8/13/2019 Feminisation of Agriculture, Out-migration and New Gender Roles - F. Sugden

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Njd`b`sat`gb gn alr`mucturj, gut-

d`lrat`gb abh bjw ljbhjr rgcjs5 ab`dpjrat`vj tg mkablj mgbvjbt`gbac

jblaljdjbts w`tk wgdjb watjr

usjrs

Nrasjr ]ulhjb@\D@ Bjpac

Vjsjarmk tjad5 Nrasjr ]ulhjb, Ncgr`abj Mcjdjbt, B`o` Dasojy, Ab`cYk`c`p, `hya Vadjsk, Askgo Va`, Baryab Yrasah ]ak, Padab ]arhar,

Laejbhra ]ak, Cac`ta ]ak

Xkj v`jws jxprjssjh `b tk`s papjr arj tkj v`jws gn tkj autkgrs abh hg bgt bjmjssar`cy rjncjmt tkj v`jws gr pgc`m`js gn tkj As`ab

Hjvjcgpdjbt Fabo (AHF), gr `ts Fgarh gn Lgvjrbgrs, gr tkj lgvjrbdjbts tkjy rjprjsjbt. AHF hgjs bgt luarabtjj tkj ammuramy gn tkj

hata `bmcuhjh `b tk`s papjr abh ammjpts bg rjspgbs`f`c`ty ngr aby mgbsjqujbmj gn tkj`r usj. Xkj mgubtr`js c`stjh `b tk`s papjr hg bgt`dpcy aby v`jw gb AHF's part as tg sgvjrj`lbty gr `bhjpjbhjbt status gr bjmjssar`cy mgbngrd tg AHF's tjrd`bgcgly.

8/13/2019 Feminisation of Agriculture, Out-migration and New Gender Roles - F. Sugden

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@btrghumt`gb Ygc`t`mac-jmgbgd`m abh mc`datj `bhumjh alrar`ab strjss `s

maus`bl `bmrjasj vucbjraf`c`ty ngr mgddub`t`js amrgss tkjJastjrb Labljt`m pca`bs

Xk`s `s hr`v`bl dacj gut-d`lrat`gb abh a trabsnjr gn bjwalr`mucturac cafgur rjspgbs`f`c`t`js tg njdacjs

Xkjrj arj bjw pattjrbs gn vucbjraf`c`ty abh bjw

ahaptat`gb bjjhs ngr wgdjb wkg arj cjnt fjk`bh Ygc`m`js kgwjvjr, kavj bgt maulkt up w`tk tkj sgm`g-

jmgbgd`m rjac`t`js, abh wgdjbs cjahjrsk`p rgcj `b watjrdabaljdjbt rjda`bs c`d`tjh.

Xkj `dpjrat`vj ngr wgdjbs cjahjrsk`p `s bgt eust aljbhjr jdpgwjrdjbt `ssuj. Xkj camo gn wgdjbscjahjrsk`p at fgtk kgusjkgch abh mgddub`ty cjvjc `bJastjrb Labljt`m pca`bs `s kav`bl a bjlat`vj `dpamt gbalr`mucturac prghumt`v`ty, mc`datj mkablj ahaptat`gb, abhtkj c`vjc`kgghs gn tkgsj wkg arj cjnt fjk`bh.

8/13/2019 Feminisation of Agriculture, Out-migration and New Gender Roles - F. Sugden

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Oatkdabhu

X`fjtab utgbgdgusVjl`gb

Bjpac

]urvjy s`tjs

Harfkabla

Dahkufab`

D@XK@CABMKAC

F`kar

F`ratbalar

Eabaopur

NGVDJV NGVJ]X FJCX

8/13/2019 Feminisation of Agriculture, Out-migration and New Gender Roles - F. Sugden

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]gm`ac mgbtjxt

D`tk`cabmkac5 carlj mucturac rjl`gb `b Bgrtk

F`kar (@bh`a) abh tkj Xjra`-Dahkjsk (Bjpac).

Xjbabts abh darl`bac nardjrs mgbst`tutj ;:%

gn alrar`ab strumturj

Hjjpcy jbtrjbmkjh ljbhjr abh mastj

k`jrarmk`js

8/13/2019 Feminisation of Agriculture, Out-migration and New Gender Roles - F. Sugden

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Ahkratahk`, Dahkufab`

8/13/2019 Feminisation of Agriculture, Out-migration and New Gender Roles - F. Sugden

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]`tpur, Dgrabl

8/13/2019 Feminisation of Agriculture, Out-migration and New Gender Roles - F. Sugden

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1. Mc`datj mkablj

]`lb`n`mabt mkabljs gfsjrvjh `b mc`datjpattjrbs gvjr cast twg hjmahjs

Dgrj ubprjh`mtaf`c ty

Lrjatjr mk`cc`bl hur`bl w`btjr Jxtjbhjh hry spjccs, part`mucarcy nurtkjr wjst

Dgrj jxtrjdj prjm`p`tat`gb jvjbts

Hry sjasgb alr`mucturj fjmgd`bl `bmrjas`blcy

r`soy.

8/13/2019 Feminisation of Agriculture, Out-migration and New Gender Roles - F. Sugden

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6. Frgahjr pattjrb gn alrar`ab strjss

Zbjquac tjrds gn trahj ngr alr`mucturj, hr`v`bl uppr`mj gn `bputs, part`mucarcy `b Bjpac.

Nujc abh njrt`c`sjr pr`mj r`sjs

C`d`tjh sufs`h`js ngr nardjrs `b Bjpac

V`s`bl mgst gn c`v`bl C`bojh `b part tg r`s`bl nujc pr`mjs

@bmrjasjh dgbjt`sat`gb gn tkj jmgbgdy, r`s`blhjdabh ngr mask.

Ygc`t`mac `bstaf`c`ty, statj wjaobjss

C`d`tjh `bvjstdjbt `b ojy `bnrastrumturac wgros,`bmcuh`bl pgwjr ljbjrat`gb

Vadpabt cgmac cjvjc mgrrupt`gb

8/13/2019 Feminisation of Agriculture, Out-migration and New Gender Roles - F. Sugden

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=. Alr`mucturac ahaptat`gb vs d`lrat`gb

Gb nard ahaptat`gb (tufj wjccs, cafgur sav`bl

tjmkbgcgl`js) Kgwjvjr, ahaptat`gb `s bgt smacj bjutrac. J.l. Cjss

tkab >% gn darl`bac/tjbabt nardjrs gwb pudpssjts gr wjccs

H`vjrs`n`mat`gb gn c`vjc`kgghs tkrgulk d`lrabtcafgur pr`dary rjspgbsj ngr darl`bac/tjbabtdaregr`ty.

]`lb`n`mabt r`sj `b gut-d`lrat`gb gb a sjasgbac abhcgbl tjrd.

D`lrat`gb amrgss acc wjactk lrgupsfut darl`bacmuct`vatgrs arj dgrj hjpjbhjbtupgb tk`s `bmgdj

K`lk waljh vjrsus cgw waljh d`lrabts

8/13/2019 Feminisation of Agriculture, Out-migration and New Gender Roles - F. Sugden

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8. Njd`b`sat`gb gn alr`mucturj

\gdjb arj pcay`bl ab `bmrjasjh rgcj `b

alr`mucturj ngccgw`bl dacj gutd`lrat`gb ]`lb`n`mabt r`sj `b wgdjb kjahjh kgusjkgchs

Bjw tasos sumk as dabal`bl `rr`lat`gb abh gbnard tjmkbgcgly abh darojt`bl arj fjmgd`bl

part gn tkj njdacj hgda`b Alr`mucturj rjda`bs mrum`ac ngr nad`cy djdfjrs

cjnt fjk`bh, part`mucarcy ngr tkj pggrjstmuct`vatgrs. D`lrabt rjd`ttabmjs mab bgt suppgrt wkgcj nad`cy. :9->

8/13/2019 Feminisation of Agriculture, Out-migration and New Gender Roles - F. Sugden

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:. Mkabl`bl rgcjs abh wgdjbs

cjahjrsk`p `b `rr`lat`gb dabaljdjbt

Cjahjrsk`p gvjr watjr rjsgurmj accgmat`gb `b tkjpast was dacj hgda`b Ammjss`bl tufj wjcc `rr`lat`gb

Dabal`bl mgddubac `rr`lat`gb rjsgurmjs

Kgwjvjr, w`tk njwjr dacjs `b tkj mgddub`ty,jbtrjbmkjh ljbhjr `hjgcgl`js, abh c`d`tjh ammjsstg rjsgurmjs, wgdjb kavj bgt fjjb afcj tg jas`cytaoj up ngrdjrcy dacj rgcjs

Xgg dumk ngmus fy pramt`t`gbjrs gb trah`t`gbacnjdacj hgda`b sumk as sab`tat`gb , kgusjkgchwatjr usj abh d`mrg-`rr`lat`gb ngr o`tmkjblarhjbs

\gdjb bgw jblaljh `b mgrj prghumt`vj amt`v`t`js

8/13/2019 Feminisation of Agriculture, Out-migration and New Gender Roles - F. Sugden

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>. @dpjrat`vj ngr `dprgvjh wgdjbs

cjahjrsk`p `b `rr`lat`gb dabaljdjbt

Cgss gn rjlucar `bmgdj djabs kgusjkgchs w`tk dacjd`lrabts sunnjr lrjatjr vucbjraf`c`ty tg mc`dat`m strjssjs sumkas hrgulkts gr catj dgbsggbs

Ammjss`bl `rr`lat`gb `s tkus mr`t`mac ngr wgdjb cjnt fjk`bh

Annjmts pggrjst muct`vatgrs wkg acrjahy namj mgbs`hjrafcj

mgbstra`bts ammjss`bl tufj wjccs abh gtkjr tjmkbgcgl`js >>% tg ;=% gn wgdjb kjahjh kgusjkgchs nrgd darl`bac/tjbabt

nardjr mcass

Carljr cabh gwbjrs jdpcgy cafgurjrs tg mgdpjbsatj ngr cgss gndacj cafgur, kavj ammjss tg k`lkjr rjd`ttabmjs tg mgpj w`tkskgmos

Kgwjvjr, wgdjb nrgd darl`bac/tjbabt nardjr kgusjkgchskavj c`d`tjh mgbtrgc gvjr watjr rjsgurmjs Xkjy hg bgt kavj ammjss tg sgm`ac gr n`babm`ac map`tac bjmjssary ngr

`bvjstdjbt `b lrgubhwatjr

Xkjy pcay c`d`tjh rgcj `b dabal`bl mabacs, abh tkus namjh`nn`muct`js ammjss`bl watjr wkjb bjjhjh

8/13/2019 Feminisation of Agriculture, Out-migration and New Gender Roles - F. Sugden

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8/13/2019 Feminisation of Agriculture, Out-migration and New Gender Roles - F. Sugden

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a) @dprgvj wgdjbs ammjss tg map`tac

abh cabh ngr `bvjstdjbt `b lrgubhwatjr Xufj wjcc `bstaccat`gb prglraddjs bjjh tg fj ta`cgrjh tg

sgm`g-jmgbgd`m pgs`t`gb5 Mapam`ty ngr njdacjs `b wgdjb kjahjh kgusjkgchs tg ahapt

tkrgulk `bvjstdjbt `b lrgubh watjr `rr`lat`gb `s hjpjbhjbt upgbgbjs pgs`t`gb `b alrar`ab strumturj abh d`lrabt k`jrarmky.

@dprgvj ammjss tg mgccatjrac nrjj n`babmj Jvjb ngr fjttjr gnn d`lrabt kgusjkgchs, wgdjb hg bgt bjmjssar`cy

kavj ammjss tg rjd`ttabmjs. D`mrgn`babmj cgabs gn a s`zj tg accgw`bvjstdjbt `b `rr`lat`gb `bvar`afcy rjqu`rj k`lk cjvjcs gn mgccatjrac.Njw wgdjb kavj cabh `b tkj`r badj ngr tk`s purpgsj.

Vjngrd f`asjh assudpt`gbs `b furjaumramy Assudpt`gb gn cabh gwb`bl, dacj-cjh nard`bl ub`t

Xufj wjcc `bstaccat`gb smkjdjs f`asjh ala`bst wgdjb. Vjqu`rjscabh gwbjrsk`p gr m`t`zjbsk`p mjrt`n`matjs wk`mk wgdjb gntjbhgbt kavj

8/13/2019 Feminisation of Agriculture, Out-migration and New Gender Roles - F. Sugden

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f. Jbmguralj djab`blnuc part`m`pat`gb gn

wgdjb `b mgddubac `rr`lat`gb

prglraddjs @rr`lat`gb mabac dabaljdjbt cgbl tkj dacj hgda`b,

daby nacc`bl `btg h`srjpa`r huj tg d`lrat`gb.

\gdjb mab bgt jas`cy ammjss watjr wkjb bjjhjh as

tkjy pcay c`d`tjh rgcj `b wkat `s cjnt gn dabaljdjbtmgdd`ttjjs

C`d`tjh jnnjmt`vj jnngrts ngr djab`blnuc wgdjbspart`m`pat`gb as`hj nrgd tgojb`st`m qugtas j.l. ==%ngr \ZLs `b Bjpac

\gdjb bjjh tg kavj ojy cjahjrsk`p rgcjs. Qugta skguch fj aheustjh tg jbmgdpass dabaljdjbt

rgcjs nrgd mjbtrac tg v`ccalj cjvjc

Xarljtjh tra`b`blj.l. n`babm`ac c`tjramy, dabaljdjbt

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m. Mgccjmt`vj abh mggpjrat`vj n`sk`bl

abh nard`bl Mgccjmt`vj dabaljdjbt gn cabh abh watjr rjsgurmjs

w`tk sjmurj prgpjrty r`lkts

]aok` ngubhat`gb `b F`kar summjssnuccy mrjatjh wgdjbrub n`sk`bl mgccjmt`vjs `b Dahkufab` h`str`mt

Vjsjrvjh n`sk`bl r`lkts ngr wgdjb rub mggpjrat`vj tg kacntkj v`ccalj pgbhs.

Mgdf`bjh w`tk n`skjr`js tra`b`bl abh ljbhjrjdpgwjrdjbt amt`v`t`js

Acc mgsts abh prgn`ts skarjh jquaccy

Mgccjmt`vj alr`mucturj `b Mggmk Fjkar Budjrgus mggpjrat`vj nards c`bojh tg ]KLs wkjrjfy

wgdjb muct`vatj tkj cabh mgccjmt`vjcy gb a sjasgb fysjasgb fas`s, skar`bl mgsts gn `rr`lat`gb abh prgn`ts

Nam`c`tatjs skar`bl gn r`so ngr wgdjb nardjrs, wk`cj kjcps

gvjrmgdj smacj mgbstra`bts

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Mgbmcus`gbs

Njd`b`zat`gb `s trabsngrd`bl wgdjbs rgcj `balr`mucturac watjr dabaljdjbt, yjt pgc`m`js abhpramt`t`gbjrs rjspgbsjs kavj fjjb scgw tgrjspgbh.

Jnnjmt`vj njdacj rgcj `b watjr dabaljdjbt `sjssjbt`ac ngr wgdjbs c`vjc`kgghs `b tkj JastjrbLabljt`m Yca`bs

Ygc`my rjspgbsj dust dgvj fjygbh tgojb`s`tm`bmcus`gb, abh wgro tgwarhs l`v`bl wgdjb ammjsstg map`tac abh cabh, nam`c`tat`bl djab`blnucpart`m`pat`gb `b tkj watjr furjaumramy abh`hjbt`ny`bl bjw dghjcs gn mgccjmt`vj dabaljdjbt

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Xkacaka, Dgrabl

Xkabo ygu