of waste for immobilisation or recycling.

We’ll be listening to internationally renowned speakers who are leaders in these fields. We’re also going to be expanding our knowledge in discussions based on more than fifty scientific papers due to be presented in the panel sessions.

Here at Miguel Hernández University we’re delighted to be holding this workshop, which aims to disseminate interesting studies with the potential to improve our everyday lives. The importance of environmental protection is plain to see and it’s up to us to raise awareness of this issue and set future generations on the right path.

 Sessions will take place in the ‘Ciutat d’Elx’ Conference Centre, a modern setting for sharing and discussing ground-breaking work on vitrification and geopolymerization. The workshop is an exceptional networking opportunity for researchers, academics and students alike.

 Elche, host venue for VITROGEOWASTES 2017, is a typically Mediterranean city, where visitors are given the warmest of welcomes. I invite you to take some time to wander through the streets and explore the endless palm tree groves. During the workshop, you’ll have the chance to learn more about El Palmeral and the Misteri, both of which hold UNESCO World Heritage status. You’ll also be able to see how the two ancient crafts of palm tree caretaking and palm leaf weaving are still practised. Plus, the closing gala dinner promises to be a feast of the very best local Elche cuisine.

 I’d like to give you a very warm welcome to VITROGEOWASTES 2017 and to Elche, please make yourselves at home.

Manuel Jordán VidalResearch and Innovation Vice-chancellor UMH Dept. of Agrochemistry and Environment Sciences UMH

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LOCAL SCIENTIF AND TECHNICAL ORGANIZING COMMITEE

Jesús Mª Rincón, Honorific Collaborator UMH and Prof . Investigación CSIC

Manuel Jordan Vidal, Research and Innovation Vicerrector UMH

- Dept. of Agrochemistry and Environment Sciences UMH

Mª Belén Almendro Candel, Dept. of Agrochemistry and Environment Sciences

UMH

Francisco Pardo Fabregat, Professor at Cardenal Herrera- CEU, Castellón

Francisco Muñoz, scientific expert in special glasses ICV-CSIC

Pedro J. Sánchez Soto, ICMM- CSIC, Sevilla

Luis Pérez Villarejo, Universidad de Jaén, Politécnica, Linares

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INAUGURAL LECTURES

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Geological Survey of Spain (IGME), Ríos Rosas 23, 28003 Madrid, Spain

ABSTRACT

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CSIC-IETcc-UMH, Departamento de Agroquímica y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche,

Alicante, Spain

ABSTRACT

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INVITED LECTURES

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ABSTRACT

*ODVV��EHFDXVH�RI� LWV�GLVRUGHUHG�VWUXFWXUH��ZDV� LGHQWL¿HG� LQ� WKH�����V�DV�DQ�H[FHOOHQW�PDWHULDO�IRU�FRQ¿QLQJ�WKH�ZLGH�UDQJH�RI�HOHPHQWV�SUHVHQW�LQ�¿VVLRQ�SURGXFW�VROXWLRQV�DULVLQJ�IURP�UHSURFHVVLQJ�RI�VSHQW�QXFOHDU�IXHO��*ODVV�FDQ�DFWXDOO\�KRVW�PRVW�RI�WKH�UDGLRDFWLYLW\�JHQHUDWHG� LQ�QXFOHDU�SRZHU�SODQWV��$IWHU� WZR�GHFDGHV�RI� UHVHDUFK� LQ� WKLV�DUHD�� WKH�¿UVW�LQGXVWULDO�YLWUL¿FDWLRQ�SODQW�ZDV�FRPPLVVLRQHG�DW�0DUFRXOH�VLWH�LQ������IROORZHG�E\�WKH�5��DQG�7��YLWUL¿FDWLRQ�SODQWV�DW�/D�+DJXH�VLWH�LQ�WKH�HDUO\�QLQHWLHV��,QGXVWULDO�YLWUL¿FDWLRQ�OLQHV�KDYH�EHHQ�FRPPLVVLRQHG�LQ�VHYHUDO�RWKHU�FRXQWULHV�LQYROYHG�LQ�QXFOHDU�HQHUJ\��,Q�QXFOHDU�FRQWDLQPHQW�JODVV��UDGLRQXFOLGHV�JHQHUDOO\�IRUP�FKHPLFDO�ERQGV�ZLWK�WKH�JODVV�FRQVWLWXHQW�DWRPV��7KH�SUHIHUUHG�JODVV�IRUPXODWLRQV�DUH�PL[HG�DONDOL�DOXPLQXP�ERURVLOLFDWHV�EHFDXVH�WKH\�FRPELQH� WKH�SRVVLELOLW\�RI� LQFRUSRUDWLQJ�D�ZLGH� UDQJH�RI� UDGLRDFWLYH�HOHPHQWV�ZLWK�D� UHODWLYH� HDVH� RI� V\QWKHVLV� DQG� ORQJ�WHUP� VWDELOLW\�� 7KH� VSHFL¿FDWLRQ� IRU� WKH� FKHPLFDO�FRPSRVLWLRQ�RI�D�FRQWDLQPHQW�JODVV�UHSUHVHQWV�D�WUDGH�RII�EHWZHHQ�WKUHH�PDLQ�REMHFWLYHV��VDWLVIDFWRU\�ORQJ�WHUP�UHVLVWDQFH��FKHPLFDO�ÀH[LELOLW\�HQVXULQJ�WKH�LQFRUSRUDWLRQ�RI�GR]HQV�RI�FKHPLFDO�HOHPHQWV�LQ�WKH�JODVV�VWUXFWXUH�DW�WKH�DWRPLF�VFDOH��DQG�IHDVLEOH�LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ�E\�DQ�LQGXVWULDO�SURFHVV��7KHVH�WKUHH�REMHFWLYHV�DUH�FRQVLGHUHG�DW�WKH�HDUO\�VWDJH�RI�JODVV�IRUPXODWLRQ�VWXGLHV��7KHVH�REMHFWLYHV�FDQ�EH�WUDQVODWHG�LQ�WHUPV�RI�FRQVWUDLQWV�RQ�SK\VLFDO�DQG�FKHPLFDO�SURSHUWLHV�RI�JODVV�PHOW�DQG�¿QDO�JODVV��'LIIHUHQW�W\SHV�RI�YLWUL¿FDWLRQ�IXUQDFHV�KDYH�EHHQ�GHYHORSHG�IRU�WKLV�DSSOLFDWLRQ��7KH�HOHPHQWV�WR�EH�LPPRELOL]HG�DUH�PL[HG�DW�KLJK� WHPSHUDWXUH�ZLWK�JODVV�IRUPLQJ�DGGLWLYHV� WR� IRUP�D�JODVV�PHOW�ZKLFK��DIWHU�FRROLQJ��EHFRPHV�D�FKHPLFDOO\�GXUDEOH�JODVV�PDWHULDO�ZLWK�ORZ�UDGLDWLRQ�VHQVLWLYLW\��7KH�GHEDWH�RQ�VDIH�PDQDJHPHQW�RI�KLJK�OHYHO�ZDVWH�FRQYHUJHV�RQ�GHHS�JHRORJLFDO�GLVSRVDO�

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ABSTRACT

6SHQW�IXHO�IURP�ERWK�8.�QXFOHDU�UHDFWRUV�DQG�RYHUVHDV�FXVWRPHUV�KDV�EHHQ�UHSURFHVVHG�DW�WKH�6HOOD¿HOG�6LWH�VLQFH�WKH�����V��,Q�JHQHUDO��UHSURFHVVLQJ�LQYROYHV�GLVVROYLQJ�VSHQW�QXFOHDU�IXHO�LQ�QLWULF�DFLG�DQG�UHPRYLQJ�WKH�XUDQLXP�DQG�SOXWRQLXP�IRU�UH�XVH�XVLQJ�D�VROYHQW�H[WUDFWLRQ�SURFHVV��7KH�UHVXOWLQJ�KLJK�OHYHO�OLTXLG�ZDVWH��+//:��VWUHDP�WKDW�FRQWDLQV�WKH�PDMRULW\�RI�WKH�¿VVLRQ�SURGXFWV�LV�LQLWLDOO\�FRQFHQWUDWHG�DQG�VWRUHG�LQ�WKH�+LJKO\�$FWLYH�/LTXRU�(YDSRUDWLRQ�DQG�6WRUDJH��+$/(6��SODQW�SULRU�WR�EHLQJ�FRQYHUWHG�LQWR�D�JODVV�LQ�WKH�:DVWH�9LWUL¿FDWLRQ�3ODQW��:93��DW�6HOOD¿HOG�IRU�ORQJ�WHUP�VWRUDJH�DQG�¿QDO�GLVSRVDO��6LQFH�:93�EHJDQ�RSHUDWLRQV�LQ�WKH�HDUO\�����V��a�����WRQQHV�RI�+/:�JODVV�KDYH�EHHQ�SURGXFHG�ZLWK�GHYHORSPHQW�ZRUN�IRFXVVLQJ�RQ�LPSURYLQJ�ZDVWH�LQFRUSRUDWLRQ�DQG�WKURXJKSXW�

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ABSTRACT

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ABSTRACT

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ABSTRACT

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ABSTRACT

*UDQLWLF�VFUHHQLQJV�����������±�������6L2��������±������7L2���������±������$O�2��������±�������)H�2���)H2��������±������0J2�������±������&D2�������±������1D�2�������±������.�2��DQG������±������RWKHU��DUH�IRUPHG�GXULQJ�WKH�SURGXFWLRQ�RI�URDG�VWRQH�DQG�DFWHG�DV�D�ÀX[LQJ�DJHQW� %DVDOWLF�WXII�LV�UHSUHVHQWHG���������&D2������0J2��������$O�2����������)H�2����)H2��������1D�2���.�2���������6L2�������7L2�������637�DQG�LV�SURGXFHG�LQ�VPDOO�DPRXQW�WRJHWKHU�ZLWK�EDVDOWLF�URFNV��TKH�SXUSRVH�RI�WKLV�ZRUN�LV�WR�GHWHUPLQH�WKH�ÀX[LQJ�SRWHQWLDO�RI�JUDQLWLF�VFUHHQLQJV�DQG�EDVDOWLF�WXIIV�LQ�D�JODVV�FHUDPLF�WLOH�FRPSRVLWLRQ��,W�KDV�EHHQ�HVWDEOLVKHG�WKDW�WKH�LQFUHDVHV�RI�JUDQLWLF�VFUHHQLQJV�DQG�HVSHFLDOO\�EDVDOWLF�WXIIV�LQ�WKH�LURQ�ULFK�PDVV�FRPSRVLWLRQ�OHDGV�WR�GHFUHDVH�LQ�WKH�DPRXQW�RI�VLOLFRQ�DQG�DOXPLQXP�R[LGHV�DQG�DQ�LQFUHDVH�LQ�WKH�FRQWHQW�RI�LURQ�R[LGHV�DQG�DONDOL�R[LGHV�LQ�WKH�UHVXOWLQJ�OLTXLG�SKDVH��ZKLFK�FRQWULEXWH�WR�WKH�GHFUHDVH�LQ�YLVFRVLW\�RI� WKH�V\VWHP�>�@�DQG� WKXV�GHWHUPLQH� WKH�¿ULQJ� WHPSHUDWXUH�DQG�S\URSODVWLF�GHIRUPDWLRQ�RI�WLOHV��7KH�DOPRVW�FRPSOHWH�VLQWHULQJ�RI�JODVV�FHUDPLF�WLOHV�OHDGLQJ�WR�VDPSOH�ZLWKRXW�RSHQ�SRURVLW\��RFFXUV�DW��������o&�>�@��,QYHVWLJDWLRQV�KDYH�VKRZQ�WKDW�LW�LV�SRVVLEOH�WR�SURGXFH�JODVV�FHUDPLF�WLOHV�ZLWK�HQKDQFHG�SK\VLFDO�FKHPLFDO�SURSHUWLHV�XVLQJ�JUDQLWLF�VFUHHQLQJV�DQG�EDVDOWLF�WXIIV�

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ABSTRACT 1RZDGD\V�� LQ� WKH� IUDPHZRUN� RI� WKH� FLUFXODU� HFRQRP\�� WKH� UHYDORUL]DWLRQ� RI� LQGXVWULDO�ZDVWHV�LV�WKH�NH\�WR�UHPDLQLQJ�FRPSHWLWLYH�LQ�WKH�JOREDO�PDUNHG��,Q�WKLV�UHVHDUFK�UHF\FOHG�VRGD�OLPH� JODVV� DQG� DVKHV� IURP�D� FRDO� SRZHU� WKHUPDO� VWDWLRQ� KDYH� EHHQ� UHXVHG� WR�SURGXFH�D�JODVV�FHUDPLF�JOD]H�WR�EH�DSSOLHG�RQ�WKH�SRUFHODLQ�VWRQHZDUH�WLOH��,Q�RUGHU�WR�IDFLOLWDWH�WKH�DSSOLFDWLRQ�RI�WKH�VXVSHQVLRQ�RI�WKH�JOD]H�RQ�WKH�SRUFHODLQ�VXUIDFH����ZW�NDROLQ�DQG���ZW�FDUER[\PHWK\O�FHOOXORVH�KDYH�EHHQ�DGGHG�E\�'U��%ODGH�PHWKRG�WR�WKH�SUHFXUVRU�IULW��EDVHG�RQ�D����ZW�RI�LQGXVWULDO�UHVLGXHV��UHF\FOHG�JODVV�DQG�DVKHV�IURP�WKH�FRDO�SRZHU�WKHUPDO�VWDWLRQ��PHOWHG�SUHYLRXVO\�DW������&�IRU��K��7KH�WHVWHG�SLHFHV�KDYH�EHHQ�¿UHG�E\�D�FRQYHQWLRQDO�SRUFHODLQ�F\FOH�DW������&�RI�PD[LPXP�WHPSHUDWXUH��7KH�;�UD\�GLIIUDFWLRQ��;�UD\�ÀXRUHVFHQFH��VFDQQLQJ�HOHFWURQ�PLFURVFRSH�KDYH�EHHQ�WKH�LQVWUXPHQWDO�WHFKQLTXHV�XVHG�WR�FKDUDFWHUL]H�WKH�¿QDO�SLHFH��%HVLGHV�WKHVH�WHVWV��VRPH�WHFKQRORJLFDO�SURSHUWLHV�VXFK�DV�WKH�ÀH[XUDO�VWUHQJWK�DQG�WKH�9LFNHUV�PLFURKDUGQHVV�KDYH�EHHQ�PHDVXUHG��)LQDOO\��D�JODVV�FHUDPLF�JOD]H�RQ�SRUFHODLQ�FHUDPLF�WLOH�KDV�EHHQ�SURGXFHG��H[KLELWLQJ�WZR�FU\VWDOOLQH�SKDVHV��RQH�IURP�WKH�SODJLRFODVH�IHOGVSDU�V\VWHP�DQG�WKH�RWKHU�IURP�WKH�S\UR[HQH�V\VWHP��%RWK�SKDVHV�HQVXUH�D�KLJK�ÀH[XUDO�VWUHQJWK��DURXQG�����NJ�FP���DQG�D�VLJQL¿FDQW�9LFNHUV�PLFURKDUGQHVV�RI������ZKHQ�D��1�IRUFH�LV�DSSOLHG�WR�WKH�JODVV�FHUDPLF�JOD]H�IRU����VHFRQGV��LPSURYLQJ�WKH�PHFKDQLFDO�SURSHUWLHV�RI�D�FRQYHQWLRQDO�SRUFHODLQ�FHUDPLF�WLOH�.H\ZRUGV &LUFXODU� HFRQRP\�� 5HYDORUL]DWLRQ� RI� LQGXVWULDO� ZDVWH�� *ODVV�FHUDPLF� JOD]H�� 3RUFHODLQ� VWRQHZDUH��0HFKDQLFDO�SURSHUWLHV

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ABSTRACT

7KH�FRQVWUXFWLRQ�LQGXVWU\�LV�DQ�H[FHOOHQW�LQGXVWU\�IRU�WKH�DEVRUSWLRQ�RI�ODUJH�TXDQWLWLHV�RI�VROLG�UHVLGXHV��DOUHDG\�LV�DV�WKH\�DSSHDU�RU�RQFH�VXEPLWWHG�WR�D�FHUWDLQ�SURFHVV�RI�DGHTXDF\�>�@��7KH�FHUDPLF�SURGXFWV�DQG�SULQFLSDOO\�EULFNV�DQG�WLOHV��WKH\�DUH�YHU\�KHWHURJHQHRXV�RQ�KDYLQJ�EHHQ�IRUPHG�E\�FOD\�E\�ZLGH�PDUJLQ�RI�FRPSRVLWLRQ�>�@��'XH�WR�WKLV��WKHVH�PDWHULDOV�FDQ�WROHUDWH�WKH�SUHVHQFH�RI�GLIIHUHQW�W\SHV�RI�UHVLGXHV�LQ�FRQVLGHUDEOH�TXDQWLW\�>���@��ZKLFK�FDQ�KHOS�WR�UHGXFH�WKH�FRVWV�LQ�FRQVWUXFWLRQ��7KH�FKDPRWWH�LV�D�E\�SURGXFW�RI�WKH�LQGXVWU\�RI�PDQXIDFWXUH�RI�FHUDPLF�WLOH�DQG�RI�SRUFHODQLF�JUHV�

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ABSTRACT

7KH�PDMRULW\�RI�PLQLQJ�HQYLURQPHQWDO� OLDELOLWLHV� �0(/�� LQ�%ROLYLD�FRQVLVW�PDLQO\�RI�KLJK�S\ULWH� FRQWHQWV�ZLWK� KHDY\�PHWDOV��7KHVH�0(/V� FDXVH� LUUHYHUVLEOH� GDPDJH� WR� KXPDQ�KHDOWK�� ÀRUD� DQG� IDXQD� E\� FRQWDPLQDWLQJ� DLU� DQG� JURXQG�ZDWHU�ZLWK� SDUWLFXODWH�PDWWHU�FRQWDLQLQJ� KHDY\�PHWDOV��7KLV� UHVHDUFK�ZRUN� VKRZV� WKDW� WKH� LQHUWL]DWLRQ� RI� WKH� S\ULWLF�PDWHULDO�LV�SRVVLEOH�E\�LQFRUSRUDWLRQ�LQWR�D�SODVWLF�PDVV�RI�FOD\�IRU�WKH�SURGXFWLRQ�RI�JODVV��FHUDPLFV��7KH�DFLG�IRUPDWLRQ�SURGXFHG�GXULQJ�WKH�SUHSDUDWLRQ�RI�WKH�FHUDPLF�SDVWH�ZLWK�ZDWHU�LV�SRVVLEOH�WR�FRQWURO�ZLWK�WKH�DGGLWLRQ�RI�DONDOLQH�%UD]LO�QXW�VKHOO�DVK��7KH�RSWLPXP�GHWHUPLQHG�DPRXQW�RI�S\ULWH�IRU�LQFRUSRUDWLRQ�LQWR�WKH�FOD\�LV�����ZHLJKW��7KH�REWDLQHG�JODVV� FHUDPLFV� KDYH� DQ� DSSDUHQW� GHQVLW\� RI� ����� J�FP��� ZDWHU� DEVRUSWLRQ� RI� �������DQG�FRPSUHVVLYH�VWUHQJWK�RI����03D��7KH� ODVW�YDOXH� LV�EHWWHU�DQG�VXSHULRU� WR�WKH� OLPLW�HVWDEOLVKHG�E\�WKH�(XURSHDQ�6WDQGDUG��81(�(1��������DSSOLHG�WR�EXLOGLQJ�EULFNV��)LQDOO\��LW�LV�IRXQG�WKDW�WKH�%UD]LO�QXW�VKHOO�DVK������ZHLJKW��LQFRUSRUDWHG�LQWR�WKH�FOD\�DQG�S\ULWH�SOD\V�DQ�LPSRUWDQW�UROH�LQ�REWDLQLQJ�D�JODVV�FHUDPLF�IUHH�RI�FUDFNV�DQG�QHXWUDOL]DWLRQ�RI�DQ\�DFLG�IRUPHG�LQ�WKH�FHUDPLF�SDVWH�

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Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

,Q� WKH�SUHVHQW�ZRUN��ZH�KDYH�XVHG�UDZ�PDWHULDO�REWDLQHG�IURP�WKH�EROLYLDQ�YDOOH\V�FOD\�EHQWRQLWH��SKRVSKRULF�URFN�DQG�UHF\FOHG�RUJDQLF�PDWWHU�RI�ERQH�PHDO�IURP�WKH�ZDVWH�RI�D�OLYHVWRFN�LQGXVWU\��+RPRJHQHRXV�PL[WXUHV�RI�WKH�VDPH�ZHUH�PDGH��%\�PHDQV�RI�WZR�¿ULQJ�WHFKQLTXHV�ZDV�SRVVLEOH�WR�REWDLQ�JODVV��FHUDPLFV��ZLWK�WKH�IRUPDWLRQ�RI�DFLFXODU�FU\VWDOV�DW�QDQRVFDOH�DQG�QDQRSRUHV��7KH�¿UVW�PL[WXUH�ZDV�EURXJKW�WR�D�KHDWLQJ�SURFHVV�DW�����R&�IRU�RQH�KRXU�WR�VXEPHUJH�LW�LQ�DQ�$J12��VROXWLRQ�DQG�LPPHGLDWHO\�WR�FRQWLQXH�FRRNLQJ�WKH�FHUDPLF�XQWLO�UHDFKLQJ�WHPSHUDWXUHV�RI�����R&��7KH�VHFRQG�PL[WXUH�ZDV�LPPHUVHG�LQ�WKH�$J12��VROXWLRQ�DQG�EURXJKW�WR�GLUHFW�KHDWLQJ�XQWLO�����R&��ERWK�LQ�D�UHGXFLQJ�PHGLXP�ZLWK�ZRRG�FKLSV�LQ�RUGHU�WR�REWDLQ�VLOYHU�QDQRSDUWLFOHV�LQ�WKH�FHUDPLFV��7KHVH�JODVV�FHUDPLF��5DVKLQJ�ULQJV��¿OWHUV�ZLOO�EH�XVHG�LQ�WKH�WUHDWPHQW�RI�ZDVWHZDWHU��UHPRYDO�RI�KHDY\�PHWDOV�DQG�HOLPLQDWLRQ�RI�PLFURRUJDQLVPV��7KH�FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ�RI�JODVV�FHUDPLF�VDPSOHV�ZDV�SHUIRUPHG�E\�GHWHUPLQDWLRQV�RI� FKHPLFDO� DQDO\VLV�� HOHFWURQ�PLFURVFRS\�DQG�GLIIHUHQWLDO�VFDQQLQJ�FDORULPHWU\�RI�HDFK�FRPSRXQG�RI�WKH�PL[WXUHV��7KH�HOHFWURQ�PLFURVFRS\�LPDJHV�VKRZ�VPDOO�FU\VWDOV���PLFURV�DYHUDJH�VL]H��ZLWK�DFLFXODU�VKDSH�LQ�ERWK�FRPSRVWLRQV��DV�ZHOO�DV�WKH�IRUPDWLRQ�RI�QDQRSRUHV�����QP�DYHUDJH�VL]H��LQ�WKH�VHFRQG�PL[WXUH�

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ABSTRACT

7KH� JDOYDQL]LQJ� VOXGJH� IURP� WKH� QRQ�IHUURXV� PHWDO� LQGXVWU\� VXFK� DV� &U�1L�&X� SODWLQJ�SURGXFHV�DFLG�ZDVWHV�ZKLFK�DUH�XVXDOO\�QHXWUDOL]HG�ZLWK� OLPH�VOXUU\� LQ�EDWFK�SURFHVVHV�DQG� WKH� UHVXOWLQJ�ZDVWH� LV� GHZDWHUHG�E\� YDFXXP�¿OWUDWLRQ�RU� ¿OWHU�SUHVVLQJ��'HZDWHUHG�VOXGJHV�FRQWDLQ�FDOFLXP�VXOSKDWH� �&D62����SURGXFW�RI� WKH�QHXWUDOL]DWLRQ��DV�ZHOO�DV�&U��1L�DQG�&X�� ,Q� WKLV�FRPPXQLFDWLRQ� WZR�JDOYDQL]LQJ�VOXGJH�ZDVWHV� IURP�&U�1L�&X�SODWLQJ�KDYH� EHHQ� GULHG� �����&�� DQG� ¿UHG� ������&��� DQG� ERWK� GULHG� �JUD\� FRORXUHG�� DQG� ¿UHG��EODFN� FRORXUHG�� SRZGHUV� KDYH� EHHQ� FKDUDFWHUL]HG� E\� '7$�7*�� ;5'� DQG� 6(0�(';�WHFKQLTXHV��;5'�VKRZV�RQO\�TXDUW]�FU\VWDOOL]DWLRQ�LQ�GULHG�VDPSOHV��ZKLOH�LQ�¿UHG�SRZGHUV�WKH�FU\VWDOOL]DWLRQ�RI�VSLQHO�FKURPLWH�1L&U�2��DQG�1L2�SHULFODVH�DUH�GHWHFWHG��DORQJ�ZLWK�&D62��DQK\GULWH�DQG�&D6L2��ZROODVWRQLWH��7KH�SRZGHUV�KDYH�EHHQ�LQWURGXFHG�DV�FHUDPLF�SLJPHQWV�LQWR�WKUHH�GLIIHUHQW�FRQYHQWLRQDO�JOD]HV��D��D�OHDG�ELVLOLFDWH��3E2��6L2���GRXEOH�¿UH� IULW� ������&��� E�� D� GRXEOH� ¿UH� IULW� ZLWK� ORZ� OHDG� FRQWHQW� ������&�� DQG�� F�� D� GRXEOH�¿UH�IULW�ZLWKRXW�OHDG�������&���*OD]HG�VDPSOHV�ZHUH�FKDUDFWHUL]HG�E\�89�YLV�1,5��GLIIXVH�UHÀHFWDQFH��DQG�&,(/ D E ��FRORXU�SDUDPHWHUV���'ULHG�SRZGHU�SURGXFH�JOD]H�GHIHFWV��SLQ�KROLQJ�DQG�FUDZOLQJ���EXW�¿UHG�SRZGHUV�GLG�QRW�VKRZ�WKHVH�IDXOWV�JLYLQJ�JUD\�WR�SXUH�EODFN�FRORXUHG�JOD]HV�

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ABSTRACT

+HDY\�PHWDOV� DUH� QDWXUDOO\� RFFXUULQJ� HOHPHQWV� WKDW� KDYH� D� KLJK� DWRPLF� ZHLJKW� DQG� D�GHQVLW\� DW� OHDVW� �� J�O�� DQG� WKHLU� WR[LFLW\� GHSHQGV�RQ� VHYHUDO� IDFWRUV� LQFOXGLQJ� WKH�GRVH��URXWH�RI�H[SRVXUH��DQG�FKHPLFDO�VSHFLHV��7KHUH�KDV�EHHQ�DQ�LQFUHDVLQJ�HFRORJLFDO�DQG�JOREDO� SXEOLF� KHDOWK� FRQFHUQ� DVVRFLDWHG� ZLWK� HQYLURQPHQWDO� FRQWDPLQDWLRQ� E\� WKHVH�PHWDOV�� &HOVLDQ� %D$O�6L�2�� �PRQRFOLQLF�� VSDFH� JURXS� ,� ��� �� F��� LV� D� IHOGVSDU�� DOWKRXJK�LWV�V\PPHWU\� LV�VRPHZKDW�GLIIHUHQW�� WKH�RUGHU� LQ�WKH�FHOVLDQ�LV�VLPSOH��HDFK�WHWUDKHGURQ�$O2��LV�VXUURXQGHG�E\�IRXU�6L2��WHWUDKHGUD�DQG�YLFH�YHUVD��ZKLOH�%D�VKRZV�DQ�LUUHJXODU�FRQ¿JXUDWLRQ�ZLWK����HTXLGLVWDQW�QHLJKERXUV��7KLV�GLVRUGHU�LQGXFHV�D�ORZ�V\PPHWU\�DQG�LQFUHDVHV�WKH�NLQHWLF�EDUULHU�RI�QXFOHDWLRQ��,Q�IDFW��WKH�FHOVLDQ�VWUXFWXUH�KDV�D�PHWDVWDEOH�SRO\PRUSK��WKH�KH[DFHOVLDQ�RU�KH[DJRQDO�FHOVLDQ��FRPSRVHG�RI�D�GRXEOH�DQG�DOWHUQDWLQJ�VKHHW�RI� WHWUDKHGUD��$O6L�2��� ,Q� WKLV�FRPPXQLFDWLRQ� WKH� LPPRELOL]DWLRQ�RI�VHYHUDO�KHDY\�PHWDOV�VXFK�DV�0 &U��)H��&R��1L� LQ�FHOVLDQ�V\VWHP�KDV�EHHQ�VWXGLHG�E\�VLQWHULQJ�XS�WR������&�RI�LWV�R[LGHV�ZLWK�%D&2��$O�2+���DQG�6L2��LQ�RUGHU�WR�REWDLQ��%D��;M[�$O�6L�2��VROLG�VROXWLRQV��&U���HQWHUV�LQ�VROLG�VROXWLRQ�IRUPLQJ�FDWLRQLF�YDFDQFLHV�XS�WR�[ �����ERWK�FHOVLDQ�DQG�KH[DFHOVLDQ�FRH[LVW���)H���DQG�&R���RQO\�XS�WR�[ �����ERWK�FHOVLDQ�DQG�KH[DFHOVLDQ�FRH[LVW���PHOWLQJ� DW� KLJKHU� [� YDOXHV��ZKLOH�1L� RQO\� IRUPV� VROLG� VROXWLRQ� DW� ORZ� [� ��������FRH[LVWLQJ�KH[DFHOVLDQ�DQG�FHOVLDQ�DQG�FU\VWDOOL]LQJ�1L$O�2��VSLQHO�DW�KLJKHU�[��+RZHYHU��WKH�XVH�RI�JODVV�IRUPLQJ�PLQHUDOL]HUV�VXFK�DV�ERUDWHV� �ERULF�DFLG�RU�VRGLXP�SHUERUDWH��LQFUHDVHV�UHDFWLYLW\��DQG�PRQRSKDVLF�FHOVLDQ�LV�REWDLQHG�LQ�WKH�FDVH�RI�&R�FHOVLDQ�VROLG�VROXWLRQ��DGGLQJ���ZW��RI�JODVV�IRUPLQJ�DJHQW��DW�RQO\������&��K�RI�VLQWHULQJ�WHPSHUDWXUH��3RZGHUV�KDYH�EHHQ�UHXVHG�DV�FHUDPLF�SLJPHQWV�DQG�OHDFKDWH�WHVWV�SHUIRUPHG�LQ�RUGHU�WR�FODVVLI\�WKH�UHVXOWLQJ�VROLG�VROXWLRQV�IRU�LWV�ODQG¿OO�GLVSRVDO��&RXQFLO�'LUHFWLYH���������(&�RQ�ZDVWH�ODQG¿OO��

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2 UMH (Dept. Agroquímicaía y Medio Ambiente), Elche, Alicante, Spain

3 /RG]�8QLYHUVLW\�RI�7HFKQRORJ\��,QVWLWXWH�RI�)RRG�7HFKQRORJ\�DQG�$QDO\VLV�������6WHIDQRZVNLHJR�6WUHHW���������/RG]��3RODQG

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ABSTRACT

7KH�DLP�RI�RXU�VWXGLHV�ZDV�WR�XVH�D�WKHUPDO�SODVPD�WUHDWPHQW�SURFHVV�WR�WUDQVIRUP�WKH�KRVSLWDO�LQFLQHUDWLRQ�À\�DVK�LQWR�WKH�JODVV\�SURGXFWV�FDOOHG�YLWUL¿FDWHV�WKDW�FDQ�EH�VWRUHG�RQ�WKH�ODQG�ZLWKRXW�D�KDUPIXO�HQYLURQPHQWDO�HIIHFWV����

7KLV�ZDV�DFKLHYHG�E\���L��RSWLPL]DWLRQ�RI�WHPSHUDWXUH�DQG�HQHUJ\�XVHG�DGMXVW�DFFRUGLQJO\�DW� SURFHVV�PLQLPXP� FRVW� DQG� �LL�� VWDELOL]DWLRQ� RI� YLWUL¿FDWHV� IRU� GLIIHUHQW� FRPSRVLWLRQ� RI�ZDVWH�PL[WXUH��7KH�FKHPLFDO�VWDELOL]DWLRQ�RI�¿QDO�SURGXFWV�ZDV�H[DPLQHG�E\�KHDY\�PHWDOV�OHDFKDELOLW\�WHVWV��+DUGQHVV�WHVWV�ZHUH�GRQH�WR�YHULI\�WKH�SK\VLFDO�VWDELOL]DWLRQ�RI�YLWUL¿FDWHV��:H�DOVR�FKHFNHG�LI�WKH�UHLQIRUFH�RI�UDZ�PDWHULDO�E\�YDULRXV�SLJPHQWV�DV�ZHOO�DV�WKH�FKHPLFDO�FRPSRXQGV�LQÀXHQFHG�WKH�VWDELOLW\�RI�WKH�¿QDO�SURGXFWV����7KH� WKHUPDO� SODVPD� WUHDWPHQW� LV� DQ� HIIHFWLYH� PHWKRG� ZKLFK� FDQ� EH� XVHG� WR� FRQYHUW�KD]DUGRXV�ZDVWH�LQWR�OHVV�WR[LF�RU�LQHUW�JODVV\�SURGXFWV��7KH�FKHPLFDO�FRPSRVLWLRQ�RI�UDZ�PDWHULDOV� LQÀXHQFHG� WKH�FKHPLFDO�DQG�SK\VLFDO�SURSHUWLHV�RI� WKH�YLWUL¿FDWHV�DQG�GHFLGHG�DERXW�WKHLU�LQWHUQDO�VWUXFWXUHV��

.H\ZRUGVWKHUPDO�SODVPD�WUHDWPHQW�SURFHVV��KRVSLWDO�LQFLQHUDWLRQ�À\�DVK��KD]DUGRXV�ZDVWH�XWLOL]DWLRQ��

5HIHUHQFHV:

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>�@�7�:��&KHQJ��7�+��8HQJ��<�6��&KHQ��-�3��&KLX��3URGXFWLRQ�RI�*ODVV�&HUDPLF�)URP�,QFLQHUDWRU�)O\�$VK���&HUDP�,QWHUQDW�����������������

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7KHUPDO� WUHDWPHQW�RI�DVEHVWRV�FRQWDLQLQJ�PDWHULDOV� �$&0��E\�PL[LQJ�with Na2&23�DQG�VSHFLDO�FOD\V�IRU�YLWULI\LQJ�ZDVWH�$�,��5XL]��$��2UWHJD��5��)HUQiQGH]�DQG�-��&XHYDV�

Department of Geology and Geochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, 8QLYHUVLGDG�$XWyQRPD�GH�0DGULG��������Madrid, Spain

ABSTRACT

$VEHVWRV�KDV�EHHQ�ZLGHO\�XVHG�LQ�WKH�SDVW�GHFDGHV�GXH�WR�LWV�IDYRUDEOH�SURSHUWLHV�DV�UDZ�PDWHULDOV�LQ�WKH�SURGXFWLRQ�RI�DVEHVWRV�FHPHQWV��ZKLFK�DUH�WKH�RQH�RI�WKH�PRVW�VLJQL¿FDQW�DVEHVWRV�FRQWDLQLQJ�PDWHULDOV��$&0��KD]DUGRXV�ZDVWHV��7KH�WHUP�³DVEHVWRV´�GH¿QHV�D�JURXS�RI�¿EURXV�VLOLFDWHV�LQFOXGLQJ�FRPPRQO\�FKU\VRWLOH�ZKLFK�LV�D�K\GUDWHG�PDJQHVLXP�VLOLFDWH��1RZDGD\V��WKHVH�PDWHULDOV�DUH�FRQVLGHUHG�H[WUHPHO\�KD]DUGRXV�GXH�WR�WKHLU�FDUFLQRJHQLF�DFWLYLW\�ZKHQ�WKHUH�LV�D�ULVN�RI�H[SRVXUH�WKRXJK�¿EUHV�LQKDODWLRQ�>�@��7KLV�VWXG\�UHSRUWV�WKH�WKHUPRFKHPLFDO�FRQYHUVLRQ�DFKLHYHG�E\�SDUWLDO�IXVLRQ�DQG�UHFU\VWDOOL]DWLRQ�RI�$&0��7KH�EHQH¿W�RI�WKLV�SURFHVV�GHULYHV�IURP�WKH�LUUHYHUVLEOH�WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ�RI�WKH�DVEHVWRV�¿EURXV�VWUXFWXUH��ZKHQ�DGGHG�WR�D�JODVV�IRUPLQJ�PL[WXUH�>�@��DQG�WKH�SRWHQWLDO�UHF\FOLQJ�RI�WKH�ZDVWH��,Q�RXU�FDVH��WKH�SURFHVV�KDV�EHHQ�FDUULHG�RXW�E\�DGGLQJ�D�PL[WXUH�RI�VRGLXP�FDUERQDWH�DQG�VSHFLDO�FOD\V��EHQWRQLWH�RU�VHSLROLWH���DV�ÀX[LQJ�DJHQWV�DW������DQG�������&��OHDGLQJ�WR�WKH�IRUPDWLRQ�RI�D�SDUWLDO�PHOW��7KH�UHVXOWLQJ�TXHQFKHG�PDWHULDOV�ZHUH�FKDUDFWHUL]HG�E\�;�UD\�'LIIUDFWLRQ�DQG�6FDQQLQJ�(OHFWURQ�0LFURVFRS\��)LEURXV�PRUSKRORJLHV�DUH�FRPSOHWHO\�GHVWUR\HG�DW�������&�IRUPLQJ�&6�ODUQLWH��&06�EUHGLJLWH�DQG�SHULFODVH��WRJHWKHU�ZLWK�JODVV\�PDWHULDOV��7KH�REWDLQHG�SURGXFWV�DUH�VXVFHSWLEOH�WR�KDYH�K\GUDXOLF�SURSHUWLHV�VHUYLQJ�DV�FRPSRQHQWV�RI�HFR�VXVWDLQDEOH�FHPHQWV�>�@��

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ABSTRACT 7KH�RSSRUWXQLW\�IRU�D�WRWDO�UHPRYDO�RI�WKH�WUDGLWLRQDO�ÀX[HV�LQ�QHZ�WLOLQJ�FHUDPLFV�LV�VWXGLHG�E\�WKH�V\QWKHVLVH�RI�RULJLQDO�EDWFKHV��EDVHG�RQ����ZW��ERWWRP�DVKHV�IURP�PXQLFLSDO�VROLG�ZDVWH�LQFLQHUDWRU��06:$��DQG����ZW��LQGXVWULDO�FOD\V��7ZR�IUDFWLRQV�RI�SUH�WUHDWHG�06:$��DERYH�DQG�XQGHU���PP���KDYLQJ�GLIIHUHQW�FKHPLFDO�FRPSRVLWLRQV��DUH�PLOOHG�DQG�PL[HG�ZLWK�WKUHH�YDULRXV�LQGXVWULDO�FOD\V��7KXV�REWDLQHG�VL[�FHUDPLFV�DUH�FKDUDFWHUL]HG�E\�HTXDO�DPRXQWV�RI�&D2��������ZW���DQG�ZLWK�$O�2��6L2��UDWLR��LQ�ZW���ZKLFK�YDULHV�IURP�������WR�������7KH�VLQWHULQJ�EHKDYLRXUV�DQG�WKH�SKDVH�WUDQVIRUPDWLRQV�RI�WKHVH�FHUDPLF�EDWFKHV�DUH�VWXGLHG�E\�FRQWDFWOHVV�RSWLFDO�GLODWRPHWU\�DQG�'7$�7*��ZKHUHDV�WKH�¿QDO�SKDVH�FRPSRVLWLRQV�DQG�WKH�VWUXFWXUHV�RI�REWDLQHG�FHUDPLFV�DUH�HOXFLGDWHG�E\�;5'�DQG�6(0�('6��,W�LV�GHPRQVWUDWHG�WKDW��DW�ORZHU�$O�2��6L2��UDWLR��WKH�VLQWHULQJ�WHPSHUDWXUH�LV�LQIHULRU�EXW�WKH�VLQWHULQJ�LQWHUYDO�LV�YHU\�QDUURZ��&RQWUDU\��DW�KLJKHU�$O�2��6L2��UDWLR��WKH�VLQWHULQJ�WHPSHUDWXUH�LQFUHDVHV�EXW�WKH�VLQWHULQJ�LQWHUYDO�EHFRPHV�ZLGHU�DQG�PRUH�WHFKQRORJLFDO��7KLV�GHQVL¿FDWLRQ�EHKDYLRXU��DV�ZHOO�DV�WKH�¿QDO�SKDVH�FRPSRVLWLRQV�DQG�PRUSKRORJLHV�RI�WKH�QHZ�FHUDPLFV��DUH�H[SODLQHG�E\�WKHLU�ORFDWLRQV�LQ�WKH�&D2�$O�2��6L2��SKDVH�GLDJUDP�,W�ZDV�DOVR�KLJKOLJKWHG�WKDW��GXH�WR�WKH�IRUPDWLRQ�RI�KLJK�DPRXQW�RI�DQRUWKLWH�VROLG�VROXWLRQ�GXULQJ�WKH�VLQWHULQJ�DQG�FRROLQJ�VWHSV��WKH�VDPSOHV�ZLWK�KLJK�$O�2��6L2��ratio are FKDUDFWHUL]HG�E\�VWUXFWXUHV�DQG�SURSHUWLHV�FORVH�WR�RQHV�RI�WKH�WUDGLWLRQDO�JODVV�FHUDPLFV�E\�LQGXVWULDO�ZDVWHV��ZKLFK�KRZHYHU�DUH�PDQXIDFWXUHG�DW�VLJQL¿FDQWO\�KLJKHU�FRVW�SULFH��

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3��&DOOHMDV���3��-��6iQFKH]��6RWR���-��0D��5LQFyQ��DQG�0��0��-RUGiQ�

�Facultad de Ingeniería de Materiales, Universidad de Cochabamba, Bolivia

2,QVWLWXWR�GH�&LHQFLD�GH�0DWHULDOHV�GH�6HYLOOD��,&06���FHQWUR�PL[WR�&6,&�8QLYHUVLGDG�GH�6HYLOOD��F�$PpULFR�9HVSXFLR�����������6HYLOOD���SHGURML#LFPVH�FVLF�HV)

3 Departamento de Agroquímica y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Elche, Alicante, Spain

ABSTRACT

7KH�PLQHUDO�PDJQHVLXP�PDJQHVLXP�K\GURXV�SK\OORVLOLFDWH NQRZQ�DV�YHUPLFXOLWH�LV�ORFDWHG�LQ�VHYHUDO�GHSRVLWV�LQ�6SDLQ��IRU�LQVWDQFH�QHDU�6DQWD�2ODOOD�GHO�&DOD�LQ�$QGDOXFLD��6SDLQ��EHLQJ�PLQHG�LQ�WKH�SDVW�DV�LVRODWLRQ�PDWHULDO��1RZDGD\V���WKHVH�GHSRVLWV�DUH�DEDQGRQHG�DQG� ZDVWHV� FRQWDLQLQJ� LPSRUWDQW� SURSRUWLRQV� RI� 0J2� FRPELQHG� LQ� PLFD�YHUPLFXOLWH�LQWHUVWUDWL¿HG�UHVLGXHV��7KH�ZDVWH�YLWUL¿FDWLRQ�IRU�WKHVH�DEDQGRQHG�RSHQ�VN\�GHSRVLWV�KDV�EHHQ�FRQVLGHUHG�E\�FRPELQLQJ�ZLWK�D�QDWXUDO�SKRVSKDWH�PLQHUDO�UHVLGXH�IURP�&DFHUHV��6SDLQ��,W�KDYH�EHHQ�PHOWHG�WKUHH�FRPSRVLWLRQV�LQ�WKH�V\VWHP�/L�2�0J2�$O�2��3�2��6L2��ZKLFK�LQFOXGH�DOVR�)H�2��LQ�DURXQG���WR�����ZW��DQG�)OXRULGH�EHWZHHQ����������ZW����7KH�UHVXOWLQJ�JODVVHV�DUH�WUDQVSDUHQW�DQG�VPRRWK�JUHHQ�FRORXU�JLYLQJ�ULVH�DIWHU�777�WUHDWPHQWV�WR�VHYHUDO�RSDO��RSDTXH�JODVV��FHUDPLFV�ZLWK�D�FRPPRQ�VXUIDFH� VKRZLQJ� LULGHVFHQFH�� )XOO� FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ� KDV� EHHQ� FDUULHG� RXW� E\� ;5'� DQG�HOHFWURQ�PLFURVFRS\�ZLWK�('6��DV�ZHOO�DV�E\�;36�VSHFWURVFRSLHV��FRQFOXGLQJ�WKDW�WKH�PDLQ�FU\VWDOOLQH�SKDVHV�IRUPHG�LQ�WKHVH�YLWUL¿HG�PDWHULDOV�ZHUH��FRUGLHULWH�DQG���VSRGXPHQH��EHLQJ� WKH� VXUIDFH�HQULFKHG� LQ�)H�2��ZLWK� UHVSHFW� WKH�DYHUDJH� FRPSRVLWLRQ��7RXJKQHVV�IRU�¿QDO�JODVV��FHUDPLF�ZDV�KLJKHU�WKDQ�WKH�RULJLQDO�JODVVHV�UHDFKLQJ�YDOXHV�KLJKHU�WKDQ�FRQYHQWLRQDO�PXOOLWH�FHUDPLFV�

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55

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� Depatamento de Medio Ambiente por Departamento de Agroquímica y Medio Ambiente. 2�&HQWUR�$WyPLFR�&RQVWLWX\HQWHV��&1($��*L\$��%XHQRV�$LUHV��$UJHQWLQD3 &HQWUR�$WyPLFR�%DULORFKH��&1($��%DULORFKH���$UJHQWLQD�4 CONICET, Buenos Aires , Argentina

Email: [email protected] y/o ULQFRQMPD#JPDLO�FRP

ABSTRACT

,Q�RUGHU�WR�HQFDSVXODWH�QXFOHDU�ZDVWHV�HQULFKHG�LQ�8UDQLXP��WKH\�KDYH�EHHQ�GHVLJQHG�DQG�REWDLQHG�YLWUL¿HG�EDVHV�RI�LURQ�DOXPLQXP�SKRVSKDWHV�DQG�VXEVWLWXWLRQ�RI�8�E\�%L��7KH�WKHUPDO�EHKDYLRU�KDV�EHHQ�LQYHVWLJDWHG�E\�'7$��7*�DQDO\VLV�DQG�VWUXFWXUH�E\�,QIUDUHG��5DPDQ�DQG�0RVVEDXHU�VSHFWURVFRSLHV��/LNHZLVH��WKH�OHDFKLQJ�DQG�WKHUPDO�H[SDQVLRQ�KDV�EHHQ�DOVR�FRQVLGHUHG��DV�ZHOO�DV�WKH�;5'�GHWHUPLQDWLRQ�RI�SKDVHV�DQG�LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ�RI�VRPH�SKDVHV�VXFK�DV�)H�32���DQG�7(0�('6�DQG�6(0��(%6'��,URQ�SKRVSKDWH�JODVVHV�DUH�EDVHG�LQ�GH�SRO\PHUL]LQJ�WKH��'�VWUXFWXUH�RI�YLWUHRXV�3�2���2�3 �����XOWUDSKRVSKDWH��E\�WKH�DGGLWLRQ�RI�RWKHU�FRPSRQHQWV�VXFK�DV��)H�2���$O�2���1D�2��&V�2��82���%L�2���3E2��0R2��ZKLFK�VXEVHTXHQWO\� WKH\� DGG� R[\JHQV� �2�� 3 ��� PHWDSKRVSKDWH��� �2�3 ����� S\URSKRVSKDWH����2�3 ���RUWKRSKRVSKDWH���WR�WKH�QHWZRUN�DQG�GLVWULEXWLQJ�WKH�FDWLRQV�DV�PRGL¿HUV�RI�WKH�YLWUHRXV�VWUXFWXUH��7KHVH�JODVVHV�KDYH�EHHQ�GHVLJQHG�DQG�REWDLQHG�IRUPXODWLQJ�DOO�IURP�WKH�VWDUWLQJ�ELQDU\�FRPSRVLWLRQ����)H�2�±��3�2���ZKHUH� WKH�)H��3 ������7KH�YLWUL¿HG�VWUXFWXUHV�DUH�GLI¿FXOW�WR�FU\VWDOOL]H�DV�LV�WKH�FDVH�RI�WKH�)H��8�FRQWHQWV�LQ�WKH�UDQJH�RI�����SHU�3�DWRP��7KH\�GHSLFW�D�UHDVRQDEOH�FKHPLFDO�VWDELOLW\�DQG�FRUURVLRQ�UHVLVWDQFH�WR�WKH�DWWDFN�E\�ZDWHU�GXH�WR�WKH�KLJK�SHUFHQWDJH�RI�3�2�)H�2�ERQGV�DQG�WKH�SUHVHQFH�RI�8����WR�����JLYLQJ�ULVH�WR�D�VWURQJ�ERQGLQJ�EHWZHHQ�32��FKDLQV�DQG�WKH�)H

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SESSION POSTERSGeoplymeration

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ABSTRACT

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Department of Materials and Ceramics Engineering, CICECO, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de 6DQWLDJR�����������$YHLUR��3RUWXJDO�

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT6XVWDLQDELOLW\�LQ�FRQVWUXFWLRQ�LV�D�PDMRU�FRQFHUQ�ZRUOGZLGH�DV�IDU�DV�LWV�LQWHQVLYH�LQGXVWU\��ZLWK�D�VSHFLDO�DWWHQWLRQ�WR�FHPHQW�SURGXFWLRQ��KDV�EHHQ�IRXQG�WR�EH�D�PDMRU�VRXUFH�IRU�FDUERQ�GLR[LGH�HPLVVLRQV��)XUWKHUPRUH��WKH�JOREDO�LQGXVWULDO�V\VWHP�KDV�DOVR�UHDFKHG�KLJK�OHYHOV�RI�XQVXVWDLQDELOLW\�GXH�WR�WKH�ODUJH�DPRXQW�RI�ZDVWHV�WKDW�DUH�EHLQJ�UHOHDVHG�LQ�WKH�DWPRVSKHUH��9DORULVDWLRQ�DQG�UHXVH�RI�LQGXVWULDO�E\�SURGXFWV�DORQJ�ZLWK�D�YDOLG�DOWHUQDWLYH�WR�RUGLQDU\�3RUWODQG�FHPHQW�PDNH�JHRSRO\PHUV�D�VROLG�DQG�VXVWDLQDEOH�YLD�WR�EH�IROORZHG��)O\� DVK�EDVHG� JHRSRO\PHU� FRQFUHWH�PRUWDU� LV� DQ� HQYLURQPHQWDOO\�IULHQGO\� VWUXFWXUDO�PDWHULDO�PDGH�IURP�DONDOL�DFWLYDWHG�DOXPLQR�VLOLFDWH�DQG�DJJUHJDWHV��7KH\�VKRZ�D�EHWWHU�RU�DW�OHDVW�FRPSDUDEOH�VWUHQJWK�DQG�GXUDELOLW\��DORQJ�ZLWK�D�KLJK�FKHPLFDO�UHVLVWDQFH��LQ�FRPSDULVRQ� WR� WUDGLWLRQDO�FHPHQWV��0RUHRYHU�JHRSRO\PHUV�DUH�KLJKO\�FRVW�HIIHFWLYH�DQG�HDV\�WR�SUHSDUH��,Q� WKLV�ZRUN� WKH� XVH� RI� D� JUHHQ� JHRSRO\PHU�EDVHG�PRUWDU� LV� HYDOXDWHG� IRU� VXVWDLQDEOH�FRQVWUXFWLRQ�DQG�HQYLURQPHQWDO�DSSOLFDWLRQV��,Q�WKH�SXUVXLW�RI�D�VXVWDLQDEOH�FRQVWUXFWLRQ�PDWHULDO�� UHJLRQDO�ZDVWHV�GHULYHG� IURP�SDSHU�SXOS� LQGXVWU\�DUH�H[SORLWHG�DV�D�EDVH� IRU�PDWHULDO�SURFHVVLQJ��$�VLPSOH��UHSURGXFLEOH��DPELHQW�WHPSHUDWXUH��DQG�ORZ�FRVW�PDQXIDFWXUH�LV� IROORZHG�� :RUNDELOLW\�� PHFKDQLFDO� SHUIRUPDQFH�� PLFURVWUXFWXUH�� DORQJ� ZLWK� ZDWHU�DEVRUSWLRQ�DQG�WKH�PDLQ�SK\VLFDO�SURSHUWLHV�DUH�LQYHVWLJDWHG��3UHOLPLQDU\�ODERUDWRU\�WHVWV�LQGLFDWH�WKDW�VXFK�D�JHRSRO\PHU�PRUWDUV�DUH�D�YLDEOH�HQYLURQPHQWDOO\�IULHQGO\�VROXWLRQ�IRU�FRQYHQWLRQDO�3RUWODQG�FRQFUHWH�UHSODFHPHQW�WKDW�PD\�KHOS�LQ�UHGXFLQJ�WKH�HQYLURQPHQWDO�IRRWSULQW�DVVRFLDWHG�ZLWK�ZDVWH�GLVSRVDO�

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ABSTRACT

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INDEX OF KEYWORDS

Page 85: fic.uanl.mxfic.uanl.mx/ftp/MDV/MCOIA/Categoria 1. Estructura... · VITRIFICATION and GEOPOLYMERIZATION of WASTES for IMMOBILIZATION or RECYCLING September 14th and 15th, 2017 / Elche

Organize:

Collaborate:

ISBN: 978-84-16024-58-2