FastTrackFastTrack NetworkNetwork & &

ApplicationsApplications (KaZaA & Morpheus)(KaZaA & Morpheus)

Applications of the FaskTrack Applications of the FaskTrack NetworkNetwork

• KaZaA

• Morpheus

• Groove

• Grokster

Kazaa (FastKazaa (FastTTrack network)rack network)

• Hybrid of centralized Napster and decentralized Gnutella

• Super-peers act as local search hubs– Each super-peer is similar to a Napster server for a small portion of

the network– Super-peers are automatically chosen by the system based on their

capacities (storage, bandwidth, etc.) and availability (connection time)

• Users upload their list of files to a super-peer• Super-peers periodically exchange file lists• You send queries to a super-peer for files of interest

KaZaAKaZaA

• The FastTrack network has only three official clients:– KaZaA– Grokster– iMesh

• The Kazaa software family (including the Kazaa Lite family of applications) has been the single-most popular P2P file sharing program / system of all time

• Kazaa is fast and easy to use– However Kazaa software and the FastTrack network it utilizes appear to

be declining rapidly in popularity and availability of files• Some have criticized the intrusiveness of "adware" embedded in free

Kazaa clients• Others have complained about the frequency of encountering fake files

on FastTrack

Common Features ofCommon Features ofKaZaA & MorpheusKaZaA & Morpheus

• unstructured networks

• partially centralized indexing systems which use the concept of “SuperNodes”

• Peers are automatically elected to become SuperNodes if they have sufficient bandwidth and processing power

• In Morpheus, • a central server provides new peers with a list of one or more

SuperNodes with which they can connect

• SuperNodes index the files shared by peers connected to them and proxy search requests on behalf of these peers

• Queries are therefore sent to superNodes

Partially CentralizedPartially Centralized

• A central server registers the users to the system and facilitates the peer discovery process

• After a Morpheus peer is authenticated to the server, the server provides it with the IP address and port (always 1214) of one or more ”SuperNodes” to which the peer then connects

• Local ”SuperNodes”:– index the files shared by local peers that connected to it and

– proxy search requests on behalf of these peers

• Examples:– KazaA

– Morpheus

KaZaA/MorpheusKaZaA/Morpheus

• Hybrid indexing/searching model – Not centralized like Napster, not decentralized like

Gnutella

• Peer-to-peer file downloading using HTTP• “SuperNodes” elected dynamically if sufficient

bandwidth and processing power– hybrid topology model

• A central server keeps user registrations, logs usage, and helps bootstrapping peer discovery

Business ApplicationBusiness Application

MorpheusMorpheus

• Morpheus P2P client application downloads exist in both free and paid Ultra versions

• Compared to the free version, the Morpheus Ultra download additionally removes bundled advertising

• Morpheus clients are capable of searching:– Gnutella2

– FastTrack

– eDonkey2K and

– Overnet P2P networks.

Morpheus (Super-Peer)Morpheus (Super-Peer)• Self organizing network

– Neither search requests nor actual downloads pass through any central server

– The network is multi-layered, so that more powerful computers get to become search hubs ("SuperNodes")

– Any client may become a SuperNode, if it meets the criteria of processing power, bandwidth and latency

– Network management is automatic - SuperNodes appear and disappear according to demand

Morpheus (Super-Peer)Morpheus (Super-Peer)

SN1SN3

SN2 SN4

SN412.34.56.78

MorpheusMorpheus• The full gamut (not just mp3’s)• Uses metadata (XML) to describe contents of file; easier

to find things• Largely decentralized, speed of query engine rivals that of

centralized systems (a la Napster)• “No more” incomplete downloads

– SmartStream: Fail-over system that attempts to locate another peer sharing same requested file, and automatically resume download where it left off at failed host

– Improved download performance and faster searches (faststream)

More on Morpheus More on Morpheus

peer 1: file 1, peer 1: file 2, …, peer 1: file npeer 2: file 1, peer 2: file 2, …, peer 2: file npeer 3: file 1, peer 3: file 2, …, peer 3: file n

file 1file 2

.

.

.file n

Supernode

peer 1 peer 2 peer 3GET file 1

Search q

uery

Peer 2: fi

le 1

file 1file 2

.

.

.file n

file 1file 2

.

.

.file n

Source: Morpheus Out of the UnderWorld by Kelly Truelovehttp://www.openp2p.com/pub/a/p2p/2001/07/02/morpheus.html

SuperNodeA

Peer 1: File 1, File 2, File 3, ...Peer 2: File 1, File 2, File 3, …Peer 3: File 1, File 2, File 3, …

SuperNodeB

SuperNodeC

Peer 1 Peer 2 Peer 3

SearchQuery

Get File 1

Peer 2, File1

•Search results in Morpheus contain the IP addresses of peers sharing the files that match the search criteria

•File downloads are purely peer-to-peer

Morpheus’s SuperNodeMorpheus’s SuperNode

• Morpheus peers are automatically elected to become SuperNodes if they have sufficient bandwidth and processing power (a configuration parameter allows users to opt out of running their peer in this mode)

• Once a Morpheus peer receives its list of SuperNodes from the central server, little communication with the server is required

Advantages of Partial Centralized Advantages of Partial Centralized IndexingIndexing

• Reducing discovery time in comparison with purely decentralized indexing system such as Gnutella and Freenet

• Reducing the workload on central servers in comparison with fully centralized indexing system such as Napster

Morpheus (Super-Peer)Morpheus (Super-Peer)• Intelligent downloads

– Morpheus implements a type of fail-over system that attempts to locate another peer sharing the same file, and automatically resume the download where it left off at the failed host

– When Morpheus search engine finds that more than one active peer is serving a particular file, it associates the list of peers with the file for later reference

– If the user instructs Morpheus to download the file, it can distribute the download task over this list of peers

• SuperNodes act like local search hubs and proxy search requests on behalf of their connected peers

Supernode

Peer 1 Peer 2 Peer 3

File 1File 2

.

.

.File n

File 1File 2

.

.

.File n

File 1File 2

.

.

.File n

Search queryPeer 2

:file 1

Get file 1