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FCAT EARTH SCIENCE Science Review West Broward High School Slide 2 EARTH SCIENCE SC.D.1.4.1 The student knows how climatic patterns on Earth result from an interplay of many factors (Earths topography, its rotation on its axis, solar radiation, the transfer of heat energy where the atmosphere interfaces with lands and oceans, and wind and ocean currents). AA Slide 3 Types of Landforms Earths topography - Exploring Earths Surface There are three main types of landforms: plains, mountains, and plateaus. Slide 4 Types of Landforms Earths topography - Exploring Earths Surface A large area of land where the topography is made up of mainly one type of landform is called a landform region. Slide 5 Mapping Earths Topography Mapmakers use contour lines to represent elevation, relief, and slope on topographic maps. - Topographic Maps Slide 6 Background Information SPACE & TIME Climate is largely a result of Earths location with respect from the sun. Earth is 93,000,000 mi from the sun. Seasonal climate changes occur b/c Earths axis (23.5 o ) of rotation is tilted with respect to the ecliptic path around the sun. Northern & Southern Hemispheres each spend 6 months facing the sun directly. Slide 7 Solstice Earths Orbit rotation on its axis is the point at which the sun reaches its greatest distance north or south of the equator. Occurs only two days out of the year. Summer SOLSTICE June 21/22 NH More hours of day light SH daylight is shorter. Winter SOLSTICE December 21/22 NH NH is tilted away from sun. NH less sunlight SH daytime is longer. Slide 8 Angle of the Suns Rays Earths Orbit rotation on its axis Energy from the sun strikes Earth most directly near the equator. Near the poles, the same amount of energy is spread out over a larger area. Slide 9 Energy in the Atmosphere solar radiation Some sunlight is absorbed or reflected by the atmosphere. The rest passes through to the surface. Slide 10 Weather Factors- Energy in Earths Atmosphere When Earths surface is heated, it radiates most of the energy back into the atmosphere as infrared radiation. Much of this energy is held by the atmosphere, warming it. Slide 11 Weather Factors- Global Wind Belts the transfer of heat energy where the atmosphere interfaces with lands and oceans, and wind and ocean currents A series of wind belts circles Earth. Between the wind belts are calm areas where air is rising or falling. Weather patterns result from complex global patterns of wind & pressure. Westerlies winds that blow from the west in the middle latitudes. Trade Winds which blow from the east, in the tropics. Wind are caused by differences in air pressure. Slide 12 Jet Streams the transfer of heat energy where the atmosphere interfaces with lands and oceans, and wind and ocean currents The jet streams are high-speed bands of winds occurring at the top of the troposphere. Jet Streams control many weather processes, such as storm development. Slide 13 Coriolis Effect the transfer of heat energy where the atmosphere interfaces with lands and oceans, and wind and ocean currents As Earth rotates, the Coriolis effect turns winds in the Northern Hemisphere toward the right. Explains how the rotation of the Earth propelled the earth's wind to move horizontally, in a wave-like manner from West to East (Except the the Tropical Jet Stream during July and August). The tilt of the earth towards the Sun and water are also very important components of this natural phenomenon. Slide 14 Weather Slide 15 Background Information Earths atmosphere has allowed for the evolution of life on land by burning meteoroids, by having ozone to absorb much of the ultraviolet radiation, & availability of gases like O 2 & CO 2. Slide 16 - Layers of the Atmosphere Layers of the Atmosphere The atmosphere is divided into four main layers: the troposphere, the stratosphere, the mesosphere, and the thermosphere. The thermosphere is further divided into the ionosphere and the exosphere. Slide 17 Thunderstorm Formation A thunderstorm forms when warm, humid air rises rapidly within a cumulonimbus cloud. Slide 18 Tornado Formation Tornadoes can form when warm, humid air rises rapidly in thick cumulonimbus cloudsthe same type of clouds that bring thunderstorms. Slide 19 Structure of a Hurricane In a hurricane, air moves rapidly around a low-pressure area called the eye. Slide 20 PART II Review The Geology of Earth packet. Highlight vocabulary words Color code the different layers of the earth. Describe in detail what the lithosphere SC.D.1.4.2 The student knows that the solid crust of Earth consists of slow- moving, separate plates that float on a denser, molten layer of Earth and that these plates interact with each other, changing the Earths surface in many ways (e.g., forming mountain ranges and rift valleys, causing earthquake and volcanic activity, and forming undersea mountains that can become ocean islands). AA Slide 21 Earth ~200 million years ago Slide 22 The Continental Drift Hypothesis Proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1915. Supercontinent Pangaea started to break up about 200 million years ago. Continents "drifted" to their present positions. Continents "plowed" through the ocean crust. Slide 23 Continental Drift: Evidence How do we know? Geographic fit of South America and Africa Fossils match across oceans Rock types and structures match across oceans Ancient glacial features Slide 24 Why do the plates move? Two related ideas are widely accepted: Slab pull: Denser, colder plate sinks at subduction zone, pulls rest of plate behind it. Mantle convection: Hotter mantle material rises beneath divergent boundaries, cooler material sinks at subduction zones. Slide 25 EARTH SCIENCE SC.D.1.4.1 The student knows how climatic patterns on Earth result from an interplay of many factors Recognizes the processes in the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere Earth's outer shell made up of ~15 major rigid plates ~ 100 km thick Plates move relative to each other at speeds of a few cm/ yr (about the speed at which fingernails grow) Plates are rigid in the sense that little (ideally no) deformation occurs within them, Most (ideally all) deformation occurs at their boundaries, giving rise to earthquakes, mountain building, volcanism, and other spectacular phenomena. Slide 26 BASIC CONCEPTS: THERMAL EVOLUTION OF OCEANIC LITHOSPHERE Warm mantle material upwells at spreading centers and then cools Because rock strength decreases with temperature, cooling material forms strong plates of lithosphere Cooling oceanic lithosphere moves away from the ridges, eventually reaches subduction zones and descends in downgoing slabs back into the mantle, reheating as it goes Lithosphere is cold outer boundary layer of thermal convection system involving mantle and core that removes heat from Earth's interior, controlling its evolution Stein & Wysession 2003 Slide 27 The Theory of Plate Tectonics Earths outer shell is broken into thin, curved plates that move laterally atop a weaker underlying layer. Most earthquakes and volcanic eruptions happen at plate boundaries. Three types of relative motions between plates: divergent convergent transform Slide 28 Tectonic Plates on Modern Earth Slide 29 Slide 30 What are Earthquakes? The shaking or trembling caused by the sudden release of energy Usually associated with faulting or breaking of rocks Continuing adjustment of position results in aftershocks Slide 31 The Focus and Epicenter of an Earthquake The point within Earth where faulting begins is the focus, or hypocenter The point directly above the focus on the surface is the epicenter Slide 32 Where Do Earthquakes Occur and How Often? ~80% of all earthquakes occur in the circum-Pacific belt most of these result from convergent margin activity ~15% occur in the Mediterranean-Asiatic belt remaining 5% occur in the interiors of plates and on spreading ridge centers more than 150,000 quakes strong enough to be felt are recorded each year Slide 33 Body Waves: P and S waves Body waves P or primary waves fastest waves travel through solids, liquids, or gases compressional wave, material movement is in the same direction as wave movement S or secondary waves slower than P waves travel through solids only shear waves - move material perpendicular to wave movement Slide 34 Surface Waves: R and L waves Surface Waves Travel just below or along the grounds surface Slower than body waves; rolling and side-to-side movement Especially damaging to buildings Slide 35 TSUNAMI - water wave generated by earthquake NY Times Slide 36 NOAA Slide 37 IN DEEP OCEAN tsunami has long wavelength, travels fast, small amplitude - doesnt affect ships AS IT APPROACHES SHORE, it slows. Since energy is conserved, amplitude builds up - very damaging Slide 38 The Solar System Slide 39 1.Planets travel counterclockwise on their orbits, as seen from above Earths north pole. 2. Astronomical units (AUs) are used to measure distances among the objects in the solar system; 1 AU is about 150 million km, the average distance from Earth to the Sun. Slide 40 F. Comets, asteroids, and meteoroids are other objects orbiting in the solar system. 1.A comet is an enormous mass of frozen ice and rock with a nucleus, coma, and tail. 2. Asteroids are rocky objects formed from similar material that formed the planets; the asteroid belt lies between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. 3. Meteoroids come from debris left by colliding asteroids or dispersing comets. Slide 41 TIDES Caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun Neap tides high high tides and low low tides Spring tides weak tides Slide 42 ECLIPSES Solar the moon is between the Earth & the Sun, casting a shadow on the Earth Lunar the Earth is between the Moon & the Sun, casting a shadow on the moon Slide 43 Earths Magnetic Field Slide 44 Magnetosphere The area surrounding Earth that is influenced by this field is the magnetosphere. Protects us from harmful radiation from the sun. Scientists hypothesize that Earths rotation & movement of matter within its core sets up a strong magnetic field in & around earth. Slide 45 The AURORA = In the Ionosphere (Northern Hemisphere) charged particles spiral long earths magnetic field toward earths magnetic pole. They collide with atoms in the atmosphere. These collisions cause ATOMS to emit light. AURORA BOREALIS Slide 46 The MOON Slide 47 Newton concluded that two factorsgravity and inertiacombine to keep the moon in orbit around Earth. The moons orbit is tilted about 5 degrees relative to Earths orbit around the sun. Slide 48 Phases of the Moon