Fascism

Fascism

Fascisma right wing ideology which emphasizes the needs of the state over those of the individual

Fascismextreme nationalismmilitarismimperialismracismautocracyglorification of the past

Italythe first fascist state in Europeleader : Mussolini (Il Duce)

Why Fascism in Italy???it promised to bring economic and political order to the chaotic stateit promised to return Italy to greatnessit promised to control communist agitation March on RomeMussolini marches to powerthe Italian government was weak and dividedthere was some genuine support for fascismthe king did not declare martial law

paramilitary forceshired thugsused to intimidate all oppositionshowpieces of pageantry and nationalist symbolismthe Black Shirts

Artist: Enrico PrampoliniTitle: Mussolini's Blackshirts, 15 April 1919

Mussolini

use of emergency dictatorial powerskilling of opponentsbanning all opposition partiesgiving Il Duce absolute powerconcordat with the VaticanMussolini and the Catholic ChurchLateran Treatiesrecognized the Pope as head of the Churchthe Catholic Church became the official religion of Italythe Pope recognized the Fascist govtthis gave Mussolini credibility

Fascist Italys Foreign PolicyAbyssinia (Ethiopia)Spanish Civil Warcloser ties with Germany and Japan (Axis Pact and Anti-Comintern Pact)

Germany(1919 - 1923)instability of the Weimar Governmentreparation payments = hyperinflationseveral attempts to overthrow the govtrise of extremist groups

Treaty of VersaillesArticle 231 (War Guilt Clause) led to the popularity of any political party promising to make Germany strong again

Fear of Communism1919 Spartacist revolt = fear of a communist revolutionthe Nazis promised to eliminate the communists = support from the middle class and industrialists

69 Years of TributeDissatisfaction with the Weimar Governmentit signed the Treaty of Versaillesinability to pull Germany out of the Great Depression after 1929

Coal is BreadFrench Invasion of the Ruhr1923 - when Germany could not pay reparation payments France sent forces into the Ruhrthey confiscated coal and shipped it to Francethis lead to hyperinflation in Germany

Hyperinflation

Price indexJuly 19141.0Jan 19192.6July 19193.4Jan 192012.6Jan 192114.4July 192114.3Jan 192236.7July 1922100.6Jan 19232,785July 1923194,000Nov 1923726,000,000,0001920: A 50 Mark Note: (a reasonable denomination)

1923: A 20 TRILLION Mark Note: ("Milliarden" means a million million)

Munich Putsch1923 seeking to overthrow the govt of Bavaria Hitler led an coupIt failed; he was jailed (yes it rhymes)

Mein Kampfafter being sentenced to prison for the Munich Putsch Hitler wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle)

charismatic appeal of Hitlervery popular and mesmerizing speakerpromised what the Germans wanted to hear

the Great Depressioncrisis theoryeconomic hardship meant Germans leaned to the far left and far right (Communism or Fascism)SAbrown shirtshired thugs (paramilitary force)

NSDAPNational Socialist German Workers PartyNazis was originally a derogatory nicknameArticle 48Article 48 of the Weimar constitution allowed the President to govern by decree during a national emergencyit was used frequently between 1929-1933 and Hitler used it to manipulate the March 1933 national electionsPresident von HindenburgPresident of the Weimar Republic from 1925-34he was sympathetic toward the Nazi because of their goal to make Germany stronger and their anti-communist stance

The Reichstag FireFebruary 1933the German parliament buildings were destroyed by fireHitler blamed the CommunistsArticle 48 was used to restrict the electoral activities of the opposition parties

The Enabling ActMarch 1933Hitler used intimidation to force the passage of the Enabling Actthis gave him emergency dictatorial powers for 4 years

Leader we follow you!Yes!

lebensraumliving spaceGermany needed room for its expanded populationheimata chance to create a racially pure state (aryan race)how do you get rid of non-aryansNuremburg Lawsdefined German citizenship on racial groundsnon-aryans were not granted citizenshipthe creation on a heimat implied the removal of non-aryansNight of the Broken GlassKristallnachtJewish shops were destroyed and goods confiscated

Holocaustgenocideconcentration campsextermination campsSSBlack Shirtsreplaced the SAassociated with concentration camps

Clip from America in the 20th Century: World War II: The Road to War (2003) Approximately 3 mins

Night of the Long Knivesupper leadership of the SA were executedHitler perceived them as a threat to his leadership

They salute with both hands nowNazi Planslabour unionspublic workseconomic planningtransportation systemlabour unionslabour unions outlawedstrikes bannedthe government created Labour Front

At a time like todayWe remain ComradesThe German Workers Frontpublic worksnation-wide public works programs to reduce unemployment

All Germany hears the leaderwith the radioeconomic planning4 year plansencouraged the growth of large corporationsthe economy was largely based on war economy

Germany livestransportation systemmodern transportation system was builtmassive highway system (Autobahns)

National paved highway