females and feminism reclaim the mainstream: new superheroines in marvel comics

7/25/2019 Females and Feminism Reclaim the Mainstream: New Superheroines in Marvel Comics

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DFMC@F\ CIE DFMBIB\M QFL@CBM UGF MCBI\UQFCM>

IFZ \V[FQGFQOBIF\ BI MCQTF@ LOMBL\

Ay

\crc Mcrbf Hfri

C Ugfsbs \uambttfe bi [crtbc` Du`db``mfit

od tgf Qfqubrfmfits dor tgf Efjrff od

Mcstfr od Crts bi Fij`bsg

Mbee`f Ufiifssff \tctf Vibvfrsbty

Eflfmafr 1;36

Ugfsbs Lommbttff>

Er. Mcrtgc Gbxoi, Lgcbr

Er. Ecvbe @cvfry


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bb

B efeblctf tgbs rfsfcrlg to rfc`-`bdf supfrgfrobifs `bhf my jrfct-jrciemotgfr,

wgo rbshfe gfr rfputctboi to feulctf womfi caout tgfbr aoebfs.


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bbb

CLHIOZ@FEJFMFIU\

B owf ci bmmfisf efat to my dcmb`y dor supportbij mf bi tgf pursubt od tgbs

efjrff, wgblg ct tbmfs sffmfe uiclgbfvca`f. Ugfbr uiwcvfrbij fmotboic` support cie

wb``bijifss to sclrbdblf dor my afifdbt wcs ct tbmfs ovfrwgf`mbij, cie tgfbr jfifrosbty

tru`y mcef tgbs erfcm possba`f. B cm `bhfwbsf biefatfe to Er. Mcrtgc Gbxoi cie Er.

Ecvbe @cvfry, wgo filourcjfe mf to pusg dorwcre cdtfr c yfcr-òij duròujg8 Er.

Gbxois loisbstfit fitgusbcsm dor my topblcie tgfi my sfloie topblsustcbife mf

wgfi tgf worh wcs ecuitbij. Dbic``y B wouè `bhf to tgcih tgf otgfr loitrbautors wbtgout

wgom tgbs rfsfcrlg wouè iot fxbst> tgf lrfctbvf tfcms dor Ugor,Ms. Mcrvf`cie \torm8

tgf `barcrbcis ct tgf Ncmfs F. Zc`hfr, VL Afrhf`fy, cie Afrhf`fy [ua`bl `barcrbfs8 cie

Ecvbe [fmafrtoi, wgo aroujgt mf aclh to Mcrvf`, cie gf`pfe to hffp mf scif.

Iotf> tgf bmcjfs rfproeulfe bi tgbs tgfsbs cppfcr uiefr tgf Dcbr Vsf cjrffmfit, cie c``

lopyrbjgts rfmcbi wbtg EL, Mcrvf` Lombls, cie Cvctcr [rfss. B owf spflbc` tgcihs to

tgfsf pua`blctbois dor tgfbr loopfrctboi.


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bv

CA\UQCLU

Qfprfsfitctbois od dfmc`fs bi vbsuc` mfebc loitbiuf to af proa`fmctbl. Cs mfebc

stuebfs bilrfcsbij`y rfvfc`s tgf bidùfilf od vbsuc` rfprfsfitctboi upoi our bitfric`bzfe

befoòjbfs, tgf sbjibdblcilf od posbtbvf dfmc`f rfprfsfitctboi oi`y bilrfcsfs. Ugbs bs

fspflbc``y truf dor mcbistrfcm supfrgfro lombls, wgblg gcvf affi odtfi lrbtblbzfe dor

rfprfsfitbij dfmc`fs cs gfcvb`y sfxuc`bzfe cie pcssbvf lgcrcltfrs, cie wgblg c`so wbfè

jrfct solbc` bidùfilf ay tgfbr loiifltboi to Go``ywooe lbifmc. \bilf clcefmbl

slgo`crsgbp od supfrgfro lombls rcrf`y cic`yzfs tgf bilrfcsbij`y posbtbvf rfprfsfitctbois

od dfmc`fs, tgbs stuey loitrbautfs to tgct worh ay lòsf`y fxcmbibij tgrff lombl sfrbfs

dfcturbij dfmc`f protcjoibsts cie rf`fcsfe ay Mcrvf` aftwffi 1;35 cie 1;36. Tbfwfe bi

rf`ctboi to tgf portrcyc` od gfrobifs gbstorblc``y, tgfsf lombls crf efloistrultfe usbij

tflgibqufs aorrowfe drom tfxtuc` cic`ysbs, jfirf stuebfs, db`m, dfmbibst, cie lombl

tgfory. Lòsf stuey od Ugor, Ms. Mcrvf` cie \tormrfvfc`s tgf uiefrcpprflbctfe

bitfitboic`bty wbtg wgblg Mcrvf` gcs rfdormfe tgfbr gfrobifs bito cltbvf blois lcpca`f od

rfvoùtboibzbij tgf jfirf.


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v

UCA@F OD LOIUFIU\

@B\U OD DBJVQF\ vb

BIUQOEVLUBOI 3

[CQU OIF> UGFOQR CIE LOIUFWU 2

LGC[UFQ OIF> Qfprfsfitctbois od Zomfi bi Tbsuc` Mfebc 3;

LGC[UFQ UZO> Qfprfsfitctbois od Dfmc`fs bi Lombls 17

LGC[UFQ UGQFF> Lombls \tuebfs cie Jfirf Cic`ysbs 63

[CQU UZO> CIC@R\B\ 46

LGC[UFQ DOVQ> Ugor, Joeefss od Uguiefr 44

LGC[UFQ DBTF> Ugf Ifw Ms. Mcrvf` 7:

LGC[UFQ \BW> \torm 3;2

LOIL@V\BOI 356

ZOQH\ LBUFE 36;

C[[FIEBLF\ 344

C[[FIEBW C> Dbjurfs 34:


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vb

@B\U OD DBJVQF\

Dbjurf 1.3> Zoiefr Zomci

C``-\tcr Lombls #7. EL Lombls, 3253.

34:

Dbjurf 1.1> Zoiefr Zomci bi \gorts.

\fisctboi Lombls, Zoiefr Zomci #3. EL Lombls, 3251.34:

Dbjurf 1. Jooe Jbr` Crt.

Achfr, L`crfilf.[gcitom @cey #3:. Dox Dfcturf \yieblctf, 325:.34:

Dbjurf 1.5> A`ffz, Arohfaclh posbtboi

Afifs, Fe.Qfe @citfris #6. EL Lombls, 1;31.

34:

Dbjurf 1.6> \tcrdbrf.

Qolcdort, Hfiiftg.Qfe Gooe cie tgf Out`cws #3. EL Lombls, 1;33.

347

Dbjurf 1.4> Ace Jbr` Crt> @cey Efctg.

Mcrtbi, Mctt.@cey Efctg> Efce Qbsbij #3. Cvctcr [rfss, 1;;5.

347

Dbjurf 1.:> W-Mfi [oo` [crty.

@ff, Nbm.W-Mfi #3. Mcrvf` Lombls, 3223.

347

Dbjurf 1.7> [syòlhf (Arbtbsg).

\b`vfstrb, Mcrl. Vilciiy W-Mfi #1 Mcrvf` Lombls, 3277.342

Dbjurf 1.2> [syòlhf (Csbci).

@ff, Nbm.Mcrvf` B`ùstrctfe> \wbmsubt Bssuf #3. Mcrvf` Lombls, 3221.342

Dbjurf 1.3;> \tcrdbrf Bibtbctbij.

Qolcdort, Hfiiftg.Qfe Gooe cie tgf Out`cws #3. EL Lombls, 1;33.

342


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vbb

Dbjurf 1.33> \tcrdbrf [osbij

Qolcdort, Hfiiftg.Qfe Gooe cie tgf Out`cws #3. EL Lombls, 1;33.3:;

Dbjurf 1.31 Lctwomcis [crts.

Mcrlg, Jub``fm. Lctwomci #3. EL Lombls, 1;33.3:;

Dbjurf 1.3 Lctwomci bi [crt.

Mcrlg, Jub``fm. Lctwomci #3. EL Lombls, 1;33.

3:3

Dbjurf 1.35> Actmci cie Lctwomci.

Mcrlg, Jub``fm. Lctwomci #3. EL Lombls, 1;33.

3:3

Dbjurf 1.36> \tcr \cppgbrf cie Jrffi @citfri, lovfr bmcjf.

Jbaaois, Ecvf. Jrffi @citfri #37> Mystfry od tgf \tcr \cppgbrf.

EL Lombls, 1;;:.

3:3

Dbjurf 5.3> Lovfr to Ugor #3.

Ecutfrmci, Qussf``. Ugor #3.Ifw Rorh> Mcrvf` Lombls, 1;35.

3:1

Dbjurf 5.1> [cjf drom Ugor #1.

Ecutfrmci, Qussf``. Ugor #1.Ifw Rorh> Mcrvf` Lombls, 1;36.

3:1

Dbjurf 5. \prfce drom Ugor #:.

Ecutfrmci, Qussf``. Ugor #:.Ifw Rorh> Mcrvf` Lombls, 1;36.

3:1


Ecutfrmci, Qussf``. Ugor #6.Ifw Rorh> Mcrvf` Lombls, 1;36.3:1

Dbjurf 5.6> Ubtcibc drom tgf lovfr od Ugf Ifw Dcitcstbl Dour.

Uurifr, Mblgcf`. Ugf Ifw Dcitcstbl Dour To`umf Oif #652. Mcrvf`

Lombls, 1;;:.

3:


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vbbb

Dbjurf 5.4> Hf`ec.

Lobpf`, O`bvbfr. Ugor To` < #4.Ifw Rorh, Mcrvf` Lombls, 1;;7.3: [cjf drom Ugor #7.

Ecutfrmci, Qussf``. Ugor #7.Ifw Rorh> Mcrvf` Lombls, 1;36.3:5

Dbjurf 5>7> Cijf`c.

[blgf``b, \crc. Jucrebcis od tgf Jc`cxy To` < #:.Ifw Rorh> Mcrvf`

Lombls, 1;3 A`clh Zbeow.

Cluc, Ecibf`.A`clh Zbeow #3. Ifw Rorh> Mcrvf` Lombls, 1;3;.3:5

Dbjurf 5.3;> Hcrib``c.

Oddblbc` Gcieaooh od tgf Mcrvf` Vibvfrsf #5. Ifw Rorh> Mcrvf`

Lombls, 1;;2.

3:6


Ecutfrmci, Qussf``. Ugor #7.Ifw Rorh> Mcrvf`

Lombls, 1;36.

3:6

Dbjurf 6.3> Lcro` Ecivfrs BloiblMs. Mcrvf`Lostumf.

Lolhrum, Ecvf.Ms. Mcrvf` To`umf Oif #1;. Mcrvf` Lombls, 32:7.

3:6

Dbjurf 6.1> Lcro` Ecivfrs Orbjbic`Ms. Mcrvf`Lostumf.

Qombtc, Nogi. \r.Ms. Mcrvf` #3. Mcrvf` Lombls, 32::.3:6

Dbjurf 6. Hcmc`c, Bloibl Ms. Mcrvf`.

C`pgoic, Cerbci.Ms. Mcrvf` #3.Ifw Rorh> Mcrvf` Lombls, 1;35.

3:4


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bx

Dbjurf 6.5> Hcmc`c cs Ms. Mcrvf`

C`pgoic, Cerbci.Ms. Mcrvf` #3.Ifw Rorh> Mcrvf` Lombls, 1;35. 3:4

Dbjurf 6.6> Lcro` Ecivfrs Oanfltbdbfe

Ef `c Uorrf, Qoafrto.Ms. Mcrvf` To` 3.Ifw Rorh> Mcrvf` Lombls, 1;;4.3:4

Dbjurf 6.4> Hcmc`c, lcrtooibsg.


3:4

Dbjurf 6.:> Hcmc`c cs Ms. Mcrvf`, squcttbij.


3::

Dbjurf 6.7> Lcro` cs Ms. Mcrvf`, squcttbij.

Ef `c Uorrf, Qoafrto.Ms. Mcrvf` #6.Ifw Rorh> Mcrvf` Lombls, 1;;4.

3::

Dbjurf 6.2> Lovfr odMs. Mcrvf` #3.


3::

Dbjurf 6.3;> Ugf Ifw Ms. Mcrvf` (Hcmc`c Hgci) bi lostumf.


3::

Dbjurf 6.33> Hcmc`c bi \gc`wcr.

Mbyczcwc, Uchfsgb.Ms. Mcrvf` #35.Ifw Rorh> Mcrvf` Lombls, 1;36.3:7

Dbjurf 4.3> \torm lostumf, dbrst pcjfs od \torm #3.

Bacfz, Tbltor. \torm #3.Ifw Rorh> Mcrvf` Lombls, 1;35.

3:7

Dbjurf 4.1> \torm ichfe

Ayrif, Nogi. Vilciiy W-Mfi #3;2.Ifw Rorh> Mcrvf` Lombls, 32:7.3:7

Dbjurf 4. \torms lostumf lgcijf

\mbtg, [cu`. Vilciiy W-Mfi #3:


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xb

Dbjurf 4.36> \torm bi tgrff p`clfs.

Bacfz, Tbltor. \torm #33.Ifw Rorh> Mcrvf` Lombls, 1;36.37 \torm lomdorts Hfinb, \torm #3;.

Acrrboiufvo, C`. \torm #3;.Ifw Rorh> Mcrvf` Lombls, 1;35.375

Dbjurf 4.3:> \torm stfc`s c hbss.

Bacfz, Tbltor. \torm #1.Ifw Rorh> Mcrvf` Lombls, 1;35.

375


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1

erbvfi cs mulg ay dcieom cs bt bs ay lrfctors cie febtors, wrotf Zb`soi oi gfr wfasbtf

somftbmf cdtfr tgfIfw Rorhfrpua`bsgfe @fporfs crtbl`f. Clross tgf bieustry, wf gcvf

affi systfmctblc``y ui-drbejbij . . . dfmc`f lgcrcltfrs wgo mcy gcvf jottfi sgort sgrbdt bi

tgf pcst, `oohbij ct tgfbr aclhstorbfs, cie ebslovfrbij, cs c lommuibty, wgct gcs affi `fdt

uiscbe. Cie biC-Dorlf, wfvf put tgfm c`` tojftgfrdor tgf dbrst tbmf (Zb`soi, Er.

@fporf's @cmfit).

@bhf tgf loilfpt od drbejbij,3Zb`sois rfdutctboi bs jrouiefe bi gfr

hiow`fejf od lombl gbstory. Zgb`f @fporf lc``s tgfbr lostumfs pfrvy, Zb`soi fxp`cbis

tgct tgfsf spflbdbl btfrctbois od our gfrobifs lostumfs wfrf purposfdu``y lrcdtfe to

rfsfma`f tgosf od mc`f supfrgfrofs. Ugfy crf, dor tgf most pcrt, du``y lovfrfec

prodouie efpcrturf drom tgf tffiy abhbibs od tgf 7;s cie 2;s, wgb`f stb`` lojibzcit od

tgf dclt tgct tgfsf lgcrcltfrs crf supfrgfrofs, cie supfrgfrofsmc`f cie dfmc`f c`bhf

wfcr duihy lo`orfe `ctfx. Bi ceebtboi, Zb`soi iotfs tgf vbsuc` rfprfsfitctboi od tgfsf

gfrobifs bi gfrobl (rctgfr tgci sfxuc`bzfe) posfs. Uo ci bieustry wbtg c torrbe pcst, tgfsf

crf mcnor jcbis8 Ugfrf crf mciy womfi (cie p`fity morf mfi!) bi tgf lombls bieustry

cie bi lombls dcieom wgo gcvf doujgt gcre to jft us to tgbs pobitlostumfs tgct lovfr

tgf autt, aooh lovfrs wgfrf io oif bs sprfce-fcj`f, story`bifs tgct eoit bivo`vf womfi

afbij sfxuc``y arutc`bzfe bi orefr to provbef motbvctboi. Ugbs mcy iot sffm `bhf mulg to

somfoif outsbef tgf lombls-rfcebij lommuibty, wrbtfs Zb`soi, aut to tgosf od us wbtg

c vfstfe bitfrfst bi tgbs mfebumwgo eo iot cspbrf to wgctfvfr sf`d-loijrctu`ctory acr

od gbjg lu`turf Er. @fporf rfqubrfs us to `fcp ovfr bi orefr to af loisbefrfe rfc`

3Drbejbij wgblg stcies dor rfdrbjfrctbij bs ebslussfe bi morf eftcb` bi Lgcptfr

Ugrff.


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Dbiebij c Dfmc`f Toblf bi tgf Lombl Icrrctbvf. Ugbs bs pcrtblu`cr`y truf iow

tgct rflfit ectc sujjfsts tgct 5


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5

Ugbs prfsfit worh bs ebvbefe bi two pcrts. Bi [crt Oif B arbfd`y fxcmbif tgf mciy

voblfs wgblg bidorm tgf dfmbibst cic`ysbs od lombls stuebfs. Lgcptfr Oif dolusfs oi

oijobij proa`fms od dfmc`f oanfltbdblctboi bi Cmfrblci mfebc, wbtg c pcrtblu`cr dolus oi

fxprfssbois od `bijfrbij rclbc` prfnueblf towcres womfi od loòr. Ugbs bs ci fxcmbictboi

od tgf mcnor worhs od lrbtblbsm wgblg nustbdy tgbs stuey, pcrtblu`cr`y rfjcrebij tgf dfmc`f

suanflts rbsh dor bitfric`bzbij tgf mc`f jczf, bistbtutboic`bzfe rclbsm, or aotg. Lgcptfr

Uwo provbefs c arbfd aut tgoroujg gbstory od tgf oanfltbdblctboi od dfmc`fs bi lombls

spflbdblc``y, cs wf`` cs rfauttc`s to tgf most lommoi nustbdblctbois dor tgfsf outectfe

prcltblfs. Ugbs lgcptfr bs pcrtblu`cr`y iflfsscry to tgf `crjfr worh, cs bt provbefs tgf

spflbdbl loitfxt wgblg @fporf `clhfe> tgf òij gbstory od gypfrsfxuc`bzfe lombl

gfrobifs. Aotg lgcptfrs bidorm my cic`ysbs cs rfprfsfitctbois od gow mfebc gcs dcb`fe

womfi bi tgf pcst. Bi Lgcptfr Ugrff B eftcb` tgf pcrtblu`cr bebosyilrcsbfs od lombl aoohs

wgblg nustbdy tgfm dor slgo`cr`y stuey, cie c`so eftcb` my owi slgo`cr`y cpproclg. Ugbs

lgcptfr efiotfs iot oi`y tgf wcys bi wgblg lombl stuebfs crf biefatfe to otgfr mfebums,

sulg cs db`m, aut c`so fmpgcsbzfs tgf iffe dor c sfmbotbl cpproclg to tgf tfxt.

Bi [crt Uwo B cpp`y tgfsf loitfxts to rbjorous`y cic`yzf tgrff ebstbilt lombl

gfrobifs wgo afjci tgfbr owi soò tbt`fs `cst yfcr. C`` tgrff lombls efc` bitbmctf`y wbtg

tgf loilfpt od befitbty, wgblg B fxpòrf bi my cic`ysbs. Lgcptfr Dour fxcmbifs Ugor,c

soò sfrbfs caout tgf dbrst dfmc`f gfro bi lombls to iot oi`y wbfè tgf mytgbl Iorsf

Gcmmfr Mnoìbr, aut c`so to tchf tgf oè Iorsf joes icmf> Ugor. Ugroujgout tgf fbjgt-

bssuf story crl tgf mystfrbous mcshfe womci rfdusfs to rfvfc` gfr befitbty to Mnoìbrs

owifr, Ugor Oebisoi, tgf Iorsf joe od `fjfie, wgo ct dbrst rcjfs cjcbist gfr cueclbty.

Gf bibtbc``y lgc``fijfs gfr to dbjgt, aut fvfituc``y rfc`bzfs tgfy crf oi tgf scmf sbef, aotg


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6

bitfit oi protfltbij Mbejcre drom fvb` sorlfrfrs, drost jbcits, cie c mbsjubefe Oebi. Bi

ci bmportcit slfif bi Ugor #5, Ugor Oebisoi afqufctgs gbs dbrst icmf to gfr wb``bij`y,

mulg to tgf lgcjrbi od gbs dctgfr. Ugor tgfrfcdtfr bs tgf icmf od tgf mystfrbous aòief

womci, wgb`f Oebisoi rfdfrs to tgf iow-gcmmfr`fss Iorsf joe, wgo spfies mulg od

tgf rfst od tgf sfrbfs cttfmptbij to befitbdy tgf womci afgbie tgf mcsh. Oebisois dcmb`y

aflomfs ebvbefe ay tgf loitrovfrsy ovfr Ugor, wbtg Oebi oanfltbij bi c trcebtboic`,

pctrbcrlgc` dcsgboi, wgb`f gbs wbdf Drfync supports gfr sois eflbsboi wgo`f-gfcrtfe`y.

Ugoujg tgf ifw Ugors befitbty bs oi`y rfvfc`fe bi tgf vfry `cst bssuf od tgf story crl, tgf

joeefss od Uguiefr u`tbmctf`y provfs tgct gfr jfiefr gcs `btt`f fddflt oi wgftgfr or iot

sgf bs wortgy.

Lgcptfr Dbvf pùmas tgf cevfiturousMs. Mcrvf`to fùlbectf c`` od tgf posbtbvfs

bi tgbs rfprfsfitctboi od c youij, [chbstcib Cmfrblci Mus`bm supfrgfrobif. Vi`bhf Ugor,

Ms. Mcrvf`s cevfiturfs crf morf fpbsoebl, do`òwbij Hcmc`c Hgci cs gfr Bigumci

powfrs mcibdfst cie sgf nobis tgf rcihs od tgf vfry supfrgfrofs sgf gcs cembrfe drom

cdcr. Bi tgf dbrst lombl Hcmc`c efc`s wbtg tgf cwchfibij od gfr powfrs cie gow tgfy cee

c ifw, lomp`blctfe `cyfr to gfr c`rfcey mu`tb-dclftfe befitbty cs c [chbstcib Cmfrblci, cs

c Mus`bm, cie cs c moefri tffi jbr`. Ugfy crf cwchfife (cs bs lommoi wbtg Bigumci

supfrgfrofs) ay c Ufrrbjfi Mbst1, wgblg dòoes tgf lbty nust cdtfr Hcmc`c sifchs out to

1Ugf Ufrrbjfi Mbst, c jrffi, lgfmblc` lòue, bs c lommoi icrrctbvf too` bi Mcrvf`lombls, wgblg sfrvfs to trbjjfr tgf fxprfssboi od powfrsor Ufrrbjfifsbsbi c jroup

od lgcrcltfrs hiowi cs Bigumcis. Bt bs rf`fcsfe drom Ufrrbjfi Lrystc`s, c`tgoujg tgftbmbij cie rfcsoi dor fclg rf`fcsf vcrbfs drom story to story. Ugfsf Bigumcis, crf

sbmb`cr to mutcits, cs tgfy ebddfr drom rfju`cr gumcis ct c jfiftbl `fvf` cie gcvfvcrybij supfrgumci cab`btbfs, aut wgb`f mutcits crf c icturc``y ollurrbij fvoùtboi drom

gumcis, Bigumcis wfrf bmp`citfe wbtg eormcit jfifs ay c jroup od c`bfis lc``fe tgf


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4

cttfie gfr dbrst gbjg slgoo` pcrty. \bilf oif od gfr ifw powfrs bs tgf cab`bty to lgcijf gfr

cppfcrcilf, Hcmc`c ct dbrst bmbtctfs tgf dorm od tgf tc``, wgbtf, aòief Ms. Mcrvf`, wgo

bi 1;31 lgcijfe gfr icmf to Lcptcbi Mcrvf`. Ugoujg Hcmc`c u`tbmctf`y eflbefs to dbjgt

lrbmf òohbij `bhf gfrsf`d, Hcmc`c hffps Ms. Mcrvf`s moibhfr.

Hcmc`cs lrbmf-dbjgtbij bibtbc``y dolusfs oi dbiebij c jroup od ruicwcy tfficjfrs, wgo

turi out to af sclrbdblbij tgfmsf`vfs cs gumci acttfrbfs to duf` tgf lrfctbois od c mcibl,

gc`d-abre, gc`d-Afincmbi Drcih`bi lòif icmfe tgf Bivfitor. Ugbs arbijs gfr bito

loitclt wbtg otgfr supfrgfrofs, bilùebij tgf dcmous mutcit Zo`vfrbif cie tgf Bigumci

Suffi Mfeusc, wgo gf`p gfr `fcri to dbjgt cie provbef gfr wbtg c sbefhblh bi tgf dorm od

@olhncw, c jbcit, sfitbfit, tf`fportbij eoj. Dbic``y, Hcmc`c cttfmpts to ectf, spfiebij

tbmf wbtg c youij [chbstcib Mus`bm mci sgf hiows drom lgbègooe, oi`y to ebslovfr

tgct gf too gcs filouitfrfe c Ufrrbjfi jcs lòue cie gcs aflomf ci Bigumci. Gfr

bitfrcltbois wbtg gbm dorlf gfr to cssfrt gfrsf`d ovfr gbs vbo`filf cie mbsojyiy, durtgfr

loitrbautbij to tgf lombij-od-cjf story tgct bs tgf acsbs od tgbs sfrbfs.

@cst`y, Lgcptfr \bx wb`` ebsluss tgf rflfit`y rf`fcsfe (cie uidortuictf`y io òijfr

oijobij) \torm. @bhf UgorcieMs. Mcrvf`,\torms story bs `crjf`y caout gfr befitbty8

\torm, or Ororo Muirof, bs tgf efslfiefit od c sfrbfs od Cdrblci [rbfstfssfs, aori bi Ifw

Rorh, rcbsfe bi Lcbro, cie `bvbij cs c joeefss bi Hfiyc wgfi sgf bs dbrst rflrubtfe ay tgf

W-Mfi tfcm. Zgfi \torm #3 opfis, Ororo gcs rflfit`y cllfptfe c posbtboi cs tgf

gfcembstrfss od tgf Nfci Jrcy \lgoo` dor Gbjgfr @fcribijtgf W-Mfi acsfcdtfr gfr

ebvorlf drom gfr gusacie (tgf A`clh [citgfr cie Hbij od Zchciec). \gf bs trybij to

Hrff (Bigumcis). Ugfrfdorf, fvfry ifw Bigumci bs rf`ctfe somfgow to ci Bigumci

lrfctfe ay tgf Hrff.


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dbjurf out gow to rfmcbi truf to gfr ifw befitbty cs c sbij`f womci cie cs c

supfrgfrobif, wgb`f c`so tchbij oi c ifw rfspoisbab`bty dor c slgoo` du`` od youij

mutcits. Cs bs l`fcr drom tgf tfxt, \torm dff`s c rfspoisbab`bty to rfmcbi c gumcibtcrbci

cie c dorlf dor jooe, cs sgf fvbefilfs bi tgf dbrst bssuf wgfrf sgf scvfs \cito Mcrlo

drom c tsuicmb cie tgfi efdfies bt drom c lorrupt mb`btbc.

Bi sfvfrc` od tgf suasfqufit bssufs sgf bs ca`f to loisbefr gfr befitbty bi rf`ctboi

to lgcrcltfrs drom gfr pcst8 bi tgf sfloie bssuf sgf trclhs c ruicwcy tfficjfr to tgf

suawcy, wgfrf sgf ebslovfrs tgct gfr o`e citcjoibst Lc``bsto bs cltuc``y lcrbij dor tgf

youtgs. Bi \torm #


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tgci vbo`filf, cie gf d`ffs wbtg tgf sujjfstboi tgct gf wb`` rfturi cmblca`y. Bi tgf `cst

dfw pcjfs od \torm #33, Ororo cppfcrs to dbic``y cllfpt tgct gfr befitbty bs ci cmc`jcm

od gfr efsbrf to efdfie gfr stuefits cs wf`` cs gfr vcùfs, cie tgct tgfsf cspflts crf iot

mutuc``y fxlùsbvf.

Ugfsf tgrff lombl gfrobifs fxfmp`bdy tgf typf od bieustry lgcijfs tgct Nb``

@fporf ifj`flts bi gfr rfvbfw. C`tgoujg mcbistrfcm lombls gcvf òij loitrbautfe to tgf

wfc`tg od oanfltbdblctboi od womfi bi mcbistrfcm mfebc, tgf dclt tgct oif od tgf top

lombl pua`bsgfrs bi tgf worè bs proeulbij ercstblc``y bmprovfe rfprfsfitctbois od

supfrgfrobifs bieblctfs tgf jfirf bs lgcijbij. Ay lòsf`y cic`yzbij tgf loitfit od tgrff

od Mcrvf`s most fddfltbvf rflfit tbt`fs, bt aflomfs oavbous tgf bitfitboic`bty wbtg wgblg

Mcrvf`s wrbtfrs, crtbsts, cie febtors gcvf lrfctfe tgfsf ifw icrrctbvfs, cie moef`s c ifw

stciecre tgct tgf bieustry wouè eo wf`` to pfrpftuctf.


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[CQU OIF> UGFOQR CIE LOIUFWU


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3;

LGC[UFQ OIF>

QF[QF\FIUCUBOI\ OD ZOMFI BI TB\VC@ MFEBC

Ugfrf crf c òt od ifjctbvf bmcjfs bi our mfebc toecy wgblg rfd`flt powfr

bifquc`bty bi our solbc` spgfrf morf aroce`y. Bi tgct tgf do`òwbij lgcptfrs crf loilfrife

wbtg posbtbvf rfprfsfitctbois od dfmc`fs bi mcbistrfcm lombls, bt bs prbmcrb`y tgf

trfctmfit od womfi bi Cmfrblci lu`turf tgct provbefs aclhjrouie to tgbs stuey. Gow

crf womfi rfprfsfitfe bi popu`cr lu`turf, cie wgct mbjgt tgct scy, bd ciytgbij, caout c

lu`turfs befcs caout jfiefr, dfmbibibty, cie sfx ro`fs ct c jbvfi pobit bi tbmf? cshs

Nfiibdfr \tu``fr, c loitrbautor to Mcttgfw \mbtg cie Qciey Euilcis Lrbtblc`

Cpproclgfs to Lombls(1 Cevfrtbsbijs Bmcjf od

Zomfi,pcrt od c`crjfr stuey spciibij dbvf eflcefs cie dolusfe oi portrcyc`s od womfi

bi mcbistrfcm mfebc. Bi bt, lrbtbl Nfci Hbàourif fxcmbifs tgf ifjctbvf fddflts od tgfsf

bmcjfs oi womfi cie oi Cmfrblci lu`turf. Hbàourifs worh fmpgcsbzfs gow tgf

stciecre od afcuty bi Cmfrblc bs rfprfsfitfe bi uiclgbfvca`fcie pgotosgoppfe

dorms, cie l`cbms tgct tgf rflurrbij rfprfsfitctboi od dfmc`f cs oanflts, odtfi `btfrc``y

mfrjfewbtg oanfltsmcy cllouit dor ci bilrfcsf bi sfxuc` vbo`filf (Goejsoi 6).

Dfmbibst popu`cr lu`turf slgo`cr Lcro`yi Lollc, wgosf worh bs bmportcit to my Lgcptfr

Uwo, pobits out tgct C iumafr od stuebfs gcvf douie lorrf`ctbois aftwffi fxposurf to

sfxuc``y oanfltbdybij mfebc cie gbjgfr sf`d-oanfltbdblctboi, aoey sgcmf cie survfb``cilf,


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cie fctbij ebsorefr symptoms, pcrtblu`cr`y cmoij youij womfi (511- cs frotbl oanflt dor tgf lgcrcltfrs wbtgbi tgf slrffi story, cie

cs frotbl oanflt dor tgf spfltctor wbtgbi tgf cuebtorbum bs troua`fsomf fioujg, lrbtbls

toecy gcvf turife tgf dolus oi tgf mc`f jczf to tgf fddflt od bts bistbtutboic`bzctboi

(Mu`vfy 6). Ictgci Mblzo, cutgor od [uilgbij Go`fs bi tgf \hy> Lcro` Ecivfrs cie tgf

[otfitbc` od \upfrgfrobibsm, loitfxtuc`bzfs gbs cic`ysbs od Mcrvf` lombls to tgbs solbc`

pfrpftuctboi od tgf mc`f jczf. Uo tgf fxtfit tgct Xwomfi] efsbrf cie/or crf dorlfe to af

pcrtblbpcits bi tgbs mcslu`bif lu`turf, wrbtfs Mblzo, dfmc`fs bitfric`bzf tgf oanfltbdbfe

pfrspfltbvf, sf`d-oanfltbdybij cie suasfqufit`y lombij to efvc`uf tgfbr owi suanfltbvf

fxpfrbfilfs bi dcvor od loidormbij to solbftc` stciecres od afcuty8 durtgfr, tgfy c`so turi

tgbs ceoptfe mc`f jczf upoi oif ciotgfr (3::). Ugbs typf od dfmc`f-oi-dfmc`f au``ybij

uiefrmbifs tgf u`tbmctf joc`s od dfmbibsm c`tojftgfr, cs Qory Eblhfr fxcmbifs biC

Gbstory od V.\. Dfmbibsms.


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24/178

3 Bs bt c posbtbvf lgcijf . . . tgf

cssfrtbvf `bafrctfe suanflt od tgf dfmbibst bmcjbicry? B eoit tgbih so. My rfcebij bs morf

pfssbmbstbl. Bi pcrtblu`cr, Jb`` pobits out tgct mfebc gcs afjui to fmpgcsbzf tgf sfxuc`

cutoiomy od bts womfi (wgo loitbiuf to af gypfrsfxuc`bzfe dor loisumptboi) tgfrfay

lrfctbij c ifw mfsscjf tgct womfi bi tgfsf cevfrts crf fieowfe wbtg cjfily so tgct

tgfy lci cltbvf`y lgoosf to oanfltbdy tgfmsf`vfs. Ugbs bs pcrtblu`cr`y worrbsomf, cs bt

efpblts tgf befo`ojblc` mfsscjf tgct womfi aflomf powfrdu` ay lgoosbij tgfbr owi

oanfltbdblctboi. Jb`` crjufs tgct toecy,

tgf oanfltbdybij mc`f jczf bs bitfric`bzfe to dorm c ifw ebslbp`bicry

rfjbmf. Ugbs rfprfsfitctboic` prcltblf oddfrs womfi tgf prombsf od powfr

ay aflombij ci oanflt od efsbrf. Bt fieows womfi wbtg tgf stctus od

cltbvf suanfltgooe so tgfy lci lgoosf to aflomf sfx oanflts aflcusf

tgbs subts tgfbr `bafrctfe bitfrfsts. . . . Bi tgbs wcy, sfxuc` oanfltbdblctboi

lci af prfsfitfe iot cs somftgbij eoif to womfi ay somf mfi, aut cs

tgf drff`y lgosfi wbsg od cltbvf, loidbefit, cssfrtbvf dfmc`f suanflts

(Jb``).

Bd tgf mc`f jczf wcs pfriblbous afdorf wgfi bt fddfltbvf`y filourcjfe womfi to

oanfltbdy fclg otgfr bi `bjgt od c gbfrcrlgy lrfctfe od mciudclturfe cie uiclgbfvca`f


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stciecres, bt bs fvfi morf troua`fsomf iow. Bt sffms to af ci cttfmpt to rfl`cbm

jrctubtous ebsp`cy cs c dorm od dfmc`f fmpowfrmfit, wrbtfs Mblgcf` Jooerum bi ci

crtbl`f oi supfrgfrobifs. C pcrc``f` lci af sffi bi pronflts od posbtboibij tgf [`cyaoy

auiiy cs c symao` od dfmc`f strfijtg cie biefpfiefilf (3; Cltboi Gfrobifs, Jfiefr,

Dftbsgbsm, cie [opu`cr Lu`turf, Nfddrfy Arowi fxcmbifs gfrobifs bi c vcrbfty od mfebc

dor tgfbr rfprfsfitctboi od aotg jfiefr ro`fs cie dfmbibif afcuty. My prbmcry loilfri

tgroujgout tgf fsscys bi tgbs aooh bs tgf cwhwcre ac`cilf aftwffi tgf gopf tgct cltboi

gfrobifs fmaoey rceblc` lu`turc` lgcijf bi cllfptca`f jfiefr ro`fs cie tgf dfcr tgct tgfy

gcvf oi`y so`bebdbfe tgf frotblbzctboi od dfmc`f lgcrcltfrs, gf fxp`cbis bi gbs

bitroeultboi (2). Mulg od Arowis worh dolusfs oi tgf cltboi gfrobifs a`urrbij od

jfiefr abicrbfs, crjuca`y oif od tgf most bmportcit pobits od loid`blt bi tgf sfloie wcvf

od dfmbibsm. Ugoujg \fxuc`bty (tojftgfr wbtg l`css cie rclf) bs befitbdbfe cs c abicry

opposbtboi (mci/womci, a`clh/wgbtf) wgblg rfjbstfrs ebddfrfilf aftwffi jroups od

pfop`febddfrfilfs wgblg crf mcibpu`ctfe solbc``y cie lu`turc``y bi wcys wgblg lcusf

oif jroup to eombictf or opprfss ciotgfr, dfmbibsts od tgf sfloie wcvf doujgt aclh

cjcbist ovfrsbmp`bdbfe efdbibtbois od dfmbibibty (\f`efi ft c` 3


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Afdorf Arowi ebslussfs biebvbeuc` cltboi gfrobifs, tgoujg, gf ebslussfs

trcebtbois od tgf jfirf morf jfifrc``y, c jfirf wgblg filompcssfs tgf dfmc`f

supfrgfrobif. Ugf dfmc`f cltboi gfrobif, cllorebij to Arowi,

bs biqubsbtbvf cie bitf``bjfit, pgysblc``y cie fmotboic``y stroij, cie bs

l`fcr`y portrcyfe cs c gfrobl befc` wbtg wgblg cuebfilf mfmafrs befitbdy.

Oi tgf otgfr gcie, tgf cltboi gfrobif pfrpftuctfs tgf befc` od dfmc`f

afcuty cie sfxuc`bty tgct gcs c`wcys affi tgf prbmcry lu`turc` vcùf od

womfi bi our solbfty. Zgftgfr portrcyfe bi `bvf-cltboi db`m cie tf`fvbsboi

ay supfrmoef`s cie lfitfrdoès, bi lcrtoois ay cibmf-bispbrfe wbef-fyfe

prftffi wcbds, or sty`bzfe po`yjois cie pbxf`s bi ebjbtc` jcmfs, cltboi

gfrobifs crf loivfitboic``y afcutbdu`, j`cmorous, cie sfxuc`bzfe. (:)

Arowi `ctfr c`bjis tgfsf cppcrfit`y loitrcstbij quc`btbfs wbtg tgf loilfpt od tgf

eombictrbx, aut c`wcys rfturis to tgf proa`fmctbl loistrultboi od c abicry trcisjrfssbij

womci wgo portrcys mcslu`bif lgcrcltfrbstbls bi gfr pgysblc` strfijtg, eftfrmbictboi,

cie cab`bty to worh còif, aut wgo bs c`so dftbsgbzfe vbsuc``y dor tgf loisumptboi od tgf

mc`f cie tgf befc`bzctboi od tgf dfmc`f. Bi jfifrc` tgfsf cltboi gfrobif d`blhs sffm

loitfit to pbi tgfbr gopfs dor sullfss oi tgf sfxuc` cttrcltbvfifss od tgf `fce lgcrcltfr,

mchbij tgfbr rfprfsfitctbois `clh suastcilf (Arowi 155). Io mcttfr gow stroij tgf

gfrobif bs, gfr efpbltboi bs c`most c`wcys gypfrsfxuc`bzfe, lrfctbij c loisbstfit cie

pfrvcsbvf cssolbctboi aftwffi jrctubtous ebsp`cy od d`fsg cie dfmc`f powfr. Jbvfi tgf

loisbstfily od tgf rfproeultboi, tgf gypfrsfxuc`bzctboi od gfrobifs rfd`flts tgf loitbiufe

bifquc`bty od womfi bi wfstfri lu`turf.


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Vidortuictf`y, sfxuc` oanfltbdblctboi bs nust oif cspflt od ifjctbvf solbc`

loistrults pfrpftuctfe ay tgf mfebc. Ciotgfr bmportcit loitfxt dor tgf stuey od dfmc`f

supfrgfrofs bi mcbistrfcm lombl lu`turf bs tgf mfebcs rfprfsfitctboi od mbiorbtbfs. Nust

cs Qclgf` Hbiifys rfsfcrlg bieblctfs tgf rf`ctbvf icbvfty od Cmfrblci lo``fjf stuefits

to tgf pfrpftuctboi od rclbc` stfrfotypfs bi Cmfrblc, mciy loisumfrs od mfebc crf

uicwcrf od tgf mfsscjfs tgfy bmabaf oi c ecb`y acsbs. Cie tgfy crf fvfrywgfrf8 af``

goohs lrbtblcÀ`clh @oohs> Qclf cie Qfprfsfitctboirfvoùtboibzfe tgf stuey od

mbiorbty dbjurfs bi tgf mfebc, efmcrlctbij cie proa`fmctbzbij tgf wcy tgct A`clhdbjurfs

crf rfprfsfitfe bi mcbistrfcm mfebc. Opfibij c mcjczbif or aooh, turibij oi tgf

tf`fvbsboi sft, wctlgbij c db`m, or òohbij ct pgotojrcpgs bi pua`bl spclfs, wf crf most

`bhf`y to sff bmcjfs od a`clh pfop`f tgct rfbidorlf cie rfbislrbaf wgbtf suprfmcly.

Ugosf bmcjfs mcy af loistrultfe ay wgbtf pfop`f wgo gcvf iot ebvfstfe od rclbsm, or ay

pfop`f od loòr/a`clh pfop`f wgo mcy sff tgf worè tgroujg tgf `fis od wgbtf

suprfmclybitfric`bzfe rclbsm (goohs 3). Mulg `bhf tgf lomp`blctfe befoòjblc`

afjfttbij od tgf mc`f jczf, stfrfotypblc` rfprfsfitctbois od mbiorbtbfs crf sbmb`cr`y

lu`pca`f dor fmafeebij rclbc` stfrfotypfs fvfi wbtgbi tgf mfmafrs od tgf rfprfsfitfe

mbiorbty jroups. Ugf effp`y befoòjblc` icturf od bmcjfry eftfrmbifs iot oi`y gow

otgfr pfop`f tgbih caout us aut gow wf tgbih caout oursf`vfs, goohs fxp`cbis (6).

Ugfrf crf lopbous fxcmp`fs od ifjctbvf rfprfsfitctbois od mbiorbtbfs bi moefri

mfebc. \o mciy, bi dclt, tgct Hbiify wrbtfs tgct uidortuictf`y dor tgf stctf od rclf bi tgf

Vibtfe \tctfs, tgfrf bs c ifvfr-fiebij strfcm od popu`cr lu`turf tgct proeulfs,

rfproeulfs, cie rfbdbfs rclbc` òjbls od tgf projrfssbvf bivfstmfit bi wgbtfifss (61).

Ugoujg spflbdbl rfprfsfitctbois od mbiorbty aoebfs bi mfebc crf usfdu` to loitfxtuc`bzf


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tgfbr rfprfsfitctboi wbtgbi lombls cs pcrt od c jrfctfr solbc` icrrctbvf, bt mchfs sfisf to

afjbi wbtg tgf most proa`fmctbl cspflt od mbiorbty rfprfsfitctboi cltbvf toecy> tgf dclt

tgct wgbtfifss bs loisbefrfe tgf uimcrhfe lctfjory (Hbiify 54-:).

Ugbs bs c pfrvcsbvf befoòjy uimbtbjctfe ay `cw or po`bly aut wgblg cddflts most

otgfr cspflts od ifjctbvf rfprfsfitctboi od mbiorbtbfs bi mfebc. Hbiify eofs ci fxlf``fit

noa od fxpòrbij tgbs pgfiomfioi bi Aut B Eoit \ff Qclf. Bi pcrtblu`cr sgf efiotfs

tgf wcy tgct tgf popu`cr iovf` Ugf Guijfr Jcmfsifvfr rclbc`bzfs fbtgfr tgf mcbi

lgcrcltfr, Hctibss Fvfreffi, ior tgf youij jbr` Quf, tgoujg aotg crf efslrbafe cs gcvbij

ecrh lomp`fxbois. Zgfi tgf aooh wcs cecptfe dor db`m cie lcst dor tgf slrffi, Hctibss

wcs portrcyfe ay c wgbtf cltrfss, wgb`f Quf wcs p`cyfe ay ci Cdrblci Cmfrblci cltrfss.

Bi gfr l`cssroom cie crtbl`f Hbiify prfsfits gfr stuefits wbtg movbfjofr rfspoisfs,

mciy od wgblg efiotf surprbsf tgct Quf wouè af Cdrblci Cmfrblci . . . aut ioif od

wgom qufstboi tgf dclt tgct Hctibss bs p`cyfe ay c wgbtf cltrfss. Zgy bs c wgbtf

cltrfss lcst to p`cy Hctibss? Gow eo wf hiow Hctibss bsit a`clh? Hbiify cshs (54-:).

Cs sgf jofs oi to cssfrt, Ugbs qufstboi gbjg`bjgts tgct bi tgf V\ lu`turc` bmcjbicry

wgbtfifss bs ci uimcrhfe lctfjory, aflcusf Bd wf tru`y `bvfe bi c worè wgfrf B

eoit sff rclf or wf crf c`` fquc` tgf scmf cmouit od fifrjy spfit fxp`blctbij Lo``bis

tfxt dor fvbefilf od Qufs a`clhifss wouè af spfit òohbij dor fvbefilf od Hctibsss

wgbtfifss (Hbiify 5:). Mciy Cmfrblcis, cs wf`` cs mciy od Hbiifys stuefits,

cssumf tgct ci uiefslrbafe lgcrcltfr bs wgbtf, fxposbij c l`fcr abcs wgblg pfrsbsts bisbef

our solbc` strctc. Goohs efmoistrctfe tgbs hbie od uifxcmbife abcs bi A`clh @oohs, aut

tgf prcltblf pfrsbsts to tgbs ecy.


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Ugbs binustblf bs pcrtblu`cr`y pfriblbous aflcusf mchbij wgbtfifss tgf

douiectboic` lctfjory mchfs fvfry otgfr rclf Otgfr. Fvfry otgfr mcnor fxcmp`f od

lrbtblbsm B lci befitbdy bi tgf mfebc stfms drom tgbs bifqubty. Od pcrtblu`cr wortg dor tgbs

stuey crf vbsuc` rfprfsfitctbois od mbiorbty womfi bi mfebc, cs tgfmfs od Otgfrifss

gcvf `fit tgfmsf`vfs to tgf pfrpftuctboi od gypfrsfxuc`bty cie fxotblbsm bi tgfbr

rfprfsfitctboi cs dcr aclh cs tgf ibiftffitg lfitury. Aotg goohs cie Nfiibdfr Icsg,

cutgor od Ugf A`clh Aoey bi Flstcsy, fxpòrf tgfsf vbsuc` rfprfsfitctbois, afjbiibij wbtg

tgf ebsp`cy od tgf bidcmous Gottfitot Tfius (Icsg 1:). \ccrtnb \crcg Accrtmci, or

tgf so-lc``fe Tfius, wcs ebsp`cyfe du``y ichfe dor wgbtf vbfwfrs bi c sty`f sbmb`cr to tgct

od fis`cvfe Cdrblci womfi . . . dor dbvf yfcrs. Zgfi sgf ebfe, tgf mutb`ctfe pcrts wfrf

stb`` suanflt to slrutbiy, mfcibij tgct gfr `crjf arfcsts cie auttolhs wfrf ebssfltfe bi

orefr to c`òw wgbtf vbfwfrs to loitbiuf to oanfltbdy tgf ichfe bmcjf od Otgfrifss

(goohs 41). Cllorebij to Icsg, tgbs wcs nust tgf afjbiibij od c loisbstfit wouiebij od

A`clh dfmc`f d`fsg (64).

Ugbs mftcpgorblc` wouiebij fxbsts c`so bi fcr`y opbibois od rclbc`bzfe

sfxuc`bty, wgblg fssfitbc``y rfeulfe tgfbr suanflts to `btt`f morf tgci wbè cibmc`s.

[ctrblbc Lo``bis sffs tgbs trcebtboi douiefe bi loòibzctboi od ifw, wbè, louitrbfs. Bi

A`clh \fxuc` [o`btbls> Cdrblci Cmfrblcis, Jfiefr, cie tgf Ifw Qclbsm, sgf fxp`cbis tgct

Viefr loòibc`bsm, Zfst Cdrblci pfop`fs proxbmbty to wbè cibmc`s, fspflbc``y cpfs,

rcbsfe bi Zfstfri bmcjbictbois tgf spfltfr od wbè sfxuc` prcltblfs bi ci uilbvb`bzfe,

bigfrfit`y vbo`fit wbèfrifss (31;). Bi gbs owi worh Arowi l`cbms tgct tgf cssolbctboi

od wbèifss fxtfies to ciy ioi-wgbtf lu`turf dor sbmb`cr rfcsois, l`cbmbij tgct tgf

mytgblc` Orbfit filompcssfs c`` ioi-Zfstfri lu`turfs, cie ay fxtfisboi c`` ioi-Zgbtf


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pfop`fs, ftgiblbtbfs cs ebvfrsf cs Cdrblci, Gbspcibl, Mbee`f-Fcstfri, Dcr-Fcstfri,

Mfebtfrrcifci, cie Csbci. Gf crjufs tgct tgbs `bijfrbij xfiopgoabc lrfctfs mfebc

rfprfsfitctbois tgct crf loilfbvfe prbmcrb`y cllorebij to stfrfotypfs. . . . Cmoij tgf

morf oavbous (cie odtfi loitrcebltory) stfrfotypfs crf uilbvb`bzfe, efvbous, rf`bjbous`y

duiecmfitc`, vbo`fit, bmmorc`, fxlfssbvf`y sfxuc` cie fxlfssbvf`y aoeb`y (Arowi 342).

\`cvfry bi tgf Vibtfe \tctfs c`so loitrbautfe to tgbs rfputctboi, cs tgf sfxuc` vuìfrcab`bty

cie vbo`ctboi od Cdrblci Cmfrblci womfi eurbij s`cvfry wcs cttrbautfe to tgfbr sfxuc`

bmmorc`bty (Drffemci,Io Uuribij Aclh7;).

Ugf tfiefily to cssolbctf mbiorbty womfi wbtg gypfrsfxuc`bty bs pcrtblu`cr`y

stroij bi Cmfrblci mfebc. C`tgoujg tgbs bs odtfi prfsfitfe cs c typf od lf`farctboi od

ftgibl ebvfrsbty cie cpprflbctboi . . . bi trutg bt ifvfr strcys dcr drom tgf rclbst cie sfxbst

orbjbis od tbmfwori stfrfotypfs, l`cbms Arowi, lbtbij Nfiibdfr @opfzs cie Afyoils

ftgibl aootbfs . . . @uly @bus cie Hf``y Gus Csbci eombictrbx Ercjoi @cey ro`fs, cie

fvfi tgf spflbc` febtboi sfrbfs od[`cyaoysbmp`y fitbt`feFxotbl Afcutbfs cs fvbefilf

(3:;-3). Ugoujg `cw cie po`bly gcvf rfdormfe to ebsc`òw tgf typf od ovfrt bifquc`bty

fxpfrbfilfe bi tgf efgumcibzbij clts eoif to \ccrtnb Accrtmci, solbc` stfrfotypfs wfrf

douiefe bi tgfsf fcr`y befoòjbfs cie gcvf iot yft affi f`bmbictfe drom our lu`turf.

Vidortuictf`y Ugf twbi yohfs od rclbc` Otgfrifss cie dftbsgbzfe dfmbibibty crf fssfitbc`

to ciy loisbefrctboi od ftgiblc``y befitbdbfe womfi bi popu`cr lu`turf (Arowi 3:4).

Cdrblci Cmfrblci womfi crf stb`` cssumfe toecy to gcvf bitrbisblc``y `crjfr aclhsbefs,

to tgf pobit tgct Cdrblci Cmfrblci lu`turf gcs bitfric`bzfe tgbs oè rclbsm bi tgf solbc`

loistrultboi od tgf befc` od A`clh afcuty.


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1;

Lo``bis pua`bsgfe ci bitubtbvf fxp`blctboi od dfmc`f rfprfsfitctboi bi A`clh rcp

lu`turf, wgblg gcs ceoptfe somf od tgf gbstorblc` dftbsgbzctboi od A`clh womfis aoebfs.

Oanfltbdybij A`clh aoebfs turis tgfm bito lcivcsfs tgct lci af bitfrlgcijfe dor c

vcrbfty od purposfs, sgf fxp`cbis (312).

Gbstorblc``y, tgbs oanfltbdblctboi gce c l`fcr rclbc` motbvf. Bi tgf post-lbvb`

rbjgts frc, gowfvfr, tgbs usf od A`clh womfis aoebfs c`so gcs c

ebstbiltbvf jfiefr suatfxt bi tgct Cdrblci Cmfrblci mfi wgo stcr bi musbl

vbefos loistrult c lfrtcbi vfrsboi od mcigooe cjcbist tgf aclherop od

oanfltbdbfe icmf`fss, qucsb ichfe A`clh womfi wgo popu`ctf tgfbr stcjf.

Ct tgf scmf tbmf, Cdrblci Cmfrblci womfi bi tgfsf scmf vbefos odtfi

oanfltbdy tgfbr owi aoebfs bi orefr to af cllfptfe wbtgbi tgbs A`clh mc`f-

loitro``fe uibvfrsf. (Lo``bis 312)

Fquc``y cddfltfe ay tgf bitfric`bzctboi od tgf mc`f jczf cs otgfr Cmfrblci womfi, tgf

gypfrsfxuc`bzctboi od A`clh womfi bi rcp lu`turf ffrb`y flgofs tgf dorfwcribij od

\onourifr Urutg wgfi sgf ceerfssfe tgf `clh od cttfitboi to mbiorbty womfis rbjgts bi

tgf bibtbc` pusg dor jfiefr fquc`bty> bd loòrfe mfi jft tgfbr rbjgts, cie iot loòrfe

womfi tgfbrs, you sff tgf loòrfe mfi wb`` af mcstfrs ovfr tgf womfi, cie bt wb`` af

nust cs ace cs bt wcs afdorf (qte bi Drffemci :2). C`tgoujg dfmbibsm gcs sbilf

fmarclfe tgf rfprfsfitctboi od c`` jroups wgo fxpfrbfilf bifquc`bty, Cdrblci Cmfrblci

womfi crf stb`` odtfi suanujctfe bi tgf bitfrfsts od Cdrblci Cmfrblci mfi.

H. \uf Nfwf``, cutgor odDrom Mcmmy to Mbss Cmfrblc cie Afyoie, stuebfs dour

oèfr stfrfotypfs dor Cdrblci Cmfrblci womfi bi mfebc, aotg gypfrsfxuc` cie iot> Ugf

Mcmmy, Ugf Cuit Nfmbmc, tgf \cppgbrf, cie tgf Nfzfaf`. Cllorebij to Nfwf`` tgf


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13

Mcmmy bs tgf most pfrvcsbvf od tgfsf bmcjfs, typblc``y cppfcrbij cs ci oafsf

Cdrblci Cmfrblci womci, od ecrh lomp`fxboi, wbtg fxtrfmf`y `crjf arfcsts cie

auttolhs, cie jfifrc``y aotg biefpfiefit cie suambssbvf, c `c s`cvfry (


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11

sfxuc`bty . . . Zgftgfr sgf dulhs mfi dor p`fcsurf, erujs, rfvfijf, or moify, tgf

sfxuc`bzfe abtlg loistbtutfs c moefri vfrsboi od tgf Nfzfaf`, rfpclhcjfe dor

loitfmporcry mcss mfebc (Lo``bis 31:-7). Cs Lo``bis rbjgt`y befitbdbfs, Ugf ebddblu`ty

`bfs bi tf``bij tgf ebddfrfilf aftwffi rfprfsfitctbois od A`clh womfi wgo crf sfxuc``y

`bafrctfe cie tgosf wgo crf sfxuc` oanflts, tgfbr aoebfs oi sc`f dor mc`f finoymfit

(314). Ugfsf Abtlgfs, `bhf tgf womfi bi rcp vbefos, cppfcr to rf-sfxuc`bzf tgfmsf`vfs

cs Jb`` sujjfsts> cs tgoujg bt bs c sourlf od powfr.

Vidortuictf`y, tgfsf stfrfotypfs drom wbtgbi cie wbtgout Cdrblci Cmfrblci

lu`turf somftbmfs lcusf womfi to c`tfr tgfmsf`vfs bi orefr to sullffe. Bmcjfs od

worhbij-l`css A`clh dfmbibibty tgct pbvot oi c A`clh womcis aoey po`btbls od

abtlgbifss, prombslubty, cie cauiecit dfrtb`bty c`so cddflt mbee`f-l`css Cdrblci Cmfrblci

womfi. Bi fssfilf, tgf loitro``bij bmcjfs cssolbctfe wbtg poor cie worhbij-l`css A`clh

womfi aflomf tfxts od wgct iot to af, scys Lo``bis (3


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1 Cmfrblci Zomfi oi Afbij Mus`bmbil`uefs lgcptfrs wrbttfi ay

[chbstcib, Cdrblci, cie @bayci Mus`bms, cmoij otgfrs. C`tgoujg wf gce affi aori cie

rcbsfe bi tgbs louitry cie hifw io otgfr p`clf to lc`` gomf, B cie otgfr Cmfrblci

Mus`bms lcmf to rfc`bzf dor tgf dbrst tbmf tgct wf wfrf iot pfrlfbvfe cs Cmfrblci bi tgf

fyfs od c `crjf swctg od tgf jfifrc` pua`bl, wrbtfs Farcgbmnb. . . . Ugfy scw my


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15

dorfbjiifss afdorf tgfy cllfptfe mf cs ci Cmfrblci (1 Actt`bij [frlfptbois od Mus`bm Zomfi bi Ugf 22,cutgor Fewbi

\gbrbi fxp`cbis tgct tfxts sulg cs tgf gcebtg (fxfmp`cry cltbois cie spfflgfs od tgf

[ropgft Mugcmmce), od qufstboica`f provficilf, cie tgfdbqg (Bs`cmbl nurbspruefilf),

gfcvb`y scturctfe wbtg pctrbcrlgc` befo`ojy, gcvf suavfrtfe womfis duiecmfitc`

Surciblrbjgts to fquc`bty cie nustblf, aut tgf Surci btsf`d, tgf lfitrc` Bs`cmbl tfxt, bs

du`` od fjc`btcrbci mfsscjfs (3:


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16

\usci Muceeb Ecrccn, c dfmbibst loitrbautor to Aftsy Qffes lo``fltboi fitbt`fe

Iotgbij \clrfe> Zomfi Qfspoie to Qf`bjbous Duiecmfitc`bsm cie Ufrror, jbvfs c du``fr

pblturf od Bs`cmbl dfmbibsm.

Ugfrf crf otgfr hfy bssufs, afsbef tgf mulg-gypfe bssuf od dfmc`f jfibtc`

mutb`ctboi, crouie wgblg Crca dfmbibsts toecy orjcibzf, bilùebij tgf bisurcilf

od dcbr ebvorlf `cws, propfr gfc`tg lcrf dor womfi, dcmb`y p`ciibij feulctboi,

cie otgfrs. Uwo od tgf most prombifit gcvf c`so rflfbvfe somf cttfitboi drom

Zfstfri dfmbibsts bi tgfbr qufsts to filompcss c`` womfis voblfs> c gbstorblc``y

cllurctf pblturf od Crca womfi, cie, od loursf, tgf vfb`. (Qffe 3:3)

Cs Muceeb-Ecrccn rbjgt`y sujjfsts, Mus`bm womfi, `bhf otgfr womfi, gcvf c mulg

morf lomp`blctfe bitfrsfltboi od loilfris tgci outsbefrs, fvfi wbtgbi dfmbibsm,

uiefrstcie. Qctgfr tgci mchf ci fddort to afttfr uiefrstcie Mus`bm Cmfrblci womfi,

Cmfrblci lu`turf gcs c tfiefily to vb``cbibzf, vbltbmbzf cie mcrjbic`bzf tgfm.

Vidortuictf`y, tgbs cssolbctboi od wgbtfifss wbtg biiolfilf cie Otgfr-ifss wbtg

ioi-biiolfilf cie efvbcilf, lomabife wbtg tgf xfiopgoabc fxprfssfe cdtfr 2/33 gcs

tojftgfr lrfctfe c lu`turf wgfrf mbiorbtbfs crf suat`y filourcjfe to òoh cie clt cs

wgbtf cs possba`f. Eblhfr ebslussfs c eolumfitcry oi tgbs vfry topbl, iotbij tgct C

Jbr` @bhf Mfrfprfsfits ci fddort to feulctf tgf pua`bl caout tgf cttbtuefs caout afcuty

gfè ay youij a`clh womfi. . . . C iumafr od womfi bi tgf db`m efslrbaf tgf a`fclgbij

lrfcms usfe ay ecrh womfi to `bjgtfi tgfbr shbi8 oif womci tc`hs caout c motgfr wgo

put a`fclgbij lrfcm oi gfr ecujgtfrs stcrtbij wgfi tgfy wfrf vfry youij. (Eblhfr 351)

Cs Eblhfr pobits out, tgfsf ercstbl cltbois wfrf tchfi bi gopfs od jrfctfr cllfptcilf

wbtgbi Zfstfri solbfty. Ecvbss db`m bs c loitfmporcry lgc``fijf to `bijfrbij rclbsm


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cie sfxbsm bi c lu`turf tgct stb`` pfrpftuctfs tgf befc tgct a`clh bs iot afcutbdu` (Eblhfr

351). Af`` goohs stuefits fxprfssfe sbmb`cr fxpfrbfilfs> tgfy gce trbfe to cttcbi

wgbtfifss, bd oi`y symao`blc``y. Ugfy jcvf jrcpgbl eftcb`s caout tgf wcys tgfy cttfmptfe

to cppfcr wgbtf ay tc`hbij c lfrtcbi wcy, wfcrbij lfrtcbi lòtgbij, fvfi lgoosbij

spflbdbl jroups od wgbtf drbfies (goohs 34). Mciy Cmfrblcis crf wgo``y uicwcrf od tgbs

pgfiomfioi, aut tgbs loilfpt od pcssbijsullfssdu``y prftfiebij to af iormc`bs ci

bmportcit cie wf``-eolumfitfe rfc`-`bdf fxpfrbfilf cmoij gomosfxuc`s cie `bjgt-

shbiife Cdrblci Cmfrblcis (Gousf` cie Zbsifwshb 7). Ugct tgf loilfpt od iormc`

sgouè prflùef ciytgbij fxlfpt wgbtfifss bs c rfvo`tbij cspflt od `bijfrbij rclbsm bi

Cmfrblc. Loisbefr cjcbi tgf cltboi gfrobif, cs stuebfe ay Arowi> sgf bs prfeombicit`y

rfprfsfitfe bi tgf mfebc cs ci befc` od dfmbibif afcuty tgct bs c`most fxlùsbvf`y Cryci

(Arowi 34). Bi ci fxtrfmf`y ebvfrsf louitry tgf rfc`bty tgct mbiorbtbfs crf poor`y

rfprfsfitfe bi mfebc bs rfpu`sbvf.

Oif od tgf most proa`fmctbl lgcrcltfrbstbls od Cmfrblci mfebc bs tgf `bmbtfe

qucitbty proeulfe wbtg mbiorbty cuebfilfs bi mbie. Bts c sgcmf gow a`clh pfop`f

loisbstfit`y gcvf to sftt`f dor `fss wgfi bt lomfs to quc`bty projrcmmbij, Qoxciif Jcy

wrbtfs bi tgf dbrst dfw pcjfs odAce Dfmbibst(5-6). Ugf mfebc rcrf`y efpblts icrrctbvfs

lfitrc``y dolusfe oi Cdrblci Cmfrblcis, tgoujg tgbs gcs bmprovfe ercstblc``y sbilf tgf

pua`blctboi od goohs worh, cie sbjibdblcit`y fvfi bi tgf `cst eflcef. Otgfr mbiorbtbfs,

sulg cs Mfxblci Cmfrblcis, Mus`bm Cmfrblcis or Ictbvf Cmfrblcis gcvf fvfi dfwfr

projrcms proeulfe dor tgfm, cie fvfi tgfi tgf mfebc loitbiufs to bilorporctf

stfrfotypblc` rfprfsfitctbois, tgoujg odtfi tgfy crf lrcdtfe ay Cdrblci Cmfrblci or

mbiorbty wrbtfrs. L`fcr`y tgf Cmfrblci mfebc iffes to lgcijf. Ugf sfxuc` oanfltbdblctboi


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od womfi bi tgf Cmfrblci mfebc bs pfrvcsbvf, cie tgf bidrfqufily od posbtbvf mbiorbty

dbjurfs bs rfprfgfisba`f. Zbtg fvfry ifjctbvf rfprfsfitctboi wf fidorlf tgf stctus quo,

filourcjbij tgf bitfric`bzctboi od tgf mc`f jczf cie od `bijfrbij rclbsm. Bi sulg c

actt`fdbf`e od rfprfsfitctboi, tgf bidrfqufily od posbtbvf dfmc`f cie mbiorbty

rfprfsfitctboi bi Cmfrblci mfebc bilrfcsfs tgf bmportcilf od fclg sullfssdu` worh.


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17

LGC[UFQ UZO>

QF[QF\FIUCUBOI\ OD DFMC@F\ BI LOMBL\

Lombl aoohs gcvf affi lu`pca`f bi tgf rfprfsfitctboi od gypfrsfxuc`bzfe cie

stfrfotypfe womfi od c`` ftgiblbtbfs dor c òij, òij tbmf. Cs J. Zb`òw Zb`soi pobits

out, gowfvfr, lurrfit rfprfsfitctbois od dfmc`fs bi lombls crf fxtrfmf`y posbtbvf bi `bjgt

od tgfbr gbstory, tgoujg tgfy gcvf durtgfr to jo. Bi orefr to cefquctf`y cssfss tgf

posbtbvbty od tgf rfprfsfitctbois od womfi bi Ugor, Ms. Mcrvf` cie \torm,bt bs bmportcit

to uiefrstcie somf od tgf most lommoi mbsstfps bi tgf rfprfsfitctboi od womfi bi

lombls.

\gffic, tgf Suffi od tgf Nuij`f, wcs tgf dbrst dfmc`f to gcvf gfr owi lombl

sfrbfs, proeulfe bi 32


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12

lrbtblbsm drom slgo`crs (Norjfisfi cie @flgci 142). Nfddrfy Arowi jofs so dcr cs to

sujjfst tgct Zoiefr Zomci, cs tgf dbrst bloibl supfrgfrobif, cltuc``y aorf rfspoisbab`bty

dor tgf pfrpftuctboi od sfxuc`bzfe gfrobifs fvfr cdtfr>

Od loursf tgf dclt tgct Zoiefr Zomci wcs b``ustrctfe cs fxlfptboic``y

cttrcltbvf cie l`ce bi dbrst c sgort shbrt Xsff Dbjurf 1.3], cie tgfi tbjgt

sgorts cie c austbfr Xsff Dbjurf 1.1], gf`pfe mchf gfr pc`ctca`f to tgf aoys

cie ZZBB sfrvblfmfi wgo loistbtutfe tgf au`h od tgf lombls rfcebij

mcrhft bi tgf 325;s. Ugf sfxuc``y lgcrjfe cie rfvfc`bij icturf od gfr

lostumf sft c stciecre dor c`` cltboi gfrobif lostumfs to do``ow. (Arowi

1


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Ugf aoebfs od womfi bi mcbistrfcm lombls tfie to af dftbsgbzfe, rflfbvf

morf dolus tgci tgfbr icrrctbvf, crf sgowi cs pcrts rctgfr tgci tgf cltbvf

wgo`f (b.f., pcif`s dolus oi l`fcvcjf or efrrbfrf rctgfr tgci c wgo`f aoey)

cie crf typblc``y ercwi bi pgysblc``y bmpossba`f posbtbois tgct mcicjf to

ebsp`cy aotg tgfbr arfcsts cie tgfbr rfcr fies. Ugfbr aoebfs crf twbstfe,

ebstortfe, cie fxcjjfrctfe. (1 Aoiecjf cie Dfmbibsm bi tgf [ftfr Mcrstoi

Lombls, 3253-32578 Ubm Gci`fys Zoiefr Zomci Viaouie> Ugf Lurbous Gbstory od tgfZor`es Most Dcmous Gfrobif, cie Nb`` @fporfs Ugf \flrft Gbstory od Zoiefr Zomci,

cmoij otgfrs.


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C`most fvfry

bssuf od mcbistrfcm supfrgfro lombls bi tgf scmp`f3


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Zgfi

Ovfr-sfxuc`bzctboi Hb``s tgf \tory, tcltdu``y efslrbafs tgbs crt cs lrfctfe to jft your

rolhs odd. Bi otgfr wores, lgffsflchf rfprfsfitctboi od supfrgfrobifs bs Bmcjfry tgct

prbzfs sfxuc`bzctboi caovf c`` f`sffspflbc``y wgfi tgct eofsit mchf sfisf dor tgf

story, cie bt lci pu`` you out od tgf momfit cie stop your rfcebij fxpfrbfilf efce.

Lombls bi tgf 322;s wfrf sueefi`y du`` od tgfsf rfprfsfitctbois, tgoujg tgfy vcrbfe bi

jrctubty. Cs \lott Auhctmci lommfitfe bi 3225,

Ugf spfltcl`f od tgf dfmc`f aoey bi tgfsf tbt`fs bs so bisbstfit, cie tgf

dfstbsgbsm od arfcsts, tgbjgs, cie gcbr so lomp`ftf . . . tgct tgf lombls

sffm to ecrf you to scy somftgbij caout tgfm tgct bsit nust rfeuiecit. Od

loursftgf dfmc`f dorm gcs casure`y fxcjjfrctfe sfxuc` lgcrcltfrbstbls8 od

loursftgf lostumfs crf shbmpbfr tgci oif louè (or sgouè) bmcjbif8 od

loursf tgfrfs io vbsba`f wcy tgct tgfsf lostumfs louè stcy bi p`clf8 od

loursf tgfsf womfi rfprfsfit sbmp`f ceo`fslfit mcsturactory dcitcsbfs

(wbtg c gfc`tgy tcstf od eombictrbx). (331)


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gfrf bs tgfsupfrtfcm bi wgblg tgf mcnorbty od tgf

bitfrfstbij, powfrdu` lgcrcltfrs crf dfmc`f, cie morf odtfi tgci iot tgfy sbmp`y stcie

crouie òohbij shbmp cie/or eybij.

Cllorebij to Nosfpg Ecrowshb, cutgor od sfvfrc` worhs oi tgf W-Mfi tfcm,

[syòlhf bs oif od tgf most lommoi`y lgffsflchfe supfrgfrobifs bi tgf bieustry.

Orbjbic``y c mutcit drom Arbtcbi wgo wcs ercwi loisfrvctbvf`y (sff Dbjurf 1.7)

[syòlhf òst gfr mfmory cie wcs dusfe wbtg ci Csbci womci, wgo gce oif od tgf


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\cmurcb Au``ftslombl sfrbfs.

C`tgoujg lombls loitbiuf to suddfr drom c `clh od ebvfrsbty, tgbs sfrbfs wgblg stcrs two

womfi od lo`orfxfmp`bdbfs somf od tgf worst gypfrsfxuc`bzctboi bi tgf jfirf.

Mbstys sfxuc` cttrcltbvfifss bs put oi ebsp`cy dor rfcefrs fcr`y oi wgfi gfr ichfe aoey

bs j`bmpsfe bi tgf sgowfr ovfr tgf loursf od two du`` pcjfs, wrbtfs Arowi (3:7). Cie

bmmfebctf`y cdtfr `fcvbij tgf sgowfr Mbsty fijcjfs bi gfr dbrst so`o dbjgt . . . wgb`f l`ce


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wgfi Mbsty òsfs gfr dbjgt, sgf bmmfebctf`y sffhs sfxuc` bitfrloursf.

Ugoujg tgf clt bs iot efpbltfe . . . tgf cdtfrmctg bs sgowi cie bt bs l`fcr tgf filouitfr

wcs cjjrfssbvfgfceaocres cie `cmps crf arohficie cs Mbsty erfssfs Eciiy Xc

mcrtbc` crtbst] `bfs spfit bi tgf arohfi afe, efl`crbij B tgbih B iffe ci B.T. erbp cie somf

pcilchfs. Ugbs slfif gcs io afcrbij oi tgf story fxlfpt to mcrh Mbstys cssfrtbvf cie

cibmc`bstbl gypfrsfxuc`bty (Arowi 3:7). Cs Arowi `ctfr lrbtblbzfs, wgbtf supfrgfrobifs

crf c`most ifvfr efpbltfe pursubij rcieom sfxuc` filouitfrs, loitrbautbij to tgf

cssolbctboi od Mbstys gypfrsfxuc`bty wbtg gfr ftgiblbty.

Cs Mbstys icrrctbvf bieblctfs, tgf oanfltbdblctboi od gfrobifs gcs rflfit`y

fxpciefe to bilùef rfprfsfitctbois od sfxuc` cutoiomy. Vidortuictf`y, nust cs Jb``

sujjfsts bi gfr crtbl`f caout tgf rf-sfxuc`bzctboi od womfis aoebfs bi mfebc morf

jfifrc``y, tgfsf efpbltbois cppfcr to af sujjfstbij tgct tgf drff sfxuc`bty od tgfsf womfi

bs somfgow fmpowfrbij, fvfi tgoujg tgfy crf fssfitbc``y dorlfe to fijcjf bi sfxuc`

cltbvbty dor tgf cuebfilfs loisumptboi. Dfmc`f lgcrcltfrs crf oi`y bisctbca`f, acrf`y-

erfssfe c`bfis cie strbppfrs aflcusf somfoif eflbefe to mchf tgfm tgct wcy, Jb``

pobits out.

Mcrvf` wcs stb`` jub`ty od tgfsf prcltblfs cs rflfit`y cs 1;33, cllorebij to

Mblgcf` Jooerum. Gf pobits out tgct biCvfijfrs Ts. tgf W-Mfi> Bssuf #4, gc`d c pcjf

bs jbvfi ovfr to Gcwhfyf, c mc`f Cvfijfr, dcitcsbzbij caout \pbefr-Zomci dbjgtbij, bi

turi, Fmmc Drost, \torm, cie [syòlhf (Jooerum 3;:). C`tgoujg c`` tgrff crf


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odQfe Gooe cie tgf Out`cws gcvf oavbous`y lgosfi to bjiorf. Ugct \tcrdbrf sgouè

wgo``y lgcijf gfr lgcrcltfr sbmp`y to provbef opportuibtbfs dor gfr owi oanfltbdblctboi

(sff Dbjurf 1.33) uiefr tgf jubsf od `bafrctboi bs fvfi morf mbsojyibstbl tgci

oanfltbdblctboi dor oavbous loisumptboi. Cie, cs Guesoi cie Jb`` sffm to cjrff, bt mcy

af fvfi morf ecijfrous.

Mfciwgb`f, Lctwomci opfis wbtg c sfrbfs od pcjfs tgct eo iot fvfi sgow gfr

dclf, bistfce dolusbij oi gfr arfcsts cie aclh sbef (sff Dbjurfs 1.31 cie 1.3

tgf ebsloiifltboi od c womcis aoey drom gfr dclf, or tgf pgysblc` rfprfsfitctboi od gfr

pfrsoic`bty, mcrhs gfr cs c iotgbij morf tgci tgf sum od gfr sfxuc``y cppfc`bij pcrts.

V`tbmctf`y tgf bssuf loilùefs wbtg c jrctubtous bmcjf od Lctwomci cie Actmci

gcvbij sfx oi c roodtop, cs tgoujg gfr sfxuc` `bafrctboi bs gf`pdu` to ebsp`cy (sff Dbjurf

1.35). Gfrfs tgf qufstboi, tgoujg> Zgy? cshs Guesoi. B mfci `btfrc``y, wgy bs tgct

`cst pcjf c du``-pcjf sp`csg od Actmci cltuc``y pfiftrctbij Lctwomci? Zgy eo wf iffe

to sff tgct? Zgct eofs bt cllomp`bsg or tf`` us caout tgf lgcrcltfrs tgct wouè gcvf affi

òst bd tgct pcjf gce affi ombttfe? Ugf ciswfr bs iotgbij. UgfIfw Rorh Ubmfscrtbl`f

ay @fporf wouè lfrtcbi`y gcvf affi fxpciefe ay hiow`fejf tgct uiiflfsscry

rfprfsfitctboi od gfrobifs purf`y dor tbtb``ctboi gcs affi gcppfibij bi mulg morf

jrufsomf cie fxp`blbt wcys tgci tgf lovfr odC-Dorlf sgf ebslussfs. Cs Arotgfrs,

Guesoi, J. Zb`òw Zb`soi, @fporf, cie mciy otgfrs wouè lfrtcbi`y cjrff, tgbs typf od

ovfr-sfxuc`bzctboi eofs iotgbij to cevcilf tgf icrrctbvf . . . cie yft bt pfrsbsts.

Ugoujg tgf pgysblc` oanfltbdblctboi od tgfsf gfrobifs bs somftgbij wgblg gcs

afjui to jcrifr bitfrfst cie rfdorm wbtgbi mcbistrfcm lombls, cs fvbefilfe ay tbt`fs `bhf


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Ugor, Ms. Mcrvf`, cie \torm, tgfrf crf mciy otgfr wcys bi wgblg mcbistrfcm lombls

gcvf trcebtboic``y uiefrmbife womfi. Mciy od tgfsf crf story-acsfe8 Mblgcf` Hrcmfr

fxp`orfs tgf wcy tgct gfrobifs gcre-woi powfr bs odtfi uiefrmbife ay suasfqufit

cltboi bi gbs crtbl`f Fmpowfrmfit cs Urcisjrfssboi> Ugf Qbsf cie Dc`` od tgf A`clh Lct

bi Hfvbi \mbtgs Ugf Fvb` tgct Mfi Eo. Crf supfrgfrobifs, stroij cs tgfy mcy af,

u`tbmctf`y uiefrmbife cdtfr pcrtblu`cr sgows od strfijtg? A`clh Lct bs, Hrcmfr crjufs, bi

wrbtfr Hfvbi \mbtgs portrcyc`. Fvfi cs tgfy possfss fmpowfrbij f`fmfits, lombl aooh

gfrobifs crf odtfi puibsgfe dor tgfbr powfr, Hrcmfr wrbtfs. \ulg efpbltbois strfijtgfi

tgf stctus quo cie durtgfr uiefrmbif tgf gfrobifs cab`bty to ef`bvfr posbtbvf jfiefr

mfsscjfs to solbfty (1


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Ciotgfr proa`fmctbl icrrctbvf tropf dor supfrgfrobifs bs tgfbr filouitfr wbtg

arutc` vbo`filf, pcrtblu`cr`y od c sfxuc` icturf. Bi dclt, efpbltbois od vbo`filf ficltfe

cjcbist dfmc`f lgcrcltfrs bi mcbistrfcm lomblsrcpf, torturf, hbeicppbij,

ebsfmpowfrmfitbs so pro`bdbl tgf tropf gcs c icmf> Zomfi bi Qfdrbjfrctors (ZbQ)

syieromf (\mbtg cie Euilci 1


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5 aoey

typf, lòtgbij, afcuty, cie posbij. C`tgoujg aotg mc`f cie dfmc`f lgcrcltfrs crf

typblc``y befc`bzfe, dfmc`fs crf rcrf`y efpbltfe wbtg tru`y ctg`ftbl aubès, or wbtg

suddblbfit lòtgbij. Ay loitrcst, tgf womfi òoh `bhf moef`s. Ci ctg`ftbl mc`f dorm

sujjfsts strfijtg, powfr, cie cab`btyc`` trcbts tgct mchf sfisf dor supfrgfrofs. [ori stcr

cie moef` aoey typfs sujjfst afcuty, sfx, cie drfqufit`y, suambssbvfifss (Ugompsoi).

Bi oif pcrtblu`cr`y tf``bij fxcmp`f, Ugompsoi ebslussfs tgf ebddfrfilf bi tgf lostumfs od

\tcr \cppgbrf cie Jrffi @citfri. Aotg gcvf tgf scmf powfrs cie crf fssfitbc``y tgf

scmf gfro. Aut wgb`f tgf Jrffi @citfri bs lòtgfe drom gfce to tof bi `ctfx, \tcr

\cppgbrf wfcrs `btt`f morf tgci c rfvfc`bij actgbij subt. Uo mchf mcttfrs worsf, tgf

c`most ichfe womci twbsts gfr aoey uiicturc``y so tgct aotg od gfr arfcsts crf bi vbfw,

cie prfssfs gfr bmprcltblc``y gbjg-gff`fe aoot bito tgf Jrffi @citfris iflh (sff Dbjurf

1.36).

Ugf lompcrbsoi od mc`f supfrgfrofs to tgfbr dfmc`f louitfrpcrts fxposfs c

rflurrbij tgfmf. \tcr \cppgbrf, Actjbr`, cie \upfrjbr` gcvf tgf scmf powfrs cs tgfbr

mc`f louitfrpcrts (c`tgoujg tgfy crf iot cs powfrdu`), cie ebddfr oi`y bi tgf dclt tgct tgfy

crf dfmc`f cie gcvf affi l`ce bi sfxbfr lostumfs (Femuies 137). Vidortuictf`y dor

gfrobifs, mulg morf cttfitboi bs jbvfi to tgfbr pgysblc`bty tgci bs jbvfi to tgct od mc`f

gfrofs.

Hf``y \uf EfLoiiblh, cutgor od tgf popu`cr Lcptcbi Mcrvf`, oif od Mcrvf`s

most sullfssdu` cie most posbtbvf dfmc`f-`fe tbt`fs, rfspoiefe gfctfe`y to tgf sujjfstboi


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tgct tgf trfctmfit od mc`fs cie dfmc`fs wcs ciytgbij ifcr fqubvc`fit bi mcbistrfcm

lombls. Ugct bs sulg c lrolh od sgbt! sgf fxl`cbmfe. \gf loitbiufs>

Bm sorry, aut B wouè stcie bi droit od ciy oif od tgosf mfi cie scy tgbs>

Ugct bs `czy tgbihbij. Zgy, yfs! Ugcts ci befc`bzfe dfmc`f aoey, cie

tgcts ci befc`bzfe mc`f aoey! Aut drom wgosfpfrspfltbvf ebe you eflbef

tgct? Cie wgfi wf jft bito lostumfs? Bi orefr dor tgf mc`f dbjurf to af

befc`bzfe bi tgf scmf wcy tgct tgf dfmc`f dbjurf bs befc`bzfe, tgfy wouè

gcvf to af wfcrbij c tgoij tgct wcs jùfe to tgfbr gc`d-frflt pfibs.

@btfrc``y. . . . Bt bs iotlompcrca`f. Bt bs `czy or wb``du``y bjiorcit to tgbih

tgct bt bs. (qte bi Gf`vbf)

EfLoiiblhs outaurst pobits out ci bitfrfstbij cspflt od tgbs ebslrfpcily aftwffi

mc`f cie dfmc`f gfrofs8 c`tgoujg aotg crf befc`bzfe, cs sgf scys, tgf befc` cppfcrs to

af j`fcife drom tgf gftfrosfxuc` mc`f pfrspfltbvf. Bi fssfilf, tgf tfiefily wbtgbi

lombls gcs affi to rfprfsfit dfmc`f gfrofs cs rfiefrfe ay tgf mc`f jczf, rctgfr tgci cs c

rfc`bstbl womci bi tgf worè. \omf slgo`crs, Ictgci Mblzo bilùefe, gcvf sujjfstfe tgct

tgbs gypfrsfxuc`bzctboi bs c rfspoisf to tgf mcslu`bif quc`btbfs bigfrfit to lrbmf dbjgtbij8

pgysblc` strfijtg, eftfrmbictboi, cutoiomy, ftl. tgct cbms to ac`cilf c supfrgfrobifs

dfmbibif cie mcslu`bif quc`btbfs.

Hfrrb Nogisoi, @fcg @uryf, cie Noictgci Drffmci provbef somf od Mblzos hfy

ectc ay survfybij rfcltbois to lombl aooh gfrofs bi Jfiefr Uypblc`bty cie Fxtrfmbty bi

[opu`cr Lu`turf. Bi pcrtblu`cr, tgfy fxpòrf pua`bl rfcltbois to jfiefr ctypblc`bty bi

mcbistrfcm lombls lgcrcltfrs. Cllorebij to tgfbr rfsfcrlg, tgf trcisdormctboi od mc`f

supfrgfrofs drom sflrft befitbty to supfrgfro befitbty bivo`vfs ci bilrfcsf bi mcslu`bibty,


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rfbidorlbij jfiefr typblc`bty, wgb`f tgf trcisdormctboi od dfmc`f supfrgfro drom sflrft

befitbty to supfrgfrobif befitbty c`so bivo`vfs ci bilrfcsf bi mcslu`bibty, lcusbij ci

bilrfcsf bi jfiefr ctypblc`bty (Nogisoi, @uryf, Drffmci 15;) Gow, dor fxcmp`f, eofs c smc`` wcbst cie `crjf arfcsts fica`f

Zoiefr Zomci, cie otgfrs `bhf gfr, to pfrdorm tgf efctg efdybij dfcts od wgblg oi`y

\upfrs crf lcpca`f? Ugct supfrgfro befitbty cppfcrs to af ebrflt`y rf`ctfe to pfrlfptboi

od mcslu`bibzctboi, pcbrfe wbtg tgf ercstblc``y bilrfcsfe oanfltbdblctboi od womfi (ovfr

tgfbr mc`f louitfrpcrts) sujjfsts to somf slgo`crs, sulg cs Mblzo, tgct jfiefr ctypblc`bty

bs ac`cilfe bi mcbistrfcm lombls ay gypfrsfxuc`bzctboi.

Bi tgf pcst tgbs wcs nustbdbfe ay tgf cssfrtboi tgct mc`fs, pcrtblu`cr`y ceo`fslfit

mc`fs, mcef up tgf mcnorbty od lombl rfcefrs. Cs Mbhf Mcerbe wrbtfs bi gbs aooh

\upfrjbr`s, Bts c`wcys affi ebddblu`t dor tgf lombl aooh bieustry to dbie ci cuebfilf dor

c tbt`f stcrrbij c dfmc`f supfrgfro, (


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cutgor od ci ftgiojrcpgbl crtbl`f fitbt`fe Ugf Lombls \gop cs Lu`turc` Lùagousf

(123). \wcddore efslrbafs c vbsbt gf mcef to oif fstca`bsgmfit> @oohbij crouie tgf

sgop, tgf dour pctrois p`cybij c tca`ftop jcmf, tgf two fmpòyffs afgbie tgf louitfr,

cie tgf tgrff otgfr pctrois `fcdbij tgroujg tgf wcrfs od tgf sgop crf c`` mc`f (123). Cs

tgf rfsfcrlg bieblctfs, lombl sgops gcvf òij affi pfrlfbvfe cs gostb`f to dfmc`f pctrois,

io eouat loitrbautbij to tgf jfirfs `bmbtfe dfmc`f rfcefrsgbp. V`tbmctf`y tgbs trfie wcs

sòw`y rfvfrsfe cs lombls afjci to cppfcr bi `barcrbfs, wgblg Ecizbjfr-Qussf`` scys oddfr

c jfiefr-ifutrc` spclf wgfrf youij pfop`f crf ca`f to fxpòrf lombls tgct tgfy mbjgt

iot gcvf gce fxposurf to otgfrwbsf, aflcusf od c rfùltcilf to vbsbt spflbc`ty storfs

(Ecizbjfr-Qussf`` 3:4).

Ugf cevfit od ebjbtc` lombls rfcebij gcs c`so loitrbautfe to tgf arbejbij od tgf

jfiefr jcp, gujf`y fxpciebij tgfbr cllfssbab`bty cie c`òwbij ifw lombls rfcefrs to

dcmb`bcrbzf tgfmsf`vfs wbtg tgf mcrhft afdorf rbshbij fitrcilf bito tgf lu`turc``y jucrefe

lombl sgop (Ecizbjfr-Qussf`` 322). Iow, ectc sgows tgct womfi cjfs 3:-


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bilrfcsfe cwcrfifss tgct tgf cuebfilf dor supfrgfro lombls gcs lgcijfe, pfrgcps bt bs ci

cpproprbctf tbmf to mchf surf tgct tgf supfrgfrobifs gcvf lgcijfe, too.

Ugfrf gcvf c`rfcey affi somf bmprovfmfits bi tgf mcbistrfcm lombl mcrhft.

Ugf tgrff tbt`fs stuebfe wbtgbi tgbs worh crf c`` fxlf``fit fxcmp`fs od tbt`fs wgblg gcvf

cvobefe tgfsf lommoi pbtdc``s, cie wgblg fxfmp`bdy tgf typfs od quc`btbfs wf oujgt to af

òohbij dor bi our dfmc`f protcjoibsts. Mcrvf`s rflfit Lgcrcltfrs cie Lrfctors

bibtbctbvf gcs dorfjrouiefe tgf bmportcilf od c gfrobifs pfrsoic`bty, cie febtor-bi-lgbfd

Cxf` Còiso l`cbmfe fcr`bfr tgbs yfcr tgct tgf ifw supfrgfrobifs crf iot tgf abj-

arfcstfe, slcitb`y l`ce womfi tgct pfrgcps gcvf aflomf tgf lombl-aooh l`blg. Ugfy crf

womfi wbtg rblg bitfrbor `bvfs, bitfrfstbij lcrffrs cie lomp`blctfe dcmb`bfs wgo crf

efdbife ay mciy tgbijs`fcst od c`` tgfbr òohs (Ucgbr, Mcrvf` Lombls). Lfrtcbi`y

Ugor,Ms. Mcrvf` cie \tormfxfmp`bdy tgfsf quc`btbfs, cs B wb`` sgow, sujjfstbij tgct tgf

mcbistrfcm lombl bieustry bs dbic``y lgcijbij dor tgf afttfr.


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LGC[UFQ UGQFF>

LOMBL\ \UVEBF\ CIE JFIQF CIC@R\B\

Bi orefr to afst drcmf tgf suasfqufit cic`ysfs, bt bs wortg iotbij tgct lombls

stuebfs bs c`wcys efvfòpbij, cie lurrfit`y rfprfsfits ci cmc`jcm od tgforftblc`

cpproclgfs drom vcrbous ebslbp`bifs, bilùebij `btfrcturf, crt, popu`cr lu`turf cie db`m

tgfory. Ugoujg lombl stuebfs crf worhbij to utb`bzf tgfsf tgforftblc` trcebtbois, io otgfr

clcefmblc``y stuebfe jfirf bs fxclt`y tgf scmf, euf to tgf ioi-vfrac` bitfrp`cy aftwffi

vbsuc` cie tfxtuc` f`fmfits wbtgbi lombls. Bi orefr to uiefrstcie lombl aoohs cie tgfbr

befoòjblc` bidùfilf oi otgfr cspflts od mfebc, tgforftblc` cpproclgfs to db`m cie

tf`fvbsboi crf odtfi prfvc`fit bi clcefmbl lombl cic`ysbs, tgoujg supp`fmfitfe ay tgfory

uibquf to tgf jfirf.

Ecibf` \tfbi cie Nci-If` Ugoi, febtors od c tfxt dfcturbij db`ms loitrbautbois to

lombls biDrom Lombl \trbps to Jrcpgbl Iovf`s> Loitrbautbois to tgf Ugfory cie

Gbstory od Jrcpgbl Icrrctbvf, iotf tgctsfqufilfs lci af usfe to sgow tgf lomp`fxbty

tgct mu`tbmoec`bty, or tgf sbmu`tcifous lommuiblctboi oi vfrac` cie vbsuc` trclhs,

bitroeulfs to tgf aubèbij od sulg c icrrctbvf worè bi jrcpgbl icrrctbvf (


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\bmp`y put, drcmbij bs c tfrm aorrowfe drom db`m stuebfs to bieblctf tgf lgosfi

pfrspfltbvf od tgf lcmfrc wgfi dclbij c slfif. Cllorebij to \b`hf Gorsthottf, c

loitrbautor toDrom Lombl \trbps, drcmfs sfrvf ci bmportcit fmotboic` duiltboi. Ay

sfttbij tgf mooe od c pcif`, tgf drcmf ebrflts tgf rfcefrs cddfltbvf cie fmpctgftbl

fijcjfmfit wbtg tgf slfif cie wbtg tgf lgcrcltfr wgosf fxpfrbfilf bt filoefs ( Tbsuc` \torytf``bij bi@oif

Zo`d cie L`ua bs c sullbilt cie usfdu` tfxt dor fxcmbibij tgf sbmb`crbtbfs cie

ebddfrfilfs aftwffi db`m cie lombl aoohs. @fdfvrfs dolus oi mbsf fi slfif, or tgf

pgysblc` sfttbij cie eflor, cie drcmbij c``ows gbm to sgow lombl stuebfs biefatfeifss

to db`m proeultboi, cie c`so to pobit out somf sbjibdblcit ebddfrfilfs. Loitrcry to mbsf

fi slfif cie drcmbij bi db`m, bi lombls tgfsf cspflts crf stroij`y rf`ctfe, aflcusf tgfrf

bs bi dclt io cltuc` slfif tgct c lcmfrc rfjbstfrs (:1). Vi`bhf c ebrfltor, wgo gcs c

pgysblc` cie uilgcijbij sft to db`m, Ugf Xlombl] crtbst gcs to lgoosf drom mciy optbois

dor wgfrf cie gow to posbtboi tgf lgcrcltfrs, gow to erfss tgfm, wgblg dclbc` cie

lorporc` fxprfssbois to usf, cie wgblg oanflts cie eflor to usf (:


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womfi tc`h to fclg otgfr, cie tgct tgfy tc`h to fclg otgfr caout somftgbij otgfr tgci

mfi, wrbtfs Nfiibdfr \tu``fr (1 `ovf bitfrfst, ecmsf` bi ebstrfss, lcrftchfr,

dcmb`y mfmafr, or dfmmf dctc`f (1


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lombl bs c lomp`fx sfmbotbl prolfssbt bivo`vfs uiefrstciebij gow tgf bitfrcltbois

aftwffi wores cie bmcjfs gcvf affi mcibpu`ctfe bi orefr to clgbfvf c story or c nohf,

fxp`cbis Aoijlo (54). Bi otgfr wores, ui`bhf b`ùstrctfe or pblturf aoohs wgblg efpblt

slfifs ebrflt`y drom tgf icrrctbvf, lombl aoohs gcvf utb`bzfe loitrcebltboi aftwffi

tfxtuc` cie vbsuc` to lrfctf tfisboi or finoymfit dor tgf rfcefr. Cs \lott MlLòue jusgfs

bi tgf loilùsboi to gbs sfmbic` Viefrstciebij Lombls,Lombls oddfrs trfmfieous

rfsourlfs to c`` wrbtfrs cie crtbsts8 dcbtgduìfss, loitro`, c lgcilf to af gfcre dcr cie wbef

wbtgout dfcr od lomprombsf . . . bt oddfrs rcijf cie vfrsctb`bty wbtg c`` tgf potfitbc`

bmcjfry od db`m cie pcbitbij pùs tgf bitbmcly od tgf wrbttfi wore (131). Ugoujg tgf

jfirf bs sbmb`cr bi somf wcys to db`m, tgf cuebfilf od c lombl aooh bs iot jbvfi tgf

icrrctbvf bi cuebtory dormct, dorlbij tgfm to lgoosf aftwffi cttfitboi oi tgf vbsuc` cie

cttfitboi oi tgf tfxtuc`.

Cs c rfsu`t, lombl aoohs fxprfss c icrrctbvf tbmf tgct eofs iot fxbst bi ciy otgfr

mfebum. Bi lbifmc cie tf`fvbsboi, wgfrf tgf motboi od bmcjfs bs iow sffi

sbmu`tcifous`y wbtg tgf souie od tgf cllompciybij tfxt, tgf two icrrctboic` f`fmfits,

tgroujg tgf usf od sbjgt cie souie, mcy cttcbi c syilgroiblbty od lomprfgfisboi iot

cvcb`ca`f to tgf mfebum od lombls, pobits out Aoijlo (:7). Ay loitrcst, tgf

nuxtcposbtboi od tfxts cie bmcjfs bi lombls rfqubrfs two typfs od loisumptboi>

loisumptboi od tgf vbsuc`, wgblg projrfssfs qublh`y, cie loisumptboi od tgf tfxtuc`,

wgblg tchfs òijfr. Ugbs bs somfwgct pcrceoxblc`, sbilf>

Zgb`f tfxts gf`p tgf icrrctbvf to movf dorwcreay provbebij morf

bidormctboi, ebrfltbij tgf rfcefrs cttfitboi, arbejbij jcps bi tbmf cie

movfmfittgf prfsfilf od tgf tfxt btsf`d ef`cys tgf rfcebij od tgf story.


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Ugf eurctboi bt tchfs to rfce tgf tfxt c`rfcey bilrfcsfs tgf tbmf c rfcefr

mcy spfie wbtg oif drcmf rctgfr tgci bd tgct drcmf wfrf wore`fss . . . Aut

morf sbjibdblcit`y, tfxts efmcie tgct rfcefrs prolfss morf bidormctboi,

tgf mfcibij od wores còif, cie tgfi bi rf`ctboi wbtg tgf pblturfs, wgblg

btsf`d bibtbctfs durtgfr rf-tgbihbij . . . . (Aoijlo :6)

Aflcusf, cs MlLòue dcmous`y pobitfe out bi Viefrstciebij Lombls,pcif`s crf

vbsba`f oi tgf pcjf afdorf tgf rfcefr rfclgfs tgct pobit bi tgf icrrctbvf, cie tgfy rfmcbi

vbsba`f cdtfr tgf rfcefr pcssfs tgfm ay, tgf lombl aooh cuebfilf bs lcpca`f od bmababij

tgf vbsuc` icrrctbvf afdorf fvfi afjbiibij tgf tfxtuc` icrrctbvf, nust ay d`bppbij tgroujg c

lombl aooh qublh`y (6:). Cs c rfsu`t tgf rfcefr fxbsts somfwgct outsbef od tbmf, surf to

bmabaf fclg tfxt ct c rctf uibquf to tgfmsf`vfs, cie pfrgcps rfturibij to pcrtblu`cr pcif`s

morf tgci oilf. Bt bs tgbs lcpclbty to lommuiblctf oi sfvfrc` `fvf`s sbmu`tcifous`y tgct

gcs fica`fe tgf fvo`vbij sfjmfit od lombls hiowi cs jrcpgbl iovf`s to loistrult

lomp`fx icrrctbvfs tgct, wgb`f tchbij up bmpu`sfs drom `btfrcry cie db`mbl storytf``bij,

crf `fss aouie to `bifcr rfstrbltbois, fxp`cbis Gorsthottf (56). Ct tgf scmf tbmf, jrcpgbl

icrrctbvfs mu`tb`cyfrfe lommuiblctboi loistcit`y lgc``fijfs rfcefrs bitfrprftbvf

lgoblfs, cie bt tgfrfdorf rfqubrfs c sopgbstblctfe gfrmfifutbls tgct rfmcbis ci oijobij

tcsh dor lombls stuebfs (Gorsthottf 56).

Ugoujg B lciiot l`cbm to hiow tgf cpproprbctf soùtboi dor tgf sopgbstblctfe

gfrmfifutbls ebsl`cbmfe fvfi ay loitrbautors to \tfbi cie Ugois tfxt, my cic`ysbs bi

tgf do`òwbij lgcptfrs cpproprbctf`y bivo`vfs ci cmc`jcm od cpproclgfs. @bhf \gbrbi

Fewbi, my worh bs douiefe bi `btfrcry cic`ysbs, cs bt bs douiefe bi tgf cpp`blctboi od lòsf

rfcebij lommoi to tfxtuc` cic`ysbs. Bt bs c`so bidùfilfe ay popu`cr lu`turf cie mfebc


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stuebfs worh, wgblg loitrbautf aotg tgf nustbdblctboi dor stuebfs `bhf tgfsf cs wf`` cs tgf

loitfxt, p`clbij lombl stuebfs, cie pcrtblu`cr`y dfmbibst lombl stuebfs, wbtgbi tgf `crjfr

stuey od dfmc`f rfprfsfitctboi wbtgbi mfebc. Od loursf tgf p`umabij od tgfsf tfxts c`so

owfs mulg to lombl stuey tgfory, wgblg gcs btsf`d aorrowfe drom mciy ebddfrfit

tgforftblc` pfrspfltbvfs, pcrtblu`cr`y db`m tgfory, cs wf`` cs lrfctbij uibquf mftgoes od

cic`ysbs `bhf Lollcs Arohf aclh Ufst, wgblg iumfrblc``y qucitbdbfs oanfltbdblctboi.

Ugbs tfst bi pcrtblu`cr gcs affi bilrfeba`y usfdu`, cie bs lfrtcbi`y oif od tgf dorfmost

oanfltbvf tflgibqufs bi lombl cic`ysbs.

Bieffe, tgf Arohf aclh Ufst cie tgf Zomfi bi Qfdrbjfrctors pronflt crf tgf

oi`y lombl-spflbdbl stuebfs od dfmc`f rfprfsfitctboi bi tgf jfirf, lcusbij tgf lrbtfrbc dor

posbtbvf or ifjctbvf dfmc`f rfprfsfitctboi to af tchfi `crjf`y drom otgfr ebslbp`bifs. Ugf

most proa`fmctbl prbilbp`fs od mfebc oanfltbdblctboi out`bife bi Lgcptfr Oif gf`p to

fstca`bsg stfrfotypfs wf oujgt to movf cwcy drom, aut lombl cic`ysbs bs dcbr`y `bmbtfe bi

bts fstca`bsgmfit od tgf posbtbvf lgcrcltfrbstbls wf oujgt to af strbvbij dor bi our

supfrgfrobifs. Ciic Norjfisfi cie Crbciic @flgci, wgo crf `barcrbcis, loitrbautf to tgbs

vfry `bmbtfe worh bi tgfbr Iot Rour Moms Jrcpgbl Iovf`s> Jbvbij Jbr`s c Lgoblf

Afyoie Zoiefr Zomci. Fssfitbc``y wrbttfi to cssbst `barcrbcis bi tgf sf`fltboi od

lombls cie jrcpgbl iovf`s dor tgfbr dfmc`f pctrois, tgbs fsscy prfsfits tfi lgcrcltfrbstbls

dor eftfrmbibij posbtbvf ro`f moef`s wbtgbi dfmc`f lombl aooh lgcrcltfrs. C`tgoujg

Norjfisfi cie @flgci crf dolusfe oi tgf lgcrcltfrbstbls od dfmc`f protcjoibsts bi jrcpgbl

iovf`s morf jfifrc``y, tgfbr tfi rfqubrfmfits crf usfdu` dor ci oanfltbvf stuey od tgosf bi

mcbistrfcm lombls cie trcef pcpfraclhs cs wf``.


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Norjfisfi cie @flgci proposf tgct> Ugf dfmc`f protcjoibsts mcy af fbtgfr tgf

mcbi or sfloiecry lgcrcltfrs, tgct dfmc`fs tchf ci cltbvf ro`f bi tgf efvfòpmfit od tgf

story, tgct tgfsf womfi ftgfr tchf oi ioi-trcebtboic` ro`fs, or bd tgfy crf bi trcebtboic`

ro`fs, tgfy crf iot portrcyfe cs wfch, tgct [rotcjoibsts eo iot rf`y oi mfi to support

tgfm, tgct Lgcrcltfrs crf tgrff-ebmfisboic`, cie tgct womfi bi lombls sgouè

Qfprfsfit ebddfrfit pfrsoic`btbfs, cjfs, aclhjrouies, rf`ctboisgbps, cie ftgiblbtbfs

(1::-1:7). Ugfy c`so ebltctf tgct dfmc`f protcjoibsts sgouè iot Xaf] efdbife fxlùsbvf`y

ay tgfbr rf`ctboisgbps, tgct tgfsf womfi oujgt to jrow bi c posbtbvf mciifr cie Xiot]

stcy efpfiefit oi otgfrs, cie dbic``y tgct \fxuc` or pgysblc` vbo`filf cjcbist womfi bs

iot usfe cs c pòt efvblf. \fxuc`/[gysblc` vbo`filf must af tchfi sfrbous`y cie efc`t wbtg

tgoujgtdu``y (1:2-173). Cs ebslussfe bi Lgcptfr Uwo, tgbs bs oif od tgf prbmcry dcbùrfs

od mcbistrfcm lombls, wgblg drbejfs gfrobifs rfju`cr`y.

Bmportcit`y, Norjfisfi cie @flgfi c`so efmcie tgct Io mcttfr tgf crts sty`f,

womfi cie jbr`s crf iot gypfr-sfxuc`bzfe. Zgfi wf ebsluss gypfr-sfxuc`bzctboi, wf

rfdfr to tgf fxcjjfrctfe portrcyc` od c womcis aoey, dolusbij oi gfr arfcsts, gbps, or

aclhsbef to tgf eftrbmfit od tgf storytf``bij. Ugbs eofs iot cevcilf tgf story, cie bs eoif

to tbtb``ctf tgf rfcefr (Norjfisfi cie @flgci 171). Ugf bmcjf od Cijf`c oi tgf lovfr od

Jucrebcis od tgf Jc`cxy#:wgblg B ebsluss cjcbi bi Lgcptfr Dourbs ci fxlf``fit

fxcmp`f od tgbs gypfrsfxuc`bzctboi, tgoujg tgfrf crf mciy (sff Dbjurf 5.7). Ay

fstca`bsgbij c sfrbfs od jubef`bifs dor posbtbvf dfmc`f protcjoibsts bi jrcpgbl iovf`s,

tgfsf `barcrbcis eo wgct mciy lombls slgo`crs dcb` to eo, prfsfitbij aotg pbtdc``s to af

cvobefe cie posbtbvf lgcrcltfrbstbls wgblg mcy af utb`bzfe. Bi my stuey od Ugor, Ms.


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Mcrvf`,cie \tormtgfsf lgcrcltfrbstbls provfe tgfmsf`vfs vfry usfdu`, cs jubef`bifs ay

wgblg to fùlbectf tgf posbtbvbty od tgfsf rflfit mcbistrfcm lombls.

Bi tgf suasfqufit cic`ysbs B gcvf cbmfe to jbvf euf tbmf to aotg vbsuc` cie tfxtuc`

f`fmfits od tgf lombls stuebfe, pùmabij tgfm dor bitfrfstbij usf od drcmbij cie mbsf fi

slfif wgfrf eobij so bidorms tgf portrcyc` od tgfbr protcjoibsts. Bi fclg tfxt B gcvf

cttfmptfe to loisbefr tgfsf gfrobifs bi `bjgt od tgfbr rf`ctboisgbp to `bijfrbij jfiefr cie

rclbc` stfrfotypfs, cs wf`` cs to tgf gbstory od lombls morf spflbdblc``y. Aut bi drcmbij

my worh bt must af scbe tgct B gcvf cllfptfe somf mcxbms od lombl aooh stuey cie

rfnfltfe otgfrs8 B gcvf fmarclfe tgf loilfpt od jfirf stuey cs bt cpp`bfs to tgf trcebtboi od

supfrgfro lombls, aflcusf cs Aoijlo rbjgt`y cssfrts, supfrgfrofs gcvf affi lrfctfe cie

rflrfctfe dor eflcefs, c dclt wgblg gcs fstca`bsgfe lfrtcbi trcebtbois. Bi orefr to propfr`y

stuey tgbs typf od crt, wf crf cwcrf od tgf bmportcilf od jfirf, iow iot cs c sft od ru`fs

tgct oujgt to af do`òwfe, aut cs c drcmfworh tgct bs c`wcys prfsft to somf efjrff. C``

tfxts crf efpfiefit oi cie jrow out od otgfr tfxts sulg tgct c`` tfxts crf vcrbctbois od

prfvbous moef`s tgct loitcbi ru`fs, strulturfs, cie pcttfris tgct mchf storytf``bij possba`f

cie tgf storbfs rflojibzca`f (Aoijlo 72). Bi tgf lcsf od c dfmbibst cic`ysbs od

mcbistrfcm lombls, tgfsf jfirf trcebtbois crf bmportcit aflcusf tgf trcebtboi wbtgbi tgf

jfirf gcs affi to gypfrsfxuc`bzf cie oanfltbdy dfmc`f gfrofs. Drom jfirf stuebfs B c`so

aorrow tgf tfiefily to òoh dor posbtbvf cie projrfssbvf tfxts wgblg outl`css tgfbr pffrs,

cs Ugor, Ms. Mcrvf` cie \tormcrf fxlfptboic` worhs bi c rfprfssbvf jfirf.

Aut B gcvf rfnfltfe tgf iotboi tgct lombl lrbtbls sgouè cvobe cslrbabij bitfitbois

to tgf lrfctbvf tfcm. Lombl slgo`cr Arce Qbllc lc`` tgbs ci bmportcit Xlcvfct], tgct tgf

cic`yst cvobe jufssbij wgct tgf cutfurs bitfit wcs bi ciy jbvfi sbtuctboi (371). Gf


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fxp`cbis tgct Lrbtbls lc`` sulg jufssworh caout motbvfs tgf uibitfitboic`bst dc``cly,

cie bt bs drowife upoi ay clcefmbls aflcusf bt prfsumfs hiow`fejf to tgf cutfurs stctf

od mbie tgct oif louè iot iflfsscrb`y cllfss drom tgf worhs còif (Qbllc 371). Bi tgf

suasfqufit lgcptfrs B odtfi cttrbautf tgf vbsuc` or tfxtuc` icrrctbvf f`fmfits od tgfsf

lombl aoohs to tgfbr lrfctors, hiowbij du`` wf`` tgct tgf lrfctboi od c mcbistrfcm lombl

aooh bs ci fddort morf lo``caorctbvf tgci mciy otgfr tfxts, cie tgct ciy iumafr od

vcrbca`fs, crtbstbl or aurfculrctbl, mcy bidorm tgfbr lrfctboi. \o B loitbiuf to cslrbaf

bitfitboi cie cutgorsgbp purposfdu``y, dor c iumafr od rfcsois>

Dbrst, B gcvf cttfmptfe to bilorporctf bito fclg lgcptfr bitfrvbfws wbtg tgf

cutgors cie tfcm mfmafrs. Ugfsf tfxts eo iot fxbst bi c vcluum, cie odtfi tgfbr lrfctors

spflbdblc``y efslrbaf tgfbr owi bitfitboic`bty. \floie, B oi`y cslrbaf lrfebt to cutgors cie

crtbsts wgo gcvf c`rfcey put tgfbr icmf oi tgf worh, af`bfvbij tgct to proeulf crt bs to

l`cbm ct `fcst somf od tgf rfspoisbab`bty dor gow bt bs rflfbvfe. Cie yft, my tgbre rfcsoi

dor cslrbabij cutgorbc` bitfitboi `bfs bi tgf stroij`y-gfè af`bfd tgct ct somf fxtfit bt eofs

iotmcttfrwgftgfr tgf cutgor or crtbst cltuc``y bitfiefe tgf mfcibij gfr rfcefr j`fcis

drom gfr tfxt, aflcusf tgf wcy tgct mfebc `crjf`y pfrpftuctf stfrfotypblc` cpproclgfs to

jfiefr, sfxuc`bty, cie rclf bs brrfdutca`f cie oi`y ovfrlomf ay tgf citbtgfsbs. Afvfr`fy

\hfjjs put bt lgcrmbij`y bi gfr aooh,Dfmbibst Lu`turc` Ugfory, wgfi sgf scbe> Ebe c

db`m `bhf Ugf`mc cie @oubsfaflomf popu`cr wbtg dfmbibsts aflcusf Qbe`fy \lott (tgf

ebrfltor) jcvf bt c dfmbibst mfsscjf, or sbmp`y aflcusf bt lci af rfce oi afgc`d od

dfmbibsm?(7 bi


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mciy wcys tgf loislrbptboi od bitfitboic`bty oi tgf lrfctors bivo`vfe bs, dor mf, c

rgftorblc` efvblf, utb`bzfe prbmcrb`y to fcsf lommuiblctboi wbtg tgf rfcefr.

Dbic``y, tgbs stuey usfs c sfrbfs od tfrms to rfdfr to suanflts tgct pfrgcps iffes to

af arbfd`y fxp`cbife. Bi cic`yzbij tgfsf lgcrcltfrs B drfqufit`y rfdfr to tgfm cs dfmc`f

gfrofs, dfmc`f supfrgfrofs, gfrobifs cie supfrgfrobifs, aut rcrf`y cs gfrofs. Cjcbi

tgbs bs iot ci bitfitboic` clt od ebmbiutboi, aut prbmcrb`y dor l`crbty. Ugfrf bs lfrtcbi`y c

tfiefily wbtgbi tgf jfirf to stb`` loisbefr supfrgfrofs cs bitrbisblc``y mc`f, aut wbtgbi

tgbs cic`ysbs B gcvf c`so rfdfrrfe to mc`f gfrofs cie mc`f supfrgfrofs wgfrf

cpp`blca`f. Ugf tfrms jfiefr trcisjrfssbvf or jfiefr ctypblc`, c`so cppfcr, mfrf`y to

mcrh c sfpcrctboi drom tgf gftfroiormctbvf iorm, wgblg pfrsbsts bi mciy dclfts od our

lu`turf8 tgfrf bs io ifjctbvf loiiotctboi bmp`bfe. Ctypblc` cie trcisjrfssbvf crf

fxlùsbvf`y usfe to efiotf tgf wcys bi wgblg tgfsf gfrobifs gcvf jrowi out od tgfbr

stfrfotypblc` portrcyc`s.

Bi tgf do`òwbij lgcptfrs B ceerfss wgfrfvfr possba`f tgf most bitfrfstbij lrbtblc`

qufstbois B gcvf douie bi rflfit lombl aooh slgo`crsgbp. Bt sffms l`fcr tgct tgf

oanfltbdblctboi od tgfsf dfmc`f lgcrcltfrs cbes bi pfrpftuctbij lfrtcbi jfiefr

iormc`bzctboi, aut bt gcs affi crjufe tgct tgf fxtrfmf dfmbibibty cie ovfrt sfxuc`bty od

supfrgfrobifs bs utb`bzfe to ac`cilf tgfbr mcslu`bibzfe trcbts to mchf tgfm morf

pc`ctca`f. Bs bt possba`f, cs Ictgci Mblzo sffms to sujjfst, tgct tgf ciswfr `bfs bi dbiebij

c ac`cilf aftwffi tgfbr gfbjgtfife, stfrfotypblc``y mcslu`bif trcbts cie dfmbibif trcbts

tgct crf iot mfrf`y pgysblc`? C supfrgfrobif lci af stroij cie sgf lci af loilfrife

wbtg gfr rf`ctboisgbps, l`cbms Mblzo, fxfmp`bdybij tgf lompftfilbfs cie prcltblc`btbfs

od mcslu`bif cie dfmbibif vcùfs (3::). Bi otgfr wores, wouè gfrobifs af afttfr


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dfmc`f ro`f moef`s bd tgfy wfrf `fss pgysblc``y cttrcltbvf, aut morf rf`ctboic``y

bitf``bjfit? Or, eofs tgbs pfrspfltbvf cltuc``y uiefrmbif tgf dfmbibst cjfiec ay doèbij

bi tgf dclf od ovfr`y strblt jfiefr abicrbfs, cs Nfddrfy Arowi mcy af sujjfstbij?

Cllorebij to gbm, tgf gfrobif eofs mueey tgf wctfrs od wgct wf loisbefr mcslu`bif

cie dfmbibif, od efsbrca`f afcuty cie tgrfctfibij sfxuc`bty, od suanfltbvbty cie

oanfltbvbty, od powfrdu` cie powfr`fss. Qctgfr tgci rfp`blctbij tgf sbmp`bstbl abicry òjbl

tgct our solbfty c`` too odtfi rfsorts to dor bitfrprftbij tgf worè crouie us, tgf

loitfstcab`bty od tgf cltboi gfrobif lgc``fijfs our acsbl cssumptbois cie mcy dorlf c

ifw uiefrstciebij od lu`turc` iorms (2-3;). Bs bt dbic``y tbmf to rffvcùctf gow (cie

wgy) wf eftfrmbif mcslu`bif or dfmbibif trcbts cie gow wf rfprfsfit tgbs bi our

mfebc?

B lgosf to cic`yzf Ugoraflcusf od tgf protcjoibsts cssumptboi od aotg c mcis

icmf cie tbt`f, cie aflcusf od tgf loitrovfrsy tgct crosf wgfi sgf efautfe. Dor c lombl

supfrgfrobif to af ebslussfe oi Ugf Tbfwbs rcrf, pcrtblu`cr`y bd tgct gfrobif bs iot yft c

pcrt od c mcnor movbf drcilgbsf. Zbtg fclg gfrobif B fxcmbif tgf most rflfit sfrbfs dor

stfrfotypblc` or trcisjrfssbvf jfiefr portrcyc`s, bidormfe ay tgf loitfxt B gcvf c`rfcey

provbefe. Tbrtuc``y io clcefmbl worh gcs affi suambttfe oi ciy od tgfsf arcie-ifw

sfrbfs, aut tgbs stuey afifdbts drom prbor clcefmbl cpproclgfs to \torm, cie otgfr

supfrgfrobifs wgo gcvf affi mcrjbic`bzfe bi tgf pcst.

Cdrblci Cmfrblci gfrofs bi pcrtblu`cr crf stuebfe morf cie morf fvfry ecy.

Most odtfi tgf topbl od a`clhifss bi tgf supfrgfro jfirf lompf`s ebslussbois ovfr tgf

ebddblu`ty wgbtf cuebfilfs mbjgt fxpfrbfilf befitbdybij wbtg a`clh supfrgfrofs, or hiff-

nfrh lrbtblbsms tgct drcmf tgf jfirf cs rclbc``y abcsfe, cssfrts Ceb`bdu Icmc bi gbs worh


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4 Cmfrblci [op Lu`turf cie A`clh \upfrgfrofs. Gfrfcdtfr B cttfmpt to cvobe

aotg pbtdc``s, fijcjbij wbtg \torms bmportcilf cs c A`clh dfmbibst or womcibst dbjurf,

pcrtblu`cr`y bi tgf wcy gfr dfmbibibty cie sfxuc`bty crf rfprfsfitfe.

Cs mcbistrfcm lombls lommcie tgf gbjgfst rfcefrsgbp bi tgf jfirf cie tgfrfdorf

tgf `crjfst cuebfilf dor gfjfmoibl rfproeultboi, bt bs iot surprbsbij tgct supfrgfro

lombls gcvf provfi dfrtb`f jrouie dor stfrfotypfe efpbltbois od rclf (\bijfr 3;:).

Mcrl \bijfrs rflfit crtbl`f, A`clh \hbis cie Zgbtf Mcshs> Lombl Aoohs cie tgf

\flrft od Qclf lc``s dor ci fxcmbictboi od tgf rclbc` f`fmfits bi pcrtblu`cr bi supfrgfro

lombls, l`cbmbij tgct somf tbt`fs rfvfc` eflfptbvf`y sootgbij stfrfotypfs ùrhbij afgbie

tgfbr vfiffrs od ebvfrsbty, tgfi otgfrs sgow lomp`fx loisbefrctbois od befitbty. Ugoujg

gf bs lcrfdu` to l`cbm tgct wf oujgt to Xsft] csbef l`cbms tgct stfrfotypfs jovfri rfcefrs

mbies, gf cddbrms tgct wf must c`so stb`` Xgoè] lombls cllouitca`f dor tgfbr befoòjblc`

cssumptbois (3;2). Mcbistrfcm lombls crf io òijfr lgcrcltfrbzfe ay c lomp`ftf `clh

od ebvfrsbty or loisbstfit rclbc` lcrblcturfs8 cs Icmc cssfrts, stuey od a`clh supfrgfrofs

fvbefilfs c dcslbictbij rclbc` pgfiomfioi cie c powfrdu` sourlf od rclbc` mfcibij,

icrrctbvf, cie bmcjbictboi bi Cmfrblci solbfty cie fxprfssfs c myrbce od rclbc`

cssumptbois, po`btblc` pfrspfltbvfs, cie dcitcstbl (rf)bmcjbibijs od a`clh befitbty ( 5).

Fxcmbibij bidùfitbc` worhs od popu`cr lu`turf rfvfc`s tgf befoòjblc` tfmpfrcturf, so to

spfch, od tgf solbc` wctfrs, cie pùmabij tgf efptgs od tgf rflfit`y rf`fcsfe \torm

rfvfc`s somf iucilfe loivfrsctbois wbtg lurrfit dfmbibst cie rclbc` po`btbls.

B cllfpt tgct my befitbty cs c wgbtf dfmc`f mcy proa`fmctbzf my cab`bty to du``y

uiefrstcie tgf fxpfrbfilf od womfi od loòr, aut cm fmaoèfife ay tgf dclt tgct \torm

bs c icrrctbvf wrbttfi ay c Horfci Cmfrblci mci cie febtfe ay c gomosfxuc` Horfci


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Cmfrblci, cie tgct J. Zb`òw Zb`soi bs c wgbtf Mus`bm Cmfrblci womci wrbtbij tgf

story od c youij [chbstcib Cmfrblci. Bi wgct do`òws B cttfmpt to cic`yzf aotgMs.

Mcrvf` cie \torm wbtg mbibmc` abcscs two icrrctbvfs bi loivfrsctboi wbtg rclbc`

dormctboi po`btbls, womcibst or A`clh dfmbibst tgfory,1cie stfrfotypfs od Otgfrifss.

Ugbs lrbtbquf uilovfrs mftcpgorblc` fijcjfmfit wbtg proa`fms gbstorblc``y rf`fvcit to

tgf befitbtbfs od womfi od loòr, sulg cs tgf pfrsbstfit stfrfotypf od gypfrsfxuc`bty bi

A`clh womfi. Ugoujg Ugor louè af loisbefrfe twblf ci Otgfr, sfjrfjctfe drom tgf

wgbtf mc`f suprfmcly ay gfr supfrgumci cab`btbfs cie gfr jfiefr, aotg Hcmc`c Hgci

cie Ororo Muirof fxpfrbfilf tgrff typfs od mcrjbic`bzctboi, cs tgfbr dfmbibibty, tgfbr

supfrgumci cab`btbfs, cie tgfbr rclbc` befitbtbfs c`` sfrvf to mcrjbic`bzf tgfm. Cs sulg,

aotgMs. Mcrvf`cie \tormprovbef bitfrfstbij sourlf mctfrbc` dor cic`ysbs od wgct bt

mfcis to af c womci od loòr bi moefri solbfty, lrfctbij ci bmportcit mftcpgorblc`

suatfxt to tgfbr lu`turc` sullfss.

"B usf aotg womcibst cie A`clh dfmbibst bitfrlgcijfca`y (tgoujg prbmcrb`y A`clh

dfmbibst) cs Nciblf E. Gcm`ft eofs bi Cssfssbij Zomcibst Ugoujgt.


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[CQU UZO> CIC@R\B\


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females and feminism reclaim the mainstream: new superheroines in marvel comics

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