Opening95-475GHztoCommercialUse:TechnicalandPolicyChallenges

MichaelJ.Marcus,Sc.D.,F-IEEE

AdjunctProfessorofECE,VirginiaTechPastChair,IEEE-USACommitteeonCommunicationsPolicy

AssociateChief,FCCOfficeofEngineeringandTechnology(Retired)Director,MarcusSpectrumSolutionsLLC

mjmarcus@marcus-spectrum.comN3JMM/7J1AKO1

450GHz275GHz95GHz

WRC-19AgendaItem1.15

FCCDocket14-177

Mybackground:

CreationofregulationsthatenabledWi-Fi&Bluetooth5/85

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Why>95GHzLet’slearnfromWillieSutton:

>95GHzis“wherethespectrumis”!(Ifyouneedlargebandwidth) 3

ThisTechnologyHasBeenUsedOutsideofLaboratoryAlready

• NTT125GHzsystemusedat2008BeijingOlympics

4https://www.ntt-review.jp/archive/ntttechnical.php?contents=ntr200903sf3.html

PublishedDataonmmW/THzSystemExperiments

• R&D,oftenwithnationalgovernmentsupport,isunderwayaroundtheworldashighas600GHz!

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Yu,Asif,etal.,“400-GHzWirelessTransmissionof 60-Gb/sNyquist-QPSKSignalsUsing UTC-PDandHeterodyne Mixer,”IEEETransactionsonTerahertzScienceandTechnology,IssueNo.99,p.1-6(August2016)(http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7556985/)

Europe,Inc.isTargetingThisTechnology

• “Withrespecttotheaforementioned,themissionofETSIISGmWT istopromotetheuseofmillimetre wavespectrumfrom50GHzupto300GHzforpresentandfuturecriticaltransmissionapplicationsandusecases.Moreover,ETSIISGmWT willfocusonenhancingtheconfidenceofallstakeholdersandthegeneralpublicintheuseofmillimetre wavetechnologies”

6http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_gs/mWT/001_099/002/01.01.01_60/gs_mWT002v010101p.pdf

PossibleCommunicationsUsesof95-450GHz

• Point-to-pointterrestrialcommunications– Iflargebandwidthchannelsareavailablecouldachieveratescomparabletoopticalfiber

–Whilefiberhardwareisalwayslessexpensive,insomecasesinstallationcostscanbehuge

–Whilefibercanberepairedquicklyincaseofcutsfromconstructionaccidents,quickrepairmaynotbepossibleaftersome typesofdisasters• e.g.earthquakewithgroundrupture

– Lowertimelatencythanfiber

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Possible/ActualPracticalUsesof95-450GHz

• THzSpectroscopy– Usefulforbothscientificresearchandsomeindustrialoperations

– Twoversions(analogoustoUWB):• “timedomain”

• “frequencydomain”– Steppedfrequency

– cmranges,generallyindoor,verylowpower 8

UseofTHzSpectroscopyinNASASpaceShuttleProgram

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ApplicationsofTHzSpectroscopy

• Studyof– Polymers– Semiconductors– Ceramicsandglasses– Organicmolecules– Gasspectroscopy– Conductivefilms– Liquidcrystals– Composites– Oils– Nondestructivetesting

• AircraftNon-destructiveTesting

• ExaminationofPackagedGoods

• SpacecraftNon-destructiveTesting

• Radome Inspection• PipelineRepairInspection• Monitoringproduction

linesofplywood

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CurrentTHzSpectroscopyProducts

• TAS7500SeriesTerahertzSpectroscopic/ImagingSystem

– “TheTAS7500seriesisafamilyofcompactandmultipurposeterahertzspectroscopic/imagingsystems.Utilizingtheuniquepropertiesoftheterahertzregion(0.1– 10.0THz)oftheelectromagneticspectrum,thesesystemsperformnon-destructiveanalysisofpharmaceuticals,chemicals,communicationsmaterials,etc.,withoutrequiringaspeciallyconstructedanalysisenvironment.SpeedandeaseofoperationarethehallmarksofAdvantest’sterahertzanalysissystems.Inadditiontoindustrialapplications,theTAS7500seriesisalsoanoptimalchoiceforterahertz– relatedresearch,leveragingAdvantest’shigh-precisiondetectiontechnologytoprovidebest-in-classsamplingperformance”.

• LunaInnovations/AdvancedPhotonix T-Gauge®

• “T-Gauge®Picometrix sensoristhefirstwebscanningTimeDomainTerahertzsolutionforplantfloordeploymenttomeasurebasisweight,caliper,density,moistureonlaminatedandmulti-layercomposites.Terahertztechnologypreviouslylimitedtoresearchfacilities,military,aerospaceandhomelandsecurityisnowavailabletotheindustrialwebprocessingmarket.”

11https://www.advantest.com/products/terahertz-spectroscopic-imaging-systems/tas7500-series-terahertz-spectroscopic-/-imaging-system http://lunainc.com/thz/products/t-ray5000

QuotefromaFormerChief,OET

• “Ifyouarelookingforinterestingideasinspectrumpolicy,takethingsthatpeoplearedoingillegallywithoutcausingproblemsandmakethemlegal!”– IsTHzspectroscopyagoodexample?

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>95GHzIssues

• ExistingITUandUSallocationsgoto275GHzbutUS“servicerules”endat95GHz– MinorexceptionsforamateursandISM– Technology>95GHzfacesuncertaindelaysbeforemarketaccess

• ITUrulesforpassivespectrumaremoreburdensome>95GHthaninUHF!– Highdensityofpassiveallocations– RR5.149&5.340impactterrestrialtransmitters

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RR5.149

5.149 Inmaking assignments tostations ofother services towhich thebands* 94.1-100GHz,102-109.5GHz,111.8-114.25GHz,128.33-128.59GHz,129.23-129.49GHz,130-134GHz,136-148.5GHz,151.5-158.5GHz,168.59-168.93GHz,171.11-171.45GHz,172.31-172.65GHz,173.52-173.85GHz,195.75-196.15GHzare allocated,administrations are urged totake all practicablesteps toprotect theradioastronomy service from harmfulinterference.Emissions from spaceborne or airborne stationscan be particularly serious sources ofinterference totheradioastronomy service (see Nos.4.5and4.6andArticle29).(WRC-07)

*Onlybandsin95-200GHzlistedhere)14

RR5.340/US246

5.340 Allemissionsareprohibited inthefollowingbands*:100-102GHz,109.5-111.8GHz,114.25-116GHz,148.5-151.5GHz,164-167GHz,182-185GHz,190-191.8GHz,

*Onlybandsin95-200GHzlistedhere)

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IsSharingPossible?

• 2010ITU-Rreportindicatesthatsharingabove275GHzispossibleforradioastronomyandterrestrialusers.– Doesnotaddressenvironmentalsensing

• Is275GHzaphysicallimitorbureaucraticone?

16http://www.itu.int/pub/R-REP-RA.2189-2010

Isn’tSharingat>95GHzDifferentthanUHFSharing?

• AtwhatfrequencylimitisphysicssodifferentthatapproachesofRR5.149&5.340haveaverydifferentcost/effectivenessratiothanatUHF?

• ITU-Rhasalreadyaddressedspecialcaseofradioastronomy>275GHzandfoundterrestrialsharingpossible– 275GHzlimitofstudychosenforbureaucraticreasonsnotphysicalones!

– Environmentalsensingsharingismuchmoredifficult

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PossibleSharingwithEnvironmentalSensing

• 2cases:GSOandNGSO• GSOcase– FS/FSSsharinghasbeeninoperationsince1970s– BasicapproachistokeepFSpowerbeamsawayfromGSOarc

– Coordinationrequiredandeffectiveinsharing

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PossibleSharingwithEnvironmentalSensing

• 2cases:GSOandNGSO• NGSOcase– UnlikeGSOcase,NGSOpassivereceiverscanbeanywhereinsky

– SimilartoGSO/NGSOsharingwhichhasbeenimplementedinpastdecade

– Alignmenteventscanbepredictedmonthsinadvanceandterrestrialtransmittersthenmodifyspectrumusebeforealignmentevent

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CumulativeImpactofPassiveBands

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95-200GHzinUS

21Spectrumavailablenowwithout passivesharing

VerticalandHorizontalPropagationDiffers!

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WRC-19AgendaItem1.15• ResultedfromapparentJapaneseinitiativeinAPTconferencepreparation

• ParallelCEPTinitiative• WRC-15tooktextfromoneandthefrequencyrangefromtheother– atypicalITUcompromise!

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APT CEPT

WRC-19AgendaItem1.15

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>275GHzSpectrumandRR5.5655.565 Thefollowingfrequencybands* intherange275-1000GHzareidentified forusebyadministrationsforpassiveserviceapplications:–radioastronomyservice:

275-323GHz,327-371GHz,388-424GHz,426-442GHz,453-510GHz,–Earthexploration-satelliteservice(passive)andspaceresearchservice(passive):

275-286GHz,296-306GHz,313-356GHz,361-365GHz,369-392GHz,397-399GHz,409-411GHz,416-434GHz,439-467GHz,

Theuseoftherange275-1000GHzbythepassiveservicesdoesnotprecludeuseofthisrangebyactiveservices.Administrationswishingtomakefrequenciesinthe275-1000GHzrangeavailableforactiveserviceapplicationsareurgedtotakeallpracticablestepstoprotectthesepassiveservicesfromharmfulinterference untilthedatewhentheTableofFrequencyAllocationsisestablishedintheabove-mentioned275-1000GHzfrequencyrange.

25*Frequencies>475GHzhavebeenomittedhere

>275GHzSpectrumandRR5.565

• Allspectrumin275-450islistedforprotectioninRR5.565

• Unlike5.340,only“allpracticablesteps”arerequired

• IfweacceptITU-RRA.2189,weonlyneedfocusonenvironmentalsensingbands

26*Frequencies>475GHzhavebeenomittedhere

ESRA

>275GHzSpectrumandRR5.565

• Environmentsensingidentifiedbandsare141GHzoutof175GHztotalin275-450GHz

• Ifsharingwithenvironmentsensingisnotpossible,largestclearblocksareonly10GHzBW(286-296GHzand399-409GHz)

Sharingisessentialforanypracticaluseofthisspectrum!

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ESRA

Item1.15Status

• UStotallysilenttodate!

• InNovemberinSG5– Germansproposeduseof275-321.8 GHz and380-445GHz

– Japanese proposeduse of275-316 GHz

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KeyIssues

• Importanceofinternationalharmonization– MoreconsistentlyimportantinJapanthaninUS– FCCactedwithoutITUinoriginalunlicensed2.4GHzband(Wi-Fi&Bluetooth)and60GHzunlicensed

– Since1987FCChasnot standardizedmobiletechnologies• ThisiswhyQualcommisaUScompany• NewFCCstandardizationisunlikelyin5GinUS

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KeyIssues

• Importanceofinternationalharmonization– AreworldwideeconomiesofscaleessentialformmW/THzimplementation?

– Ismoretimelyimplementationbeforeworldwideconsensusdesirable?

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KeyIssues

• RFSafety– FCChasnoRFsafetynumericlimits>100GHzandnoneproposed

• CapitalFormationforR&D/USCompetitiveness– ForeigncompetitorshaveaccesstogovernmentcostsharingforthisR&D

– USfirmsdependonprivatecapitalformation– FCCtrackrecordonRM-11713andDocket13-259woulddiscouragemostVC’swithotheroptionsforinvestingintechnology

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32www.marcus-spectrum.com