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A Behaviorist View of Learning Using instrumental Using instrumental conditioning conditioning

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Page 1: Fenn rodhesooylearningtheories

A Behaviorist View of Learning

Using instrumental conditioningUsing instrumental conditioning

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Presenters

• Dean Fenn• Melissa Rodhe• Jill Sooy

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Purpose of In-service

• Provide professional development in behaviorist views of learning

• Provide practical techniques for working with different situations

• Establish greater emphasis on behavioral objectives

• Ongoing sessions• To monitor implementation• Discuss practical ideas

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Reason for the change Our district believes behaviorist methods will Our district believes behaviorist methods will

lead to better managed classrooms and overall lead to better managed classrooms and overall improvements in the education of our studentsimprovements in the education of our students

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Instrumental Conditioning

“The major problems of the world today can be solved only if we improve our understanding of human behavior”

(Skinner, 1974)

Fenn, Rodhe, Sooy – Learning Theories - 2010

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Instrumental Conditioning The behaviorist view called instrumental The behaviorist view called instrumental

conditioning is based on a theory that humans conditioning is based on a theory that humans and animals behave in ways that provide and animals behave in ways that provide pleasant consequences or avoid unpleasant pleasant consequences or avoid unpleasant onesones..

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Edward Thorndike In 1898 Thorndike proposed a connection In 1898 Thorndike proposed a connection

between experience and the strengthening or between experience and the strengthening or weakening of behavioral responsesweakening of behavioral responses

Thorndike’s law of effect stated responses to a Thorndike’s law of effect stated responses to a situation that are followed by satisfaction are situation that are followed by satisfaction are strengthened and responses that are followed strengthened and responses that are followed by discomfort are weakenedby discomfort are weakened

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B.F. Skinner’s operant conditioning

Based on Thorndike’s findings, Skinner’s theory Based on Thorndike’s findings, Skinner’s theory showed that organisms choose to respond to showed that organisms choose to respond to situations in a way they believe will lead to a situations in a way they believe will lead to a desired stimulus or eventdesired stimulus or event

This desired stimulus or event is called a This desired stimulus or event is called a reinforcerreinforcer

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http://www.savagechickens.com/tag/behavioral-psychology

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Use of reinforcers Using reinforcement does work, however Using reinforcement does work, however

undesirable behaviors can be reinforced as wellundesirable behaviors can be reinforced as well Misbehaviors may get teachers or classmates Misbehaviors may get teachers or classmates

attention when productive behavior does notattention when productive behavior does not Teachers must be careful to not reinforce Teachers must be careful to not reinforce

behaviors they are trying to reducebehaviors they are trying to reduce

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Punishment Punishment has been shown to be effective in Punishment has been shown to be effective in

reducing inappropriate behaviorsreducing inappropriate behaviors Effective forms of punishment includeEffective forms of punishment include Verbal reprimandsVerbal reprimands RestitutionRestitution Restitutional overcorrectionRestitutional overcorrection

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PunishmentIneffective forms of punishment Ineffective forms of punishment Physical: Physical: Experts agree that physical punishment for school age Experts agree that physical punishment for school age

children can lead to undesirable behaviors and is illegal in almost children can lead to undesirable behaviors and is illegal in almost every caseevery case

Psychological:Psychological: This form of punishment can damage the self- This form of punishment can damage the self-esteem and emotional well being of a studentesteem and emotional well being of a student

Extra WorkExtra Work Missing recessMissing recess Out of school suspensionOut of school suspension

Have all been shown not to be effective in changing behaviorHave all been shown not to be effective in changing behavior

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Criticisms of reinforcement and punishment

Reinforcement is briberyReinforcement is bribery Reinforcement leads to dependence on concrete Reinforcement leads to dependence on concrete

rewardsrewards Punishment reduces self esteemPunishment reduces self esteem Reinforcing one student for being good Reinforcing one student for being good

encourages others to be badencourages others to be bad Eliminating a problem behavior does not Eliminating a problem behavior does not

eliminate underlying cause of behavioreliminate underlying cause of behavior

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Thinking about classroom behaviors, would you like

your classroom to look like

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Or like this

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Examples of Using Reinforcement to

Desirable Behaviors

• Setting up desired behaviors up front• Shaping complex behaviors• Learners gain more by changing behavior• Explicit response-consequence

contingencies• Reinforcers that are truly reinforcing

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Strategies For Undesirable Behaviors

• Noncontingent reinforcement• Reinforcing other incompatible behaviors • Appropriate forms of punishment

• Inform learners ahead of time what behaviors will be punished• Describe unacceptable behaviors in concrete terms• Explain why the behavior is unacceptable• Administer punishment right after behavior• Be consistent!• Teach and reinforce more appropriate behaviors

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What’s in it for you?• Because most behavior is learned according to the

principles of instrumental conditioning, learning theory can help teachers figure out how to change behavior.

• If behavior can be learned, it can be unlearned as long

as the right steps are taken and the right reinforcements or punishments are given.

• Student learning will increase due to more attention on task and less on behavior issues.

• More productive and peaceful environment for all

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Conclusion• Try working these ideas into your

classrooms and throughout the school• Further sessions for follow-up and more

discussion

“A failure is not always a mistake, it may simply be

the best one can do under the circumstances.

The real mistake is to stop trying.

(B.F. Skinner)