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(TranslationfromProco『JSCE,No.490/V-23,1994.5)
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KazumasaOZAWA NoboruSAKATA IIajin℃OKAMURA
TheobjoctiveofthisresearchisIoe3tablishtheLestmeUhod「orevaluatingself-compactabilityoffrcshcoIlcrcte,wllichisinevitableiIlmixdesignandmanufacturingofsclf‐compacmngconcrcto・AV‐type「unncltestlsproposedforevaluaLingLheflowabilityLhI・oughsmallopenings,whichisoneofLhcmostimportantproportiesofsolf-compactlngConcrete.’しiscxperimentallyverifiedthatsel「‐compactabilityoffreshconcreteplaccdinthe『ormworkwiLhusualamounto「reignforcementcanbeevaluatedbvdeformabilityobtainedfromslump-flowtestandnowabiIitvthroughsmallopenlJlgsobtainedfromV‐type「uJmeltest、
Kcvwords;sclf-compactability,funllcltost,freshconcretcbJ
KazumasaOZAWAisanassociaLcI)ro「essorofDepartmenlo「CivilEngineering,Univol・sityofToyko,Tokyo,JapalLI-Icnewlydevelopedthcsol「‐compactinghighpcr「ormanccconcrcteinl988,andhasbeeninvcstigatedon上}lcconcrete
NoboruSAKATAisanenglneorofKajimaCorporatlon、Hewasa「ormerresearchassociatcofDepartmentofCivilEngineer1ng・Univers1tvo「Tokyo,「orjoiningthe ̄
resca1・chproJcctofthesel「‐compacぃIlg}】ighperformaI】cocoI1cl・OtG
HajimoOKAMURAisaprofessoro「DepartmentTokyo,Tokyo,Japan・FortheI)asttenvcars,he}ljIFhI〕or「ormanceconcrete,
ofCivilEnginoorlng,UniversitVofhasstudicdonthose](‐compacting
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'1、he“SCI「‐compacLinghighpcrformancccoXIcrete,’developcdaLLheUrliversityofTokyo[1][2〕ischaracLerizEcdasfolIows:Aし『reshsLaLe,iLisnotonIyhighIydeformabIebutalsohassu「「icientTesistancetosegregaLiontoallowpIacementinformworkwiLhouLavibrator,Atancaェ・lyage,itgoZuo1・aLeslimitodhcatductol】ydration・andit,shardollingshrinkagemuddryingshriI1ka苫earealsolimited,so「cwinitialdefectsoccur,Afterhardening,iLis}DighlyresistallLtosuchcnvironmcnLalfactorsascIl1oX-ideionsandcarbondioxidcgas・andhasadensemicrostructuZ.c、Self-compacLabilitywitluouLnoconsoIidaLionat「resIlsLate、whichimpliesthoabiliLyLofillaⅡcoTIueTsofthcformworkundoritsownweight,isoneofLhemosLimportalutpropertiesrequircdofhigh-performanceconcrete・WheLhel‐ornotaconc】・eterequircsconsolidaLioncanbepredictcdbcforeplncillg,1fLhisselI-compactabilitycanbequantitaLivelyevaluaLedbysimplyLestingThcevaluationofself‐compactabilityisalsocl・ucialincstablishingagene1・aImethodofmixdcsignforself‐compactmgconcret@.ThispaperrcpoX・tsonancxpcrimentalstudvaimcdaLdevelopingatestmethodforesLimatiJughowaconcretc「illsthebrmworkwhenplaced.
SIumpflowtestingiswidelyusedforevaluatingthc『lowabiliLyofconcretoincludingself‐compactingconcreteDwheretheslumpisgreaterthan2化m・ILhasbeenreportedbyanumbcrofl・escarchers,however,thatsc1f‐compactabilitycannoLbeaccuraLclyevaluatcdonlythroughslumpflowtcsts[2].Forthisz・eason,avaZ-ietyo『cxperimentsandtheoreLica1investigationsarcunderwaytofindano「rectivemctI】odofevaluaLingthescIf‐compactabilityofconcreto,TheauthorsbeganbyinvcstigaLingLypicalmethodsLoscewhatthcrcsultsmdicateandhowthctestsper『orm,thGrebyevaluatingLhemasmeL}lodsofdctcrminingself‐compactabiliLy.
1.1S1ump『lowLesL
TheslumpfIowtestspecificdbyLheJapanSocietyofCivilEngineers(JSCE)judgesthecapabiliLyo『concretctodcformunderiLsownweightagainsLthcfrictiono「thesurfacewithnootherGxLernalresh・ainLpresent,Thisisacolwentionalmethodwidelyuscd「orevaluaLingtherlowabiliLyofConcrete,ItissuiLableforevaluatirugLhcgradientanddisLanceofconcreLeIlowatIl1etimco「placing(Fig.1).ItluasalsobecnfoundLhatslump「IowcorrelateswellwithLhe「Iowgradientandself‐compacLabiliLyo「ConcretempasIexperimentsinwhichconcu・oteisplacedthrougharGlaLivelylimitcdnumberofobstacles(Fig.2)〔3]・ThisLesLhowcver,caImotevaluaLeaconc2-cLc,spassagetI1】Foughreirl「orcingbarsbecausethisisdetermi、edbydeformabiliLyunderlimitedexternaIresLraintduetoLhelarge『recsurface、EverlconcreteswitIlthesames1ump「lowcanIMlvcdif「erentbehaviorwhenPassingthroughsuchobStacIesasェ・einfoI・cingbars,dependiJugontheiTmixproportions[2〕.
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1.2FillingLostinformworkpackedwitIlrein『orcing bEhrs
ThetestshownirlFig、3〔4]isoncemploycdduringLhedDvelopm〔mLslKlgeofself‐compactinghigh-performaJlcecolucrcto・Ifaconcrctcisobse汁edtoperfectly「iIILhisrormwol・kpackedwithaloto「】・einforcingbars,itisjudgedtobcconsolidation‐frceseIf‐compactingconcrcte・ThismcthoddoosnotgivcaquantiLativoevaluationo「thcself‐compactabilityofconcretc・
ThistestsimultaneouslycvaluaLesbothaconcrote,sabiliLyLopassthrougl1rcinfox-cingba2・sanditslaLcral「IowabilitTunderitsownwcight,Tl1cbalanccbetweenthesctwopropertjeschangeswithLhcbarspacingandtheratco『p1acemcnLSinceLheconcreLeisPlacedinsmallbatc}les,thcopcraLorscanobscrvehowprcviouslyplaccdconcI・eLemovesunderpressurefI・omsubscquentbaLchcsorhowithaltsandisI〕assedovcrbysubsequcnLIyplacCdconcrc↓c,ThecllaracLeristicoftluismeLI1odisLhatthebchaviol・ofthecomcreteundcX・conditionsappI・oximatingactualpIacementconditio21scanbeobservcdThedisadvantagesa】・ethatthepressureactingonLhecO、c1℃teislessthanduTingaclualplacingandLllaLsuchtestsrequi2・carelaLivelylargeamounLofconc「etc(appZ℃x、401itcrs)andmuchlabor.
AnapplicatiomofthismethodisshowninFi9.4[5]・TIlistestfocuscsonlyabilityo『COエucreteLopasslatGrallytIlェ・oughrcinfol・cingbars,withthequantitzLtivelyevaluatingsel「-compact血bilityinLormsofthclucightconcroteatthcforwardodgcofLheIlow.
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ThGtestsI】owninFig、5evaluaLesLIucabilityofcomcretetopnssthrough1℃inforcingbarsundcriLsownweightbydroppingitthrougllana1、】Pangcmentofrcinforcingbars[6JIflOO%pass⑧s,thcdegreeofself‐compactabilitycanbequantitativolyCvaluatedbyincludingtllcratcofpassageinthemeasuromenLs、
BIockiJugo「concretebetweenrein「orcingbarsiscausedbyinsufficientdeformabilityofthemortal・inConcreteorarchingofcoarseaggregaLeParticlesductointerlocking,SincethebalancebetwcentIlesepossibilitieschangosaccordingtoLheinitialheighto「thcconcrete,cloggingductoinsufficientdc『o1.mabilitycanbelimitCdbyincrcasingtheiniLiaIhCightorapplyingpressuU.e、ThcamounLpassirlgLhroug]uandthcratcofpassagodcpendonthegridspacingamdthebardiametcT-Scll‐compacLabilitymeasu2-cmcrutcorrespondingtoactua]constructionconditionscamthereforeboestablishedbyappropiatelyfixingthebarspacingThcdisadvantagesofthismctIXodaretIlatitrequircsarclaLivelylaI・geamountofconcrete(approx、301iLcrs)andthatmcasuringtheporccnLageofpassingエ・cquircsmuchlabor.
Thetesto「passagethroughparallelbars[7]showninFig、6isanimprovementoverthetestwiLIIastcE1gridinFig5・CiventhattheactualmovemenLo「concreLeina「ormismosLlytwodimensional,paralloIbarsareacceptableinstcadofagrid,andtheamounLofconcI・eLcneededisrcducedtoappI・oximately20Iiters・ThercsultscorrclaLehighlywiththoseofthctcstwiLhasteelgrid,ILhasbcencxpeI-imenLallyconfirmedthaLparallelbarsaLa35mmspaCingcorrespondcloselytoagridwitha50mmspacing,ifbaI-softI1esamediamotcrareuse。、Inthistcsttoo,LhepeZ・centagepassedanditsR-atccIlangedependingonthebarspacinganddiameter.
TheU-type『illingtcstshowzlinFig,7isanothervariationofthctcstshownFig.5[8]Thisevaluatcsself-compactabilityintcrmsoftbediffcrenceconcretehoightbcforeandafterpassinglllroughparalIclbarS・ThcdifferenceprcssurcacB・osstI1eobstacICissmallerLI1aninlI1eLestssI1owninFigS,5and
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iniLialheight,Forthisreason、thcpassabilitymaydifforslightlyfromthetestsshowninFigs、5and6,evenifLhospacingisthcsamc,ThondvantageofthisteSLiSLheeaseofmeasuremenL
1.`lFunneltest
A「unnelwithacircularcross‐sccLion,assllowninFig8,isusedinLhcO-funneltest,ThismeasuressomcofthepropcエーLiesaffecLingthcscI「‐compactabilityofconcretebymeasuringdeformaljonraIcwhel-ethecrosssccLionchangos.[9]ThisisavaエーiationoftheJ‐funnclandP‐funneltestsusodfoZ・tIuoviscosityoffreshpasteandmortar、andisprobablyintc】Udedtomeasurctheappa1℃ntviscosityofconcreLc.
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Fig.9Funncltcstequipmcnt
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TI】ecTaluationOfafreshconcrcLc,ssel「‐compatibilityrequires,inadditiontodelbrmabiliLymeasuremenLs】・eprcscmtedbytheslumpflow1cvaluationo『itsabiliLJtopassth2・oughobstaclcs,suchasI-einforcirlgbars、AsamctIlodoIevaluatingthescl『‐compacLabilityo「concz・ctcpthoauLhorsattemptedLodcvelopatechJuiqueformeasuringdeformationrastcasLhcconcrctoflowsthrougha『unneLWhereasconvenLionalfunncltestsareuscd0asmenLionedabove゛LomeasurethcapparenLviscosityofpasLeandgrouLLIlcauthorsintBndedtouseaflmneltcstassimplemeansofcvaluatingtheabililyofaconcretctopasstI1roughspaces,Inothcrwords,Lheauthorsassumcdthatfunneltestsmeasureddi「「Cl・onlrclaLionshipsbctwecnsolidparticlesizeandfLlnnelsizointhecaseofcoX1creLewhencomparedwiLhconventionalrelationshipsbctwconpowderparLiclcsi2Ecandfunnelsize、
IndcvelopingthisnewfunneltestmcthodwebeganbytI・yingtogI-aspthecffectsof『unmelshapeonLhedeformationrateofconcrete,WethenoxaminedtheeffectsofconcreLemixproportionforafixod「umlcIshape.
2.1E『fecLsoffunnelshape
ConventionalrunnelsforcomcretetcstinghavuacircularcZ・OSS‐soctionthroughwhichcol1creteundergocsa3-Ddorormation,Inactual「ormwo2-k,however,concretedcformstwo‐dimcnsionaUywhcnpassingLhroughsuchobstaclesasrcinforcingbars,Tl1eauthorsthereforedesignedthcfLmnelshowninFig,9W11icIlforcosconcrctetoderoエ・mtwodimGnsionally,AftorfiUingthofunnelwithcoI1cZ・ctctoiLstopedgethediscl1argeportisopcncdandthcLimercquiredforLhecomc2・etctoflowout
-a3
(cffluxtimo)measure。.ThceffluxtimoisdefinedaslhcdurationbctwceエUopeningtIledischa】Fgcportandwhenlightcanbesccnthroughthcopeningfromabove、TheaveragevelocityiscalculaLcdbydividingthevolumco『concretebyLhecross‐secLionalaroao『thedischargeopeningandtheeffluxtime,TestswcrcconducLedusingwoodcnfunnelsofthofiveshapesspccifiedinTablel,withpa2-amcLcrsbeingthefunnelslope,i,andtholcngLIlolasideofthcdiscIlargeport,。、
TI1ecapacityo『eachfunneIwas61iters、Themixpropon・LionsofmorLarwOrcfixcdtogiveamorLarflowsprcadof260mmwithoutdroppingvibエ・ationandnnc「fluxLimeof80sccLhroughaル「u、'101.FivcdilTcrcnLcoarsoaggregaLecoI1Lcntswithamaximumsizco「20mmwcreusedtomakeLheconcrcLesof「ivedi「「crentmix
proportions・ThemateriaIsuscdandthemixproportionsaregivenmAppendicesland2.“G/Glim,,inLhcLablcrererstoLlUeratioofco副】・seaggregatocontenLbyvolumerolativctotheequivalentamounttoitssolidvolumcperccntagC.“S/slim,,roferstotho「iXleaggX℃gatccontcrltbyvolumerelativctot}】cequivalonLamounttoitssolidvolumcpercentage,Themixingmcthodisasfollws;firstlyfineaggregate・powderpwate2.3ndsuperolastiSizerweremixcdfor90sec、byapan‐typeforcedmix0rwiththecapacityoI301itLer・ThelucoarsoaggregateaDudmortarweremixed「or90sec,byapugmillforcedmixerwiththocapacityof501itter、InAppendix2,allconcretes,exceptingthconewiLhthchighGstcoarsoaggrcgaLcconte汎t(G/GIim=60%)andthemortaU.,arcconsidcrcdLobeseI『‐Compactingconcrete.
FigurelOshowsthatwhcJuthedischa】Fgeportis7、5x7.5cm、theefTluxvolocitvo『allconcrctosispracLicallyLhcsamcandindependento「thefurmelSlopcwi【hintherangeO-5to20However,asthe「unnelslopcbccomessteepcr,LhcconcreLencartheslopetendstobcdclayed,makingitdifficuItLoaccuraLelymcasurethetimeittakosIorLheconcreLctoflowout,ontheotherhand,thedischargeportsizestronglya『fcctsthcc『fluxtime・Astheareaofthedischargooponin9,.2,increasesptIlcavGragee「rluxvelocityincroasesasshowninFig.11.1tfollowsthatthGdefoZ-mationrateo『thcmortaI・amdthedegroco「intcrfeTeUucebetweencoarseaggrogatepartjclosareaffectedmo】PcbvthedischargepoTtsizcLhanbvqP qF
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2.2Effectso『concretemiXproportion
onLhebasiso『theabovcrcsultsonLIlceffectso「funnclshape,afunneltesLusingsLainleSSsteelfuumclswithaslopeofU5andadischargeportofsize7.5
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cmwasstudiedsinceitpormitseasyandquzmtitativemeasurementswitiloutcloggingforawiderangeofconcrctemixes・Inaddition,thecapacityoftho「unnelwasincreascdtolO1iterspLoreducemeasuremcnLerror(i=0.5,.=7.5cm,B=50cm,1.1=42.5cm,I=15cm).WcrefertoasLhc“V-「unuuoItcst”.ThepZ・oportioningracLorsthatmightconccivablyaf「ectLhcavc2・ageeffluxvcIocityasmoasurcdinV-「unneltesLsareLhequaliLyandquanLityofmortarandcoarseaggregatqThemixpropol-tionso『theconcrcLcsuscdinLhcsetcstsaregiveilinAppendix3.
RegardingthoconcreLeswitIlconstamLmoZ・tarqualityandvaryingcoarscaggregatcconLentspasG/Glimincroascd,thesIumpf1owdecrcasedandthccIfluxvelocitythroughtheV-funneldccrcasedasshowninFi9.12.ThismaybebccausetheiIlcreasei「IC/GlimledLoaIowermorLarcontent,resultiJ】ginreducedslumpflowandincrcascdinterferenccamongcom-scaggrEgateparLiclesinthefuImeL
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Figl2RclaLionbeLweencoarseaggI-egatccontentandcffluxvelocityosIumpflow
MeanwhileDinthccaseofconcreteswiLhfixedcoarseaggregateandmoX-tarcontentsaJuddiiTc1・cntdosageso「thesuperplastjci脇er,theslumpflowsprcadincreasedasthcdosagoofLhcagentincU・case。,assI1owninFig,13.ILwasobsewed,however,thatthevelocitythroughtheV‐「unmcIpeakedaLacertaindosageofthcsupcrplasticizcI..ForthcconcTetesuscdiluthisLest,whex-oasaslumpflowofupLo40to60cmgivesanincreaseinthcc「fluxvelociい,、aslumpflowgrcaterthanspreadover60cmmaylcadtoexcessivcde「ormabi1ityofthemo】・ta】.,andthusinterferenccductocontactamongcoarscaggregatepal・IjcIcsmaybccomcprevalenLI℃sultingil1rcducedeffluxvelocity.
Ther・DsuILsofbothtcsLsareplotLedi、Fig.14witIltheslump『IowonthchorizontalaxisandthDo「fluxvelocityontheverticalaxis,ThisconfirmsthatconcreteswIloscslumpflowisadjustedto60cmorgrcateZ・bychangingG/Glimhavcgoodself-compacLability・whilethoscwithaslumpflowadjustedLo65cmorgreaterbychangingLIledosagcofsuperplasticizeエーhavepoorsel「‐compacLabiliLy、This「igureclearIydemonstratcsthatthisdi『化roncecanbcewLluatedfl・omLIleeflluxvelocityinthcfunnclLesI.
Figurel5showsthaLwhenLbeslumpflowisadjusLedtoaconstantvaluco『60±3cmbycI1angingLIledosageo「LhcsupeI-plasticizer,Thcc「「luxvelocitvincreasesasLhewater‐powderratioincroasesinthcrangeofthewater‐powderェ・atiobyvolumeof80to120%、ThisbehEwiorbecomesmorDobviousasthecoax-seagg1・egatecorltcntdocreases、SuchgrcatcIlangcsinvelocityrelativotochangesinwatel・powderZ-aLioareduetothefacttllatthceffluxvcIociLyofaconcrctewitI1aIowercoarscaggI・egatcconlcntismorescnsitivetot}lcpropurtieso「t}lemortar・ontheother
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Iland,thceffluxvelocityo「concreteswiLhallighcoarscaggregatecontentexhibitonlylimiLedincreasosasLIl0water‐powdcrratioincJ-eascs、becausetheeffectsofinterfcrcnccamongcoarseaggregaLepaZ・LiclesalSoincTeasc、
ThusthecITluxvclocitythI・CughaV-funncIincreascswhenLhecoarScaggregatecontentislowan。/orthedoformationraLoofthemorta[・ishigh、AnexcessiveIyhigllderormationrateleadsLogreaterintorfercnceamongcoarseaggrcgaLcparticles,andcanreducctheeffluxvclocity,Conscquentlyconcエ・otcwitharolativelyhighvclocitycanbccomsiderodashavinggoodabilityLopassLhroughsmallspaces・ConcreteswiLhthesamoslumpf1owcaIuhavedifferenLvc]ociticsthrougllaV-funneLdcpcndingouuLhemixpropoIrti●n.IznsucI1cascs,not・nIvLheplFoporticsofmorLal・ヴ
butalsothcdegreeofinterferenceamorugcoarseaggregatepaK・ticlcscanbecvaluaLedbymeasuringthoefT1uxvelocity,ThiscanbeconsideredancffecMvemethodofovaluatin苔LhcscIf-compacLabilityoffreshconcl・ctc.
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Fig.14RclaMonbctwcGnslumpfl・wandofnuxvelocity
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Fig.16Shapeandsizco「V‐typcfunncl
2.3PropoSallbrV-「unncItcStinR
OnthebasisofLbeabovecxaminatio、,Lhcauthorsproposcatestusingt11eV‐funnelshowninFig,16asamcLhodofevaluaMngaconcエーetcかsabilitytopassthroughsmallspacCs・Foramon・eaccurateevaluKltionofsclf‐compactabilityDthcfunnclsslopeanddiscIlargGportsizcshouldbccIlangeddepcndingonthcportiontobc
6℃
plnccd、HowGvcroastandaedslopcanddischargcportsiEeworeostablishcdas0.5and7.5cm,x-especLively,inconsidcrationofeaseofquantitativcmcasurementandapplicabiliLytoawidevarietyo『concreLeswiLhoutblocking;thesevaluesaresuitablcforthcgeneralevaluaLiono「self‐compactabilib,、ThocvaluationorLesLvalucswascarried・utontheaverageofthreeconsecuLivetcsLsonsamplesfromtheSamebaLchofconcrete.
3.EVAUj(IIOVCFSm正-OCA肥ACI1ABlUTYBYFmn、iELrITNm;I
1,.エ・dertoverifythevalidityofsolf‐compacLabiliLyevaIuntions「romtheslump『lowandeffluxvelocitymeasu1-odmfunncltesting,thcSe]「‐Compactabilityofconcretcshouldbeconfirmedbysomeothcrmcans,ForLhisエ・oason,passagetestsLhrouglll】arallclbarsand『illiXlgtcsOsincongestedformworkwc2℃conductBdalongwiththcV‐fLmnelteSt.
He[・ethcslumpflowspreadauldtIleofnuxvelocitynondimensionalizcdrespectivelybyaslumpf1owspreadof60cmandanef「luxvclociLyo『5sccondsowereused・Thcrelativeflowarea,Af,arldrelativecffluxvelocityoR,arcexpressedasfollows;
Af=(SF/60)21whereSFisslumpflowvaIueofconcretuundc【・evaluation(c、)R=5/V,whcreViselT1uxve1ociLyo「concretcundeZ・evaluaLion(scconds).
3.1ReIationshipbetwcenV‐funncItostandpassagetestth【・ouRhbars
IfaconcreLepsabilitytopassLI1X-ougl】spacescanbeevaluatedfromtheeffluxvclocityinV‐funneltesting,itisnccessarytocon『irmLllecol・respondingspacinginpassagotesLsthroughparalIclbaI.s,Concretewascha】・gedinthecontainershowninFi9.6uptoaheigI1Lof60cm,ItwasthenallowcdtofIowdownbyope】uingthcboLLomDandthccffluxtimowasmeasuI-ed、The1FcsultswiLhbarspacingsof81056pand41mmandaba】・diamcterOf19mmwerccomparedwiththoseoftheV‐funncltcsts.
Thescevaluationsweremadei『lLcrmso『relativespacing(socFig、17).RelativespacingoL,isexpressedastheproductofneLbarspacing,Lo,andratioofnetbarspacingtodistancebctweenbarccnters,Lo/(Lo÷。),thustakingjnLoaccountthecffoctsofbardiameter,ThercIativospacingso『thel9mmbarsatnetspacingsof81,56,and41mmare65、6,41.81and28.0mm,respectivcly.
Lo+。
Bar
鯵
Figl7Barsandbarspacing
L=Lo2/(Lo+①),wI1eI℃LisX・elativespacing,Loisnetbarspacinga価。ゆisbardiameter.
ThomaterialsusedandtheirphysicalpI・operLicsarcgivcninAppcndixl,TheestablisI1cdrangeswere:Vw/Vp=72.5to180%,G/Glim=50to60%,andS/slim=50
-67
to75%(l9mixproportions),allowingforcvaluationtestsonarelativeIywidcrangeofmixproportions,TostswercconducOedonantiwashoutunderwaterconcrctcaswelLTl1eslurnpflowofthctestedconcretosl-alugedfrom38.5to71.5cm、ThemixpropoI・tionso『tl1econc2・cLcstcstedaregivcninAppendixイィ
TherelaLionshipsbetwecnrelaLiveeffluxvolocib・inV-「unno]testsandef『luxvelocityintI1cpassagetcststlUroughpaZ-alIclbarsareshowninFig」8.Thisfigu】Fercvcalsthatthec「「IuxvelociWinthcpassagetcstincreasesastIlcrelativeeffIuxvolocityintIlcV‐「unncltcstincZ-easesfo2.aⅡrelativespacings;65.6,41.8,【und28.0mm・WitlurelaLivespacingsof65、6mmand28.OmmotluelrelationshipsbctwcGncffluxvolocitiesinLI】etwobothtcstshKwcacerLainsprcadandca[lJlotbeexpressedasonc‐to‐onercl【lLionships,OntIlootherhaIld,therelativeef『IuxvelociLyinthcV‐『unneltcstamdthepassagcLosthasaonc‐to‐oncrelationshipcxprossiblebvasinglylinewhoUlIllcrelativespacingis4L8mm,ThissuggcststhaLtlleV‐funnoItestquamitaLivclveraluaLesaconcrete,sabiIitytopassthrougharelativespacingofapproximatclv40mminLhepassagetesLltalsoimplics,however,thaLcorIcrGtesofLhosame6ffluxvelocityinaV-funnclcanshowdiffc2・entclT1uxvelocitjeSthI-oughparallolbarswitI1spaCingSotherthanLhis.
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Fig.18RclaLionbetween[・elaLivocffluxvelociい,inV-funnoltcstsandcffluxvelocityintI1epassageLeststh1℃ughparallolbars
3.2VCri「icaLionbv D1acinR LcsLsinconEcstcd「ormwork
TheevaluaIionofconcrctcb>・theV-funneltcsIswasverifiedbyplacementintcsLformworkcongesLedwith[CinfoZ-cingbars・Thistestevaluatestheabilityofconcretetopassthl-oughohcnarrowspacesboLwcenbarsveI・ticalIyandhorizontalIyandto『lowlatcrallyatthosameLime・ThusitI℃presentssomewlmUn]oreconjosLedconditionstllanfoundinagcI1cralstructuro・
PVCpipcsl8mmindiametorarearrangedinthotesLequipmental32mmcentersasshowniXuFig・aConcreLeisplacedinLIlecquipmenLusingacup-shaped3‐liLerconLaineI・atarateofapproximateIv0.5]itors/sec、,andthoflowofconcrctcduringplacingandthestatcofconcretea[・oundthebarsafterplacemenQisobserve。.Tho32mmspacingandl8mmbardiameteⅡ.corrospondtoarelaMvespacingof20.5mm,
Theflowa2ld「illingoftIlcconcretcisrccol-dcdonvidooLape,Thcsclf‐compacLabilityo「eachconcI℃LeisratedasoneoftlDreolcvcls,A,B,01.C・accordingtothevisualovidonce,ConcrctcSwiththeIowostIevelofself.
-6召
compatibiltyarcratedC.“AMisforLhehighestlevclofsel「‐compactabilitv,ThiSX・aLingismadoaccordingtothocriteriagivenbGlow,TypicalflowpatLerfisfo2・cachIevelareshowninFig、19
A:Couuc【・eLef1owssequentialIywiLhLl1eprcssurebemgconvoyodLoLIleentirccoJuc2-eに.AIlcormersare『ilcd.
B:CoJIcretepartiallyflowsovcI・thosurfaceofLheprccedingbaLch、buLthegradiento「tIle「lowissmall、LiLtlc『TCC『aIlasshowninFig,20isobservedatroinfOrcingba1.s.Concrete「i]1SaImostcvcrywherewithoutvoids,butsmallvoidsupLoapp1℃ximaLely5cⅡImaybeproseJlL
C:ConcL・oLoflowsoverthcsurlaccofLheljrecedingpornoIu,FreufallofconcreteE1ssI1owninFig.20isobscI・vod、ConcI・eteneaエ・Iy「ilIsthcformbutvoidsofappl・oximately20cm3arcobScrvc(LespeciallyatthetopofthC『low.
The‘l9caseso『concretemixpZ-opol・tionsusedmcludedVw/Vp=75t・’20%ロC/G1im40Lo60%,andS/slim=55to7`1%・PI1hcmixproportionsarcgivcUuinAppendix5.
COncrcle
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Fig.19Levelofself-compactabilityi、Fig.20SiLuaMono「「rce「allofconcreLeLI1eLostn】roughconjestedreinforci2ugbars
PI、IlcI・olationshipsbetweenrelaLivoflowareaandrclativee「lluxwlocityareshowninFig,21,alongwiththeratingsofsol「‐compacLabilityincoIlgusLod『ormwo1.k.'rllis『igurerevealsthataIargcrelativeflowareaandhighrelaLiveeffluxvclocitygcnerallyleadtoahiglUratingofself‐compactability、whileasmallrolativc「lowareaandlowI℃lativecffluxvclocityleadtoalOWI・atingTheplotscanberoughlydividedixltothl・eezoncsaccoZ-dmgLoratinggroup・Self-compactabilib・cannotbecvaluntcdusingeiLher】・elativeflowaroaorrelativeef「luxvUlocityalone,Inazoneo「Lhcsameself‐compactabiliLy、thclargerLheslumpflowthelmAFerthec『fIuxvclocitytendstobe,andviccvcrsa、
Tho“A,,zoJ1calsoincludessomecoJlcrctesraLed“B''1sl】ggcsIiIlgthattherelative『lowarcaandrelaLivec『fluxvcIocityareinsomccascsnolsufficientforaccuratelyevaluatingseIf‐compnctabiliLyasreprescntcdby『illingtestsincongcstodformwork、Sincethol・elativespacingofPVCpiI〕osinthese「iIIingtestsisaslittleas20、5mm,LlleI)aSSflgco「concretethrougI1b(1J・so「suchasmallsp凸cingmayvarydcpeI1dmgonmixpI・OPO】・tion,eveniftllc1℃laliveeffluxvelocityisLll0sameintheV-runneltcsL
己
。
6p
WhenLhcmaximumsizeofcoarseaggregateis20mm,themaximumvaIueobtaiIlcdinslumpflowtosLingisarouIld70cm(relaLivcflowarea:1.36),andtheminimumeffluxtimciエuLheV-funmcltcstisaround3sec.(rclativeef「luxvelocity:1.67).Thee『fluxtimco「watcX・isaround0.2sec・ConcI・cteswiLhMgI1relaLiveCffluxvelocitiesimLhcV‐funncltcstincludethosowithlowself‐compacLabliLy、butconcreteswiLI1highself‐comI〕actabiliyhaverclaLivelylargcslumpflowandhigI1relaLivee「fluxveIociywithintherarlgeso「tI1climiLvaluos.
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Fig.21RelationbetweenrelatiTeflowaD・caandrelaLiwc「fIuxvelocity
Acomparisonismadei、Fig.22amongtherosultsoffillingtestsLhroughcongosLcdbarswiLhtI1I℃ctypeso『concTetowhoserelativeflowaroaarldreIaLivee『rIux
vclocitya2℃adjustedtobcsimilar,mthernnges1.19to1.30and086t00.98,respeCtivoly,lnLheScconcreLcs,thequalityalldunitcontcu1loffincandcoarscaggregaLosarefixed,whileLhetypeofpowdcr,water‐powderraLio.andsuperplasLicizerdosagearedi「ferenL,ThreeLypcso「powderwcrcused:normalporLlandccmcnL(NP),95:5mode】・ate-heaLporLlandcementamd]imostonepowdeI.(MS100),and30:30:40normalpoI・tIandcemenLgrOundgranulatedbIast-furnaceslag・and「lyash・AsshowninLhofigure,thcsclf‐compactabilityofLhcthreetypeswaspracticalIythesame,TIlisindicatesLhatthcsclf‐compacLabilityofconcrctcscontainingaggregatesoftIlcsamcqualityamdunitcontenLanddifTerentLypeso「powdera1・etIlesameifthosIump『lowspreadarldtheeffiuxwJlocitythroughKlV‐funnclarccqualizedbyadjustingLhevolumetricwaLer‐powderraLioandadmixLurcdosage,
TheI-csulLso「『illingLesLsthZ-oughcongesLcdbarsweI・ecompaTedregardimgconcreLeswitI1thesamerelativoflowaI℃輿andrclativceffIuxvelocity,buLwiLlldifferenLcoarseaggregaIeconLenLs-Aconcl・cLewithacoal-scaggregateconLent,G/Clim,o「50%showedbeLteI・self‐compactabilitythanonewithaG/Glimof55%,l-evealingUlMltLhesamercIaLive「lowareaandrelativeeffluxvoIocitycanlcadtodifferemsol『-compacLabilitics,Amedium-scaIc「lowcxpcrimont〔7]wasconducLodonthesetwoconcrctesasshowninFi9.2aAsseenf2-omtI1cfigure,the『Iowdistancesandflowgradicntsdi『fercd・TcsulLingindifferent『inal『illingst劇tcs
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duetoLIledifferenLself‐compacLabilities,AsinLhc『illingtestthroughcongestcdbars,theconcretewithaC/C1imof50%showcdbettGエ・solf・compactabiliLythaLwithaG/Glimof55%、Onthoothcrhand,theszlmeseM‐compactabilityaSintl1ecoJugcsted「ormworktesLwasobscrvedinthemiddle‐scalc「lowexperimentwhencomparingconcrctcscontainingaggregatcsofthesamequalityandcontcntsbuLwithdi「「ercrlttypcsofpowderandvolumctTicwater-powderratiostomaintainthesamerolativo「lowareapreIativec「「luxvelocity・aJudselI-compacLability
Consequently,itisconcludedthaLthcself‐compactabilityofconcl・eteinactualconsい・ucLionasevalu&tedbyLIlcmedium‐scaleflowexperimoI1Lcamberoughlycvaluatedbytl1efillingLestshowninFi9.3,andthatLIlecOax・soaggI℃gatocontentsh・onglyafTcctsthesell‐compactability・DifferentcoarseaggregaLecontentscantllcrcroI・c1eadtodiffcreMselr-compacLabilitiesDcvcnifthcX・clativeflowareaSaIld2・clativeelTluxvelociLiesaェ・cthesame.
IthasbecnshownthattestsusingaV‐funnelwithadiscIlargcport7,5x7-5cmallowsovaluaLiorlofabilitytopassth2℃ugIlspacesof40mmrclativcspacing、ItisdifficuIL,Ilowever・fortIleseLcsLstoevaluatepassageLIlroughsmallerspaces,paTLicula2-lywhenLhecoarseaggregaLoconLentisdiffeX・enL.’lqosolvcthisproblcm.aV‐funnoltestwiLhadifferentsizc。『openingmaybccoJuductcdalongwithanormalV‐funneltB=し
ReIatiVCIlOwarCa1、19-1.30
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Fig22SoI『‐compactabilityofconCretcwithdi「fercntLyPesofPowder
4・CONCLUSIOpiS
Fig.23situationofflowinamedium-scalcsel「‐compactabiliLyLosL
(1)ThcauIhorsproposea「uJuncItosLmethod(V‐funnelLest)inwhichconcreLeundergoesatwo-diensionalde『ormationasawaytocvaluateaco肛crete,sabilitytopasstI1roughnarrowspaces・TllesI1apeanddimensionsoftIlofuI】nclare:slopeisq5;lcngLhofonesideofthcdiscluargcportis7.5cIn;aJ1dconc1℃tecapacityislOlitcrs,This。evicepermitseasyfmdquantitativemeasuremcnto「awidcrangeo『concz・cteOyposwithoutbIocking,’1,heproposedmethodisfoI・Concrotewithamaximumcoarseaggmgatesizeof20mm.
刀一
(2)Thccffluxvelocityo「concreteimtllcV‐funncltcstisusedtocvaluaLGLIlc
abilitytopassLhroughspacesofarelaLivespacingofapproximately40mm・ThiscorrEspondstobarsl9mmindiameterwiLhanetspacingo『56mm、ConcrBtewithgoodselr‐compactabiIiLyhasahighcffluxvelociLythroughtheV‐funmcI.(3)Whenevaluatingthcdeformabilityofconcretebyslump「l・wanditsability[opassthroughnarrowspacesusingthecffluxvGlocitythI・oughaV-funncLitisfoundthatthescl「‐compactabilityofLheconcroLccanbcroughlyevaluaIedbybothltisdifficult,however,toaccuratelyevaluateusingLI1escmeLhodswI1ethertIleconcretewi]]adequatclyfilIcongestcdformworkwheTeL1ueD・elativcba2・spacingislessthan30mm,Self-compactabilityintightspacingconditionsmaybcevaluaL②dbyfunncltestsinwhichLhedischargeportsizeissuitablyselecLed.
[AcknowledgemcJIL1
'1,hisstudy『ormsapartofajointstudyuUudortakenbyPro「・lLOkamura'slaboratoryattheDcpaX・tmantorCivilEngineel・ing,Univo1・sityoITokyoamdthirLeemconstructioncompaniesaswcllasanadmixturemanu「acturcr.T]leauLhorsexpresstheirsinccI・cgX・atiLudetoProLM・Kunishima,AssociaLcPro「.K・Maek典wa,alldlDr・T・SllimomuraofLheUniversityofTokyofortheirhelpfuladvice、TIIeyaZ・ealsogl・atefulLoMr.K・ILO。「TakenakaCivilEnginceringandCollstructiorlCo・Ltd.,TWakamatsuo『ObayashiCoI・poration,andotherI・escaR・chcX・sfortheirsupport,ThoyalsoappreciatetheassisLanceofthcComentAssociationofJapaninprovidingcementandlimcstonepowdcrfortheexperimGnts.
RFm。JWT電
[1]Ozawa.K、,Maekawa,K、,amdOkamum.H、,High-perlbrmanceConcrcto-AKeyMaterialfox・EnhancingLhoReliabilityofCo11creteSLructures(inJapaneso),JournaloftheJapanSocietyofCivilEngmeersDApriLl989[2]Okamuu・a,H,,andOzawa,K,,ProspoctsandProblcmsofSelf-placoabIeConcI・etc(Comrnentary,inJapanesc),ConcreteJourIlal,V01.30.No.2,1992[3]Fujita.S・andcLal.,AnExperimcntalSLudyoJuLargeScalCS1urryWaIlConcretc(inJapanese),Proc.。『JSCENo.`135/1V‐laSeptomberl991[4]Ozawa,K、,Maekawa,I[.,Kunishima,M,andOkamura,IL,IIighPerformanceConcretcBasedontheDul-abilityDesignoiConcretcSぃ・uctuェ℃s,Proc,oftheSecondEastAsia-Paci「icConferenceonStructuZ・aIEngineeringamdConstruction,Chiang-Mai,Jan.1989
[5]Sakata,N、,Yurugi1M,Yamamoto,IlandFurusawn,Y、、PlaceabilityofHighlyFluidizcdConcreto(injapanese),PTCC.。「theJapanConcrotcIrlstitutcVo1.12.No.1.1990
〔6]Ozawa,K、,Maekawa,K、,Okamura.,H、,Developmento「High-PerfbrmanccCOncreに(inJapaneso).Proc・ofJCIVoL11‘No.1,1989[7]Itoh,K、,andOzawaK.,EvaluaLionoftheF1owabilityofLheHigh‐per『ormanceConcrCtcUsinぢaModelSimulatingActualstructures(inJapanese),PTCC,ofJCI2ndSymposiumonSuper‐flowablcConcrete,Mayl993[8]Shindoh,T、,Matsuoka,Y,,TangtcrmsirikuLSandSakamoto,』.,FundamenLalStudyonPz・opcrtiesofSupcrWorkab1eConcrete(inJapancse),Proc、ofJClVo1.13,N0.1.1991
[9】ChikamnLsu,R蔭,Miura,N、,Aoki,SandSogo,S,EvaluaLionofF1owabilityo「Self-placingConcI℃tebyO-funnelTosting(inJapanesc),Proc、ofJCISymposiumonConcreteProducLionSystems、1992
口
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