Female/Male NotesFemale/Male Notes

SchmitSchmit

Animal Reproduction = Animal Reproduction = SEXUAL REPRODUCTIONSEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Female Reproductive SystemFemale Reproductive System

a.a.    Female reproductive organ Female reproductive organ = = OvaryOvary

Job: Job:

egg production and releaseegg production and release

produce estrogen and produce estrogen and progesteroneprogesterone

Location: Location:

Either side of lower Either side of lower abdomenabdomen

1.5 inch oval in size1.5 inch oval in size

What is the egg (Ova)? What is the egg (Ova)?

a. female reproductive cella. female reproductive cell

b. 23 chromosomesb. 23 chromosomes

c. has a food supplyc. has a food supply

d. size of a dot (largest cell d. size of a dot (largest cell in the body)in the body)

II. The egg (haploid = II. The egg (haploid = 23 chromosomes23 chromosomes))

a.a.    When are eggs made?When are eggs made?

Prior to birth in the female fetusPrior to birth in the female fetus

each ovary has between 200,000 each ovary has between 200,000 and 1 million eggs presentand 1 million eggs present

each contained in a each contained in a folliclefollicle

When are the eggs released?When are the eggs released?a. First time is at a. First time is at

puberty when female puberty when female makes estrogen to makes estrogen to cause eggs to cause eggs to maturemature

b. one follicle ruptures b. one follicle ruptures every 28 daysevery 28 days

makes progesteronemakes progesterone

c. ovulation is the release of an eggc. ovulation is the release of an eggd. ruptured follicle = corpus luteumd. ruptured follicle = corpus luteume.e. corpus luteumcorpus luteum

f. ovaries take turns releasing an eggf. ovaries take turns releasing an egg

Does the female actually release all Does the female actually release all of her 400,000 eggs?of her 400,000 eggs?

a. no – takes too longa. no – takes too long

b. only about 400 eggs get used upb. only about 400 eggs get used up

c.c. fertile span (12 – 50 years old)fertile span (12 – 50 years old)((http://http://biology.clemson.edu/biolab/ovum.htmlbiology.clemson.edu/biolab/ovum.html ) )

Where does the egg go after Where does the egg go after ovulation?ovulation?

c. oviduct is not c. oviduct is not connected to ovaryconnected to ovary

d. oviduct is 4 inches d. oviduct is 4 inches long with cilia to push long with cilia to push egg alongegg along

e. trip takes 6 – 10 dayse. trip takes 6 – 10 days

a. leaves ovary and attempts to get into a. leaves ovary and attempts to get into oviductoviductb. opening of oviduct is about the size of b. opening of oviduct is about the size of a hyphena hyphen

a.a.    Trace the path of the egg from ovulation (release) to Trace the path of the egg from ovulation (release) to implantation (pregnancy):implantation (pregnancy):

          i.i.            Captured by fimbrae of oviductCaptured by fimbrae of oviduct

          ii.ii.            Travel down oviduct, fertilized by spermTravel down oviduct, fertilized by sperm

        iii.iii.            Growing ball of cells implanted in uterus wallGrowing ball of cells implanted in uterus wall

How long does an egg live?How long does an egg live?

a. 72 hours after ovulationa. 72 hours after ovulation

b. 24 hours in oviductb. 24 hours in oviduct

c. dies after 72 hours and disintegrates because c. dies after 72 hours and disintegrates because food supply is gonefood supply is gone

d. if fertilized, pregnancy starts and another d. if fertilized, pregnancy starts and another food supply is createdfood supply is created

AnatomyAnatomyOvary – Ovary – 1.5 inch sphere1.5 inch sphere

Oviduct (Fallopian Tube)– Oviduct (Fallopian Tube)– Tubes from Tubes from nearnear ovary into the ovary into the uterusuterus

Mammary glands – milk productionMammary glands – milk production

Uterus – Uterus – Pear shaped organ, wombPear shaped organ, womb

Endometrium – Endometrium – inner lining of the uterusinner lining of the uterus

MyometriumMyometrium - - layer of musclelayer of muscle

Cervix – Cervix – opening at theopening at the

base of the base of the uterus, dilates uterus, dilates open during open during delivery of a delivery of a baby.baby.

Vagina – Vagina – tube to the outside of the bodytube to the outside of the body

Picture female partsPicture female parts

If the egg gets fertilized, where If the egg gets fertilized, where does it go?does it go?

Travels to the Travels to the Uterus – pear Uterus – pear shaped and very shaped and very flexibleflexible

Are drugs, medication or diet going to affect the final outcome of the egg?

No – meiosis is unaffected once it is startedHowever, mitosis is greatly affected so fetal development can be harmed.

What affects the female’s What affects the female’s reproductive system?reproductive system?

a. pregnancya. pregnancy

b. venereal diseaseb. venereal disease

c. agec. age

d. Stress and emotionsd. Stress and emotions

e. cancer (27% of female cancers affect e. cancer (27% of female cancers affect reproductive system, 18% breast reproductive system, 18% breast cancer, 9% uterine cancer)cancer, 9% uterine cancer)

Secondary Sex CharacteristicsSecondary Sex Characteristics

a.a.    Breast enlargeBreast enlarge

b.b.    Body contours changeBody contours change

c.c.      Genitals developGenitals develop

d.d.    Pubic hairPubic hair

e. armpit haire. armpit hair

f. f. Menarche = 1Menarche = 1stst menstruation menstruation

VIII.VIII.    Hormones Hormones Estrogen and _Estrogen and _ProgesteroneProgesterone_ are made in _ are made in

the _the _OvaryOvary_ _ Estrogen Estrogen is released by follicle is released by follicle and matures the egg. and matures the egg. Progesterone Progesterone maintains the uterine lining after ovulation.maintains the uterine lining after ovulation.

Estrogen and

Progesterone

Problems:Problems:

vulvovaginitisvulvovaginitis an an inflammation of the inflammation of the vulva and vagina.vulva and vagina.

ectopicectopic pregnancypregnancy, , when a fertilized egg, when a fertilized egg, or zygote, doesn't or zygote, doesn't travel into the uterus, travel into the uterus, but instead grows but instead grows rapidly in the fallopian rapidly in the fallopian tube. tube.

endometriosisendometriosis when tissue normally found when tissue normally found only in the uterus starts to grow outside only in the uterus starts to grow outside the uterus — in the ovaries, fallopian the uterus — in the ovaries, fallopian tubes, or other parts of the pelvic cavity. It tubes, or other parts of the pelvic cavity. It can cause abnormal bleeding, painful can cause abnormal bleeding, painful periods, and general pelvic pain periods, and general pelvic pain

http://http://www.endocenter.org/endoflash_highspeedwww.endocenter.org/endoflash_highspeed.htm.htm

Ovarian CystsOvarian Cysts – non- – non-cancerous sacs filled cancerous sacs filled with fluid or semisolid with fluid or semisolid material. Are Common, material. Are Common, usually harmless. usually harmless. Usually disappear on Usually disappear on their own.their own.

Ovarian TumorsOvarian Tumors - Girls with ovarian - Girls with ovarian tumors may have abdominal pain and tumors may have abdominal pain and masses that can be felt in the abdomen – masses that can be felt in the abdomen – rare rare

Cervical CancerCervical Cancer – – abnormal cell growth abnormal cell growth on the cervixon the cervix

Symptoms:Symptoms:Continuous vaginal Continuous vaginal

discharge, which may discharge, which may be pale, watery, pink, be pale, watery, pink, brown, bloody, or foul-brown, bloody, or foul-smelling smelling

Fatigue Fatigue pain in pelvic area, back, pain in pelvic area, back,

or leg or leg Loss of appetite Loss of appetite Weight loss Weight loss Fatigue Fatigue

Male Reproductive SystemMale Reproductive System

Male reproductive organ = Male reproductive organ = TesteTestess Job: Job:

Produce sperm, nourish Produce sperm, nourish sperm, and produce sperm, and produce testosteronetestosterone

Location:Location: a. develop in region near a. develop in region near

Kidneys in an embryoKidneys in an embryob. must descend through a canal b. must descend through a canal

into scrotuminto scrotumc. reason outside of body – 98.6 c. reason outside of body – 98.6

Degrees too warm for sperm Degrees too warm for sperm to be madeto be made

What is the sperm?What is the sperm?

a.a. tad pole shapedtad pole shaped

b.b. Able to move Able to move around by flagella around by flagella (whip like tail)(whip like tail)

c.c. no food supply of no food supply of their owntheir own

d.d. 23 chromosomes 23 chromosomes in the head in the head

Mitochondrial

Flagella

Enzymes

DNA

e.e. 1/500” long1/500” long

f.f. 300,000,000/tsp 300,000,000/tsp produced in large produced in large numbers 10-30 numbers 10-30 billion dailybillion daily

g.g. Father determines Father determines sex X or Ysex X or Y

SpermSperm (haploid = (haploid = 23 chromosomes)23 chromosomes)

When are sperm made?When are sperm made? a. during meiosis called

spermatogenesis b. billions in a lifetime

How long does sperm live?How long does sperm live? Between 48 - 72 Between 48 - 72 hours out of the hours out of the body. body. ((http://http://www.raysahelian.com/sperm.www.raysahelian.com/sperm.htmlhtml) )

  

Where would a sperm Where would a sperm meet an egg?meet an egg?

a. introduced a. introduced into vagina and into vagina and then meets egg then meets egg in oviduct or in oviduct or fallopian tubesfallopian tubes

b. Only 50-200 of b. Only 50-200 of the 2-300 million the 2-300 million get close to the get close to the eggegg

How are sperm How are sperm released released (ejaculation)?(ejaculation)? Through the vas Through the vas deferens and out deferens and out the urethrathe urethra

Seminal vesicle – Seminal vesicle – Produces fructose or Produces fructose or food for sperm energyfood for sperm energy

Prostate –Prostate –secretes milky alkaline fluid to secretes milky alkaline fluid to decrease acidity of vagina and fluid to decrease acidity of vagina and fluid to help with propellinghelp with propelling

Urethra – CUrethra – Common tube for sperm and ommon tube for sperm and urineurine

Vas deferens – Vas deferens – long long tube where sperm tube where sperm travels to urethratravels to urethra

Epididymis – Epididymis – store andstore and nurture spermnurture sperm

AnatomyAnatomy

Testis – Testis – 1.5 inch oval in 1.5 inch oval in the scrotum, produce the scrotum, produce sperm and sex sperm and sex hormoneshormones

Seminiferous tubules – Seminiferous tubules – Site Site of spermatogenesis of spermatogenesis (sperm making) (sperm making) located inside testislocated inside testis

Bulbourethral gland (Cowper’s gland) – Bulbourethral gland (Cowper’s gland) – Secretes mucus-like fluid for lubricationSecretes mucus-like fluid for lubrication

Penis – Penis – External male organExternal male organ

Prepuce (foreskin) – Prepuce (foreskin) – Often removedOften removed

ScrotumScrotum - - suspends testes away from bodysuspends testes away from body

Sperm production:Sperm production:

http://www.howstuffworks.com/adam-200126.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/adam-200126.htm

Sperm vs. SemenSperm vs. Semen

Sperm are the reproductive cellsSperm are the reproductive cells

Semen consists of the cells, Semen consists of the cells, nourishing fluids, and lubricating nourishing fluids, and lubricating fluids from Cowper’s, Seminal, and fluids from Cowper’s, Seminal, and Prostate GlandsProstate Glands

What is circumcision?What is circumcision?Removal of the foreskin (prepuce)Removal of the foreskin (prepuce)Difference between meiosis and mitosis?Difference between meiosis and mitosis?Meiosis = gameteMeiosis = gameteMitosis = growthMitosis = growth

What effects What effects sperm?sperm?Age, diet, drugs, Age, diet, drugs, medicationmedication

Secondary Sex CharacteristicsSecondary Sex Characteristics

a.a.    Produce spermProduce sperm

b.b.    Lowered voiceLowered voice

c.c.      Pubic and armpit hairPubic and armpit hair

d.d.    Body contours changeBody contours change

e.e.    Genitals developGenitals develop

f.f.          Some research indicates Some research indicates testosterone testosterone hair loss hair loss

  Hormone - _Hormone - _TestosteroneTestosterone_ made in the _ made in the ____TestesTestes____

SpermSperm is made from is made from pubertypuberty to to deathdeath

How does a vasectomy work?How does a vasectomy work?

Problems with Male PartsProblems with Male PartsInfertility problems:Infertility problems:obstructive problems (blockages in sperm-carrying tubes) Sperm disorders (#, shape)Sperm disorders (#, shape)Varicocele (enlarged veins, similar to varicose veins, in the

scrotum) raises temperature raises temperature

Testicular cancerTesticular cancer

Age: most often occurs in men between Age: most often occurs in men between the ages of 15 and 40. the ages of 15 and 40.

Undescended testicleUndescended testicle - - testicles do not testicles do not descend from the descend from the abdomen, where they abdomen, where they are located during are located during fetal development, to fetal development, to the scrotum shortly the scrotum shortly before birth. before birth. Family history:Family history:Race and ethnicityRace and ethnicity

EpididymitisEpididymitis - is inflammation of the epididymis - is inflammation of the epididymis

Caused by STD or bacterial infectionCaused by STD or bacterial infection

Testicular InjuryTesticular Injury - - Even a mild injury to the Even a mild injury to the testicles can cause severe pain, bruising, or testicles can cause severe pain, bruising, or swelling. Most testicular injuries occur when the swelling. Most testicular injuries occur when the testicles are struck, hit, kicked, or crushed, testicles are struck, hit, kicked, or crushed, usually during sports or due to other traumausually during sports or due to other trauma

Enlarged ProstateEnlarged Prostate

After the age of 40 the prostate enlarges After the age of 40 the prostate enlarges and can press on the urethra. An enlarged and can press on the urethra. An enlarged prostate is often the cause of urinary prostate is often the cause of urinary problems in older men problems in older men