fc.110 the technological background to industrialization labor shortage so far from society start...

FC.110 THE TECHNOLOGICAL BACKGROUND TO INDUSTRIALIZATION

Labor shortage so far from society Start using water wheels

Cam & crank to convert circular to oscillating motion Multitude of jobs done with water power

More ideas for new uses of technology

Continued spread of waterwheel tech’s

Invention of a more efficient steam engine by James Watt (1769)

Larger bellows can get hotter

fires

Finally able to smelt iron completely

Stronger & more metal for building steam

engines

Ripsaws cut more wood deforest Br.

Develop coke from coal for hotter fires

Develop steam pumps vs.

water seepage in coal mines

New textile tech. in Br. to compete vs. cheaper Asian goods

Spinning Jenny (1760s) Spun 7X

threads

Mech. handloom (1733) Could

double textile prod.

British textile prod. & profits soar

Need new power source when all waterfront prop. for waterwheels is gone

Adoption of the clock in W. Eur.

W. Civ’s mechanistic view of the universe



Cistercian monks move into hills to avoid worldly temptations (FC.64)

Invention of clock in China (FC.57)


Basis for the Industrial Revolution (FC. 111)

Why not China?FC.110 THE TECHNOLOGICAL BACKGROUND TO INDUSTRIALIZATION

Why not China?-Irrig. Authoritarian & rigid Tech seen as a threat


FC.110 THE TECHNOLOGICAL BACKGROUND TO INDUSTRIALIZATION Q: Why not China?-Irrig Need authoritarian govt. Tech seen as a threatCistercian monks do what?




Q: Why not China?-Irrig Need authoritarian govt. Tech seen as a threat

Labor shortage so far from society ?





Grk. waterwheels





Grk. waterwheels-Horiz-1hp 10% efficient





Grk. waterwheels-Horiz-1hp 10% efficient-Undershot 2-3hp/20-30%efficient





Grk. waterwheels-Horiz-1hp 10% efficient-Undershot 2-3hp/20-30%efficient-Overshot 5-7hp/50-70% efficient





Grk. waterwheels-Horiz-1hp 10% efficient-Undershot 2-3hp/20-30%efficient-Overshot 5-7hp/50-70% efficient

Breast wheel combining the undershot location with the overshot’s better efficiency





Grk. waterwheels-Horiz-1hp 10% efficient-Undershot 2-3hp/20-30%efficient-Overshot 5-7hp/50-70% efficient- 500 Cistercian houses by 1300, some w/5 or more mills

In the early 1800s many Americans were experimenting with different new waterwheel designs. One of these men, Calvin Wing of Maine, patented the reaction wheel in October 1830.

It consisted of a hollow iron disk with a large hole on one side to allow pressurized water in from a penstock and six angled holes on the rim to allow water to exit. The force of water squirting through these six angled jets turned the wheel in reaction to the force of the exiting water.

The reaction wheel, in some ways the predecessor of the modern turbine, operated on water pressure obtained by confining the water as it fell. It was fairly efficient, could operate in a wide range of water levels, including flooded back-water conditions.

Its cast iron construction made it extremely durable, so it didn’t rot like a wooden wheel. It was also compact, achieving high speeds and generating a lot of power while taking up little space and eliminating the need for costly gearing. It did require precision manufacturing and installation, and thus was somewhat expensive compared to a simple wooden wheel. The 1830s miller who bought one was taking a risk and making an investment in new technology.

Modern Hydroelectric Turbine

Water power is still a vital source of energy in the 21st century. However, instead of generating mechanical energy to be used on-site, the energy of falling water is converted to electrical energy and transmitted for use elsewhere.

In a turbine water is smoothly funneled into a restricted space where it turns the turbine’s blades which are connected to a gear box and electrical generator.






Grk. waterwheels-Horiz-1hp 10% efficient-Undershot 2-3hp/20-30%efficient-Overshot 5-7hp/50-70% efficient- 500 Cistercian houses by 1300, some w/5 or more mills- Cam & crank

What new sorts of jobsCan now be done?






Grk. waterwheels-Horiz-1hp 10% efficient-Undershot 2-3hp/20-30%efficient-Overshot 5-7hp/50-70% efficient- 500 Cistercian houses by 1300, some w/5 or more mills- Cam & crank Ripsaws, bellows, pumps, grind glass, polish metal spin silk; bore holes; pound hemp, flax, paper, sugar, & malt

Here the waterwheel performs two tasks, one with the crank and one with the cam. The crank in the back works a bellows to stoke the smith’s furnace. The cam on the right (D) operates a trip hammer (E).

Sawmill






Grk. waterwheels-Horiz-1hp 10% efficient-Undershot 2-3hp/20-30%efficient-Overshot 5-7hp/50-70% efficient- 500 Cistercian houses by 1300, some w/5 or more mills- Cam & crank Ripsaws, bellows, pumps, grind glass, polish metal spin silk; bore holes; pound hemp, flax, paper, sugar, & malt - c.40 mechanized ind's in med. Eur

Wilkinson’s cylinder borer (1775)

This milling complex at Arles in Roman Gaul had 16 waterwheels that could mill enough grain to feed 80,000 people.


Grk. waterwheels-Horiz-1hp 10% efficient-Undershot 2-3hp/20-30%efficient-Overshot 5-7hp/50-70% efficient- 500 Cistercian houses by 1300, some w/5 or more mills- Cam & crank Ripsaws, bellows, pumps, grind glass, polish metal spin silk; bore holes; pound hemp, flax, paper, sugar, & malt - c.40 mechanized ind's in med. Eur














Grk. waterwheels-Horiz-1hp 10% efficient-Undershot 2-3hp/20-30%efficient-Overshot 5-7hp/50-70% efficient- 500 Cistercian houses by 1300, some w/5 or more mills- Cam & crank Ripsaws, bellows, pumps, grind glass, polish metal spin silk; bore holes; pound hemp, flax, paper, sugar, & malt - c.40 mechanized ind's in med. Eur- 5624 mills in Sax. Eng 1/50 fam's - “Lord”= loaf giver








Grk. waterwheels-Horiz-1hp 10% efficient-Undershot 2-3hp/20-30%efficient-Overshot 5-7hp/50-70% efficient- 500 Cistercian houses by 1300, some w/5 or more mills- Cam & crank Ripsaws, bellows, pumps, grind glass, polish metal spin silk; bore holes; pound hemp, flax, paper, sugar, & malt - c.40 mechanized ind's in med. Eur- 5624 mills in Sax. Eng 1/50 fam's - “Lord”= loaf giver -Saved avg woman 2-3 hrs/day


Grk. waterwheels-Horiz-1hp 10% efficient-Undershot 2-3hp/20-30%efficient-Overshot 5-7hp/50-70% efficient- 500 Cistercian houses by 1300, some w/5 or more mills- Cam & crank Ripsaws, bellows, pumps, grind glass, polish metal spin silk; bore holes; pound hemp, flax, paper, sugar, & malt - c.40 mechanized ind's in med. Eur- 5624 mills in Sax. Eng 1/50 fam's - “Lord”= loaf giver -Saved avg woman 2-3 hrs/day- 68 mills on Seine R, 30 in16km







Two watermills operating between bridge abutments. Notice the spiral shaped millstone in the foreground being taken in the replace one that is worn down.

The numerous depictions of waterwheels in European art are further evidence of their ubiquity.


Grk. waterwheels-Horiz-1hp 10% efficient-Undershot 2-3hp/20-30%efficient-Overshot 5-7hp/50-70% efficient- 500 Cistercian houses by 1300, some w/5 or more mills- Cam & crank Ripsaws, bellows, pumps, grind glass, polish metal spin silk; bore holes; pound hemp, flax, paper, sugar, & malt - c.40 mechanized ind's in med. Eur- 5624 mills in Sax. Eng 1/50 fam's - “Lord”= loaf giver -Saved avg woman 2-3 hrs/day- 68 mills on Seine R, 30 in16km- Other power sources








Grk. waterwheels-Horiz-1hp 10% efficient-Undershot 2-3hp/20-30%efficient-Overshot 5-7hp/50-70% efficient- 500 Cistercian houses by 1300, some w/5 or more mills- Cam & crank Ripsaws, bellows, pumps, grind glass, polish metal spin silk; bore holes; pound hemp, flax, paper, sugar, & malt - c.40 mechanized ind's in med. Eur- 5624 mills in Sax. Eng 1/50 fam's - “Lord”= loaf giver -Saved avg woman 2-3 hrs/day- 68 mills on Seine R, 30 in16km- Other power sources - 120 windmills by Ypres







A horse-powered treadmill in Belgium for threshing wheat


Grk. waterwheels-Horiz-1hp 10% efficient-Undershot 2-3hp/20-30%efficient-Overshot 5-7hp/50-70% efficient- 500 Cistercian houses by 1300, some w/5 or more mills- Cam & crank Ripsaws, bellows, pumps, grind glass, polish metal spin silk; bore holes; pound hemp, flax, paper, sugar, & malt - c.40 mechanized ind's in med. Eur- 5624 mills in Sax. Eng 1/50 fam's - “Lord”= loaf giver -Saved avg woman 2-3 hrs/day- 68 mills on Seine R, 30 in16km- Other power sources - 120 windmills by Ypres - Tidal mills







1 2

3

A tidal mill used different water pressures to function. (1) The high tide forces open a gate, thus letting water into a holding tank. When the tank is full and the tide goes out the higher pressure in the holding tank forces the gate shut (2). Then a second gate can be opened to let water down to turn a water wheel (3).


Grk. waterwheels-Horiz-1hp 10% efficient-Undershot 2-3hp/20-30%efficient-Overshot 5-7hp/50-70% efficient- 500 Cistercian houses by 1300, some w/5 or more mills- Cam & crank Ripsaws, bellows, pumps, grind glass, polish metal spin silk; bore holes; pound hemp, flax, paper, sugar, & malt - c.40 mechanized ind's in med. Eur- 5624 mills in Sax. Eng 1/50 fam's - “Lord”= loaf giver -Saved avg woman 2-3 hrs/day- 68 mills on Seine R, 30 in16km- Other power sources - 120 windmills by Ypres - Tidal mills1690 - 80k flour, 15k indus & 500 iron mills in France









-1st clocks w/7 faces for astrology











-1st clocks w/7 faces for astrology- Giovanni di Dondi- 1st Eur. clock













-1st clocks w/7 faces for astrology- Giovanni di Dondi- 1st Eur. clock-Genoa (1353), Florence (1354), Bologna (1356), Ferrara (1362), Paris (1370)













Some of the earliest European clocks, such as the town clock in Prague, continued to chart the heavens for astrological purposes.

The inner workings of a clock in Salisbury, England

From the 1300s on, it was a matter of pride for every medieval town to have its own clock tower.

Sighisoara, Romania

Ottery, England

St Albans, England

Paris, 1370



-1st clocks w/7 faces for astrology- Giovanni di Dondi- 1st Eur. clock-Genoa (1353), Florence (1354), Bologna (1356), Ferrara (1362), Paris (1370)1370- Charles V of Fr orders bells to ring acc. to clock, not sun













Clocks even started showing up in medieval art, indicating a more mechanistic view of the universe centuries before Newton’s work.

"Never will we find truth if we content ourselves with what is already known... Those things that have been written before us are not laws but guides. The truth is open to all, for it is not yet totally possessed."--Gilbert de Tournai (c.1200-1284)

"We are as dwarfs mounted on the shoulders of giants, so that although we perceived many more things than they, it is not because our vision is more piercing or our stature higher, but because we are carried and elevated higher thanks to their gigantic size."--Bernard of Chartres (c.1115)

"Not all the arts have been found; we shall never see an end of finding them. Everyday one could discover a new art...It is not 20 years since there was discovered the art of making eyeglasses which help one to see well, an art which is one of the best and most necessary in the world. And that is such a short time ago that a new art which had never before existed was invented..."--Fra Giordano (1306)

















Problem with

ripsaws?


















What do they find to replace charcoal?


















- Grks invent steam eng. Not used

Problem with deep shaft mines?





















How do they deal with water seepage?

Hiero of Alexandria’s aeropile, the first known steam engine. However, because of the abundance of cheap free & slave labor, the Greeks and Romans never exploited the potential usefulness of this invention.







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Larger bellows

?











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Finally able to do what?







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- Grks invent steam eng. Not used- Rolling & puddling stronger iron 30x production

A puddling furnace, as the name implies, gathers the molten iron into a puddle, exposing it to air pumped in from above which burns off extra carbon, giving a crude type of steel known as wrought iron







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engines
















Importance for the industrial revolution?







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engines
















Iron also made possible iron bridges with much longer spans than possible with masonry bridges







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threads













- Grks invent steam eng. Not used- Rolling & puddling stronger iron- 30x production

Problem British texile ind’s had in 1700s?







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1st invention?







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Mech. handloom (1733) impact on

textile prod.?

impact on textile prod.?







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engines







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engines







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Problem that slowed weaving &

solution?







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engines







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Spinning Jenny (1760s)How much

faster?







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engines







threads














The Jacqard loom, patented in 1805, made use of punched cards to weave complexly patterned textiles. The binary on-off feature of this loom would be the forerunner of the binary system used in today’s computers.







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British textile prod.?











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Cross-section of Quarry Bank Mill in England, showing the size & power of its waterwheel and how it powered the factory’s looms. Built in 1783 with a second waterwheel added in 1801.

Carding Mill--------------------------------------------------------------------Before wool can be spun into yarn for knitting or weaving into cloth, it first must be brushed, or carded. This tedious task was successfully mechanized in the second half of the 18th century by several British inventors, principally Richard Arkwright and James Hargreaves. By the late 1780s carding machines began to be built in the United States, carding as much wool in minutes as a hand-carder could do in as many hours. By 1811 the federal government estimated that on average every town had at least one carding mill where farm families could bring their wool and pay to have it carded. This made the domestic production of cloth much easier by removing this time-consuming step. As textile factories multiplied in the 19th century, however, people stopped making their own cloth at home, and custom carding mills declined

Since 1773, carding machines have had the same basic design as they do today. They consist of a series of round brushes that align wool fibers as the wool passes from one end of the machine to the other. Each cylinder is covered with bent iron wires, which grab wool in one direction and release it in another.

Clean but tangled wool is fed into the machine from a conveyor belt, called a feed apron. Two small cylinders--called licker-ins—transfer the wool from the apron to the tumbler, which deposits it on the large main cylinder. This cylinder carries the wool through the machine. Along the way, it is removed by workers. Strippers then take it from the workers and deposit it back on the main cylinder. Near the end of the machine, a fancy with long bristles fluffs the wool up on the main cylinder so that a doffer can remove it. The wool is rolled up into rolls or silvers for spinning as it passes between a fluted cylinder and a concave shell.







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Problem with powering these factories?







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Solution?

The Newcomen Engine used for pumping water out of mines. Unfortunately, it was so inefficient, it used up nearly as much coal as was being mined.

The main problem with the Newcomen engine was it had only one cylinder for heating and cooling, making it very inefficient since so much energy was wasted in repeatedly heating and cooling that one chamber.

The major innovation of James Watts’ engine was having two cylinders, one for heating and one for cooling. Which saved considerable amounts of fuel by not having to heat and cool the same cylinder.












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Basis for the Industrial Revolution (FC. 111)

fc.110 the technological background to industrialization labor shortage so far from society start...

Documents

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threat fc

worldly temptations

technological background

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industrial revolution

water wheelscistercian