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F O A F I A T P A N I S Worldwide Regulations for mycotoxins in food and feed 2003 81 FAO Food and Nutrition Paper

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Page 1: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

F OA

FI

AT P A

N

IS

Worldwide Regulationsfor mycotoxins in foodand feed 2003

81

FAOFood andNutrition

Paper

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Contents

List of Figures ........................................................................................................................................ iv

List of Tables........................................................................................................................................... v

Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................ vi

Foreword ............................................................................................................................................... vii

Abbreviations ....................................................................................................................................... viii

Explanatory note ..................................................................................................................................... x

1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1

2. Factors affecting the constitution of mycotoxin regulations in food and feed .............................. 3

2.1 Hazard identification and hazard characterization................................................................. 3

2.2 Exposure assessment.............................................................................................................. 4

2.3 Sampling procedures.............................................................................................................. 5

2.4 Methods of analysis ............................................................................................................... 6

2.5 Trade contacts ........................................................................................................................ 7

2.6 Food supply............................................................................................................................ 8

2.7 Synopsis ................................................................................................................................. 8

3. Mycotoxin regulations in 2003 and current developments............................................................ 9

3.1 The international inquiry from 2002 to 2003......................................................................... 9

3.2 General observations.............................................................................................................. 9

3.3 Specific observations per region .......................................................................................... 10

3.3.1 Africa........................................................................................................................... 10 3.3.2 Asia/Oceania ............................................................................................................... 12 3.3.3 Europe ......................................................................................................................... 14 3.3.4 Latin America.............................................................................................................. 15 3.3.5 North America............................................................................................................. 16

3.4 Specific observations per mycotoxin or group of mycotoxins............................................. 17

3.4.1 Worldwide limits for aflatoxins .................................................................................. 17 3.4.2 Worldwide limits for other mycotoxins ...................................................................... 23

3.5 Harmonized regulations ....................................................................................................... 27

3.5.1 Australia/New Zealand................................................................................................ 27 3.5.2 European Union........................................................................................................... 27 3.5.3 MERCOSUR............................................................................................................... 27 3.5.4 ASEAN ....................................................................................................................... 28 3.5.5 Codex Alimentarius..................................................................................................... 28

4. Concluding remarks ..................................................................................................................... 29

References ............................................................................................................................................. 31

Annex 1: Contributions ......................................................................................................................... 37

Annex 2: Tables .................................................................................................................................... 43

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Figures

Figure 1: Countries with and without regulations for mycotoxins

Figure 2: Percentages of world’s inhabitants covered by mycotoxin regulations

Figure 3: Mycotoxins regulated in food in Africa

Figure 4: Mycotoxins regulated in feed in Africa

Figure 5: Mycotoxins regulated in food in Asia/Oceania

Figure 6: Mycotoxins regulated in feed in Asia/Oceania

Figure 7: Mycotoxins regulated in food in Europe

Figure 8: Mycotoxins regulated in feed in Europe

Figure 9: Mycotoxins regulated in food in Latin America

Figure 10: Mycotoxins regulated in feed in Latin America

Figure 11: Mycotoxins regulated in food in North America

Figure 12: Mycotoxins regulated in feed in North America

Figure 13: Worldwide limits for aflatoxin B1 in food

Figure 14: Worldwide limits for total aflatoxins in food

Figure 15: Ranges and medians of limits for total aflatoxins in food per world region

Figure 16: Worldwide limits for aflatoxin M1 in milk

Figure 17: Worldwide limits for aflatoxin B1 in feed for dairy cattle

Figure 18: Worldwide limits for total aflatoxins in feed for dairy cattle

Figure 19: Worldwide limits for patulin in fruits and fruit juices

Figure 20: Worldwide limits for ochratoxin A in cereals and cereal products

Figure 21: Worldwide limits for deoxynivalenol in wheat (flour) and other cereals

Figure 22: Worldwide limits for zearalenone in maize and other cereals

Figure 23: Worldwide limits for fumonisins in maize

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Tables

Table 1: Overview of currently available mycotoxin reference materials 43

Table 2: Overview of countries involved in the mycotoxins survey (2002 to 2003) 45

Table 3: Maximum tolerated levels of mycotoxins in foodstuffs, dairy products and animal feedstuffs (2002-2003 survey)

47

Table 4: Medians and ranges in 1995 and 2003 of maximum tolerated levels (ng/g) for some (groups of) aflatoxins and numbers of countries with relevant regulations

165

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Acknowledgements

This study was conducted by the Laboratory for Food and Residue Analyses (ARO) of the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, the Netherlands, under contract with FAO. The work was also undertaken by ARO as a part of its duties as European Union (EU) Community Reference Laboratory for Residues (CRL).

FAO wishes to acknowledge the valuable work of the authors, H.P. Van Egmond and M.A. Jonker, ARO, as well as all countries that contributed by collecting and supplying valuable information for this document. A detailed list of contributing institutions and persons is provided in Annex 1.

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Foreword

Since the discovery of the aflatoxins in the 1960s, regulations have been established in many countries to protect consumers from the harmful effects of mycotoxins that may contaminate foodstuffs, as well as to ensure fair practices in food trade. Various factors play a role in decision-making processes focused on setting limits for mycotoxins. These include scientific factors to assess risk (such as the availability of toxicological data), food consumption data, knowledge about the level and distribution of mycotoxins in commodities, and analytical methodology. Economic factors, such as commercial and trade interests and food security issues, also have an impact. Weighing the various factors that play a role in the decision-making process to establish mycotoxin tolerances is therefore of crucial importance. Despite the difficulties, mycotoxin regulations have been established in many countries during the past decades, and newer regulations are still being issued. National regulations have been established for a number of mycotoxins such as the naturally occurring aflatoxins and aflatoxin M1; the trichothecenes deoxynivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin, the fumonisins B1, B2 and B3; agaric acid; the ergot alkaloids; ochratoxin A; patulin, phomopsins; sterigmatocystin and zearalenone.

International inquiries on existing legislation on mycotoxins in foodstuffs and animal feedstuffs have been carried out several times, and details about tolerance levels, legal bases, responsible authorities, and official protocols for sampling and analysis have been published. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has played a major role in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview on worldwide regulations was published as the FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 64 in 1997. At that time, 77 countries had specific regulations for mycotoxins in different foods and feeds and 13 countries had general provisions, while about 50 countries did not have data available. The number of countries with specific regulations for mycotoxins has increased over the years. This reflects the general concern that governments have about the potential effects of mycotoxins on humans and animal health and their implications for trade. The present publication updates the information in the FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 64 and describes the situation of worldwide mycotoxin regulations as of December 2003, based on an international inquiry that was carried out in 2002 and 2003.

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Abbreviations

AFB1 Aflatoxin B1

AFBI/G1 Aflatoxins B1+G1

AFG1 Aflatoxin G1

AFM1 Aflatoxin M1

AFT Total aflatoxins

AGA Agaric acid

ALARA As low as reasonably achievable

AOAC Association of Official Analytical Chemists

AOCS American Oil Chemists’ Society

AQA Analytical quality assurance

ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations

BCR Bureau Communautaire de Référence

CAC Codex Alimentarius Commission

CCFAC Codex Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants

CEN Comité Européen de Normalisation / European Standardization Committee

CGC Canadian Grain Commission

DAS Diacetoxyscirpenol

DON Deoxynivalenol

EC European Commission

EFSA European Food Safety Authority

EFTA European Free Trade Association

ERG Ergot alkaloids

EU European Union

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

FAPAS Food analysis performance assessment scheme

FDA Food and Drug Administration, United States of America

FLEP Food law enforcement practitioners

FUMB1 Fumonisin B1

FUMB1/2 Fumonisins B1+B2

FUMB1/2/3 Fumonisins B1+B2+B3

HT-2 HT-2 toxin

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JECFA Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives

JRC/IRMM Joint Research Centre/Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements

MERCOSUR Mercado Comun del Sur

NOAEL No-observed-adverse-effect-level

OCP Origin Certification Programme

OTA Ochratoxin A

PAT Patulin

PHO Phomopsins

PMTDI Provisional maximum tolerable daily intake

PTDI Provisional tolerable daily intake

PTWI Provisional tolerable weekly intake

SCOOP Scientific cooperation on questions relating to food

SMT Standards, measurements and testing

STE Sterigmatocystin

T-2 T-2 toxin

USDA United States Department of Agriculture

WHO World Health Organization

ZEN Zearalenone

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Explanatory note

The greatest care has been exercised in the preparation of the data presented in this publication. Nevertheless FAO recognizes that this compendium may be incomplete or not fully correct in some cases as a result of problems experienced with language, terminology and the interpretation of responses in the inquiry forms. FAO disclaims any liability to users of the limits and regulations and related information for consequential damages of any kind arising out of, or connected with, their use.

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1. Introduction

In today’s changing world, safety and security have generally remained basic human needs. Ensuring the safety of food has been a major focus of international and national action over the last years. Both microbiological and chemical hazards are of concern. Among chemical hazards, the contamination of food and feed by mycotoxins (toxic metabolites of fungi), fishery products by phycotoxins (toxins produced by algae) and edible plant species by their plant toxins have been recently characterized by the World Health Organization (WHO) as significant sources of food-borne illnesses (WHO, 2002a). Of these three categories of natural toxins, most attention has been directed to mycotoxins until now. In several parts of the world, mycotoxins currently represent a major food safety issue. The knowledge that mycotoxins can have serious effects on humans and animals has led many countries to establish regulations on mycotoxins in food and feed in the last decades to safeguard the health of humans, as well as the economical interests of producers and traders. Setting mycotoxin regulations is a complex activity, which involves many factors and interested parties. The first limits for mycotoxins were set in the late 1960s for the aflatoxins. By the end of 2003, approximately 100 countries had developed specific limits for mycotoxins in foodstuffs and feedstuffs, and the number continues to grow.

A number of publications focusing on limits and regulations for mycotoxins exist (Krogh, 1977; Schuller et al., 1983; Stoloff et al., 1991; Gilbert, 1991; Resnik et al., 1991; Van Egmond, 1991; Van Egmond and Dekker, 1995; Boutrif and Canet, 1998; Rosner, 1998; Van Egmond, 1999). The most recent comprehensive review on mycotoxins was published by FAO in 1997 based on an international inquiry carried out in 1994 and 1995. Since the publication of this Food and Nutrition Paper, many new limits and regulations for mycotoxins have come into force or are under development, creating a need for an update of this document. A relevant international inquiry was carried out in 2002 and 2003, yielding much detailed information. This information was processed and analysed during 2003 to produce this document, which is based on information and amendments received by 31 December 2003.

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2. Factors affecting the constitution of mycotoxin regulations in food and feed

Several factors, both of a scientific and socio-economic nature, may influence the establishment of mycotoxin limits and regulations. These include: � availability of toxicological data; � availability of data on the occurrence of mycotoxins in various commodities; � knowledge of the distribution of mycotoxin concentrations within a lot; � availability of analytical methods; � legislation in countries with which trade contacts exist; and � need for sufficient food supply.

The first two factors provide the necessary information for hazard assessment and exposure assessment respectively, the main ingredients for risk assessment. Risk assessment is the scientific evaluation of the probability of occurrence of known or potential adverse health effects resulting from human exposure to food-borne hazards; it is the primary scientific basis for the establishment of regulations.

2.1 Hazard identification and hazard characterization

Regulations are primarily made on the basis of known toxic effects. For the mycotoxins currently considered most significant – aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, patulin, fumonisins, zearalenone and some trichothecenes including deoxynivalenol – the Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), a scientific advisory body of FAO and WHO, has recently evaluated their hazards. JECFA provides a mechanism for assessing the toxicity of food additives, veterinary drug residues and contaminants. Safety evaluation of contaminants incorporates various steps in a formal health risk assessment approach. The qualitative indication that a contaminant can cause adverse effects on health (hazard identification) is usually included in the information presented to JECFA for evaluation. Similarly, qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the nature of the adverse effects (hazard characterization) is embodied in the data sets that are presented. The evaluation of toxicological data carried out by JECFA normally results in the estimation of a Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) or a Provisional Tolerable Daily Intake (PTDI).

The use of the term “provisional” expresses the tentative nature of the evaluation in view of the paucity of reliable data on the consequences of human exposure at levels approaching those with which JECFA is concerned. In principle, the evaluation is based on the determination of a No-Observed-Adverse-Effect-Level (NOAEL) in toxicological studies and the application of an uncertainty factor. The uncertainty factor means that the lowest NOAEL in animal studies is divided by 100, 10 for extrapolation from animals to humans and 10 for variation between individuals, to arrive at a tolerable intake level. In cases where the data are inadequate, JECFA uses a higher safety factor. This hazard assessment approach does not apply for toxins where carcinogenicity is the basis for concern as is, for example, the case with the aflatoxins. Assuming that a no-effect concentration limit cannot be established for genotoxic compounds, any small dose will have a proportionally small probability of inducing an effect. Imposing the absence of any amount of genotoxic mycotoxins would then be appropriate, if these toxins were not natural contaminants that can never completely be eliminated without outlawing the contaminated

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food or feed. In these cases, JECFA does not allocate a PTWI or PTDI. Instead it recommends that the level of the contaminant in food should be reduced so as to be As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA). The ALARA level, which may be viewed as the irreducible level for a contaminant, is defined as the concentration of a substance that cannot be eliminated from a food without involving the discard of that food altogether or without severely compromising the availability of major food supplies. This covers the case of the JECFA evaluations of the aflatoxins made in 1987 and 1997. On some occasions in the 1990s, JECFA also evaluated the risk of other mycotoxins: ochratoxin A, patulin and zearalenone. In February 2001, a special JECFA session was completely devoted to mycotoxins (FAO, 2001; WHO, 2002b). The mycotoxins evaluated or re-evaluated at this 56th JECFA meeting included fumonisins B1, B2 and B3, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, T-2 and HT-2 toxins, and aflatoxin M1. The report addressed several concerns about each mycotoxin including explanation of the mycotoxin, absorption through excretion, toxicological studies and final evaluation. Along with the mycotoxin evaluations, the committee put forth general considerations on analytical methods, sampling, associated intake issues and control. The evaluation of aflatoxin M1 is the more interesting as JECFA responded to a request by the Codex Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants (CCFAC, see also Section 3.5.5.) at its 32nd session (CAC, 2000) to “examine exposure to aflatoxin M1 and to conduct a quantitative risk assessment” to compare the application of two standards for contamination

of milk (0.05 µg/kg and 0.5 µg/kg), limits that are currently applied in the European Union (EU) and the United States respectively. The calculations showed that, with worst case assumptions, the projected risks for liver cancer attributable to use of the proposed maximum

levels of aflatoxin M1 of 0.05 µg/kg milk and 0.5 µg/kg milk are very small, and that there is

no significant health benefit when a 0.5 µg/kg limit would be reduced to 0.05 µg/kg. In the further development of tolerable daily intake (TDI) levels for mycotoxins in food for national or international (Codex Alimentarius) purposes, factors other than hazard assessment play a role. These will be discussed below.

2.2 Exposure assessment

In addition to information about toxicity, exposure assessment is another main ingredient of the risk assessment. Reliable data on the occurrence of mycotoxins in various commodities and data on food intake are needed to prepare exposure assessment. The quantitative evaluation of the likely intake of mycotoxins is quite difficult. At its 56th Meeting, JECFA stressed the importance of the use of validated analytical methods and the application of analytical quality assurance (see also Section 2.4 on methods of analysis) to ensure that the results of surveys provide a reliable assessment of intake (WHO, 2002b). In most of the JECFA reviews of mycotoxins, the analytical data on the levels of contamination were often inadequate from developed countries and non-existent for developing countries. Because most mycotoxin contamination is heterogeneous, sampling is another important consideration in the development of information on the levels of contamination (Page, 2003) (see also Section 2.3 on sampling procedures).

In the EU, efforts to assess exposure are undertaken within Scientific Cooperation on Questions relating to Food (SCOOP) projects, funded by the European Commission. The SCOOP projects are targeted to make the best estimates of intake of several mycotoxins by

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EU inhabitants. In the 1990s, these activities resulted in a report on the exposure assessment of aflatoxins (European Commission, 1997). SCOOP reports were later published for several other mycotoxins including: ochratoxin A (Miraglia and Brera, 2002); patulin (Majerus and Kapp, 2002); and several Fusarium toxins, trichothecenes, fumonisins and zearalenone (Gareis et al., 2003). The SCOOP data have been used by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) for its evaluation and advisory work on the risks to public health arising from dietary exposure to certain mycotoxins.

2.3 Sampling procedures

The distribution of the concentration of mycotoxins in products is an important factor to be considered in establishing regulatory sampling criteria. The distribution can be very heterogeneous, as is the case with aflatoxins in peanuts. The number of contaminated peanut kernels in a lot is usually very low, but the contamination level within a kernel can be very high. If insufficient care is taken for representative sampling, the mycotoxin concentration in an inspected lot may therefore easily be wrongly estimated. Also, consumption of peanuts could lead to an accidental high single dose of aflatoxins, rather than a chronic intake at a relatively low level. A similar situation could occur with pistachio nuts and figs. The risk to both consumer and producer must be considered when establishing sampling criteria for products in which mycotoxins are heterogeneously distributed. The design of sampling procedures has been an international concern for several years (FAO, 1993; CAC, 2000). Working groups and discussions are being organized by FAO and the Codex Alimentarius Commission in an attempt to find a harmonized international approach. Examples of official sampling plans for mycotoxins are those for aflatoxins in peanuts and corn carried out in the United States (Food and Drug Administration, 2002) and for peanuts in the EU (European Commission, 2002b). In the United States, the USDA requires three 22 kg

laboratory samples to average less than 15 µg total aflatoxins/kg for acceptance. In the EU,

one 30 kg laboratory sample is required to test less than 15 µg total aflatoxins/kg for raw peanuts destined for further processing, and three 10 kg laboratory samples to all test less than

4 µg total aflatoxins/kg (and 2 µg aflatoxin B1/kg) for finished peanuts sold for direct human consumption. Although the approaches are different, the United States peanut industry, in cooperation with USDA, has recently developed an Origin Certification Program (OCP) with several key EU countries that import United States peanuts into Europe. These key markets, in a memorandum of understanding, have agreed to recognize the sampling and testing of United States peanuts for aflatoxin before being exported to these markets (Trucksess et al., 2003). Documents showing positive lot identification and aflatoxin test results can be used to certify that the peanuts meet EU aflatoxin regulations. In the OCP, the United States exporter uses a first 22 kg sample test result for screening lots. A second USDA 22 kg sample is tested according to EU protocol for lot certification. The OCP will reduce lots rejected at the port of entry, reduce the disruption in supply for the importer, reduce economic losses for the exporter and the importer, and maintain EU standards for consumer safety. The OCP is an example of an agreement between two countries that is mutually beneficial to both while maintaining high standards for consumer safety (Adams and Whitaker, 2004).

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2.4 Methods of analysis

Food legislation calls for methods of control. Reliable analytical methods will have to be available to make enforcement of the regulations possible. Tolerance levels that do not have a reasonable expectation of being met are both wasteful in the resources that they utilize, and may well condemn products that are perfectly fit for consumption (Smith et al., 1994). In addition to reliability, simplicity is desired, as it will influence the amount of data that will be generated and the practicality of the ultimate measures taken. The reliability of analysis data can be improved through use of methods that fulfil certain performance criteria (as can be demonstrated in interlaboratory studies). The Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC International) and the European Standardization Committee (CEN), the European equivalent of ISO, have a number of standardized methods of analysis for mycotoxins that have been validated in formal interlaboratory method validation studies, and this number is gradually growing. The latest edition of Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International (Horwitz, 2000) contains approximately 40 validated methods for mycotoxin determination, and a recent review has been published about the validation of methods of analysis for mycotoxins (Gilbert and Anklam, 2002).

CEN has produced a document that provides specific criteria for various mycotoxin methods that can be used for official purposes (Comité Européen de Normalisation, 1999). This document presents information concerning method performance, which can be expected from experienced analytical laboratories. The CEN criteria are currently reflected as method performance requirements in official EU legislation on aflatoxins, ochratoxin A and patulin (European Commission, 1998; 2002a; 2003a). They are expected to appear as well in future EU legislation for other mycotoxins in food and feed. In addition to the use of analytical methods of demonstrated reliability, the application of analytical quality assurance (AQA) procedures is recommended including the use of (certified) reference materials, especially when a high degree of comparison and accuracy is required. Further developments in AQA and the use of reference materials are likely to emerge in the future for the control of mycotoxins in foods. Several (certified) reference materials for mycotoxins have been developed in projects funded by the European Commission’s Standards, Measurements and Testing (SMT) Programme (previously known as the Bureau Communautaire de Référence [BCR]), or are currently being redeveloped (Josephs et al., 2004). In Table 1 (in Annex) an overview is given of the BCR (certified) mycotoxin reference materials that have been developed since the 1980s. The mycotoxin reference materials are now worldwide available through the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre/Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (JRC/IRMM)1.

Certified reference materials are relatively expensive because of the enormous amount of time and money invested in their development, and current supplies are limited. Therefore, laboratories are advised to develop their own reference materials for routine use, the toxin content of which should be established on the basis of the certified materials. Besides the application of (certified) reference materials, regular participation in interlaboratory comparisons such as proficiency testing schemes is becoming increasingly

1 See http://www.irmm.jrc.be

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important as part of AQA measures that a laboratory must undertake to demonstrate acceptable performance. A number of proficiency testing schemes for mycotoxins exist at the international level including: i) those organized by the Food Analysis Performance

Assessment Scheme (FAPASõ) operated by the Central Science Laboratory in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (Richard et al., 2003); and ii) those organized by the American Oil Chemists’ Society (AOCS) based in the United States (AOCS, 2003).

Good analytical methodology and AQA are prerequisites for adequate food law enforcement. Also important, especially in free trade areas, is the way in which enforcement bodies handle an issue as measurement uncertainty. Within the EU and the European Free Trade Area, approaches are not yet harmonized between countries, which may lead to different action levels, e.g. for aflatoxins. Therefore, the Food Law Enforcement Practitioners (FLEP) Working Party on “Mycotoxins” has recommended a uniform approach (Jeuring, 2004). It is of interest to note that the new EU Commission Directive on patulin in foodstuffs, which came into force in November 2003, gives some guidance about how to deal with measurement uncertainty (European Commission, 2003a). So far this is rather unique but the issue of measurement uncertainty is expected to become part of more regulatory documents in the near future.

2.5 Trade contacts

Preferably, regulations should be brought into harmony with those in force in other countries with which trade contacts exist. In fact, this approach has been applied in the regions of Australia and New Zealand, the EU and MERCOSUR (Mercado Comun del Sur), where harmonized regulations for some mycotoxins now exist. Strict regulative actions may lead importing countries to ban or limit the importing of commodities such as certain food grains, which can cause difficulties for exporting countries in finding or maintaining markets for their products. For example, the stringent regulations for aflatoxin Bl in animal feedstuffs in the EU (Commission of the European Communities, 1991) led European animal feed manufacturers to switch from groundnut meal to other protein sources to include in feeds; this had an impact on the export of groundnut meal of some developing countries (Bhat, 1999). The distortion of the market caused by regulations in importing countries may lead to export of the less contaminated foods and feeds leaving those inferior foods and feeds for the local market. Some countries apply different limits for aflatoxins in certain products depending on the destination. The World Bank has published a study on impact of the adoption of international food safety standards, and the harmonization of standards, on global food trade patterns (Wilson and Otsuki, 2001). Several scenarios led to estimates of the effects of aflatoxin regulatory standards in 15 importing countries (including four developing countries) on exports from 31 countries (including 21 developing countries). In one of the scenarios, the authors examined trade flows when all countries would adopt an international standard for aflatoxin B1 in food

at 9 µg/kg (equivalent to the Codex guidelines of 15 µg/kg for total aflatoxins) in contrast to all importing countries remaining at the (generally lower) limits of 1998. This would lead to an increase of the cereal and nut trade among these countries by US$6.1 billion (or 51 percent).

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2.6 Food supply

The regulatory philosophy should not jeopardize the availability of some basic commodities at reasonable prices. Especially in the developing countries, where food supplies are already limited, drastic legal measures may lead to lack of food and to excessive prices. At the time of writing, for instance, the dramatic food security situation in parts of Africa leads to measures that prioritize food sufficiency above food safety. Mycotoxins are an important problem as evidenced by occasional outbreaks of human mycotoxicoses and the role of aflatoxins in liver cancer in West Africa and fumonisins in oesophageal cancer in South Africa (Shephard, 2004).

2.7 Synopsis

Weighing the various factors at the interface of science, food security and regulations is not a trivial activity, and common sense is a major factor for reaching a decision. Public health officials are confronted with a complex problem: mycotoxins, and particularly the carcinogenic mycotoxins, should be excluded from food as much as possible. Since the substances are present in foods as natural contaminants, however, human exposure cannot be completely prevented, and exposure of the population to some level of mycotoxins has to be tolerated. Despite the dilemmas, mycotoxin regulations have been established during the past decades in many countries, and newer regulations are still being drafted.

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3. Mycotoxin regulations in 2003 and current developments

3.1 The international inquiry from 2002 to 2003

In 2002, an international inquiry on mycotoxins was initiated by the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment. As part of this inquiry, the Agricultural Services in Dutch Embassies around the world were requested to gather up-to-date information on the situation regarding mycotoxin regulations from local authorities2 in as many countries as possible. Where this procedure did not lead to the desired information, personal contacts were used.

The questions in the inquiry concerned in particular:� existence of mycotoxin regulations;� types of mycotoxins and products for which regulations are in force or proposed,

together with maximum permissible levels;� authorities responsible for control of mycotoxins; and� use of official and published methods of sampling and analysis.

By the end of 2003, data were received from 89 countries. Together with information gathered in previous inquiries, detailed information became available about the existence or absence of specific mycotoxin limits and regulations in food and feed in 119 countries. All the information received was thoroughly examined and interpreted. Whenever it was necessary and feasible, questions for clarification were submitted to information providers. Corrections received by 31 December 2003 were taken into account in this document. Table 2 (in Annex 2) gives an overview of how up-to-date the information is per country, together with the country codes and population sizes. All data received were sorted by country and by economic community (Australia/New Zealand, EU, MERCOSUR). In addition, information was included about standards set by Codex Alimentarius. For each separate entry, the available data were classified into the categories food, dairy and feed and then tabulated in alphabetic order of the countries (see Table 3 in Annex 2).

3.2 General observations

On a worldwide basis, at least 99 countries had mycotoxin regulations1 for food and/or feed in 2003 (see Figure 1), an increase of approximately 30 percent compared to 1995. The total population in these countries represents approximately 87 percent of the world’s inhabitants. Figure 2 shows the share of the global population living in particular regions, where mycotoxin regulations were in force, in 1995 and in 2003. In 1995, 23 percent of the world’s inhabitants were living in a region where no known mycotoxin regulations were in force. This percentage had decreased to 13 percent in 2003, due to a slight increase in coverage in Latin America and Europe, and more significant increases in Africa and Asia/Oceania.

In fact, all countries with mycotoxin regulations in 2003 have at least regulatory limits for aflatoxin B1 or the sum of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 in foods and/or feeds, a situation that was also observed in 1995. For several other mycotoxins, specific regulations exist as well (i.e. aflatoxin M1; the trichothecenes deoxynivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin; the fumonisins B1, B2, and B3; agaric acid; the ergot alkaloids; ochratoxin A; patulin; the phomopsins; sterigmatocystin and zearalenone). The number of countries regulating mycotoxins has significantly increased over the years. Comparing the situation in 1995 and

2 The word “regulations” used in the text and the tables also includes other arrangements such as “guidelines”

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2003, it appears that in 2003 more mycotoxins are regulated in more commodities and products, whereas tolerance limits generally remain the same or tend to decrease. Regulations have become more diverse and detailed with newer requirements regarding official procedures for sampling and analytical methodology. At the same time, several regulations have been harmonized between countries belonging to economic communities (Australia/New Zealand, EU, MERCOSUR), or are in some stage of harmonization (see Section 3.5).

Figure 1: Countries with and without regulations for mycotoxins3

3.3 Specific observations per region

3.3.1 Africa

Figures 3 and 4 illustrate the occurrences of the regulatory limits for various mycotoxins in Africa in food and feed respectively. Fifteen countries were known to have specific mycotoxin regulations. These countries cover approximately 59 percent of the inhabitants of the continent. For the majority of the African countries, specific mycotoxin regulations (probably) do not exist. The fact that countries have no specific regulatory limit for mycotoxins does not mean that the problem is ignored. Several of these countries recognize that they have problems due to mycotoxins and that regulations should be developed, and they indicated this in their responses to the inquiry.

The mycotoxin issue in Africa needs to be viewed, however, in the overall context of local food safety, health and agricultural issues (Shephard, 2004). The establishment of mycotoxin regulations will have limited effects in terms of health protection in those countries where

3The figures in this document have been prepared using Corel® clipart (Corel Corporation Limited, Dublin,

Ireland).

Key to map

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No regulations in force

No information available

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many farmers grow agricultural produce for their own consumption (subsistence farming), which is the case in many African countries. Most of the existing mycotoxin regulations in Africa concern the aflatoxins. Morocco had the most detailed mycotoxin regulations.

Figure 2: Percentages of world’s inhabitants covered by mycotoxin regulations

Percentage of global population covered by mycotoxin

regulations in 1995

North America

5.1%

Africa

5.3%

Latin America

7.8%Europe

10.5%

Information

unavailable

23.1% Asia/Oceania

48.2%

Percentage of global population covered by mycotoxin regulations in 2003

Information

unavailable

13.3%

Europe

11.0%

Latin America

7.9%

Africa

8.2%

North America

5.1%

Asia/Oceania

54.5%

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0 2 4 6 8 10 12

AFT

AFB1

AFM1

AFG1

OTA

PAT

ZEN

myc

oto

xin

s

number of countries

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

AFT

AFB1

AFB1/G1

OTA

ZEN

my

co

tox

ins

number of countries

Figure 3: Mycotoxins regulated in food in Africa

Figure 4: Mycotoxins regulated in feed in Africa

3.3.2 Asia/Oceania

Asia and Oceania cover a very large part of the globe, with most countries in the tropics and subtropics, so it is expected that most mycotoxin problems be caused by fungi, which grow at higher temperatures (Pitt and Hocking, 2003). An exception is New Zealand, which has a temperate to cool climate and separate mycotoxin issues from Asia and northern Australia.

Key to map

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No information available

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No information available

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0 5 10 15 20

AFT

AFB1

AFM1

OTA

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DON

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ZEN

FUMB1/2

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AGA

PHO

myc

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xin

s

number of countries

0 5 10 15 20

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number of countries

Figures 5 and 6 show the occurrences of the regulatory limits in Asia/Oceania in food and feed respectively. Twenty-six countries in Asia/Oceania were known to have specific mycotoxin regulations (88 percent of the inhabitants of the region). Regulations for total aflatoxins dominate in food, whereas regulations for aflatoxin B1 dominate in feed. Australia and New Zealand have harmonized their mycotoxin regulations, which include limits for the “exotic” mycotoxins agaric acid and phomopsins (see also Section 3.5.1.) By far the most extensive and detailed regulations can be found in China and the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Figure 5: Mycotoxins regulated in food in Asia/Oceania

Figure 6: Mycotoxins regulated in feed in Asia/Oceania

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No information available

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No information available

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0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

AFT

AFB1

AFB1/G1

AFM1

OTA

PAT

DON

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ZEN

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FUMB1

STE

myc

oto

xin

s

number of countries

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AFT

AFB1

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OTA

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T-2

DAS

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myc

oto

xin

s

number of countries

3.3.3 Europe

In Europe, 39 countries, accounting for approximately 99 percent of the continent’s population, were known to have specific mycotoxin regulations in 2003. Figures 7 and 8 show the occurrences of regulatory limits for various mycotoxins in Europe in food and feed respectively.

Figure 7: Mycotoxins regulated in food in Europe

Figure 8: Mycotoxins regulated in feed in Europe

Compared to other regions of the world, Europe has the most extensive and detailed regulations for mycotoxins in food. In the EU, harmonized regulations exist for aflatoxins in various foodstuffs, aflatoxin M1 in milk, ochratoxin A in cereals and dried vine fruits, patulin

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0 5 10 15 20

AFT

AFB1

AFB1/G1

AFM1

OTA

PAT

DON

ZEN

FUMB1

myc

oto

xin

s

number of countries

in apple juice and apple products, and for aflatoxin B1 in various feedstuffs. Guideline limits have been established for deoxynivalenol in cereals and cereal products. It is of interest to note that many of the EU candidate member countries have mycotoxin regulations, which are often more detailed than those currently in force in the EU.

3.3.4 Latin America

The major Latin American agricultural crops (maize, wheat, coffee, cotton, soybeans, barley, sunflower, groundnuts and tree nuts, cocoa and dairy products) are highly susceptible to fungal contamination and mycotoxin production (Pineiro, 2004). Figures 9 and 10 show the occurrences of regulatory limits for various mycotoxins in Latin America in food and feed respectively. Nineteen countries, accounting for 91 percent of the population of the region, were known to have specific mycotoxin regulations. Harmonized regulations for aflatoxins exist in MERCOSUR, a trading block consisting of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay(see also Section 3.5.3). Incidentally other countries indicate that they follow MERCOSUR regulations. The aflatoxin regulations in food are often set for the sum of the aflatoxins B1,B2, G1 and G2. Uruguay has the most detailed regulations, including limits for ergot alkaloids in feeds, which is rather unique in the mycotoxin regulatory world.

Figure 9: Mycotoxins regulated in food in Latin America

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0 5 10 15 20

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AFB1

DON

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ERG

myc

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AFM1

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DON

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number of countries

Figure 10: Mycotoxins regulated in feed in Latin America

3.3.5 North America

The United States and Canada have had mycotoxin regulations in place for many years, and implement advanced techniques for sampling and analysis. In both countries, limits for aflatoxins are set for the sum of the aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2. Figures 11 and 12 show the occurrences of regulatory limits or guideline limits for various mycotoxins in North America in food and feed respectively.

Figure 11: Mycotoxins regulated in food in North America

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No information available

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No information available

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0 2 4 6 8 10

AFT

DAS

DON

ERG

FUMB1/2/3

HT-2

OTA

T-2

ZEN

myc

oto

xin

s

number of countries

In addition to limits for Fusarium toxins, Canada has also established tolerances for the percentage Fusarium-damaged kernels in wheat (both hard and soft wheat) and other grains. The Canadian Grain Commission (CGC) has issued an Official Grain Grading Guide, which contains Standard Procedures for Grain Inspection4. In Canada, limits also exist for the percentage of ergot in various crops. In the United States detailed tolerance levels exist for the sum of the fumonisins B1, B2 and B3 in a wide variety of maize products. This is the only country known to have limits for the sum of these three fumonisins.

Figure 12: Mycotoxins regulated in feed in North America

3.4 Specific observations per mycotoxin or group of mycotoxins

3.4.1 Worldwide limits for aflatoxins

The number of countries regulating aflatoxins has significantly increased over the years. The aflatoxin regulations are often detailed and specific for various foodstuffs, for dairy products and for feedstuffs. Table 4 (in Annex 2) attempts to compare medians, ranges and numbers of countries with legally established limits for aflatoxins in foodstuffs and animal feedstuffs (intended to be used for dairy cattle) in 1995 and 2003 in order to identify trends. Such a comparison is not easy to make, and subject to future adjustments, because not all data used may be fully correct. Another limitation is that some countries have many regulations specifying different tolerated levels for individual foods and feeds, while others have set only one tolerated level for instance for “all foods” or for “all feeds”. Therefore simplifications were made.

For food, selections were made of limits established for aflatoxin B1 and total aflatoxins respectively for the category “all foods” or, if this category was not mentioned in the regulations, for those foodstuffs considered most close to this category. Similarly, for the comparison of limits for aflatoxin M1, a selection was made of regulatory levels set for milk (whereas many countries also had specific limits for milk products as milk powder, cheese and infant foods). Finally, as for aflatoxins in animal feedstuffs, some countries have many limits often dictated by the destination of the feedstuff. To compare the limits between

4 See http://www.grainscanada.gc.ca/Pubs/fusarium/backgrounder/don-e.htm

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countries for aflatoxin B1 and total aflatoxins respectively in animal feedstuffs, those were selected that were known or assumed to be relevant for feedstuffs for dairy cattle. These are often the most stringent from the point of view of human health, because of the carry-over of aflatoxin B1 into aflatoxin M1 in milk and dairy products.

For all five categories, for which some characteristics are summarized in Table 4, frequency distributions of the 2003 situation were prepared as illustrated in Figures 13, 14, 16, 17 and 18. An analysis of Table 4 and these figures leads to the following comments:

3.4.1.1 Aflatoxin B1 in food

Compared to the situation in 1995, the maximum tolerated levels for aflatoxin B1 in food have not changed dramatically in 2003, although the range of limits has narrowed a little (1-20

µg/kg), and 2 µg/kg is now a limit in force in at least 29 countries (see Figure 13). Most of these countries belong to the EU (where since 1998 harmonized limits for aflatoxin B1 and the sum of the aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 are in force for various products), the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) and candidate EU countries. By 2003, many of the candidate EU countries had harmonized their national regulations with the EU in anticipation of their

membership (on 1 May 2004). Another major limit is visible at 5 µg/kg, followed by 21 countries, spread over Africa, Asia/Oceania, Latin America and Europe. The United States and Canada do not have a single limit for aflatoxin B1.

Figure 13: Worldwide limits for aflatoxin B1 in food

1

29

21

5

2

3

1 µg/kg

2 µg/kg

5 µg/kg

10 µg/kg

15 µg/kg

20 µg/kg

number of countries

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3.4.1.2 Total aflatoxins in food

As in 1995, in 2003 many countries regulated the aflatoxins with limits for the sum of the aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2, sometimes in combination with a specific limit for aflatoxin B1.

The range of limits (0-35 µg/kg) has narrowed a little compared to 1995, whereas the median

limit (10 µg/kg) is slightly higher. The most frequently occurring limit (see Figure 14) is at

4 µg/kg (applied by 29 countries), again a limit found in the harmonized regulations in the EU, EFTA and candidate EU countries where dual limits for both aflatoxin B1 and total

aflatoxins are enforced. Another major peak occurs at 20 µg/kg, applied by 17 countries, with half of them in Latin America (where it is also a MERCOSUR harmonized limit) and several in Africa. Also the United States, one of the first countries that established an aflatoxin action

limit, follows the 20 µg/kg limit. Over the years, the “popularity” of a limit for total aflatoxins in foodstuffs has remained, resulting in 76 countries in 2003 applying this regulatory levels (as compared to 61 countries with a specific limit for aflatoxin B1). Whether a regulatory level for the sum of the aflatoxins, which requires more analytical work than for aflatoxin B1 alone, contributes significantly to better protection of public health than a regulatory level for aflatoxin B1 alone is debatable. Aflatoxin B1 is the most important of the aflatoxins, considered from both the viewpoints of toxicology and occurrence. It is most unlikely that commodities will contain aflatoxins B2, G1 and G2 and not aflatoxin B1 (Yabe and Nakajima, 2004), and the concentration of the sum of the aflatoxins B2, G1 and G2 is generally less than the concentration of aflatoxin B1 alone.

Figure 14: Worldwide limits for total aflatoxins in food

2

3

1

29

3

8

8

17

3

2

0 µg/kg

1 µg/kg

3 µg/kg

4 µg/kg

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10 µg/kg

15 µg/kg

20 µg/kg

30 µg/kg

35 µg/kg

number of countries

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Typical occurrence ratios for aflatoxins B1 and B2 (mainly produced by Aspergillus flavus) average approximately 4:1. Typical occurrence ratios for aflatoxin B1 and the sum of the aflatoxins B2, G1 and G2 (the G toxins are mainly produced by Aspergillus parasiticus) average approximately 1:0.8, although variations do occur for both ratios (Van Egmond et al., 1978). Regulatory authorities in those countries that apply a regulatory level for the sum of the aflatoxins should critically inspect the analytical data of monitoring agencies to see how frequently the availability of data on the sum of the aflatoxins (above that on aflatoxin B1) has been indispensable to adequately protect the consumer. Analysis of one target component (aflatoxin B1) seems to be efficient, sufficient and more practical.

In Figure 15, the ranges and medians of limits for total aflatoxins in food are depicted for the various world regions for 1995 and 2003. It appears that in Africa, Latin America and North America no observable changes have occurred, in contrast to Asia/Oceania and Europe, where a downward trend in the limits for total aflatoxins is visible.

Figure 15: Ranges and medians of limits for total aflatoxins in food per world region

3.4.1.3 Aflatoxin M1 in dairy products

Regulations for aflatoxin M1 existed in 60 countries at the end of 2003, a more than three-fold increase as compared to 1995. It is again the EU, EFTA and candidate EU countries that

contribute in major part to the largest peak seen in Figure 16 at 0.05 µg/kg, but some other countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America also apply this limit. The other peaking limit is at

0.5 µg/kg. This higher regulatory level is applied in the United States, several Asian and European countries, and it occurs most frequently in Latin America, where it is also established as a harmonized MERCOSUR limit.

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

µg/kg

2003

North America 1995

2003

Latin America 1995

2003

Europe 1995

2003

Asia/Oceania 1995

2003

Africa 1995

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1

34

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22

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1

not detectable

0.05 µg/kg

0.2 µg/kg

0.5 µg/kg

5 µg/kg

15 µg/kg

number of countries

Figure 16: Worldwide limits for aflatoxin M1 in milk

The ten-fold difference between the two most prevailing limits for aflatoxin M1, which exist already for many years, has given rise to debates within Codex Alimentarius, leading to their request to JECFA to re-evaluate the human health risk of aflatoxin M1 (see section on hazard

assessment). Apart from these sub-µg/kg regulatory limits, a few countries indicated in the

2002/2003 inquiry that they regulate aflatoxin M1 in milk at levels of 5 and 15 µg/kg. These levels do not seem realistic; however, it was impossible to determine whether mistakes occurred during the completion of the inquiry forms. 3.4.1.4 Aflatoxin B1 in feed

Many aflatoxin regulations exist for feedstuffs. Those that are applied for feed for dairy cattle are summarized in Figure 17. Whereas many more countries regulate aflatoxin B1 in feedstuffs for dairy cattle in 2003 than in 1995 (39 in 2003 versus 25 in 1995), the increase is only slightly visible for the countries that regulate the sum of the naturally occurring aflatoxins (21 in 2003 versus 17 in 1995). This is understandable and logical from the point of view that it is aflatoxin M1, the metabolite of aflatoxin B1, which causes health concern. Consequently limiting aflatoxin B1 in animal feeds is the most effective means of controlling

aflatoxin M1 in milk. Figure 17 illustrates that a limit of 5 µg/kg dominates the distribution pattern of aflatoxin B1 regulations. This limit is applied by countries in the EU and EFTA, and is also followed in many of the candidate EU countries, and is only sporadically seen outside Europe. Strict application will normally be effective to prevent that aflatoxin M1 levels in

milk remain below 0.05 µg/kg for dairy feed (where these countries have set their corresponding limit for aflatoxin M1 in milk).

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Figure 17: Worldwide limits for aflatoxin B1 in feed for dairy cattle

3.4.1.5 Total aflatoxins in feed

The number of regulations for the sum of the aflatoxins in feedstuffs is considerably less than those existing for aflatoxin B1 only. The limits may vary, depending on the destination of the feedstuff. Figure 18 depicts the distribution of the limits for total aflatoxins in animal feeds that are (also) given to dairy cattle.

Figure 18: Worldwide limits for total aflatoxins in feed for dairy cattle

27

5

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A relatively flat distribution is apparent with the most occurring limits set at 20 µg/kg. Further analysis reveals that regulatory levels for the sum of the aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 occur in feed regulations throughout the world but particularly in the Americas.

3.4.2 Worldwide limits for other mycotoxins

Limits for mycotoxins other than aflatoxins currently exist mostly for food and more incidentally for animal feed. It is to be expected that the number of regulations for mycotoxins other than aflatoxins will significantly increase in the near future, both for food and feed. The following discussions in Sections 3.4.2.1 to 3.4.2.5 are largely restricted to food. 3.4.2.1 Patulin

Since 1995 many more countries have regulated patulin, mostly in fruit products such as apple juice. The vast majority of countries with regulations or guideline levels for patulin in

food have set these at the same level (50 µg/kg) as illustrated in Figure 19. Harmonized EU limits for patulin have recently come into force for various products (European Commission, 2003a). This makes patulin one of the most regulated mycotoxins in the world. Validated analytical methodology (AOAC, CEN) is readily available to determine patulin in

fruit juice at a level of 50 µg/kg. However, the new EU limit of 10 µg/kg for baby food and infant formulae was put in a proviso that a suitable method of analysis would be timely available. It has caused additional research efforts by the EC Joint Research Centre/Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements in Geel, Belgium, and a collaborative study to prove that the newly developed methodology is fit for purpose has recently been completed successfully.

Figure 19: Worldwide limits for patulin in fruits and fruit juices

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44

1

5 µg/kg

25 µg/kg

30 µg/kg

50 µg/kg

100 µg/kg

number of countries

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3.4.2.2 Ochratoxin A

At a first glance the developments in the area of regulations for ochratoxin A show strong similarities with those for patulin. A significant increase in the number of countries that apply limits in foods and good agreement about the desired limit for cereals and cereal products (see Figure 20). Cereals are considered the major source of human exposure to ochratoxin A. There is a restriction with the presentation of the data, however. Many countries have set a limit for ochratoxin A in cereals, many others for cereal products, and various have set separate (different) limits for both. For example, this latter situation occurs in the EU, where a

limit of 5 µg/kg (the dominant peak in the figure) is in force for raw cereals and a limit of 3

µg/kg (not presented in Figure 20) for processed cereals. To present this all in one figure was difficult, and therefore the approach was followed to preferentially include a country’s limit for (raw) cereals in Figure 20 and, where this did not exist, to include the limit (if any) for cereal products. The current and proposed limits for ochratoxin A may need to be reviewed in the near future pending the outcome of an ongoing EC-supported project on “Mechanisms of ochratoxin A induced carcinogenicity as a basis for an improved risk assessment”5. This project is aimed at establishing whether or not the carcinogenicity of ochratoxin A is considered to arise through a threshold or non-threshold approach.

Figure 20: Worldwide limits for ochratoxin A in cereals and cereal products

3.4.2.3 Deoxynivalenol

As is the case with patulin and ochratoxin A, a few dozen countries have set regulatory or guideline limits for deoxynivalenol (DON) in food (see Figure 21). Whereas in 1995 this trichothecene was only sporadically regulated in food, it has become a toxin of high concern in monitoring programmes and among regulatory authorities since the late 1990s, when mg/kg concentrations were reported to occur in cereals and cereal products particularly in Europe. Similarly as with ochratoxin A, it was difficult to summarize the most occurring limits for DON in wheat and other cereals in one figure, and those interested in the full details of the many regulations that now exist for DON should consult Table 3. The peak at 750

5 See http://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/toxikologie/EU-OTA/OchratoxinA.html

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number of countries

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µg/kg is dominated by the countries of the EU that currently apply this (unofficial) guideline limit for DON in flour used as raw materials since several years.

Figure 21: Worldwide limits for deoxynivalenol in wheat (flour) and other cereals

Recent information suggests that fungi that produce nivalenol, a trichothecene related to DON, frequently occurs in some Asian countries, sometimes more often than DON-producing species, for instance in Japan (Tanaka et al., 2004) and the Republic of Korea (Lee et al., 2004). However nivalenol-producing fungi have also recently been frequently identified in the south and west of England (Jennings et al., 2004). Regulations for nivalenol have not yet been established but given the relatively higher toxicity of nivalenol, as compared to DON (European Commission, 2002c), nivalenol might need to be given more attention from a regular point of perspective. 3.4.2.4 Zearalenone

Zearalenone, an estrogenic mycotoxin, is now regulated in food in 16 countries (see Figure

22) compared to six countries in 1995. Zearalenone is structurally related to |-zearalanol (zeranol), an anabolic growth promoter banned in the EU in 1988. Zearalenone is metabolized in cattle to various compounds including zeranol. By regulating the zearalenone contents of animal feed, the problem of the occurrence of natural zeranol in edible tissues could be controlled. Limits for zearalenone in maize and other cereals currently vary from 50 to 1 000

µg/kg. Figure 22 betrays a tendency of setting limits at higher rather than at lower limits.

1

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4

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number of countries

Figure 22: Worldwide limits for zearalenone in maize and other cereals

3.4.2.5 Fumonisins

Fumonisins were discovered in the late 1980s. Whereas in 1995 fumonisins were only subject to regulations in one country, this number has now increased to six with limits for maize

ranging from 1 000 to 3 000 µg/kg (see Figure 23). Although proportionally a very significant increase, the number of countries regulating fumonisins is too small to draw meaningful conclusions about generally agreed limits. Regulatory authorities currently considering the constitution of legal limits for fumonisins should carefully consider whether they wish to do so for fumonisin B1 only or for the sum of the naturally occurring fumonisins. A similar situation occurs here as with the aflatoxins, for which limits also exist for aflatoxin B1 and for total aflatoxins (see Section 3.4.1).

Figure 23: Worldwide limits for fumonisins in maize

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100 µg/kg

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3.4.2.6 Other mycotoxins

In addition to the mycotoxins mentioned in the previous sections, several other mycotoxins are subject to regulatory action. These are diacetoxyscirpenol, T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin, agaric acid, the ergot alkaloids, phomopsins and sterigmatocystin. Since the number of countries that have established regulations for these mycotoxins is relatively low, they are not further discussed here.

3.5 Harmonized regulations

3.5.1 Australia/New Zealand

Australia and New Zealand have recently harmonized their regulations for mycotoxins. Common limits are now applied for total aflatoxins in peanuts and tree nuts, and ergot (the sclerotium of Claviceps purpurea, not actually a mycotoxin but a dormant winter form of the fungus containing mycotoxins: the ergot alkaloids). In addition, the harmonized regulations include unique limits for phomopsins in lupin seeds and products thereof and for agaric acid in food, containing mushrooms and alcoholic beverages. Thus far, limits for these toxins are only known to exist in Australia and New Zealand.

3.5.2 European Union

As previously mentioned, the EU has harmonized EU regulations for aflatoxin B1 in various feeds since 1976 including official protocols for sampling and analysis. In 1998, the first EU-harmonized regulations for mycotoxins in food came into force (including sampling protocols and criteria for methods of analysis) and have gradually expanded to various mycotoxins in different foodstuffs. In 2004 and subsequent years, a significant further expansion of EU-harmonized mycotoxin regulations may be expected for foods and feeds. For foods, this concerns patulin, aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin M1, ochratoxin A and DON in infant formulae and follow-up formulae; ochratoxin A in coffee, wine, beer, spices, grape juice, cocoa and cocoa products; several Fusarium-produced mycotoxins, i.e. trichothecenes (T-2 and HT-2 toxins, in addition to DON), fumonisins and zearalenone in cereal-based foodstuffs. In addition, new limits will probably be established for feeds in the years to come for several mycotoxins including ergot alkaloids, DON, zearalenone and ochratoxin A (European Commission, 2003b), and relevant scientific opinions of the EFSA panel on contaminants in the food chain are currently in preparation.

3.5.3 MERCOSUR

MERCOSUR consists of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. These countries apply common limits for total aflatoxins in peanuts, maize and products thereof, and for aflatoxin M1 in fluid and powdered milk. The MERCOSUR regulations for mycotoxins also include official methods of sampling and analysis. Brazil and Uruguay apply additional limits for certain mycotoxin/matrix combinations.

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3.5.4 ASEAN

Current member countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) comprise Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam. Most of these countries have specific regulations for mycotoxins (see Table 3). Whereas harmonized regulations are obviously not (yet) established by ASEAN, an ASEAN Task Force on Codex Alimentarius

has taken a common position to support the 0.5 µg/kg level for aflatoxin M1 in milk.

3.5.5 Codex Alimentarius

The Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC), supported by FAO and WHO, aims to facilitate world trade and protect the health of consumers through the development of international standards for foods and feeds. Currently 168 countries are members of Codex Alimentarius. Within the CAC, the Codex Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants (CCFAC) derives maximum limits (standards) for additives and contaminants in food, which are decisive in trade conflicts. The CCFAC develops standards based on a procedure that follows the principles of risk analysis as far as possible, according to rules and methods laid down in the Codex Procedural Manual as well as the Codex General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Food. The procedure operates by requesting discussion papers about all relevant aspects of a food contaminant when there is reason to expect health concerns and trade problems, followed by developing proposals for maximum levels when all necessary requirements for standard setting are fulfilled. These requirements are that health concerns can be substantiated, preferably on the basis of a toxicological and exposure assessment by JECFA (see Section 2.1), and that sufficient reliable data about levels in foods are available (preferably worldwide distributed) to develop a maximum level on the basis of the ALARA principle (Kloet, 2002). In the mycotoxin area, CCFAC established standards for total aflatoxins in unprocessed peanuts, aflatoxin M1 in milk and patulin in apple juice in 2003. A draft standard has been developed for ochratoxin A in wheat, barley, rice and derived products, and proposed standards for DON in cereals are currently under discussion. The CCFAC has, apart from its goal to develop standards (Maximum Limits) where necessary, also decided to devote much attention to developing Codes of Practice in which principles and advice about practical measures to control mycotoxins during cultivation, storage and processing are assembled. Examples of these include the codes of practice developed for: i) the reduction of aflatoxin B1 in raw materials and supplemental feedstuffs for milk producing animals (Codex Alimentarius, 1997); ii) prevention and reduction of patulin contamination in apple juice and apple juice ingredients in other beverages (Codex Alimentarius, 2003a); and iii) the prevention and reduction of mycotoxin contamination in cereals including annexes on ochratoxin A, zearalenone, fumonisins and trichothecenes (Codex Alimentarius, 2003b).

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4. Concluding remarks

Comparing the situations in 1995 and 2003, in 2003 more countries are known to have regulations for more mycotoxins in more commodities and products. This trend has actually been visible for a much longer period. It was probably around 1970 that the first mycotoxin limit was established, and gradually the number of countries with mycotoxin limits has grown from at least 31 in 1981 to 56 in 1987, 77 in 1995, and 99 in 2003. If this (apparently linear) trend is extrapolated, one would expect that some 120 countries to have known mycotoxin regulations by the year 2010, after which this upward trend will probably level off. In 2003, the number of countries that had specific regulations for mycotoxins in foodstuffs was significantly more than those that had specific regulations for feedstuffs. However, the number of countries that is preparing feedstuff regulations for mycotoxins, other than aflatoxins, is expected to grow significantly in the coming years. This development may be observed in particular in the EU, where important initiatives have taken in this respect.

Regulations have become more diverse and detailed with newer requirements regarding official procedures for sampling and analytical methodology, and the issue of measurement uncertainty has entered the regulatory discussions. These developments reflect the general concerns that governments have regarding the potential effects of mycotoxins on the health of humans and animals. At the same time, harmonization of tolerance levels is taking place in some free trade zones (EU, EFTA, MERCOSUR, Australia/New Zealand), and harmonization efforts are being undertaken for goods moving in international commerce (Codex Alimentarius). This harmonization is a slow process because of the different views and interests of those involved in the process.

Whereas harmonized tolerance limits would be beneficial from the point of view of trade, one might argue this would not necessarily be the case from the point of view of (equal) human health protection around the world. Risks associated with mycotoxins depend on both hazard and exposure. The hazard of mycotoxins to individuals is probably more or less the same all over the world (although other factors sometimes play a role as well such as hepatitis B virus infection in relation to the hazard of aflatoxins).

Exposure is not the same because of differences in levels of contamination and dietary habits in various parts of the world. Shephard (2004) exemplified this with the help of some calculations for fumonisins. JECFA established a group Provisional Maximum Tolerable

Daily Intake (PMTDI) for fumonisins B1, B2 and B3 of 2 µg/kg body weight per day. This PMTDI is readily exceeded by individuals on a maize-based diet in which maize consumption is of the order of 400 g/person/day. Shephard calculated that, at a contamination level for

fumonisins in maize of 2 000 µg/kg (a level within the range of common limits, see Figure 9),

dietary exposure for a 60 kg adult would be 13 µg/kg body weight/day or 650 percent of the PMTDI. In the developed world, maize intakes are less than 10 g/person/day (Shephard et al.,

2002) and contamination levels as high as 12 000 µg/kg can be consumed before dietary exposure exceeds the PMTDI set by JECFA.

National governments or regional communities should encourage and fund activities that contribute to reliable exposure assessment of mycotoxins in their regions. Examples of such activities are the SCOOP tasks, undertaken in the EU in support of safety evaluations on some mycotoxins (see Section 2.2: Exposure assessment). The availability of inexpensive, validated and easily performed analytical methodology and the application of Analytical Quality

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Assurance are basic ingredients to come to meaningful data on occurrence, and their development must therefore be stimulated.

Future efforts to improve hazard assessment should preferably be coordinated and funded at the international level. Chronic toxicity studies carried out under good laboratory practice conditions are time consuming, very expensive and not necessarily bound to certain regions. These studies should be carried out in internationally recognized centres of excellence and their results evaluated by international groups of experts such as JECFA. An example of such an internationally concerted effort is the ongoing project “Mechanisms of ochratoxin A induced carcinogenicity as a basis for an improved risk assessment” of the European Commission’s Quality of Life and Management of Living Resources Programme6.

The regulations enacted for mycotoxins in food and feed, and those under development, should be the result of sound cooperation between interested parties, drawn from science, consumers, industry and policy makers. Only then can realistic protection be achieved.

6 See http://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/toxikologie/EU-OTA/OchratoxinA.html

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Annex 1: Contributions

The authors would like to express their gratitude to many persons and the authorities who provided detailed and up-to-date information on national and regional limits and regulations for mycotoxins in food and feed, which formed the basis for this Food and Nutrition Paper.

Special thanks are due to:

� J. Nieuwenhuize, Foreign Agricultural Service, Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, the Netherlands, for assistance to involve agricultural offices from Royal Netherlands Embassies around the world in the international survey

� Agricultural Office of Royal Netherlands Embassies throughout the world

� M. Lauwaars, EU Joint Research Centre, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, Geel, Belgium and W.J. de Koe, Wageningen, the Netherlands

� J.L. Jouve and M. Pineiro, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy for assistance in obtaining addresses of individuals to be approached for the survey

� D.G. Kloet, Institute for Food Safety, Wageningen, the Netherlands, for providing insight into the procedure of setting maximum limits for mycotoxins by Codex Alimentarius

� I.L.M. Aitton and M.A. Kartasasmita, Laboratory for Food and Residue Analyses, RIVM, the Netherlands, for secretarial support

In addition, the following persons and institutions for providing information on limits and regulations on mycotoxins in various countries:

� K. Benchaalal, Royal Netherlands Embassy, Algeria

� J.F. Rummenie and P. Kalkman, Royal Netherlands Embassy, Buenos Aires, Argentina

� J. Harutyounian, Physico-chemical and micro-research licensed experimental laboratory, Armenia

� Somsak, ASEAN Secretariat of Agriculture, Food, Forestry and Minerals, Indonesia

� A. Prakash, Food Standards Australia New Zealand, Australia

� F. Vojir, Bundesministerium für Soziale Sicherheit and Generationen, H. Lew, Bundesministerium für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, and R. Krska, IFA-Tulln, Austria

� P.E. Bethel, Ministry of Commerce, Agriculture and Industry, Department of Fisheries, the Bahamas

� V.I. Murokh, Republican Scientific Centre for Foodstuffs Quality, Belarus

� P.M.B. de Vries, Consulate General of the Netherlands, Brazil

� E. Tsankova, Sofia City Health Inspectorate, Bulgaria

� T. Kuiper and L. Underhill, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Canada

� M. Vega and R. Saelzer, Departamento de Bromatología, Nutrición y Dietética, Chile

� X. Liu, Institute of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, China

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� G.J. Diaz, Toxicology Laboratory and N.S. Perilla, Micotox Ltd. (Asesores en micotoxinas), Colombia

� D. Budimir, Royal Netherlands Embassy, Zagreb, Croatia

� N. Milanovic, Croatia National Institute for Public Health, Croatia

� M.V. Luna Martínez, Instituto de Nutrición e Higiene de los Alimentos, Cuba

� T. Antoniou, Department of Agriculture and E. Ioannou-Kakouri, State General Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Cyprus

� D. Capounova, Czech Agricultural and Food Inspectorate, Czech Republic

� R. Nijland, Royal Netherlands Embassy, Copenhagen, Denmark

� D. Licht, Danish Veterinary and Food Administration, Denmark

� K. Naguib, Mycotoxins Central Lab, Egypt

� M. Toome, Laboratory for the Residues and Contaminants, Taimse Materjali Kontrolli Keskus, Estonia

� A. Poirier and A. Kashay, Quality and Standards Authority, Ethiopia

� F. Verstraete, Health and Consumer Protection Directorate-General, European Commission, Brussels, Belgium

� M. Aalto, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Finland

� K. Nuotio, Finnish Customs Laboratory, Finland

� M. Eskola, EELA National Veterinary and Food Research Institute

� S. Marmo, KTTK (Plant Production Inspection Centre), Department of Chemistry, Finland

� L. Braakenburg and A. Feekes, Royal Netherlands Embassy, France

� N. Zylbermann, Ministry of Economy, Finance and Industry, France

� J.J. Pape and H. Rosner, Bundesinstitut für gesundtheitlichen Verbraucherschutz, Germany

� W. Töpner and W. Quasigroch, Bundesministerium für Verbraucherschutz, Ernährung und Landwirtschaft, Germany

� R.T. Awuah, Kwame Nkruma University of Science and Technology, Ghana

� M. Plessas-Schallenberg, Royal Netherlands Embassy, Greece

� I. Stafanaki, General Chemical State Laboratory, Ministry of Economy and Finance, Greece

� E. Kamarinou, Ministry of Agriculture, General Direction of Animal Production, Directorate of Animal Production Inputs, Section of Feedingstuffs, Greece

� B.M. Derks, Royal Netherlands Embassy, Guatemala

� O.R. Torres de Matute and H.L. Delgado, Instituto de Nutricion de Centro America y Panama, Guatemala

� M. Ng Piu Chu, Consulate General of the Netherlands Agriculture, Nature Management & Fisheries Department, China, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

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� Y.C. Fung, Import & Export Unit, Government of China, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

� J.A. Smak, Office of the Agricultural Counsellor, Royal Netherlands Embassy, Hungary

� B. Sas National Food Investigation Institute, Hungary

� A. Parzer, Royal Netherlands Embassy, India

� M.M. Chitale, Protein Foods and Nutrition Development Association, India

� I. Gandjar, University of Indonesia, Microbiology, Indonesia

� S. Subagyo, National Agency of Drug and Food Control, Indonesia

� M.H.S.H. Hassanpour, Food and Agricultural Department of ISIRI, the Islamic Republic of Iran

� H. Yazdanpanah, Pharmacology and Toxicology Dept., School of Pharmacy, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, the Islamic Republic of Iran

� I. Pratt, Food Safety Authority of Ireland, Ireland

� R. Varsano, Food Control Service, Israel

� R. Ashkenazy, Plant Protection and Inspection Services, Israel

� H. Beltman, Royal Netherlands Embassy, Italy

� M. Marseglia, Ministry of Health, General Direction for Veterinary Public Health, Food and Nutrition, Italy

� Rieks Toxopeus and S. Saito, Royal Netherlands Embassy, Japan

� T. Goto, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, National Food Research Institute, Japan

� J. Yamano, Feed Division of the Livestock Industry Department, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Japan

� E. Yokota, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan

� W. Steemers and Il-Yong Ha, Royal Netherlands Embassy, Republic of Korea

� V. Bartkevics, State Medicine Diagnostic Centre of Food and Veterinary Service, Ministry of Agriculture, Latvia

� J. Petraitis, National Nutrition Centre, Central Laboratory, Lithuania

� M. Sabino, Pesquisadora Cientifica, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, MERCOSUR

� D. Van der Veer, Royal Netherlands Embassy, Mexico

� Doralinda Guzman de Pena, Mexico

� N. Opopol, National Centre for Scientific and Applied Preventive Medicine, the Republic of Moldova

� M. Madji, Division de la Répression de Fraudes; Protection des Végétaux, des Contrôles Techniques et de la Répression des Fraudes, Ministère de l'Agriculture, du Développement et des Eaux et Forêts, Morocco

� M. Dos Anjos Hauengue, L. Da Silva Carrilho and Carlos D. Sono, Mozambique

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� T. Aye, Plant Protection Division, Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, Myanmar

� T. Zhengping, FAO Representation in Myanmar, Myanmar

� R.M. Joshi, Central Food Research Laboratory, Nepal

� H.J. Jeuring, Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, the Netherlands

� A. Veldman, CLO-Institute for Animal Nutrition, the Netherlands

� M.S. Momodu, National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control, Nigeria

� A. Vidnes, Norwegian Food Control Authority, Norway

� M. Zargham Khan, Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Agriculture, Pakistan

� Ministerio de Salud, Directorate DISEGA and C.F. Pastor Talledo, Food Hygiene and Zoonosis Control, Peru

� Pit Laquian, Royal Netherlands Embassy, the Philippines

� E.T. Begino, Mycotoxin and Toxicology Laboratory, Bureau of Animal Industry, the Philippines

� J. Zmudzki and H. Wisniewska-Dmytrow, National Veterinary Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Economy, Poland

� L. Martins, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Portugal

� C.R. Olteanu, Hygiene Institute of Veterinary Health, Romania

� A. Alexeeva, Agricultural Office of the Netherlands Embassy, the Russian Federation

� S. Huay Leng, Food and Veterinary Administration, Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority, Singapore

� L. Dasko, State Veterinary and Food Administration, Testing Laboratory Priemyselna, Slovakia

� A. Vengust, Veterinary Faculty, Slovenia

� Dunja Sever, Health Inspectorate of Republic of Slovenia, Slovenia

� Agricultural Service, the Royal Netherlands Embassy, Pretoria, South Africa

� G.S. Shephard, PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council and M.E. Herbst

� C.W. Zwitser, Royal Netherlands Embassy, Spain

� J. Ignacio Arranz Recio, Dirección General de Salud Pública y Consumo, Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo, Spain

� S. Nagiah, Food Control Administration Unit, Ministry of Health, Sri Lanka

� H. Tjon Kon Fat, Central Laboratory/Bureau of Public Health, Suriname

� M. Olsen, National Food Administration, Sweden

� Bundesamt für Gesundheit, Switzerland

� Muhamad Rateb Salam, Ministry of Supply and Internal Trade, Syrian Arab Republic

� Fwu-Chyn Hsueh, Department of Health, Taiwan Province of China

Page 48: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

41

� Chuan-Cheng Lin and H.N. Chou, National Taiwan University, Taiwan Province of China

� E. Urio, Food and Nutrition Centre, United Republic of Tanzania

� J. Bröker, Royal Netherlands Embassy, Bangkok, Thailand

� Pornpimol Kattinanon, Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand

� A. Chibani, Institut National de la Normalisation et de la Propriété Industrielle, Tunisia

� G.J.M. Terberg, Royal Netherlands Embassy, Ankara, Turkey

� Sennur Ozkaya, Turkey

� A. Kaaya, Department of Food Science and Technology, Makerere University, Uganda

� E. Van de Vrugt, Royal Netherlands Embassy, Ukraine

� Royal Netherlands Embassy, London, United Kingdom

� B.D. Jones, Food Standards Agency, United Kingdom

� I. Hamid-Hardenberg, Royal Netherlands Embassy, Washington DC, United States

� L. Posnick, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, United States

� Royal Netherlands Embassy Montevideo, Uruguay

� J.M. Cea, Technological Laboratory of Uruguay, Uruguay

� M. Van Genne, Royal Netherlands Embassy, Venezuela

� B. Bastardo, National Institute of Hygiene, Ciudad University, Venezuela

� Phan Thi Kim, Viet Nam Food Administration, Viet Nam

� Sultanate of Oman, Ministry of Regional Municipalities, Environment & Water Resources, Directorate General of Health Control, Yemen

� D. Sukovic, Centre for Ecotoxicological Research, Serbia and Montenegro

� K. Choongo, Department of Biomedical Science, Samora School of Veterinary Medicine, Zambia

Page 49: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

43

Annex 2: Tables

Table 1: Overview of currently available mycotoxins reference materials

reference material available (re-)development

aflatoxin M1 in milk powder x

aflatoxin M1 calibrant x

total aflatoxins in peanut butter x (x)

aflatoxin B1 in peanut meal x

aflatoxin B1 in feedstuff x

ochratoxin A in wheat x

DON in maize and wheat x

zearalenone in maize x

zearalenone calibrant x

trichothecene calibrants x

Note: Materials developed by the Bureau Communautaire de Reférénce (BCR) as of December 2003

Page 50: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

44

Page 51: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

45

Tab

le 2

: O

ver

vie

w o

f co

untr

ies

involv

ed i

n t

he

surv

ey

Myco

toxin

reg

ula

tions

for

food a

nd f

eedin

gst

uff

s fo

r co

untr

ies

surv

eyed

(as

of

Dec

ember

2003)

Myc

R

eg

INF

O

Co

un

try

CP

OP

Myc

R

eg

INF

O

Co

un

try

CP

OP

Myc

R

eg

INF

O

Co

un

try

CP

OP

Myc

R

eg

INF

O

Co

un

try

CP

OP

TO

TA

Ls

Po

pu

lati

on

in

mill

ion

s

TO

TA

Ls

Po

pu

lati

on

%

+ -

+A

lge

ria

DZ

33

,57

8+

- -

Do

min

ica

n

Re

pu

blic

19

91

DO

9,2

20

+ +

+L

uxe

mb

ou

rg [

EU

]L

U0

,45

2+

+ +

Se

rbia

an

d

Mo

nte

ne

gro

YU

10

,49

4

- -

-A

ntig

ua

an

d

Ba

rbu

da

19

91

AG

0,0

70

- -

-E

cu

ad

or

19

91

EC

12

,47

2+

- -

Ma

ce

do

nia

, F

YR

of

19

81

MK

2,1

15

+ +

-S

ing

ap

ore

SG

4,2

25

+ +

-A

rge

ntin

aA

R3

6,9

93

+ -

+E

gyp

tE

G6

9,2

96

+ -

-M

ala

wi 1

98

7M

W1

1,2

66

+ +

-S

lova

kia

[E

U c

ms]

SK

5,3

81

+ +

-A

rme

nia

AM

3,9

13

+ +

+E

sto

nia

[E

U c

ms]

EE

1,2

68

+ -

-M

ala

ysia

MY

24

,01

4+

+ +

Slo

ve

nia

[E

U c

ms]

SI

1,9

52

+ -

-A

ustr

alia

AU

19

,97

8-

- -

Eth

iop

iaE

T6

9,9

82

+ +

-M

alta

[E

U c

ms]

MT

0,3

83

+ +

-S

ou

th A

fric

aZ

A4

5,9

19

+ +

+A

ustr

ia [

EU

]A

T8

,03

7+

+ +

EU

RO

PE

AN

UN

ION

EU

+ -

-M

au

ritiu

s 1

98

7M

U1

,24

3+

+ +

Sp

ain

[E

U]

ES

41

,54

7

- -

-B

ah

am

as

BS

0,3

20

+ +

+F

inla

nd

[E

U]

FI

5,2

15

+ +

-M

ER

CO

SU

R+

- -

Sri L

an

ka

LK

19

,61

5

- -

-B

ah

rain

19

95

BH

0,7

31

+ +

+F

ran

ce

[E

U]

FR

59

,30

4+

- +

Me

xic

oM

X1

01

,45

7+

- -

Su

da

nS

D3

7,9

86

- -

+B

an

gla

de

sh

BD

13

8,9

01

+ +

+G

erm

an

y [

EU

]D

E8

1,9

04

+ +

-M

old

ova

, R

ep

ub

lic

of

MD

4,2

30

+ -

+S

urin

am

eS

R0

,45

7

+ +

+B

arb

ad

os 1

99

1B

B0

,26

4-

- -

Gh

an

aG

H1

9,8

51

+ +

+M

oro

cco

MA

30

,45

7+

+ +

Sw

ed

en

[E

U]

SE

8,8

73

+ +

+B

elg

ium

[E

U]

BE

10

,33

9+

+ +

Gre

ece

[E

U]

GR

11

,10

0+

+ +

Mo

za

mb

iqu

eM

Z1

8,1

51

+ +

+S

witze

rla

nd

CH

7,3

76

+ -

-B

eliz

e 1

99

1B

Z0

,25

7+

- +

Gu

ate

ma

la 1

99

1G

T1

4,2

23

- -

-M

ya

nm

ar

MM

51

,85

3+

+ +

Syria

n A

rab

Re

p.

SY

18

,44

4

+ +

-B

ela

rus

BY

10

,04

5+

+ -

Ho

nd

ura

s 1

99

1H

N6

,60

6+

- +

Ne

pa

lN

P2

5,8

36

+ +

+T

aiw

an

Pro

vin

ce

of

Ch

ina

TW

23

,61

4

- -

-B

en

inB

J6

,73

9+

- -

Ho

ng

Ko

ng

SA

R

(Ch

ina

)H

K6

,82

7+

+ +

Ne

the

rla

nd

s,

Th

e

[EU

]N

L1

6,2

58

+ -

+T

an

za

nia

, U

nite

d

Re

p.

of

TZ

34

,82

8

- -

-B

oliv

ia 1

99

1B

O8

,67

6+

+ -

Hu

ng

ary

[E

U c

ms]

HU

10

,16

4+

- -

Ne

w Z

ea

lan

d

NZ

3,7

86

+ -

-T

ha

ilan

dT

H6

3,3

94

+ -

-B

osn

ia &

He

rze

go

vin

a 1

98

1B

A4

,20

7+

+ +

Ice

lan

dIS

0,2

94

- -

-N

ica

rag

ua

19

91

NI

5,7

78

- -

-T

rin

ida

d a

nd

To

ba

go

19

91

TT

1,3

62

+ +

+B

razil

BR

17

9,7

13

+ -

+In

dia

IN1

06

7,4

21

+ -

-N

ige

ria

NG

15

0,5

40

+ +

-T

un

isia

T

N9

,88

0

+ +

-B

ulg

aria

[E

U c

ms]

BG

7,9

18

+ +

-In

do

ne

sia

ID2

17

,82

5+

+ +

No

rwa

yN

O4

,55

1+

+ +

Tu

rke

y [

EU

cm

s]

TR

73

,19

7

- -

-B

urk

ina

Fa

so

BF

11

,86

3+

+ +

Ira

n,

Isla

mic

Re

p.

of

IR6

6,4

69

+ -

+O

ma

n 1

99

5O

M3

,10

0-

- -

Ug

an

da

UG

25

,47

5

Page 52: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

46

Tab

le 2

: O

ver

vie

w o

f co

untr

ies

involv

ed i

n t

he

surv

ey

Myco

toxin

reg

ula

tions

for

food a

nd f

eedin

gst

uff

s fo

r co

untr

ies

surv

eyed

(as

of

Dec

ember

2003)

Myc

R

eg

INF

O

Co

un

try

CP

OP

Myc

R

eg

INF

O

Co

un

try

CP

OP

Myc

R

eg

INF

O

Co

un

try

CP

OP

Myc

R

eg

INF

O

Co

un

try

CP

OP

TO

TA

Ls

Po

pu

lati

on

in

mill

ion

s

TO

TA

Ls

Po

pu

lati

on

%

- -

-C

am

ero

on

CM

16

,34

1-

- -

Ira

q 1

99

5IQ

26

,29

9-

- -

Pa

kis

tan

PK

15

3,1

25

+ +

+U

kra

ine

UA

47

,63

7

+ -

+C

an

ad

aC

A3

1,7

20

+ +

+Ir

ela

nd

[E

U]

IE3

,96

8-

- -

Pa

na

ma

19

91

PA

2,9

91

- -

-U

nited A

rab E

mirate

s

19

95

AE

3,2

19

+ +

+C

hile

CL

15

,26

6+

+ +

Isra

el

IL6

,55

6+

+ -

Pa

rag

ua

yP

Y6

,02

9+

+ +

Un

ite

d K

ing

do

m

[EU

]G

B5

9,0

40

+ +

-C

hin

aC

N1

31

1,8

64

+ +

+It

aly

[E

U]

IT5

6,2

10

+ +

-P

eru

PE

27

,08

3+

+ +

Un

ite

d S

tate

s o

f

Am

erica

US

29

1,6

40

info

CODEX

+ -

-Ja

ma

ica

19

91

JM2

,77

3+

- +

Ph

ilip

pin

es,

Th

eP

H8

1,6

36

+ +

+U

rug

ua

yU

Y3

,45

3

+ -

+C

olo

mb

iaC

O4

4,5

33

+ -

+Ja

pa

nJP

12

7,7

08

+ +

+P

ola

nd

[E

U c

ms]

PL

38

,57

7+

+ -

Ve

ne

zu

ela

VZ

23

,86

6

+ -

+C

osta

Ric

a 1

99

1C

R4

,14

9+

- +

Jo

rda

n 1

98

1JO

5,6

12

+ +

+P

ort

ug

al [E

U]

PT

10

,36

7+

+ -

Vie

t N

am

VN

81

,66

0

- -

+C

ôte

d'Iv

oire

19

87

CI

18

,30

1+

- -

Ke

nya

19

81

KE

32

,49

9-

- -

Qa

tar

19

95

QA

0,6

30

+ +

-Y

em

en

YE

22

,60

5

+ +

-C

roa

tia

HR

4,3

97

4+

+ +

Ko

rea

, R

ep

. o

fK

R4

6,8

52

+ +

+R

om

an

ia [

EU

cm

s]

RO

21

,59

0-

- -

Za

mb

iaZ

M1

1,1

94

+ -

+C

ub

aC

U1

1,8

23

+ +

-K

uw

ait 1

99

5K

W1

,98

4+

+ -

Ru

ssia

n

Fe

de

ratio

nR

U1

41

,36

4+

- +

Zim

ba

bw

e 1

99

5Z

W1

4,3

01

+ +

+C

yp

rus [

EU

cm

s]

CY

0,9

35

+ +

+L

atv

ia [

EU

cm

s]

LV

2,2

90

+ -

+S

alv

ad

or,

El 1

99

1S

V6

,17

9

+ +

+C

ze

ch

Re

pu

blic

[EU

cm

s]

CZ

10

,29

0+

+ +

Lie

ch

ten

ste

inL

I0

,03

5+

+ -

Sa

ud

i A

rab

ia

[19

95

]S

A2

2,7

36

+ +

+D

en

ma

rk [

EU

]D

K5

,38

7+

+ +

Lith

ua

nia

[E

U

cm

s]

LT

3,4

92

- -

+S

en

eg

al 1

98

7S

N1

1,3

27

5975,0

02

94,0

380,5

41

6,0

6355,5

44

100,0

Expla

nation o

f sym

bols

under

Myc(o

toxin

) R

eg(u

lation)

INF

O: +

++

mycoto

xin

regula

tion(s

) fo

r fo

od(s

), d

airy a

nd feed(s

); +

+ -

mycoto

xin

regula

tion(s

) fo

r fo

od(s

) and d

airy;

+ -

+ m

ycoto

xin

regula

tion(s

) fo

r fo

od(s

) [e

xcept dairy] and feed(s

); +

- -

m

ycoto

xin

regula

tion(s

) fo

r fo

od(s

) [e

xcept

dairy] ; -

- +

mycoto

xin

regula

tion(s

) fo

r fe

ed(s

); -

- -

no m

ycoto

xin

regula

tion(s

)

Data

on p

opula

tion e

stim

ate

s for

2003 w

as o

bta

ined fro

m Inte

rnet-

World-S

tats

(availa

ble

at w

ww

.inte

rnetw

orldsta

ts.c

om

/sta

ts.h

tm)

Popula

tion o

f countr

ies s

urv

eyed a

bout m

ycoto

xin

regula

tions

Popula

tion o

f re

main

ing c

ountr

ies w

ithout in

form

ation a

bout m

ycoto

xin

regula

tions

World p

opula

tion for

all

countr

ies a

nd r

egio

ns

Page 53: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

47

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Myc

oto

xin

sA

bb

revi

atio

ns

use

d h

ere

CA

S R

egis

try

Nu

mb

eraf

lato

xin

B1

afla

B1

1162

-65-

8

afla

toxi

n B

272

20-8

1-7

afla

toxi

n G

111

65-3

9-5

afla

toxi

n G

272

41-9

8-7

afla

toxi

ns

B1B

2G1G

2af

la B

1B2G

1G2

afla

toxi

n M

1af

la M

167

95-2

3-9

afla

toxi

n M

2af

la M

268

85-5

7-0

agar

ic a

cid

666-

99-9

deo

xyn

ival

eno

lD

ON

5148

1-10

-8

dia

ceto

xysc

irp

eno

lD

AS

2270

-40-

8

fum

on

isin

B1

1163

55-8

3-0

fum

on

isin

B2

1163

55-8

4-1

fum

on

isin

B3

1363

79-5

9-4

HT

-2 t

oxi

n26

934-

87-2

och

rato

xin

A30

3-47

-9

pat

ulin

149-

29-1

ph

om

op

sin

A64

925-

80-0

ster

igm

ato

cyst

in10

048-

13-2

T-2

to

xin

2125

9-20

-1

zear

alen

on

e17

924-

92-4

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

Note

: S

pec

ific

ref

eren

ces

hav

e bee

n e

nte

red i

n T

able

3 a

s le

tter

/num

ber

com

bin

atio

ns

in s

quar

e bra

cket

s, w

her

e th

e le

tter

s co

nfo

rm t

o t

he

rele

van

t co

untr

y c

ode

(see

als

o T

able

2)

and t

he

num

ber

s w

ith t

he

chro

nolo

gic

al o

rder

of

refe

renci

ng t

he

regula

tory

det

ails

of

the

spec

ific

countr

ies.

Abbre

via

tions

use

d i

n t

he

colu

mn “

Res

ponsi

ble

auth

ori

ty”

are

furt

her

cla

rifi

ed, to

get

her

wit

h t

he

refe

rence

s, i

n t

he L

ist

of

Abbre

via

tions

and R

efer

ence

s fo

r T

able

3.

Page 54: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

48

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

afla

B1

10

afla

B1B

2G1G

220

catt

le f

eed

afla

B1

20M

Tn

on

-off

icia

lo

ffic

ial

DZ

2

pea

nu

ts e

xpo

rted

to

EU

: se

e E

UA

R1

afla

B1

5A

M2

AM

3

zear

alen

on

e10

00A

M4

AM

5

T-2

to

xin

100

AM

6 A

M5

wh

eat

700

bar

ley

1000

tom

ato

pas

te, a

pp

lep

atu

lin5

AM

9 A

M10

A

M5

milk

afla

M1

0.5

AM

1S

SH

AH

So

ffic

ial

no

n-o

ffic

ial

AM

11

Fo

od

AL

GE

RIA

[D

Z]

2003

MT

no

n-o

ffic

ial

AR

GE

NT

INA

[A

R]

2003

[M

ER

CO

SU

R m

emb

er s

tate

]

Dai

ry

SS

HA

HS

See

ME

RC

OS

UR

[h

arm

on

ized

reg

ula

tio

ns]

exc

ept

all f

oo

ds

no

n-o

ffic

ial

Dai

ry

See

ME

RC

OS

UR

[h

arm

on

ized

reg

ula

tio

ns]

add

itio

nal

reg

ula

tio

ns

of

Arg

enti

na:

AM

7 A

M8

AN

TIG

UA

an

d B

AR

BU

DA

[B

H]

2003

: si

tuat

ion

199

1: n

o r

egu

lati

on

s [F

AO

199

7]

Fee

d

AR

ME

NIA

[A

M]

2003

DO

N

AM

1

Fo

od

off

icia

l

off

icia

l

Fo

od

pea

nu

ts, n

uts

, cer

eals

DZ

1

Page 55: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

49

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

pea

nu

ts, t

ree

nu

tsaf

la B

1B2G

1G2

15A

U1

AQ

IS, S

TA

NZ

HD

cere

al g

rain

ser

go

t *)

5000

00*)

see

fo

otn

ote

lup

in s

eed

s an

d p

rod

uct

s th

ereo

fp

ho

mo

psi

ns

5

foo

d c

on

tain

ing

mu

shro

om

s; a

lco

ho

lic

bev

erag

esag

aric

aci

d10

0000

afla

B1

1

afla

B1B

2G1G

25

wh

eat,

rye

/du

rum

wh

eat

zear

alen

on

e60

no

n-o

ffic

ial

gu

idel

ine

valu

e si

nce

199

3

MS

SG

Fo

od

see

Eu

rop

ean

Un

ion

[h

arm

on

ized

reg

ula

tio

ns]

add

itio

nal

reg

ula

tio

ns

of

Au

stri

a:

see

Eu

rop

ean

Un

ion

[h

arm

on

ized

reg

ula

tio

ns]

Fee

d

add

itio

nal

reg

ula

tio

ns

of

Au

stri

a:

MS

SG

sin

ce 1

986

all r

egu

lati

on

s h

arm

on

ized

wit

h N

ew Z

eala

nd

AU

ST

RIA

[A

T]

2003

[E

U m

emb

er s

tate

]

see

Eu

rop

ean

Un

ion

[h

arm

on

ized

reg

ula

tio

ns]

Dai

ry

off

icia

lo

ffic

ial

AT

1o

ther

pro

du

cts

[ou

tsid

e E

U r

egu

lati

on

s]

AU

ST

RA

LIA

[A

U]

2003

Fo

od

Page 56: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

50

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

pig

fee

d50

0

feed

fo

r fa

ttin

g-p

ou

ltry

1500

feed

fo

r b

reed

ing

-po

ult

ry a

nd

layi

ng

hen

s10

00

feed

fo

r fa

ttin

g-b

ovi

ne

anim

als

1000

feed

fo

r b

reed

ing

-pig

sze

aral

eno

ne

50A

T3

mai

ze, r

ice

po

lish

an

d m

ixed

fee

d f

or

po

ult

ryaf

la B

1B2G

1G2

MF

L/M

HF

no

n-o

ffic

ial

no

n-o

ffic

ial

BD

1in

pre

par

atio

n, a

lim

it o

f 10

0 µ

g/k

g is

use

d in

p

ract

ice

[BD

2]

mai

ze a

nd

mix

ed f

eed

fo

r p

ou

ltry

och

rato

xin

Ain

pre

par

atio

n [

BD

3]

all f

oo

ds

afla

B1B

2G1G

220

milk

afla

M1

0.5

all f

eed

stu

ffs

afla

B1B

2G1G

250

Fo

od

mea

sure

s fo

r fe

ed in

fo

rce

sin

ce 1

999

off

icia

ln

on

-off

icia

l

BA

NG

LA

DE

SH

[B

D]

2003

BE

LG

IUM

[B

E]

2003

[E

U m

emb

er s

tate

]

DO

NM

A

Dai

ry

Fee

d

Fee

d

Fo

od

BA

RB

AD

OS

[B

B]

2003

: si

tuat

ion

199

1 [F

AO

199

7]

AT

2

BA

HA

MA

S [

BS

] 20

03:

no

reg

ula

tio

ns

BA

HR

AIN

[B

H]

2003

: si

tuat

ion

199

6 n

o r

egu

lati

on

s [F

AO

199

7]

50

Page 57: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

51

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

mai

ze, g

rou

nd

nu

taf

la B

1B2G

1G2

20

gra

in, l

egu

min

ou

s p

lan

ts5

BY

1

infa

nt

foo

dn

ot

allo

wed

mu

shro

om

s, f

ruit

s, v

eget

able

sp

atu

lin50

bar

ley

1000

wh

eat

700

infa

nt

foo

dn

ot

allo

wed

bar

ley,

wh

eat,

mai

ze

1000

infa

nt

foo

dn

ot

allo

wed

gra

in, f

lou

r, g

roat

sT

-2 t

oxi

nu

nkn

ow

nB

Y4

BE

LIZ

E [

BZ

] 20

03:

situ

atio

n 1

991

[FA

O 1

997]

Fo

od

off

icia

l

DO

N

zear

alen

on

e

BY

1M

PH

Fee

d

BY

3

Dai

ry

see

Eu

rop

ean

Un

ion

[h

arm

on

ized

reg

ula

tio

ns]

see

Eu

rop

ean

Un

ion

[h

arm

on

ized

reg

ula

tio

ns]

BE

LA

RU

S [

BY

] 20

03

off

icia

l

Fo

od

afla

B1

see

Eu

rop

ean

Un

ion

[h

arm

on

ized

reg

ula

tio

ns]

BY

2

Page 58: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

52

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

infa

nt

foo

dT

-2 t

oxi

nn

ot

allo

wed

BY

1M

PH

off

icia

lo

ffic

ial

BY

4

bu

tter

, milk

pro

tein

co

nce

ntr

ate

0,5

infa

nt

foo

dn

ot

allo

wed

wh

eat,

mai

ze, r

ice,

cer

eals

1

bea

ns

5

all f

oo

dst

uff

saf

la B

1G1

30B

R1

MH

off

icia

l + n

on

-o

ffic

ial

BR

2 B

R3

Dai

ry

BY

1M

PH

BO

LIV

IA [

BO

] 20

03:

situ

atio

n 1

991:

no

reg

ula

tio

ns

[FA

O 1

997]

afla

M1

Fo

od

BR

AZ

IL [

BR

] 20

03 [

ME

RC

OS

UR

mem

ber

sta

te]

See

ME

RC

OS

UR

[h

arm

on

ized

reg

ula

tio

ns]

BA

1

Fo

od

off

icia

lB

A2

afla

B1G

1F

CL

HS

Wo

ffic

ial

Dai

ry

add

itio

nal

reg

ula

tio

ns

of

Bra

zil:

See

ME

RC

OS

UR

[h

arm

on

ized

reg

ula

tio

ns]

BO

SN

IA &

HE

RZ

EG

OV

INA

[B

A]

2003

: si

tuat

ion

198

1 [F

AO

199

7]

BY

1o

ffic

ial

off

icia

l

BE

NIN

[B

J] 2

003:

no

reg

ula

tio

ns

Page 59: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

53

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

anim

al f

eed

an

d in

gre

die

nts

: h

ay c

ott

on

, p

ean

ut,

ric

e, o

ats,

res

idu

es o

f b

ird

b

ow

els,

bab

assu

, co

coa,

su

gar

can

e (r

esid

ue-

pu

lp),

lin

haç

a, d

end

ê, m

anio

c,

sun

flo

wer

, cri

sálid

as, m

alt,

wh

eat,

so

ya,

yeas

t (s

ug

ar c

ane

sub

pro

du

ct)

afla

B1B

2G1G

250

BR

4M

AB

R2

BR

3

all f

oo

ds

BG

1o

ffic

ial

BG

1

afla

B1

2*B

G2

afla

B1B

2G1G

24*

BG

3

afla

B1

8*B

G2

afla

B1B

2G1G

215

*B

G3

afla

B1

5*B

G2

afla

B1B

2G1G

210

*B

G3

afla

B1

2B

G2

afla

B1B

2G1G

24

BG

3

afla

B1

2B

G2

afla

B1B

2G1G

25

BG

3

Fo

od

nu

ts a

nd

dri

ed f

ruit

to

be

sub

ject

ed t

o

sort

ing

, or

oth

er p

hys

ical

tre

atm

ent,

b

efo

re h

um

an c

on

sum

pti

on

or

use

as

an

ing

red

ien

t in

fo

od

stu

ffs

off

icia

l

gro

un

dn

uts

to

be

sub

ject

ed t

o s

ort

ing

, or

oth

er p

hys

ical

tre

atm

ent,

bef

ore

hu

man

co

nsu

mp

tio

n o

r u

se a

s an

ing

red

ien

t in

fo

od

stu

ffs

gro

un

dn

uts

, nu

ts a

nd

dri

ed f

ruit

an

d

pro

cess

ed p

rod

uct

s th

ereo

f, in

ten

ded

fo

r d

irec

t h

um

an c

on

sum

pti

on

or

as a

n

ing

red

ien

t in

fo

od

stu

ffs

BU

LG

AR

IA [

BG

] 20

03 [

EU

can

did

ate

mem

ber

sta

te]

MA

F

MH

off

icia

l

Fee

d

* m

ax li

mit

s ap

ply

to

th

e ed

ible

par

tB

G1

spic

es

cere

als

and

pro

cess

ed p

rod

uct

s th

ereo

f in

ten

ded

fo

r d

irec

t h

um

an c

on

sum

pti

on

o

r as

an

ing

red

ien

t in

fo

od

stu

ffs

MH

Page 60: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

54

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

afla

B1

2B

G2

afla

B1B

2G1G

25

BG

3

dri

ed v

ine

fru

it5

cere

als

and

pro

cess

ed p

rod

uct

s th

ereo

f in

ten

ded

fo

r d

irec

t h

um

an c

on

sum

pti

on

o

r as

an

ing

red

ien

t in

fo

od

stu

ffs

3

cere

als

to b

e su

bje

cted

to

so

rtin

g, o

r o

ther

ph

ysic

al t

reat

men

t, b

efo

re h

um

an

con

sum

pti

on

or

use

as

an in

gre

die

nt

in

foo

dst

uff

s

5M

AF

spic

es10

gre

en c

off

ee b

ean

s8

roas

ted

co

ffee

4

bee

r0.

2

gra

pe

juic

e3

fru

it ju

ices

an

d n

ecta

rs50

fru

it c

on

cen

trat

es50

****

max

. lim

it a

pp

lies

to t

he

pro

du

ct f

or

dir

ect

con

sum

pti

on

cere

als

and

pro

cess

ed p

rod

uct

s th

ereo

f in

ten

ded

fo

r d

irec

t h

um

an c

on

sum

pti

on

o

r as

an

ing

red

ien

t in

fo

od

stu

ffs

1000

cere

als

to b

e su

bje

cted

to

so

rtin

g, o

r o

ther

ph

ysic

al t

reat

men

t, b

efo

re h

um

an

con

sum

pti

on

or

use

as

an in

gre

die

nt

in

foo

dst

uff

s

2000

MA

F

DO

NB

G6

off

icia

lco

coa

bea

ns

and

pro

cess

ed p

rod

uct

s th

ereo

fM

HB

G1

off

icia

l

pat

ulin

och

rato

xin

A

MH

BG

4

BG

5

Page 61: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

55

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

mai

ze a

nd

pro

cess

ed p

rod

uct

s th

ereo

fD

ON

1000

MH

& M

AF

off

icia

lB

G6

mai

ze a

nd

pro

cess

ed p

rod

uct

s th

ereo

ffu

mo

nis

ins

B1B

210

00n

on

-off

icia

lB

G7

cere

als

and

pro

cess

ed p

rod

uct

s th

ereo

f in

ten

ded

fo

r d

irec

t h

um

an c

on

sum

pti

on

o

r as

an

ing

red

ien

t in

fo

od

stu

ffs

200

mai

ze a

nd

pro

cess

ed p

rod

uct

s th

ereo

f 20

0

cere

als

and

pro

cess

ed p

rod

uct

s th

ereo

f in

ten

ded

fo

r d

irec

t h

um

an c

on

sum

pti

on

o

r as

an

ing

red

ien

t in

fo

od

stu

ffs

T2-

toxi

n10

0

raw

milk

0.05

milk

po

wd

er, c

on

den

sed

milk

0.4

bu

tter

0.02

chee

se0.

02

off

icia

l

BG

2

BG

1

Dai

ry

zear

alen

on

e

afla

M1

BG

1n

on

-off

icia

lo

ffic

ial

CA

ME

RO

ON

[C

M]

2003

: n

o r

egu

lati

on

s

MA

F

BU

RK

INA

FA

SO

[B

F]

2003

: n

o r

egu

lati

on

s

BG

8

MH

& M

AF

MH

off

icia

l

Page 62: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

56

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

curr

entl

y m

yco

toxi

n

issu

es h

ave

the

inte

rest

of

the

nat

ion

al a

uth

ori

ties

[t

he

Nat

ion

al B

ure

au o

f S

tan

dar

ds

and

th

e N

atio

nal

Inst

itu

te o

f A

gri

cult

ura

l Res

earc

h f

or

Dev

elo

pm

ent]

nu

ts a

nd

nu

t p

rod

uct

saf

la B

1B2G

1G2

15C

A1

HC

/CF

IAo

ffic

ial

CA

3n

on

-off

icia

lC

A6

CA

7 C

A8

CA

9ca

lcu

late

d o

n t

he

nu

t m

eat

po

rtio

n;

in f

orc

e si

nce

19

69

do

mes

tic

un

clea

ned

so

ft w

hea

t20

00

soft

wh

eat

flo

ur

(ad

ult

fo

od

)12

00

soft

wh

eat

flo

ur

(in

fan

t fo

od

)60

0

wh

eat,

oat

s, b

arle

y, r

ye, s

olin

, fla

xsee

d,

can

ola

, bu

ckw

hea

t, s

oyb

ean

s, m

ust

ard

se

ed, p

eas,

can

ada

pea

bea

ns,

can

ada

trit

ical

e, c

anad

a le

nti

ls

erg

ot

*)n

ot

app

licab

leH

C/C

GC

vari

ou

s to

lera

nce

s ex

ist,

ex

pre

ssed

as

% b

y w

eig

ht;

*) see

fo

otn

ote

all f

eed

saf

la B

1B2G

1G2

20C

A12

off

icia

lC

A15

sin

ce 1

983

och

rato

xin

A20

00C

A16

T-2

to

xin

1000

CA

17

CA

14o

ffic

ial

no

n o

ffic

ial

CF

IA

CA

13fe

ed f

or

swin

e an

d p

ou

ltry

CA

4 C

A5

CA

2C

A8

CA

9 C

A10

CA

11

Fee

d

reg

ula

tio

ns

exis

t fo

r th

e g

rad

ing

of

wh

eat

bo

th f

or

do

mes

tic

and

exp

ort

use

, b

ased

on

th

e p

erce

nta

ge

of

Fu

sari

um

-dam

aged

ke

rnel

s (%

FD

K)

CA

NA

DA

[C

A]

2003

no

n-o

ffic

ial

gu

idel

ine

limit

s o

nly

, si

nce

199

6

DO

No

ffic

ial a

nd

no

n-

off

icia

lH

C/C

FIA

Fo

od

Page 63: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

57

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

DO

N50

00

HT

-2 t

oxi

n10

0

feed

fo

r sw

ine,

cal

ves,

dai

ry c

attl

eD

ON

1000

feed

fo

r g

ilts

and

so

ws

zear

alen

on

e30

00C

A18

dia

ceto

xysc

irp

eno

l20

00C

A17

erg

ot

alka

loid

s60

00

feed

fo

r p

ou

ltry

dia

ceto

xysc

irp

eno

l10

00C

A17

feed

fo

r ca

ttle

, sh

eep

, ho

rses

erg

ot

alka

loid

s30

00

feed

fo

r ch

icks

erg

ot

alka

loid

s90

00

afla

B1B

2G1G

25

zear

alen

on

e20

0

milk

afla

M1

0.05

CL

1M

PH

com

ple

te f

eed

ing

stu

ffs

for

po

ult

ry, g

oat

s an

d c

attl

e30

com

ple

te f

eed

ing

stu

ffs

for

oth

er a

nim

als

10

all i

ng

red

ien

ts f

or

use

in a

nim

al f

eed

ex

cep

t p

ean

uts

an

d d

eriv

ativ

es,

cott

on

seed

an

d d

eriv

ativ

es, m

aize

an

d

der

ivat

ives

50

all f

oo

ds

gu

idel

ine

limit

s o

nly

, si

nce

199

6

afla

B1B

2G1G

2C

L3

Fee

d

off

icia

ln

on

off

icia

lC

A13

CL

1

Fo

od

Dai

ry

CA

14fe

ed f

or

catt

le a

nd

po

ult

ry

MA

feed

fo

r sw

ine

CF

IA

CL

2o

ffic

ial

MP

H

CH

ILE

[C

L]

2003

off

icia

l

off

icia

l

CA

17

CL

2

Page 64: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

58

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

pea

nu

ts a

nd

der

ivat

ives

, co

tto

nse

ed a

nd

d

eriv

ativ

es, m

aize

an

d d

eriv

ativ

esaf

la B

1B2G

1G2

200

CL

3M

Ao

ffic

ial

CL

2o

ffic

ial

mai

ze a

nd

mai

ze p

rod

uct

s, p

ean

ut

and

p

ean

ut

pro

du

cts,

pea

nu

t o

il, ir

rad

iate

d

pea

nu

t

20

rice

, irr

adia

ted

ric

e, e

dib

le v

eget

able

oil

10

soya

bea

n s

auce

, gra

in p

aste

, vin

egar

, o

ther

gra

ins,

bea

ns,

fer

men

ted

fo

od

s,

ferm

ente

d b

ean

pro

du

cts,

sta

rch

p

rod

uct

s, f

erm

ente

d w

ine,

red

ric

e, b

utt

er

cake

, pas

try

bis

cuit

an

d b

read

, fo

od

ad

dit

ive

alp

ha-

amyl

ase,

fo

od

ad

dit

ive

glu

co-a

myl

ase

pre

par

atio

n, s

alad

oil

5

infa

nt

form

ula

-so

ybea

n b

ased

, in

fan

t fo

rmu

la '5

410'

, fo

rmu

late

d w

ean

ing

fo

od

s (r

ice,

so

ybea

n b

ased

), w

ean

ing

su

pp

lem

enta

ry f

oo

ds

(ric

e, s

oyb

ean

, w

hea

t fl

ou

r, m

ilk p

ow

der

)

no

n-d

etec

tab

lein

fan

t fo

rmu

la '5

410'

no

t sp

ecif

ied

sem

i-fi

nis

hed

pro

du

cts

(ju

ice

or

pas

te)

100

fru

it ju

ice

or

jam

, fru

it w

ine,

can

ned

p

rod

uct

s, h

awth

orn

str

ip (

cake

)50

wh

eat

and

wh

eat

flo

ur,

mai

ze a

nd

mai

ze

flo

ur

DO

N10

00M

Ho

ffic

ial

off

icia

l an

d

no

n-o

ffic

ial

Fo

od

MH

off

icia

l

off

icia

l an

d

no

n-o

ffic

ial

MH

off

icia

l an

d

no

n-o

ffic

ial

off

icia

lp

atu

lin

CH

INA

[C

N]

2003

afla

B1

CN

1 C

N2

Page 65: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

59

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

milk

an

d m

ilk p

rod

uct

s0.

5

foo

d f

or

infa

nts

an

d y

ou

ng

ch

ildre

n,

infa

nt

form

ula

milk

po

wd

ern

on

-det

ecta

ble

pea

nu

ts, r

awaf

la B

1B2G

1G2

15C

C1

off

icia

lC

C1

off

icia

lC

C1

app

le ju

ice

and

ap

ple

ing

red

ien

ts in

oth

er

bev

erag

esp

atu

lin50

CC

2

milk

afla

M1

0.5

CC

3C

CF

AC

afla

B1B

2G1G

2

afla

M1

afla

M2

mai

zeaf

la B

1B2G

1G2

20C

O2

mai

ze a

nd

mai

ze p

rod

uct

s20

CO

5 C

O6

sorg

hu

m40

CO

7

rab

bit

/ tr

ou

t fe

eds

10

po

ult

ry /

do

g /

cat

/ fis

h f

eed

s20

bo

vin

e / p

ig f

eed

s50

sorg

hu

mze

aral

eno

ne

1000

CO

7C

O10

Fo

od

CC

FA

C

CO

DE

X A

LIM

EN

TA

RIU

S 2

003

(th

e C

od

ex A

limen

tari

us

Co

mm

issi

on

- c

reat

ed in

196

3 b

y F

AO

an

d W

HO

- is

th

e b

od

y re

spo

nsi

ble

fo

r co

mp

ilin

g t

he

stan

dar

ds,

co

des

of

pra

ctic

e, g

uid

elin

es a

nd

re

com

men

dat

ion

s th

at c

on

stit

ute

th

e C

od

ex A

limen

tari

us.

In 2

003,

th

e C

od

ex A

limen

tari

us

Co

mm

issi

on

had

168

mem

ber

co

un

trie

s).

off

icia

laf

la M

1

10al

l fo

od

sC

O3

MH

no

n-o

ffic

ial

CO

4C

O1

CN

1 C

N2

no

n-o

ffic

ial

Fo

od

no

n-o

ffic

ial

afla

B1B

2G1G

2M

A

Dai

ry

MH

CO

LO

MB

IA [

CO

] 20

03

off

icia

l

CO

8

CO

3

off

icia

l

Dai

ry

CO

9

Fee

d

Page 66: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

60

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

mai

zeaf

la B

1B2G

1G2

35

mai

zeaf

la B

1B2G

1G3

50

stra

igh

t fe

edst

uff

s10

0

com

ple

te f

eed

stu

ffs

10

com

ple

te f

eed

stu

ffs

for

pig

s/p

ou

ltry

ex

cep

t yo

un

g a

nim

als/

du

cks

38

com

ple

te f

eed

stu

ffs

for

catt

le/s

hee

p/g

oat

s75

com

ple

te f

eed

stu

ffs

for

dai

ry c

attl

e50

cere

als,

bea

ns,

pea

nu

ts, c

off

ee, t

ea5

spic

es30

coco

a b

ean

s, a

lmo

nd

s, f

lou

rs, h

azel

nu

ts,

wal

nu

tsaf

la B

1B2G

1G2

3

MP

H

CR

OA

TIA

[H

R]

2003

TE

d'IV

OIR

E [

CI]

200

3: s

itu

atio

n 1

987

[FA

O 1

997]

Fee

d

Fee

d

Fo

od

Fo

od

off

icia

l + n

on

-o

ffic

ial

HR

1 H

R2

afla

B1

off

icia

lM

PH

& M

AP

&

MC

afla

B1B

2G1G

2

no

n-o

ffic

ial

CO

ST

A R

ICA

[C

R]

2003

: si

tuat

ion

199

1 [F

AO

199

7]

Page 67: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

61

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

juic

e an

d c

on

cen

trat

es, a

pp

les

pat

ulin

50M

PH

off

icia

l + n

on

-o

ffic

ial

off

icia

lH

R3

milk

, milk

pro

du

cts

afla

M1

0.5

MP

Ho

ffic

ial +

no

n-

off

icia

ln

on

-off

icia

lH

R4

cere

als,

pea

nu

ts, c

oco

a m

ass

afla

B1

5

all f

oo

ds

afla

B1B

2G1G

25

coff

ee, c

erea

lso

chra

toxi

n A

5

fru

its

pat

ulin

50C

U3

CU

4 C

U5

mai

ze, r

ice

fum

on

isin

B1

1000

CU

6

imp

ort

ed c

erea

lsD

ON

300

CU

7

all f

eed

s an

d f

eed

ing

red

ien

tsaf

la B

1B2G

1G2

5o

ffic

ial

CU

2

all f

eed

sD

ON

300

no

n-o

ffic

ial

CU

7

afla

B1

afla

B1B

2G1G

2

follo

win

g E

U r

egu

lati

on

saf

la M

1se

e E

UC

Y1

MH

off

icia

lC

Y4

no

n-o

ffic

ial

CY

5

MA

off

icia

lC

Y3

see

EU

CY

PR

US

[C

Y]

2003

[E

U c

and

idat

e m

emb

er s

tate

]: a

flat

oxi

n r

egu

lati

on

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arm

on

ized

wit

h E

U le

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lati

on

as

per

1 J

anu

ary

2003

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follo

win

g E

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egu

lati

on

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ial

off

icia

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ial

Dai

ry

Fo

od

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[C

U]

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Fee

d

MP

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off

icia

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off

icia

lC

U2

Fo

od

Dai

ry

Page 68: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

62

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

follo

win

g E

U r

egu

lati

on

saf

la B

1se

e E

UC

Y4

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8

feed

mat

eria

ls20

00

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ple

te f

eed

ing

stu

ffs

for

pig

lets

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com

ple

te f

eed

ing

stu

ffs

for

swin

e o

ther

th

an p

igle

ts15

00

feed

mat

eria

ls e

xcep

t ce

real

gra

ins

7000

cere

al g

rain

s12

00

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ple

te f

eed

ing

stu

ffs

for

pig

s10

00

com

ple

te f

eed

ing

stu

ffs

for

po

ult

ry a

nd

fa

tten

ing

cal

ves

5000

com

ple

te f

eed

ing

stu

ffs

for

oth

er a

nim

als

3000

child

an

d b

aby

no

uri

shm

ent

0.5

pea

nu

ts f

or

dir

ect

con

sum

pti

on

2

pea

nu

ts a

s ra

w m

ater

ial

8

coco

a10

nu

ts a

nd

dri

ed f

ruit

s as

raw

mat

eria

l5

nu

ts a

nd

dri

ed f

ruit

s fo

r d

irec

t co

nsu

mp

tio

n2

MA

NR

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Fee

d

CY

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eno

ne

off

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off

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ial &

no

n-

off

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la B

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off

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od

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EC

H R

EP

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Z]

2003

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U c

and

idat

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er s

tate

]

CY

6

DO

N

Page 69: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

63

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

spic

es20

cere

als

and

th

eir

pro

du

cts

2

foo

dst

uff

s ty

pe

A5

foo

dst

uff

s ty

pe

B20

nu

ts in

clu

din

g p

ean

uts

an

d d

ried

fru

its

for

dir

ect

con

sum

pti

on

4

pea

nu

ts a

s ra

w m

ater

ial

15

nu

ts a

nd

dri

ed f

ruit

s as

raw

mat

eria

l10

cere

als

4

child

no

uri

shm

ent

(>12

mo

nth

s)2

bab

y n

ou

rish

men

t (<

12 m

on

ths)

1

foo

dst

uff

s ty

pe

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foo

dst

uff

s ty

pe

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child

an

d b

aby

no

uri

shm

ent

1C

Z5

flo

urs

an

d c

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l pro

du

cts

3

foo

dst

uff

s ty

pe

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dst

uff

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pe

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uri

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ent

30

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y n

ou

rish

men

t20

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dst

uff

s ty

pe

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dst

uff

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pe

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0

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B1B

2G1G

2

pat

ulin

foo

dst

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s ty

pes

A a

nd

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no

t sp

ecif

ied

off

icia

l & n

on

-o

ffic

ial

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dst

uff

s ty

pes

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nd

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no

t sp

ecif

ied

MA

& M

H

CZ

6 C

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off

icia

l

foo

dst

uff

s ty

pes

A a

nd

B

no

t sp

ecif

ied

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dst

uff

s ty

pes

A a

nd

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no

t sp

ecif

ied

CZ

3 C

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2

och

rato

xin

A

CZ

1

Page 70: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

64

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

corn

, ric

e, m

aize

2000

flo

ur

1000

foo

dst

uff

s ty

pe

A5

foo

dst

uff

s ty

pe

B20

raw

milk

, milk

, bab

yfo

od

bas

ed o

n m

ilkaf

la M

10.

05C

Z1

MA

& M

Ho

ffic

ial

CZ

2n

on

-off

icia

lC

Z9

com

ple

te f

eed

s: f

ollo

win

g E

U r

egu

lati

on

s

com

ple

men

tary

fee

ds:

fo

llow

ing

EU

re

gu

lati

on

s

10vi

scer

a co

nd

emn

ed;

visi

bly

dam

aged

kid

ney

s ar

e an

alys

ed c

hem

ical

ly

25w

ho

le c

arca

ss

con

dem

ned

; vi

sib

ly

dam

aged

kid

ney

s ar

e an

alys

ed c

hem

ical

ly

foo

dst

uff

s ty

pes

A a

nd

B

no

t sp

ecif

ied

no

n-o

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ial

Dai

ry

DE

NM

AR

K [

DK

] 20

03 [

EU

mem

ber

sta

te]

DV

FA

DK

1

MA

afla

B1

MA

& M

H

CZ

4

CZ

8

add

itio

nal

reg

ula

tio

ns

of

Den

mar

k:

Fee

d

CZ

10

DO

N

see

Eu

rop

ean

Un

ion

[h

arm

on

ized

reg

ula

tio

ns]

Fo

od

see

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pig

kid

ney

och

rato

xin

A

ster

igm

ato

cyst

in

CZ

2C

Z1

off

icia

l

Page 71: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

65

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

see

Eu

rop

ean

Un

ion

[h

arm

on

ized

re

gu

lati

on

s]

see

Eu

rop

ean

Un

ion

[h

arm

on

ized

re

gu

lati

on

s]

mai

ze(p

rod

uct

s), g

rou

nd

nu

t, s

oya

, to

mat

o(p

rod

uct

s)af

la B

1G1

0

imp

ort

ed m

aize

afla

B1B

2G1G

220

afla

B1

5

afla

B1B

2G1G

210

afla

B1

10

afla

B1B

2G1G

220

afla

B1

10

afla

B1B

2G1G

220

EG

YP

T [

EG

] 20

03

Dai

ry

pea

nu

ts &

cer

eals

EG

1o

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ial

Fee

d

anim

al a

nd

ch

icke

n f

eed

Fee

d

Fo

od

MP

H

Fo

od

EC

UA

DO

R [

EC

] 20

03:

situ

atio

n 1

991:

no

reg

ula

tio

ns

[FA

O 1

997]

corn

DO

MIN

ICA

N R

EP

UB

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2003

: si

tuat

ion

199

1 [F

AO

199

7]

Page 72: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

66

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

mea

t an

d m

eat

pre

par

atio

ns,

off

als,

eg

gs

and

eg

g p

rod

uct

s, c

oco

a an

d c

oco

a p

rod

uct

s, c

ho

cola

te a

nd

ch

oco

late

p

rod

uct

s, d

ried

fru

its

req

uir

ed a

dd

itio

nal

tr

eatm

ent

bef

ore

use

, fru

it ju

ices

, dri

nks

, co

nce

ntr

ates

an

d n

ecta

rs, e

dib

le p

art

of

nu

ts r

equ

ired

ad

dit

ion

al t

reat

men

t b

efo

re

use

, tea

an

d c

off

ee, f

ats,

oil

seed

s,

un

refi

ned

veg

etab

le o

ils, f

oo

d

sup

ple

men

ts b

ased

on

un

refi

ned

ve

get

able

oils

5

edib

le p

art

of

gro

un

dn

uts

req

uir

ed

add

itio

nal

tre

atm

ent

bef

ore

use

8

cere

als,

cer

eal f

lou

rs, c

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l gro

ats

and

fl

akes

, co

nfe

ctio

ner

y p

rod

uct

s, p

asta

p

rod

uct

s, o

rdin

ary

bak

er's

war

es, f

ine

bak

er's

war

es, l

egu

me

veg

etab

les,

dri

ed

fru

its

and

veg

etab

les,

tin

ned

fru

its

and

ve

get

able

s in

clu

din

g b

erri

es, e

dib

le p

art

of

nu

ts;

iso

late

s, c

on

cen

trat

es a

nd

h

ydro

lysa

tes

of

veg

etab

le p

rote

in

2

off

icia

l

ES

TO

NIA

[E

E]

2003

[E

U c

and

idat

e m

emb

er s

tate

]

afla

B1

VF

B

Fo

od

EE

2o

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ial

EE

2E

E1

Page 73: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

67

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

cere

als,

cer

eal f

lou

rs, c

erea

l gro

ats

and

fl

akes

, pas

ta p

rod

uct

s, o

rdin

ary

bak

er's

w

ares

, fin

e b

aker

's w

ares

, co

nfe

ctio

ner

y p

rod

uct

s, le

gu

me

veg

etab

les,

dri

ed f

ruit

s,

edib

le p

art

of

nu

ts;

iso

late

s, c

on

cen

trat

es

and

hyd

roly

sate

s o

f ve

get

able

pro

tein

4

dri

ed f

ruit

s, e

dib

le p

art

of

nu

ts r

equ

ired

ad

dit

ion

al t

reat

men

t b

efo

re u

se10

edib

le p

art

of

gro

un

dn

uts

req

uir

ed

add

itio

nal

tre

atm

ent

bef

ore

use

15

pig

live

r10

cere

als,

cer

eal f

lou

rs, c

erea

l gro

ats

and

fl

akes

, pas

ta p

rod

uct

s, o

rdin

ary

bak

er's

w

ares

, fin

e b

aker

's w

ares

; is

ola

tes,

co

nce

ntr

ates

an

d h

ydro

lysa

tes

of

cere

als

pro

tein

5

fres

h o

r fr

oze

n f

ruit

s an

d v

eget

able

s in

clu

din

g b

erri

es a

nd

mu

shro

om

s, t

inn

ed

app

les,

to

mat

oes

an

d s

eab

uck

th

orn

s,

app

le a

nd

sea

bu

ck t

ho

rn ja

m, j

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es,

dri

nks

, co

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ntr

ates

an

d n

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rs;

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ed,

pic

kled

, lea

ven

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ther

wis

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uit

s, v

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ulin

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lE

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afla

B1B

2G1G

2o

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ial

EE

2E

E2

Page 74: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

68

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

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le

auth

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imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

wh

eat:

flo

ur,

fla

kes;

iso

late

s,

con

cen

trat

es a

nd

hyd

roly

sate

s o

f w

hea

t p

rote

in

700

bar

ley:

flo

ur,

fla

kes;

iso

late

s,

con

cen

trat

es a

nd

hyd

roly

sate

s o

f b

arle

y p

rote

in

1000

wh

eat,

bar

ley,

mai

ze, c

erea

l flo

urs

(w

hea

t,

bar

ley,

mai

ze),

cer

eal g

roat

s an

d f

lake

s (w

hea

t, b

arle

y, m

aize

), p

asta

pro

du

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o

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ine

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w

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, co

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y p

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gu

me

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etab

les,

fat

s, o

ils;

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f ce

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in

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00

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and

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, pas

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T-2

to

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, wh

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up

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off

icia

lV

FB

Dai

ry

afla

M1

EE

2

DO

N

68

Page 75: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

69

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

com

ple

te f

eed

ing

stu

ffs

for

you

ng

cat

tle,

yo

un

g p

igs

and

oth

er y

ou

ng

far

m a

nim

als

50

com

ple

te f

eed

ing

stu

ffs

for

milk

p

rod

uci

ng

an

imal

s20

com

ple

men

tary

fee

din

gst

uff

s fo

r ca

ttle

, p

igs

and

oth

er f

arm

an

imal

s 50

com

ple

men

tary

fee

din

gst

uff

s fo

r yo

un

g

catt

le, y

ou

ng

pig

s an

d o

ther

yo

un

g f

arm

an

imal

s

10

feed

ing

stu

ffs

of

veg

etab

le o

rig

in10

00

com

ple

te f

eed

ing

stu

ffs

for

catt

le, p

igs

and

oth

er f

arm

an

imal

s10

00

com

ple

te f

eed

ing

stu

ffs

for

you

ng

cat

tle,

yo

un

g p

igs

and

oth

er y

ou

ng

far

m a

nim

als

500

com

ple

men

tary

fee

din

gst

uff

s fo

r ca

ttle

, p

igs

and

oth

er f

arm

an

imal

s25

00

com

ple

men

tary

fee

din

gst

uff

s fo

r ca

ttle

, p

igs

and

oth

er f

arm

an

imal

s50

0

feed

ing

stu

ffs

of

veg

etab

le o

rig

in10

0

com

ple

te f

eed

ing

stu

ffs

for

catt

le, p

igs

and

oth

er f

arm

an

imal

s10

0

com

ple

te f

eed

ing

stu

ffs

for

you

ng

cat

tle,

yo

un

g p

igs

and

oth

er y

ou

ng

far

m a

nim

als

50

com

ple

men

tary

fee

din

gst

uff

s fo

r ca

ttle

, p

igs

and

oth

er f

arm

an

imal

s20

0

com

ple

men

tary

fee

din

gst

uff

s fo

r yo

un

g

catt

le, y

ou

ng

pig

s an

d o

ther

yo

un

g f

arm

an

imal

s

50

feed

ing

stu

ffs

of

veg

etab

le o

rig

in10

0

com

ple

te f

eed

ing

stu

ffs

for

catt

le, p

igs

and

oth

er f

arm

an

imal

s10

0

off

icia

lE

E4

PP

I & V

FB

zear

alen

on

e

EE

3

och

rato

xin

A

off

icia

laf

la B

1B2G

1G2

DO

N

Page 76: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

70

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

com

ple

te f

eed

ing

stu

ffs

for

you

ng

cat

tle,

yo

un

g p

igs

and

oth

er y

ou

ng

far

m a

nim

als

50

com

ple

men

tary

fee

din

gst

uff

s fo

r ca

ttle

, p

igs

and

oth

er f

arm

an

imal

s20

0

com

ple

men

tary

fee

din

gst

uff

s fo

r yo

un

g

catt

le, y

ou

ng

pig

s an

d o

ther

yo

un

g f

arm

an

imal

s

50

afla

B1

2

afla

B1B

2G1G

24

afla

B1

8

afla

B1B

2G1G

215

nu

ts a

nd

dri

ed f

ruit

to

be

sub

ject

ed t

o

sort

ing

, or

oth

er p

hys

ical

tre

atm

ent,

b

efo

re h

um

an (

con

tin

ued

)

afla

B1

5

gro

un

dn

uts

to

be

sub

ject

ed t

o s

ort

ing

, or

oth

er p

hys

ical

tre

atm

ent,

bef

ore

hu

man

co

nsu

mp

tio

n o

r u

se a

s an

ing

red

ien

t in

fo

od

stu

ffs

Fo

od

EU

mem

ber

sta

tes:

Au

stri

a, B

elg

ium

, Den

mar

k, F

inla

nd

, Fra

nce

, Ger

man

y, G

reec

e, Ir

elan

d, I

taly

, Lu

xem

bo

urg

, Th

e N

eth

erla

nd

s, P

ort

ug

al, S

pai

n, S

wed

en, U

nit

ed K

ing

do

m

vari

ou

sE

U7

gro

un

dn

uts

, nu

ts a

nd

dri

ed f

ruit

an

d

pro

cess

ed p

rod

uct

s th

ereo

f, in

ten

ded

fo

r d

irec

t h

um

an c

on

sum

pti

on

or

as a

n

ing

red

ien

t in

fo

od

stu

ffs

zear

alen

on

eE

E3

PP

I & V

FB

ET

HIO

PIA

[E

T]

2003

: n

o r

egu

lati

on

s

EU

RO

PE

AN

UN

ION

[E

U]

2003

off

icia

lo

ffic

ial

EE

4

off

icia

lE

U7

EU

can

did

ate

mem

ber

sta

tes:

Cze

ch R

epu

blic

, Cyp

rus,

Est

on

ia, H

un

gar

y, L

atvi

a, L

ith

uan

ia, M

alta

, Po

lan

d, S

lova

kia,

Slo

ven

ia w

ill j

oin

th

e E

uro

pea

n U

nio

n p

er 1

May

200

4; t

he

oth

er E

U c

and

idat

e m

emb

er

stat

es -

Bu

lgar

ia, R

om

ania

an

d T

urk

ey -

may

join

th

e E

U la

ter.

EU

2P

erfo

rman

ce c

rite

ria

for

met

ho

ds

of

anal

ysis

are

g

iven

.

A

spec

ific

lim

it h

as b

een

p

rop

ose

d f

or

afla

B1

in

bab

y fo

od

s an

d p

roce

ssed

ce

real

-bas

ed f

oo

ds

for

infa

nts

an

d y

ou

ng

ch

ildre

n, a

nd

in d

ieta

ry

foo

ds

for

spec

ial m

edic

al

pu

rpo

ses

inte

nd

ed

spec

ific

ally

fo

r in

fan

ts;

thes

e lim

its

are

exp

ecte

d

to c

om

e in

to f

orc

e in

May

20

04.

off

icia

l

Page 77: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

71

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

con

sum

pti

on

or

use

as

an in

gre

die

nt

in

foo

dst

uff

saf

la B

1B2G

1G2

10

afla

B1

2

afla

B1B

2G1G

24

afla

B1

2

afla

B1B

2G1G

24

afla

B1

5

afla

B1B

2G1G

210

afla

B1

5

afla

B1B

2G1G

210

raw

cer

eal g

rain

s (i

ncl

ud

ing

raw

ric

e an

d

bu

ckw

hea

t)5

all p

rod

uct

s d

eriv

ed f

rom

cer

eals

(i

ncl

ud

ing

pro

cess

ed c

erea

l pro

du

cts

and

ce

real

gra

ins

inte

nd

ed f

or

dir

ect

hu

man

co

nsu

mp

tio

n)

3

vari

ou

s

mai

ze t

o b

e su

bje

cted

to

so

rtin

g, o

r o

ther

p

hys

ical

tre

atm

ent,

bef

ore

hu

man

co

nsu

mp

tio

n o

r u

se a

s an

ing

red

ien

t in

fo

od

stu

ffs

och

rato

xin

A

cere

als

(in

clu

din

g b

uck

wh

eat,

F

ag

op

yru

m s

p.)

and

pro

cess

ed p

rod

uct

s th

ereo

f in

ten

ded

fo

r d

irec

t h

um

an

con

sum

pti

on

or

use

as

an in

gre

die

nt

in

foo

dst

uff

s

EU

2

Per

form

ance

cri

teri

a fo

r m

eth

od

s o

f an

alys

is a

re

giv

en.A

sp

ecif

ic li

mit

has

b

een

pro

po

sed

fo

r o

chra

toxi

n A

in b

aby

foo

ds

and

(co

nti

nu

ed)

EU

8sp

ices

: C

ap

sic

um

sp

p.

(dri

ed f

ruit

s th

ereo

f, w

ho

le o

r g

rou

nd

, in

clu

din

g

chill

ies,

ch

illi p

ow

der

, cay

enn

e an

d

pap

rika

); P

iper

sp

p. (

fru

its

ther

eof,

in

clu

din

g w

hit

e an

d b

lack

pep

per

);

Myri

sti

ca f

rag

ran

s (

nu

tmeg

); Z

ing

iber

off

icin

ale

(g

ing

er);

Cu

rcu

ma lo

ng

a

cere

als

(in

clu

din

g b

uck

wh

eat,

F

ag

op

yru

m s

p.)

, wit

h t

he

exce

pti

on

of

mai

ze, t

o b

e su

bje

cted

to

so

rtin

g, o

r o

ther

p

hys

ical

tre

atm

ent,

bef

ore

hu

man

co

nsu

mp

tio

n o

r u

se a

s an

ing

red

ien

t in

fo

od

stu

ffs

EU

3

EU

7E

U7

off

icia

las

ab

ove

EU

4

EU

9E

U9

vari

ou

s

EU

8

off

icia

l

Page 78: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

72

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

dri

ed v

ine

fru

it (

curr

ants

, rai

sin

s an

d

sult

anas

) o

chra

toxi

n A

10E

U4

EU

9E

U9

pro

cess

ed c

erea

l-b

ased

fo

od

s fo

r in

fan

ts a

nd

yo

un

g c

hild

ren

, an

d in

d

ieta

ry f

oo

ds

for

spec

ial

med

ical

pu

rpo

ses

inte

nd

ed s

pec

ific

ally

fo

r in

fan

ts;

thes

e lim

its

are

exp

ecte

d t

o c

om

e in

to

forc

e in

May

200

4.

fru

it ju

ices

an

d f

ruit

nec

tar,

in p

arti

cula

r ap

ple

juic

e, a

nd

fru

it ju

ice

ing

red

ien

ts in

o

ther

bev

erag

es

50

con

cen

trat

ed f

ruit

juic

e af

ter

reco

nst

itu

tio

n a

s in

stru

cted

by

the

man

ufa

ctu

rer

50

spir

it d

rin

ks, c

ider

an

d o

ther

fer

men

ted

d

rin

ks d

eriv

ed f

rom

ap

ple

s o

r co

nta

inin

g

app

le ju

ice

50

solid

ap

ple

pro

du

cts,

incl

ud

ing

ap

ple

co

mp

ote

, ap

ple

pu

ree

inte

nd

ed f

or

dir

ect

con

sum

pti

on

25

app

le ju

ice

and

so

lid a

pp

le p

rod

uct

s,

incl

ud

ing

ap

ple

co

mp

ote

an

d a

pp

le

pu

ree,

fo

r in

fan

ts a

nd

yo

un

g c

hild

ren

an

d

lab

elle

d a

nd

so

ld a

s in

ten

ded

fo

r in

fan

ts

and

yo

un

g c

hild

ren

10

oth

er b

aby

foo

d (

as d

efin

ed in

Art

icle

1 o

f [E

U1]

)10

cere

al p

rod

uct

s as

co

nsu

med

an

d o

ther

ce

real

pro

du

cts

at r

etai

l sta

ge

DO

N50

0E

U6

dra

ft C

om

mis

sio

n

Rec

om

men

dat

ion

vari

ou

s

EU

5o

ffic

ial

pat

ulin

EU

10si

nce

1 n

ove

mb

er 2

003;

p

reve

nti

on

an

d r

edu

ctio

n

of

pat

ulin

co

nta

min

atio

n

[s

ee E

U 1

1];

per

form

ance

cr

iter

ia f

or

met

ho

ds

of

anal

ysis

are

giv

en

EU

10o

ffic

ial

Page 79: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

73

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

flo

ur

use

d a

s ra

w m

ater

ial i

n f

oo

d

pro

du

cts

DO

N75

0E

U6

vari

ou

sse

e ab

ove

milk

(ra

w m

ilk, m

ilk f

or

the

man

ufa

ctu

re

of

milk

-bas

ed p

rod

uct

s an

d h

eat-

trea

ted

m

ilk a

s d

efin

ed b

y C

ou

nci

l Dir

ecti

ve

92/4

6/E

EC

, as

last

am

end

ed b

y C

ou

nci

l D

irec

tive

94/

71/E

C)

afla

M1

0.05

EU

2va

rio

us

off

icia

lE

U7

off

icia

lE

U7

Per

form

ance

cri

teri

a fo

r m

eth

od

s o

f an

alys

is a

re

giv

en.

A

spec

ific

lim

it h

as b

een

p

rop

ose

d f

or

afla

M1

in

infa

nt

form

ula

e an

d f

ollo

w-

on

fo

rmu

lae,

incl

ud

ing

in

fan

t m

ilk a

nd

fo

llow

-on

m

ilk;

thes

e lim

its

are

exp

ecte

d t

o c

om

e in

to

forc

e in

May

200

4.

all f

eed

mat

eria

ls20

com

ple

te f

eed

ing

stu

ffs

for

catt

le, s

hee

p

and

go

ats

wit

h t

he

exce

pti

on

of:

- co

mp

lete

fee

din

gst

uff

s fo

r d

airy

an

imal

s -

com

ple

te f

eed

ing

stu

ffs

for

calv

es a

nd

la

mb

s

com

ple

te f

eed

ing

stu

ffs

for

dai

ry a

nim

als

5

Max

imu

m c

on

ten

t re

lati

ve

to a

fee

din

gst

uff

wit

h a

m

ois

ture

co

nte

nt

of

12 %

off

icia

lE

U15

EU

16o

ffic

ial

vari

ou

sE

U12

Dai

ry

afla

B1

EU

14

20

Fee

d

Page 80: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

74

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

com

ple

te f

eed

ing

stu

ffs

for

calv

es a

nd

la

mb

s10

com

ple

te f

eed

ing

stu

ffs

for

pig

s an

d

po

ult

ry (

exce

pt

you

ng

an

imal

s)20

oth

er c

om

ple

te f

eed

ing

stu

ffs

10

com

ple

men

tary

fee

din

gst

uff

s fo

r ca

ttle

, sh

eep

an

d g

oat

s (e

xcep

t co

mp

lem

enta

ry

feed

ing

stu

ffs

for

dai

ry a

nim

als,

cal

ves

and

lam

bs)

20

Co

mp

lem

enta

ry f

eed

ing

stu

ffs

for

pig

s an

d p

ou

ltry

(ex

cep

t yo

un

g a

nim

als)

20

oth

er c

om

ple

men

tary

fee

din

gst

uff

s5

All

feed

ing

stu

ffs

con

tain

ing

un

gro

un

d

cere

als

Rye

erg

ot

*) (C

lavic

ep

s

pu

rpu

rea

)

1000

000

EU

13M

axim

um

co

nte

nt

rela

tive

to

a f

eed

ing

stu

ff w

ith

a

mo

istu

re c

on

ten

t o

f 12

%

;*)

see

foo

tno

te

MA

F [

EE

LA

] &

M

F [

FC

]

all s

pic

es10

oth

er f

oo

d p

rod

uct

s5

off

icia

lE

U15

EU

16o

ffic

ial

vari

ou

saf

la B

1E

U12

FIN

LA

ND

[F

I] 2

003

[EU

mem

ber

sta

te]

MF

[F

C]

off

icia

lF

I2

EU

14M

axim

um

co

nte

nt

rela

tive

to

a f

eed

ing

stu

ff w

ith

a

mo

istu

re c

on

ten

t o

f 12

%

FI1

Fo

od

Dai

ry

add

itio

nal

reg

ula

tio

ns

of

Fin

lan

d:

see

Eu

rop

ean

Un

ion

[h

arm

on

ized

reg

ula

tio

ns]

afla

B1B

2G1G

2F

I3o

ffic

ial

Page 81: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

75

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

MA

F [

EE

LA

]

MA

F [

KT

TK

]

DG

CC

RF

1000

FR

2 F

R3

1000

µg

/kg

tar

get

val

ue

3000

3000

µg

/kg

max

. lim

it

zear

alen

on

e50

veg

etab

le o

ilsze

aral

eno

ne

200

DG

CC

RF

&

DG

AL

DG

CC

RF

&

DG

AL

Dai

ry

FR

AN

CE

[F

R]

2003

[E

U m

emb

er s

tate

]

Fee

d

DG

CC

RF

no

n-o

ffic

ial

no

n-o

ffic

ial

see

Eu

rop

ean

Un

ion

[h

arm

on

ized

reg

ula

tio

ns]

Fo

od

add

itio

nal

reg

ula

tio

ns

of

Fra

nce

:

FR

1

see

Eu

rop

ean

Un

ion

[h

arm

on

ized

reg

ula

tio

ns]

Fee

d

GE

RM

AN

Y [

DE

] 20

03 [

EU

mem

ber

sta

te]

Fo

od

cere

als

& c

erea

l pro

du

cts

fum

on

isin

B1

see

Eu

rop

ean

Un

ion

[h

arm

on

ized

reg

ula

tio

ns]

see

Eu

rop

ean

Un

ion

[h

arm

on

ized

reg

ula

tio

ns]

see

Eu

rop

ean

Un

ion

[h

arm

on

ized

reg

ula

tio

ns]

Page 82: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

76

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

BM

VE

L &

LM

BG

EU

reg

ula

tio

ns

for

afla

B1

and

afl

a B

1B2G

1G2

are

app

lied

to

oth

er

com

mo

dit

ies

than

re

gu

late

d in

th

e E

U

Sp

ecif

ic li

mit

s h

ave

bee

n

pro

po

sed

fo

r o

chra

toxi

n

A, D

ON

, Fu

mo

nis

ins

B1

and

B2,

an

d z

eara

len

on

e in

a

vari

ety

of

foo

ds.

In

add

itio

n s

pec

ific

lim

its

hav

e b

een

pro

po

sed

fo

r fu

mo

nis

ins

B1

and

B2,

ze

aral

eno

ne

and

DO

N in

ra

w m

ater

ials

inte

nd

ed f

or

the

pro

du

ctio

n o

f fo

od

fo

r in

fan

ts a

nd

yo

un

g

child

ren

. Th

ese

limit

s ar

e ex

pec

ted

to

co

me

into

fo

rce

in F

ebru

ary

2004

.

enzy

mes

an

d e

nzy

me

form

ula

tio

ns

use

d

for

foo

d p

rep

arat

ion

afla

B1B

2G1G

20.

05D

E1

EU

6

foo

d f

or

infa

nts

an

d y

ou

ng

ch

ildre

naf

la B

1B2G

1G3

0.05

DE

2D

E4

off

icia

lD

E3

add

itio

nal

reg

ula

tio

ns

of

Ger

man

y:

Dai

ry

off

icia

lB

MV

EL

& L

MB

G

see

Eu

rop

ean

Un

ion

[h

arm

on

ized

reg

ula

tio

ns]

Page 83: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

77

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

BM

VE

L &

LM

BG

EU

reg

ula

tio

ns

for

afla

M1

are

app

lied

to

oth

er

com

mo

dit

ies

than

re

gu

late

d in

th

e E

U

foo

d f

or

infa

nts

an

d y

ou

ng

ch

ildre

naf

la M

10.

01D

E2

BM

VE

L &

LM

BG

off

icia

lD

E3

off

icia

lD

E4

MA

& G

CS

L &

E

FE

T

coff

ee (

raw

an

d p

roce

ssed

)o

chra

toxi

n A

20G

R1

MA

& G

CS

L &

E

FE

Tn

on

-off

icia

ln

on

-off

icia

l

MA

& G

CS

L &

E

FE

T

add

itio

nal

reg

ula

tio

ns

of

Gre

ece:

see

Eu

rop

ean

Un

ion

[h

arm

on

ized

reg

ula

tio

ns]

add

itio

nal

reg

ula

tio

ns

of

Ger

man

y:

see

Eu

rop

ean

Un

ion

[h

arm

on

ized

reg

ula

tio

ns]

Dai

ry

Fee

d

Fo

od

see

Eu

rop

ean

Un

ion

[h

arm

on

ized

reg

ula

tio

ns]

GH

AN

A [

GH

] 20

03:

no

reg

ula

tio

ns

see

Eu

rop

ean

Un

ion

[h

arm

on

ized

reg

ula

tio

ns]

GR

EE

CE

[G

R]

2003

[E

U m

emb

er s

tate

]

Fee

d

Page 84: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

78

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

MA

& G

CS

L &

E

FE

T

mai

ze, k

idn

ey b

ean

s, r

ice,

so

rgh

um

, g

rou

nd

nu

ts, g

rou

nd

nu

t b

utt

erB

1B2G

1G2

20g

uid

e va

lue

un

til

reg

ula

tio

n w

ill b

e ap

pro

ved

con

cen

trat

eB

1B2G

1G2

20g

uid

e va

lue

un

til

reg

ula

tio

n w

ill b

e ap

pro

ved

all f

oo

ds

afla

B2G

1G2

1

mai

ze (

gro

un

d o

r w

ho

le g

rain

)af

la B

11

afla

B1B

2G1G

20.

01

afla

M1

0.02

milk

(pro

du

cts)

0.05

chee

se0.

25

afla

B1

15

afla

B1B

2G1G

215

GU

AT

EM

AL

A [

GT

] 20

03:

situ

atio

n 1

991

[FA

O 1

997]

Fo

od

Fee

d

off

icia

lo

ffic

ial

foo

ds

HK

1

Fo

od

HK

2

see

Eu

rop

ean

Un

ion

[h

arm

on

ized

reg

ula

tio

ns]

HO

NG

KO

NG

SP

EC

IAL

AD

MIN

IST

RA

TIV

E R

EG

ION

(S

AR

), C

HIN

A [

HK

] 20

03

bab

y fo

od

Dai

ry

Fo

od

FE

HD

afla

M1

HO

ND

UR

AS

[H

N]

2003

: si

tuat

ion

199

1 [F

AO

199

7 re

f.1]

Page 85: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

79

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

foo

ds

afla

M1

15H

K3

afla

B1

20

afla

B1B

2G1G

220

afla

M1

20H

K3

afla

B1

2

afla

B1B

2G1G

24

afla

B1

8

afla

B1B

2G1G

215

afla

B1

5

afla

B1B

2G1G

210

afla

B1

1

afla

B1B

2G1G

21

afla

B1

2

afla

B1B

2G1G

24

afla

B1

2

afla

B1B

2G1G

24

wal

nu

t, h

azel

nu

t, s

wee

t-ch

estn

ut,

dri

ed

fru

its

and

veg

etab

les

(if

clea

ned

up

via

se

lect

ion

or

oth

er p

hys

ical

mea

ns

for

hu

man

co

nsu

mp

tio

n o

r to

be

app

lied

as

foo

d c

on

stit

uen

t)

off

icia

l

HU

NG

AR

Y [

HU

] 20

03 [

EU

can

did

ate

mem

ber

sta

te]

wal

nu

t, h

azel

nu

t, s

wee

t-ch

estn

ut

and

d

ried

fru

its

and

th

eir

pro

cess

ed p

rod

uct

s (d

irec

tly

for

hu

man

co

nsu

mp

tio

n a

nd

fo

r p

roce

ssin

g a

s fo

od

co

nst

itu

ents

)

MP

H &

MA

cere

als

(in

clu

din

g F

ag

op

yru

m s

p.)

mill

ed

pro

du

cts

for

dir

ect

hu

man

co

nsu

mp

tio

n

or

usi

ng

as

foo

d c

on

stit

uen

t(s)

con

fect

ion

ary

/ sw

eet

pro

du

cts

pea

nu

t (t

o b

e cl

ean

ed u

p b

y se

lect

ion

or

oth

er p

hys

ical

man

ipu

lati

on

s b

efo

re

usi

ng

as

foo

d c

on

stit

uen

t o

r d

irec

tly

app

lied

fo

r h

um

an c

on

sum

pti

on

)

cere

als

(in

clu

din

g F

ag

op

yru

m s

p.)

exce

pt

mai

ze (

dir

ectl

y fo

r h

um

an c

on

sum

pti

on

an

d f

or

pro

cess

ing

as

foo

d c

on

stit

uen

t)

pea

nu

ts, p

ean

ut

pro

du

cts

HK

2

HU

1

Fo

od

FE

HD

the

tole

ran

ce li

mit

(s)

are

rela

ted

to

th

e ed

ible

p

art(

s) o

f th

e sh

elle

d f

ruit

s

off

icia

l

Page 86: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

80

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

afla

B1

5

afla

B1B

2G1G

210

cere

als

(in

clu

din

g t

he

rice

an

d

Fag

op

yru

m s

p.)

5

ever

y ce

real

pro

du

ct in

clu

din

g m

illed

p

rod

uct

s an

d t

ho

se c

erea

l pro

du

cts

use

d

for

dir

ect

hu

man

co

nsu

mp

tio

n

3

rais

in (

curr

ant,

su

ltan

a);

roas

ted

co

ffee

an

d c

off

ee p

rod

uct

s; o

ther

pla

nt

ori

gin

ated

fo

od

s

10

gre

en /

un

roas

ted

co

ffee

15

pro

du

cts

of

fru

its

and

veg

etab

les

pat

ulin

50

mill

ed p

rod

uct

s, c

erea

l-co

nst

itu

ent

of

mu

esli

1000

edib

le b

ran

1200

mill

ed p

rod

uct

s, c

erea

l-co

nst

itu

ent

of

mu

esli

zear

alen

on

e10

0

mill

ed p

rod

uct

s, c

erea

l-co

nst

itu

ent

of

mu

esli

T-2

to

xin

300

milk

an

d m

ilk p

rod

uct

s (a

cco

rdin

g t

o t

he

rate

of

milk

in t

he

pro

du

ct(s

)af

la M

10.

05H

U1

MP

H &

MA

off

icia

lo

ffic

ial

DO

N

Dai

ry

och

rato

xin

A

spic

es:

pap

rika

(C

ap

sic

um

sp

.) w

ho

le,

mille

d (

inclu

din

g ch

illi a

nd

its

mill

ed

pro

du

ct);

pep

per

(P

iper

sp

.) w

hit

e an

d

bla

ck;

nu

tmeg

(M

yri

sti

ca f

rag

ran

s);

g

ing

er (

Zin

gib

er

off

icin

ale

);

curc

um

a (C

urc

um

a lo

ng

a)

HU

1M

PH

& M

A

Page 87: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

81

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

all f

oo

d p

rod

uct

saf

la B

1B2G

1G2 &

afl

a M

130

IN1

MH

FW

off

icia

lIN

2o

ffic

ial

IN3

pea

nu

t m

eal (

exp

ort

)af

la B

112

0IN

4M

FC

S [

DC

S]

off

icia

lIN

5

pea

nu

ts, c

oco

nu

ts, s

pic

es, t

rad

itio

nal

d

rug

s/m

edic

ines

/her

bs

afla

B1B

2G1G

220

off

icia

lo

ffic

ial &

no

n-

off

icia

lID

2 ID

3

coff

eeo

chra

toxi

n A

no

t d

etec

tab

le

mai

zeze

aral

eno

ne

no

t d

etec

tab

le

ID1

Fee

d

Dai

ry

follo

win

g E

uro

pea

n U

nio

n [

har

mo

niz

ed r

egu

lati

on

s]

follo

win

g E

uro

pea

n U

nio

n [

har

mo

niz

ed r

egu

lati

on

s]

Dai

ry

NA

DF

C

IND

ON

ES

IA [

ID]

2003

Fee

d

Fo

od

follo

win

g E

uro

pea

n U

nio

n [

har

mo

niz

ed r

egu

lati

on

s]

Fo

od

Fo

od

ICE

LA

ND

[IS

] 20

03

IND

IA [

IN]

2003

Page 88: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

82

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

milk

, ch

eese

afla

M1

5ID

1N

AD

FC

off

icia

l & n

on

-o

ffic

ial

afla

B1

5

afla

B1B

2G1G

215

afla

B1

5

afla

B1B

2G1G

215

och

rato

xin

A10

no

n-o

ffic

ial

fru

it ju

ices

, nec

tari

ne

and

fru

it d

rin

ksp

atu

lin50

afla

B1

0.5

afla

M1

0.02

afla

B1

1

och

rato

xin

A1

IR5

pis

tach

io n

uts

, pea

nu

ts, w

aln

uts

, oth

er

nu

ts a

nd

ed

ible

see

ds

bab

y fo

od

bas

ed o

n c

erea

ls w

ith

ou

t m

ilk

off

icia

ld

ates

, dri

ed g

rap

es (

rais

ins

and

su

ltan

as),

fi

gs

and

all

dri

ed f

ruit

s

IR2

IR4

IR5

IRA

N, I

SL

AM

IC R

EP

UB

LIC

OF

[IR

] 20

03

no

n-o

ffic

ial

Th

e M

inis

try

of

Hea

lth

an

d

Med

ical

Ed

uca

tio

n is

re

spo

nsi

ble

fo

r th

e co

ntr

ol

of

afla

toxi

ns

in p

ista

chio

s,

exp

ort

ed t

o t

he

EU

, as

wel

l as

foo

dst

uff

s fo

r th

e Ir

ania

n m

arke

t. O

ffic

ial

sam

plin

g p

lan

s an

d

met

ho

ds

of

anal

ysis

exi

st

for

afl

ato

xin

s in

pis

tach

io.

Fo

od

off

icia

lo

ffic

ial

IR1

bab

y fo

od

bas

ed o

n c

erea

ls w

ith

milk

ISIR

I & M

OH

Page 89: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

83

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

bab

y in

stan

t fo

od

(re

ady

to u

se)

och

rato

xin

A1

no

n-o

ffic

ial

afla

B1

10

afla

B1B

2G1G

250

och

rato

xin

A50

DO

N10

00

zear

alen

on

e40

0

afla

B1

5

afla

B1B

2G1G

230

och

rato

xin

A50

DO

N10

00

zear

alen

on

e20

0

fum

on

isin

s B

1 B

210

00fo

r fu

mo

nis

ins

ther

e ar

e n

o o

ffic

ial s

amp

ling

m

eth

od

s ye

t

afla

B1

5

afla

B1B

2G1G

230

och

rato

xin

A5

DO

N10

00

zear

alen

on

e20

0

afla

B1

5

afla

B1B

2G1G

215

och

rato

xin

A5

IR4

IR5

off

icia

l

IR3

IR4

IR5

mai

zeIR

3IR

4 IR

5

ISIR

I & M

OH

rice

off

icia

l

bar

ley

IR3

no

n-o

ffic

ial

IR3

off

icia

l

off

icia

l

wh

eat

IR4

IR5

IR1

Page 90: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

84

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

DO

N10

00

zear

alen

on

e20

0

afla

B1

5

afla

B1B

2G1G

210

och

rato

xin

A20

milk

[ra

w, p

aste

uri

sed

, ste

rilis

ed]

0.05

milk

po

wd

er0.

5

milk

po

wd

er f

or

bab

ies

(aft

er

reco

nst

itu

tio

n)

0.01

chee

se0.

2

bu

tter

, gee

0.02

oth

er d

airy

pro

du

cts

0.05

afla

B1

15

afla

B1B

2G1G

250

fish

mea

l, m

eat

mea

l, b

on

e m

eal,

blo

od

m

eal,

sin

gle

cel

l pro

tein

, ric

e an

d w

hea

t b

ran

:

inte

nd

ed f

or

shee

p, g

oat

s an

d b

eef

catt

leaf

la B

110

afla

B1

5

afla

B1B

2G1G

220

no

n-o

ffic

ial

Fee

d

wh

eat

no

n-o

ffic

ial

no

n-o

ffic

ial

IR7

afla

M1

IR1

IR4

IR5

no

n-o

ffic

ial

IR6

leg

um

es

Dai

ry

ISIR

I & M

OH

no

n-o

ffic

ial

IR1

IR3

ISIR

In

on

-off

icia

l

cott

on

see

d m

eal

IR1

inte

nd

ed f

or

po

ult

ry, c

alf,

lam

b, k

id, d

airy

sh

eep

, go

ats

and

cat

tle

IR3

off

icia

l

off

icia

l

ISIR

I

IR1

ISIR

I & M

OH

Page 91: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

85

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

soya

bea

n m

eal,

sun

flo

wer

mea

l, se

sam

e se

ed m

eal,

oliv

e m

eal a

nd

oth

er m

eals

fr

om

oil

pro

du

cin

g s

eed

s:

afla

B1

10

afla

B1B

2G1G

220

afla

B1

5

afla

B1B

2G1G

220

mai

ze:

afla

B1

5

afla

B1B

2G1G

220

pre

mix

es in

clu

din

g v

itam

ins

and

min

eral

p

rem

ixes

:

inte

nd

ed f

or

shee

p, g

oat

s an

d b

eef

catt

le10

inte

nd

ed f

or

calf

, lam

b, k

id, d

airy

sh

eep

, g

oat

s an

d c

attl

e5

inte

nd

ed f

or

po

ult

ry10

com

ple

te f

eed

:

afla

B1

50o

ffic

ial

IR3

DO

N50

00n

on

-off

icia

l

T-2

to

xin

100

as o

f 20

04

inte

nd

ed f

or

calf

, lam

b, k

id, d

airy

sh

eep

, g

oat

s an

d c

attl

eaf

la B

15

off

icia

lIR

3n

on

-off

icia

l

inte

nd

ed f

or

po

ult

ry, c

alf,

lam

b, k

id, d

airy

sh

eep

, dai

ry g

oat

s an

d d

airy

cat

tle

IR1

IR1

ISIR

I

afla

B1B

2G1G

2

no

n-o

ffic

ial

no

n-o

ffic

ial

IR1

ISIR

I

off

icia

lIR

3IS

IRI

off

icia

l

IR3

IR1

no

n-o

ffic

ial

inte

nd

ed f

or

shee

p, g

oat

s an

d b

eef

catt

le

IR3

no

n-o

ffic

ial

off

icia

lIS

IRI

inte

nd

ed f

or

shee

p, g

oat

s an

d b

eef

catt

le,

po

ult

ry, c

alf,

lam

b, k

id, d

airy

sh

eep

, dai

ry

go

ats

and

dai

ry c

attl

e

inte

nd

ed f

or

shee

p, g

oat

s an

d b

eef

catt

le

Page 92: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

86

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

DO

N10

00n

on

-off

icia

ln

on

-off

icia

l

T-2

to

xin

25as

of

2004

afla

B1

10

afla

B1B

2G1G

220

inte

nd

ed f

or

bro

ilers

an

d p

ulle

taf

la B

110

afla

B1

5

afla

B1B

2G1G

220

afla

B1

5

afla

B1B

2G1G

215

cere

als,

cer

eal p

rod

uct

s an

d o

ther

fo

od

so

chra

toxi

n A

50IL

2

app

le ju

ice

pat

ulin

50

IRE

LA

ND

[IE

] 20

03 [

EU

mem

ber

sta

te]

see

Eu

rop

ean

Un

ion

[h

arm

on

ized

reg

ula

tio

ns]

see

Eu

rop

ean

Un

ion

[h

arm

on

ized

reg

ula

tio

ns]

IL1

see

Eu

rop

ean

Un

ion

[h

arm

on

ized

reg

ula

tio

ns]

Fo

od

nu

ts, p

ean

uts

, mai

ze f

lou

r, f

igs

and

th

eir

pro

du

cts

and

oth

er f

oo

ds

inte

nd

ed f

or

laye

rs a

nd

bre

eder

s (b

roile

rs

and

laye

rs)

inte

nd

ed f

or

calf

, lam

b, k

id, d

airy

sh

eep

, g

oat

s an

d c

attl

eIR

1IS

IRI

Dai

ry

Fee

d

Fo

od

IR3

no

n-o

ffic

ial

IRA

Q [

IQ]

2003

:sit

uat

ion

199

6 n

o r

egu

lati

on

s [

FA

O 1

997]

inte

nd

ed f

or

par

ent

and

gra

nd

par

ent

sto

cks

off

icia

l

off

icia

lM

Ho

ffic

ial

no

n-o

ffic

ial

ISR

AE

L [

IL]

2003

Page 93: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

87

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

milk

an

d m

ilk p

rod

uct

saf

la M

10.

05M

Ho

ffic

ial

off

icia

lIL

3

afla

B1B

2G1G

220

IL4

och

rato

xin

A30

0

DO

N10

00

zear

alen

on

en

ot

giv

enIL

5

T-2

to

xin

100

dia

ceto

xysc

irp

eno

l20

0

afla

B1

5

afla

B1B

2G1G

210

coff

ee8

roas

ted

co

ffee

4

coco

a an

d d

eriv

ed p

rod

uct

s0.

5

bee

r0.

2

pig

mea

t an

d d

eriv

ed p

rod

uct

s1

fru

it ju

ice

50

afla

M1

0.

01

och

rato

xin

A0.

5

IT2

no

n-o

ffic

ial

add

itio

nal

reg

ula

tio

ns

of

Ital

y:

bab

y fo

od

IT2

Dai

ry

MH

all g

rain

s

ITA

LY

[IT

] 20

03 [

EU

mem

ber

sta

te]

infu

sio

n p

lan

tsM

H, R

A &

AP

Fo

od

Fee

d

IT1

och

rato

xin

A

see

Eu

rop

ean

Un

ion

[h

arm

on

ized

reg

ula

tio

ns]

off

icia

l

off

icia

l

Page 94: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

88

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

bab

y fo

od

zear

alen

on

e20

cere

als

and

der

ived

pro

du

cts

zear

alen

on

e10

0

foo

d, g

rain

saf

la B

1B2G

1G2

20

all f

oo

ds

afla

B1

10o

ffic

ial

JP1

app

le ju

ice

pat

ulin

50

wh

eat

and

wh

eat

pro

du

cts

DO

N11

00o

ffic

ial

pro

visi

on

al li

mit

com

po

un

d f

eed

s fo

r ca

ttle

(ex

cep

t ca

lves

, d

airy

co

ws)

, pig

s (e

xcep

t p

igle

ts),

ch

icke

n (

exce

pt

you

ng

ch

icke

n, b

roile

rs)

and

qu

ails

20

com

po

un

d f

eed

s fo

r ca

lves

, dai

ry c

ow

s,

pig

lets

, yo

un

g c

hic

ken

an

d b

roile

rs10

zear

alen

on

e10

00p

rovi

sio

nal

lim

it

DO

N10

00p

rovi

sio

nal

lim

it

com

po

un

d f

eed

s fo

r co

ws

wit

h a

n a

ge

ove

r 3

mo

nth

sD

ON

4000

pro

visi

on

al li

mit

com

po

un

d f

eed

s

see

Eu

rop

ean

Un

ion

[h

arm

on

ized

reg

ula

tio

ns]

Fee

d

IT1

MA

F&

Fo

ffic

ial

MH

L&

Wo

ffic

ial

off

icia

l

Fo

od

Dai

ry

see

Eu

rop

ean

Un

ion

[h

arm

on

ized

reg

ula

tio

ns]

JAP

AN

[JP

] 20

03

Fo

od

JAM

AIC

A [

JM]

2003

: si

tuat

ion

199

1 [F

AO

199

7]

MH

, RA

& A

P

afla

B1

Fee

d

Page 95: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

89

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

afla

B1

15

afla

B1B

2G1G

230

afla

B1

15

afla

B1B

2G1G

230

pea

nu

t(p

rod

uct

)s, v

eget

able

oils

afla

B1B

2G1G

220

KE

1M

Ho

ffic

ial

KE

1n

ot

off

icia

lK

E2

gra

ins,

so

y-b

ean

, pea

nu

ts, n

uts

, wh

eat

and

th

e p

rod

uct

s m

ade

fro

m t

hes

e b

y si

mp

le p

roce

ssin

g s

uch

as

gri

nd

ing

an

d

cutt

ing

afla

B1

10o

ffic

ial

app

le ju

ice,

ap

ple

juic

e co

nce

ntr

ate

pat

ulin

50

milk

an

d m

ilk p

rod

uct

saf

la M

10.

5K

R1

KF

DA

off

icia

lK

R1

KE

NY

A [

KE

] 20

03:

situ

atio

n 1

981

[FA

O 1

997]

off

icia

lM

H

Fo

od

JO1

JOR

DA

N [

JO]

2003

: si

tuat

ion

198

1 [F

AO

199

7]

alm

on

ds,

cer

eals

, mai

ze, p

ean

uts

, p

ista

chio

nu

ts, p

ine

nu

ts, r

ice

Fo

od

all f

eed

stu

ffs

MH

Fee

d

Dai

ry

Fo

od

KR

1

KO

RE

A, R

EP

UB

LIC

OF

[K

R]

2003

off

icia

lK

R1

Fee

d

KF

DA

Page 96: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

90

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

com

po

un

d f

eed

s fo

r ca

lfs,

ch

icke

n,

pig

lets

, bro

ilers

(ea

rly

stag

e) a

nd

dai

ry

catt

le

10

oth

er c

om

po

un

d f

eed

s (e

xcep

t p

rem

ixes

)20

feed

ing

red

ien

ts:

veg

etab

le p

rote

ins,

g

rain

s, b

y-p

rod

uct

s o

f g

rain

s an

d f

oo

d50

infa

nt

and

ch

ildre

n f

oo

daf

la B

1B2G

1G2

0.05

KW

1

liqu

id m

ilk a

nd

milk

pro

du

cts

[exc

ept

dri

ed m

ilk]

afla

B1B

2G1G

20.

2K

W1

foo

d p

rod

uct

s o

f p

lan

t an

d a

nim

al o

rig

inaf

la B

15

off

icia

lo

ffic

ial

LV

2

och

rato

xin

A5

no

n-o

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ial

LV

3

DO

N10

00

zear

alen

on

e10

00

T-2

to

xin

100

bre

adze

aral

eno

ne

1000

no

n-o

ffic

ial

app

le, t

om

ato

juic

ep

atu

lin50

off

icia

lL

V4

milk

an

d m

ilk p

rod

uct

saf

la M

10.

5L

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MA

off

icia

ln

on

-off

icia

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V3

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ry

no

n-o

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1

Dai

ry

off

icia

l

Fo

od

KR

3

MA

MA

F

cere

als

off

icia

lK

R2

afla

B1

LA

TV

IA [

LV

] 20

03 [

EU

can

did

ate

mem

ber

sta

te]

Fo

od

KU

WA

IT [

KW

] 20

03

Page 97: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

91

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

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plin

g m

eth

od

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al

bas

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esp

on

sib

le

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tyL

imit

g/k

g)

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un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

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al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

anim

al f

eed

afla

B1

5M

Ao

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ial

off

icia

lL

V2

afla

B1

LT

5 L

T6

LT

7

afla

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2G1G

2L

T8

LT

9

och

rato

xin

An

on

-off

icia

lL

T10

juic

ep

atu

lin25

off

icia

l an

d n

on

-o

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ial

LT

2

follo

win

g E

uro

pea

n U

nio

n [

har

mo

niz

ed

reg

ula

tio

ns]

afla

M1

see

EU

LT

1S

FV

So

ffic

ial a

nd

no

n-

off

icia

lL

T2

off

icia

lL

T11

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win

g E

uro

pea

n U

nio

n [

har

mo

niz

ed

reg

ula

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ns]

afla

B1

see

EU

off

icia

l an

d n

on

-o

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ial

LT

2L

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6 L

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for

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s an

d p

ou

ltry

50

for

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ng

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d y

ou

ng

po

ult

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pig

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00

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s60

0

LT

12

LT

1fo

llow

ing

Eu

rop

ean

Un

ion

[h

arm

on

ized

re

gu

lati

on

s]

LIT

HU

AN

IA [

LT

] 20

03 [

EU

can

did

ate

mem

ber

sta

te]

Fo

od

LT

2 L

T3

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4

off

icia

l an

d n

on

-o

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off

icia

lse

e E

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FV

S

follo

win

g E

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pea

n U

nio

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mo

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d

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g E

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n U

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n [

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mo

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on

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DO

N

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d

Page 98: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

92

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

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tyL

imit

g/k

g)

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un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

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al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

pig

let

DO

N20

0L

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pig

s30

0

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let

100

wh

eat,

mai

ze, r

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cer

eals

afla

B1G

11

bea

ns

afla

B1G

15

pea

nu

ts (

exp

ort

)af

la B

15

MW

1

all f

oo

ds

afla

B1B

2G1G

235

MY

1

afla

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2

afla

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24

milk

afla

M1

0.05

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1D

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off

icia

lM

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no

n-o

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2in

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rce

sin

ce 1

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002

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2o

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MA

LT

A [

MT

] 20

03 [

EU

can

did

ate

mem

ber

sta

te]

MT

1n

on

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lin

fo

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ce 1

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ried

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it, c

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see

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ns]

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od

off

icia

l

Fee

d

off

icia

l

MA

LA

YS

IA [

MY

] 20

03:

situ

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n 1

987

[FA

O 1

997]

MA

LA

WI [

MW

] 20

03:

situ

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n 1

987

[FA

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997]

Fo

od

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see

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MA

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PU

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SW

LU

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MB

OU

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[L

U]

2003

[E

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emb

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]

no

n-o

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ial

off

icia

l

Page 99: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

93

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

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imit

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g)

Co

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try

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mm

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ity

(Su

m o

f) M

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n(s

)A

nal

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al m

eth

od

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arks

afla

B1

5af

la B

1B2G

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1M2

10

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1B2G

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1M2

15

pea

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ts, m

aize

an

d p

rod

uct

s th

ereo

faf

la B

1B2G

1G2

20M

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off

icia

l M

E2

ME

3 M

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ME

5

off

icia

l M

E7

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8

ME

9

flu

id m

ilk0.

5

po

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ered

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5

cere

als

and

pro

du

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20M

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corn

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for

tort

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12M

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cere

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for

bo

vin

e an

d p

orc

ine

fatt

enin

g

feed

stu

ffs

200

feed

stu

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ou

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0

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od

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LD

OV

A, R

EP

UB

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[M

D]

2003

MA

UR

ITIU

S [

MU

] 20

03:

situ

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n 1

987

[FA

O 1

997]

ME

1

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d

afla

B1B

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2si

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ion

199

1

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4n

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laf

la B

1B2G

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1

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XIC

O [

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] 20

03

off

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lM

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6

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8 M

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MH

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all f

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ds

off

icia

l

ME

RC

OS

UR

[M

E]

2003

ME

RC

OS

UR

mem

ber

sta

tes:

Arg

enti

na,

Bra

zil,

Par

agu

ay a

nd

Uru

gu

ay

gro

un

dn

uts

Page 100: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

94

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

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le

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tyL

imit

g/k

g)

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un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

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al m

eth

od

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arks

cere

als,

leg

um

es, f

lou

r, c

oco

a, n

uts

, co

ffee

, su

nfl

ow

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eaaf

la B

15

wh

eat

and

wh

eat

flo

ur

700

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ley

and

bar

ley

flo

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1000

wh

eat

and

wh

eat

flo

ur,

bar

ley

and

bar

ley

flo

ur,

mai

ze a

nd

mai

ze f

lou

rze

aral

eno

ne

1000

cere

als

and

cer

eal f

lou

rT

-2 t

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n10

0

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es, c

ann

ed v

eget

able

s, f

ruit

sp

atu

lin50

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, co

ttag

e ch

eese

, bu

tter

afla

M1

0.5

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1M

OH

off

icia

lo

ffic

ial

all f

oo

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10

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nu

ts, p

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nu

ts, a

lmo

nd

s,

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etab

le o

ils in

pas

ta, c

hild

ren

fo

od

s1

wh

eat

mea

l3

wh

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n10

veg

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(pro

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50

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etab

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ilsze

aral

eno

ne

200

cere

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rato

xin

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afla

B1

MO

Ho

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1

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N

off

icia

l

Dai

ry

MO

RO

CC

O [

MA

] 20

03

MA

1 p

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ose

d le

gis

lati

on

Fo

od

Page 101: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

95

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

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le

auth

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tyL

imit

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g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

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al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

milk

(p

rod

uct

)0.

05

milk

(p

rod

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) fo

r in

fan

ts u

nd

er 3

yea

rs0.

03

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po

wd

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5

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po

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or

infa

nts

un

der

3 y

ears

0.3

sim

ple

fee

dst

uff

s (e

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t p

ean

uts

, co

pra

, co

tto

nse

ed, b

abas

su, m

aize

an

d t

hei

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50

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ts, c

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ra, c

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on

seed

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an

d t

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ple

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stu

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for

catt

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hee

p a

nd

g

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s (e

xcep

t fo

r d

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an

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s, c

alve

s an

d la

mb

s)

50

com

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te f

eed

stu

ffs

for

dai

ry a

nim

als

5

com

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te f

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stu

ffs

for

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nd

lam

bs

10

com

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ffs

for

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s an

d p

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ltry

(e

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20

oth

er c

om

ple

te f

eed

stu

ffs

10

com

ple

men

tary

fee

dst

uff

s fo

r ca

ttle

, sh

eep

an

d g

oat

s (e

xcep

t fo

r d

airy

an

imal

s, c

alve

s an

d la

mb

s)

50

com

ple

men

tary

fee

dst

uff

s fo

r p

igs

and

p

ou

ltry

(ex

cep

t yo

un

g a

nim

als)

30

afla

M1

MA

1 p

rop

ose

d le

gis

lati

on

afla

B1

MA

1 p

rop

ose

d le

gis

lati

on

Fee

d

Page 102: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

96

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

oth

er c

om

ple

men

tary

fee

dst

uff

s,

esp

ecia

lly d

airy

an

imal

saf

la B

110

MA

1 p

rop

ose

d le

gis

lati

on

pea

nu

t, p

ean

ut

milk

afla

B1B

2G1G

210

MZ

1M

Ho

ffic

ial

off

icia

l

milk

afla

M1

un

kno

wn

MZ

1M

Ho

ffic

ial

off

icia

l

pea

nu

t, m

aize

, pea

nu

t b

utt

er

cere

als

and

fee

dst

uff

so

ffic

ial

off

cial

feed

stu

ffaf

la B

1u

nkn

ow

n

och

rato

xin

Au

nkn

ow

n

zear

alen

on

eu

nkn

ow

n

cere

als

afla

B1

20N

P1

MA

/ D

FT

CC

off

icia

lo

ffic

ial

NP

2 N

P3

up

dat

ed in

198

4

feed

stu

ffs

afla

B1

50N

P4

MA

/ D

FT

CC

off

icia

lo

ffic

ial

NP

2 N

P3

up

dat

ed in

199

0

Fo

od

see

Eu

rop

ean

Un

ion

[h

arm

on

ized

reg

ula

tio

ns]

Fee

d

NE

PA

L [

NP

] 20

03

Fee

d

MO

ZA

MB

IQU

E [

MZ

] 20

03

Fee

d

Dai

ry

MZ

1

Dai

ry

see

Eu

rop

ean

Un

ion

[h

arm

on

ized

reg

ula

tio

ns]

MH

afla

B1B

2G1G

210

MH

off

icia

l

Fo

od

NE

TH

ER

LA

ND

S, T

HE

[N

L]

2003

[E

U m

emb

er s

tate

]

MZ

1

Fo

od

corn

off

icia

l

MY

AN

MA

R [

MM

] 20

03:

no

reg

ula

tio

ns

Page 103: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

97

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

gra

in a

nd

gra

in p

rod

uct

s to

be

inco

rpo

rate

d in

:

feed

fo

r p

igs

5000

feed

fo

r b

eef

catt

le a

nd

po

ult

ry10

000

feed

fo

r ca

lves

un

til 4

mo

nth

s an

d d

airy

ca

ttle

5000

feed

fo

r la

yin

g h

ens

5000

com

ple

te m

ixed

fee

d f

or

pig

s10

00

com

ple

te m

ixed

fee

d f

or

bee

f ca

ttle

an

d

po

ult

ry50

00

com

ple

te f

eed

fo

r ca

lves

un

til 4

mo

nth

s an

d d

airy

cat

tle

2000

com

ple

te f

eed

fo

r la

yin

g h

ens

3000

all r

egu

lati

on

s h

arm

on

ized

wit

h A

ust

ralia

CB

AF

Fo

od

Dec

isio

n C

om

mo

dit

y B

oar

d A

nim

al F

eed

stu

ffs

in f

orc

e si

nce

200

0

NL

1D

ON

see

Eu

rop

ean

Un

ion

[h

arm

on

ized

reg

ula

tio

ns]

NE

W Z

EA

LA

ND

[N

Z]

2003

add

itio

nal

reg

ula

tio

ns

of

the

Net

her

lan

ds:

NIC

AR

AG

UA

[N

I] 2

003:

sit

uat

ion

199

1: n

o r

egu

lati

on

s [F

AO

199

7]

Page 104: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

98

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

foo

dst

uff

saf

la B

120

NG

1N

AF

DA

Co

ffic

ial

off

icia

lN

G2

new

lim

its

are

yet

to b

e es

tab

lish

ed w

hen

su

rvey

s an

d s

take

ho

lder

s m

eeti

ng

s ar

e h

eld

wit

h t

he

assi

stan

ce o

f d

ata

acq

uir

ed f

rom

a n

ew

lab

ora

tory

th

at is

cu

rren

tly

bei

ng

bu

ilt in

NA

FD

AC

com

ple

te f

oo

dst

uff

saf

la B

110

OM

1M

CI

off

icia

lO

M2

Max

imu

m c

on

ten

t re

ferr

ed

to a

mo

istu

re c

on

ten

t o

f 12

%

com

ple

te f

eed

stu

ffs

for

po

ult

ryaf

la B

120

OM

1M

CI

off

icia

lO

M2

Max

imu

m c

on

ten

t re

ferr

ed

to a

mo

istu

re c

on

ten

t o

f 12

%

Fo

od

follo

win

g E

uro

pea

n U

nio

n [

har

mo

niz

ed r

egu

lati

on

s]

NIG

ER

IA [

NG

] 20

03

follo

win

g E

uro

pea

n U

nio

n [

har

mo

niz

ed r

egu

lati

on

s]

NO

RW

AY

[N

O]

2003

Fo

od

Dai

ry

Fee

d

follo

win

g E

uro

pea

n U

nio

n [

har

mo

niz

ed r

egu

lati

on

s]

OM

AN

[O

M]

2003

: si

tuat

ion

198

7 [F

AO

199

7]

Fo

od

Fee

d

Page 105: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

99

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

raw

an

d p

roce

ssed

pea

nu

tsaf

la B

1B2G

1G2

15M

PH

& M

Afo

llow

ing

Co

dex

gu

idel

ine

limit

s

milk

afla

M1

0.5

MP

Hfo

llow

ing

Co

dex

gu

idel

ine

limit

s

nu

t (p

rod

uct

s)af

la B

1B2G

1G2

20P

H1

mix

ed f

eed

afla

B1

20D

A-B

AI

off

icia

lP

H2

PH

3

cop

ra a

nd

co

pra

pro

du

cts

afla

B1

20P

HIL

CO

AP

H4

gu

idel

ine

limit

Fo

od

Fo

od

Fo

od

PE

RU

[P

E]

2003

See

ME

RC

OS

UR

[h

arm

on

ized

reg

ula

tio

ns]

PA

RA

GU

AY

[P

Y]

2003

[M

ER

CO

SU

R m

emb

er s

tate

]

PA

KIS

TA

N [

PK

] 20

03:

no

reg

ula

tio

ns

Dai

ry

See

ME

RC

OS

UR

[h

arm

on

ized

reg

ula

tio

ns]

Dai

ry

PH

ILIP

PIN

ES

, TH

E [

PH

] 20

03

Fee

d

PA

NA

MA

[P

A]

2003

: si

tuat

ion

199

1: n

o r

egu

lati

on

s [F

AO

199

7]

Page 106: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

100

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

afla

B1

afla

B1B

2G1G

2

och

rato

xin

AP

L5

PL

6

app

le ju

ice,

ap

ple

pro

du

cts

pat

ulin

30M

AR

Do

ffic

ial

PL

2P

L7

PL

8

follo

win

g E

uro

pea

n U

nio

n [

har

mo

niz

ed

reg

ula

tio

ns]

afla

M1

0.05

PL

1M

AR

Do

ffic

ial

PL

2o

ffic

ial

PL

9 P

L10

follo

win

g E

uro

pea

n U

nio

n [

har

mo

niz

ed

reg

ula

tio

ns]

afla

B1

see

EU

PL

11M

H &

MA

RD

no

n-o

ffic

ial

off

icia

lP

L12

PL

13

PL

14

PO

LA

ND

[P

L]

2003

[E

U c

and

idat

e m

emb

er s

tate

]

see

Eu

rop

ean

Un

ion

[h

arm

on

ized

reg

ula

tio

ns]

PO

RT

UG

AL

[P

T]

2003

[E

U m

emb

er s

tate

]

MH

& M

AR

D

see

Eu

rop

ean

Un

ion

[h

arm

on

ized

reg

ula

tio

ns]

see

Eu

rop

ean

Un

ion

[h

arm

on

ized

reg

ula

tio

ns]

Fee

d

RO

MA

NIA

[R

O]

2003

[E

U c

and

idat

e m

emb

er s

tate

]

follo

win

g E

uro

pea

n U

nio

n [

har

mo

niz

ed

reg

ula

tio

ns]

Dai

ry

PL

3 P

L4

off

icia

l an

d

no

n-o

ffic

ial

no

n-o

ffic

ial

see

EU

PL

1

QA

TA

R [

QA

] 20

03:

situ

atio

n 1

996

no

reg

ula

tio

ns

[FA

O 1

997]

Dai

ry

Fo

od

Fo

od

Fee

d

Fo

od

off

icia

l

Page 107: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

101

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

afla

B1

5R

O5

RO

6

afla

B1B

2G1G

2ab

sen

t

och

rato

xin

A20

alim

enta

ry p

rod

uct

s fo

r b

abie

s 3

year

s o

ldo

chra

toxi

n A

5

fru

it ju

ice

pat

ulin

50n

on

-off

icia

lR

O7

milk

an

d m

ilk p

rod

uct

saf

la M

10.

5R

O1

RO

2M

AF

Fo

ffic

ial

RO

3 R

O4

off

icia

lR

O8

afla

B1B

2G1G

2ab

sen

tR

O9

zear

alen

on

e20

bre

ad g

rain

incl

ud

ing

wh

eat,

rye

, tri

tica

le,

oat

s, b

arle

y, m

illet

, bu

ckw

hea

t, r

ice,

m

aize

, so

rgh

um

gra

in le

gu

mes

, in

clu

din

g p

ea, b

ean

, len

til,

soya

cere

als,

oat

flo

ur,

fla

kes

wh

eat

flo

ur

incl

ud

ing

fo

r p

asta

, rye

flo

ur,

tr

itic

ale

flo

ur,

co

rn, b

arle

y, m

illet

, ric

e,

bu

ckw

hea

t, p

uls

e fl

ou

r, s

org

hu

m, s

oya

fl

ou

r

pas

ta, b

read

, bak

ery

pro

du

cts

5R

U1

RO

3 R

O4

MA

FF

Fee

d

afla

B1

MH

alim

enta

ry p

rod

uct

so

ffic

ial

RO

1 R

O2

off

icia

l

Fo

od

RU

SS

IAN

FE

DE

RA

TIO

N, T

HE

[R

U]

2003

RO

3 R

O4

off

icia

l

feed

sM

AF

FR

O1

RO

2o

ffic

ial

Dai

ry

Page 108: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

102

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

sug

ary

con

fect

ion

ary

pro

du

cts

coco

a b

ean

s &

co

coa

pro

du

cts

bio

-act

ive

add

itiv

es (

for

foo

d p

rod

uct

s)

flo

ur

con

fect

ion

ary

pro

du

cts

nu

ts

tea

(bla

ck, g

reen

, tab

let)

coff

ee (

bea

n, g

rou

nd

, in

stan

t)

oil

seed

s (s

un

flo

wer

, so

ya, c

ott

on

, co

rn,

flax

, mu

star

d, r

ape,

pea

nu

t)

veg

etab

le o

ils (

all k

ind

s)

der

ivat

ives

of

veg

etab

le o

ils (

mar

gar

ine,

cu

linar

y fa

t, c

on

fect

ion

ary

fat,

m

ayo

nn

aise

, ph

osp

hat

ide

con

cen

trat

es)

iso

late

s, c

on

cen

trat

es &

hyd

roly

sate

s o

f ve

get

able

pro

tein

s; f

lou

r an

d c

oar

se m

eal

of

pu

lses

, oil

seed

s an

d n

on

-tra

dit

ion

al

foo

d p

rod

uct

s

wh

eat

ger

m f

lake

s &

co

arse

mea

l mad

e o

f th

em

foo

d b

ran

mad

e o

f p

uls

es &

cer

eals

cow

bu

tter

afla

B1

0.5

wh

eat

DO

N70

0

DO

N10

00

T-2

to

xin

100

wh

eat,

bar

ley,

mai

ze, c

orn

zear

alen

on

e10

00

MH

alfa

B1

5R

U1

bar

ley

MH

afla

B1

5R

U1

102

Page 109: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

103

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

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SA

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03

Page 110: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

104

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

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eed

stu

ff in

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die

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Page 111: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

105

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

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Page 112: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

106

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

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Page 113: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

107

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

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Page 114: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

108

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

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Page 115: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

109

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

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SR

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Page 116: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

110

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

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Page 117: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

111

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

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Page 118: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

112

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

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airy

pro

duct

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Page 119: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

113

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

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airy

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Page 120: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

114

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

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airy

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duct

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Page 121: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

115

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

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duct

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Page 122: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

116

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

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Page 123: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

117

Tab

le 3

: M

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tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

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Page 124: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

118

Tab

le 3

: M

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tole

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Page 125: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

119

Tab

le 3

: M

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Page 126: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

120

Tab

le 3

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Page 127: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

121

Tab

le 3

: M

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Page 128: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

122

Tab

le 3

: M

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0in

fo

rce

sin

ce 2

001;

g

uid

ance

leve

l fo

r in

du

stry

[n

o m

ore

th

an 5

0% o

f d

iet

on

dry

wei

gh

t b

asis

]

corn

an

d c

orn

byp

rod

uct

s in

ten

ded

fo

r b

reed

ing

ru

min

ants

, bre

edin

g p

ou

ltry

an

d

bre

edin

g m

ink

(in

clu

des

lact

atin

g d

airy

ca

ttle

an

d h

ens

layi

ng

eg

gs

for

hu

man

co

nsu

mp

tio

n)

3000

0o

ffic

ial

US

12o

ffic

ial

US

8in

fo

rce

sin

ce 2

001;

g

uid

ance

leve

l fo

r in

du

stry

[n

o m

ore

th

an 5

0% o

f d

iet

on

dry

wei

gh

t b

asis

]

US

4 U

S5

FD

AU

S8+

A58

8

off

icia

lU

S12

fum

on

isin

s B

1B2B

3

DO

NF

DA

US

3U

S9

no

t-o

ffic

ial

off

icia

l

Page 129: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

123

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

rum

inan

ts >

3 m

on

ths

old

bei

ng

rai

sed

fo

r sl

aug

hte

r an

d m

ink

bei

ng

rai

sed

fo

r p

elt

pro

du

ctio

n

6000

0

po

ult

ry b

ein

g r

aise

d f

or

slau

gh

ter

1000

00

all o

ther

sp

ecie

s o

r cl

asse

s o

f liv

esto

ck

and

pet

an

imal

s10

000

afla

B1

5 20

infa

nt

foo

d [

an e

xcep

tio

n o

f al

l fo

od

an

d

spic

es]

3

coco

a [a

n e

xcep

tio

n o

f al

l fo

od

an

d

spic

es]

10

dri

ed f

ruit

s [a

n e

xcep

tio

n o

f al

l fo

od

an

d

spic

es]

30

soya

pro

tein

[an

exc

epti

on

of

all f

oo

d a

nd

sp

ices

]30

rice

, bar

ley,

bea

ns,

co

ffee

, co

rno

chra

toxi

n A

50U

Y4

fru

it ju

ice

pat

ulin

50U

Y2

UY

7

wh

eat

flo

ur

and

by-

pro

du

cts

DO

N10

00U

Y3

MS

P, T

LU

, M

GA

PU

Y8

corn

, bar

ley

zear

alen

on

e20

0U

Y2

TL

UU

Y9

as a

bo

veU

S4

US

5F

DA

off

icia

lU

S8

off

icia

lU

S12

fum

on

isin

s B

1B2B

3

in f

orc

e si

nce

200

1

afla

B1B

2G1G

2

See

ME

RC

OS

UR

[h

arm

on

ized

reg

ula

tio

ns]

add

itio

nal

reg

ula

tio

ns

of

Uru

gu

ay:

UY

1in

fo

rce

sin

ce 1

994

UY

4 U

Y5

UY

6

UY

4 U

Y5

UY

6o

ffic

ial

TL

U

Fo

od

UR

UG

UA

Y [

UY

] 20

03 [

ME

RC

OS

UR

mem

ber

sta

te]

all f

oo

d a

nd

sp

ices

Page 130: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

124

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

feed

fo

r m

eat

catt

le, s

hee

p a

nd

bir

ds

5000

feed

fo

r m

ilk c

attl

e20

00

feed

fo

r p

igs

and

ho

rses

10

00

feed

fo

r o

ther

an

imal

s20

00

anim

al f

eed

450

anim

al f

eed

fo

r p

igs

and

fem

ale

rab

bit

sn

ot

det

ecta

ble

corn

, co

rn f

lou

r, p

ean

uts

, pea

nu

t b

utt

eraf

la B

1B2G

1G2

20n

on

-off

icia

lo

ffic

ial

VZ

1u

pd

ated

in 2

000

flu

id m

ilk0.

5

milk

po

wd

er5.

0

foo

dst

uff

saf

la B

1B2G

1G2

10V

N1

MH

, MA

RD

off

icia

l & n

on

-o

ffic

ial

VN

2 V

N3

off

icia

l & n

on

-o

ffic

ial

VN

2 V

N3

in f

orc

e si

nce

199

8

UY

11T

LU

no

n-o

ffic

ial

UY

12

VIE

T N

AM

[V

N]

2003

erg

ot

alka

loid

s

in f

orc

e si

nce

200

1U

Y10

TL

U, M

SP

, M

GA

P

See

ME

RC

OS

UR

[h

arm

on

ized

reg

ula

tio

ns]

DO

No

ffic

ial

no

n-o

ffic

ial

VZ

2

Fo

od

up

dat

ed in

200

0

Dai

ry

Dai

ry

VE

NE

ZU

EL

A [

VZ

] 20

03

Fo

od

in f

orc

e si

nce

198

6

afla

M1

Fee

d

off

icia

l

Page 131: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

125

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

foo

dst

uff

sto

tal o

f o

ther

myc

oto

xin

s35

VN

2M

H, M

AR

Dn

on

-off

icia

lV

N3

VN

4n

on

-off

icia

lV

N3

VN

4in

fo

rce

sin

ce 1

999

milk

an

d m

ilk p

rod

uct

saf

la M

10.

5V

N1

MH

o

ffic

ial &

no

n-

off

icia

lV

N2

VN

3o

ffic

ial &

no

n-

off

icia

lV

N2

VN

3in

fo

rce

sin

ce 1

998

foo

dst

uff

s a

fla

B1B

2G1G

2M

CI-

DG

SS

off

icia

lY

E1

off

icia

lY

E1

milk

afla

M1

MC

I-D

GS

So

ffic

ial

YE

1o

ffic

ial

YE

1

Th

ere

are

no

mea

sure

s in

Z

amb

ia w

hic

h c

ove

r th

e co

ntr

ol o

f m

yco

toxi

ns

in

con

sum

able

pro

du

cts,

bu

t fo

r ex

po

rt m

easu

res

exis

tin

g in

des

tin

atio

n

cou

ntr

ies

may

be

app

lied

an

d t

he

exp

ort

er s

end

s sa

mp

les

wh

ere

ever

an

alys

is c

an b

e d

on

e,

even

ou

tsid

e th

e co

un

try.

YE

ME

N [

YE

] 2

003:

no

off

icia

l reg

ula

tio

ns,

bu

t so

me

con

tro

l tak

es p

lace

Dai

ry

Dai

ry

Fo

od

ZA

MB

IA [

ZM

] 20

03:

no

off

icia

l reg

ula

tio

ns

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126

Tab

le 3

: M

axim

um

tole

rate

d l

evel

s of

myco

toxin

s in

foodst

uff

s, d

airy

pro

duct

s an

d a

nim

al f

eedst

uff

s (2

002/2

003 s

urv

ey)

stat

us

ref.

stat

us

ref.

Sam

plin

g m

eth

od

Leg

al

bas

isR

esp

on

sib

le

auth

ori

tyL

imit

g/k

g)

Co

un

try

Co

mm

od

ity

(Su

m o

f) M

yco

toxi

n(s

)A

nal

ytic

al m

eth

od

Rem

arks

foo

ds

afla

B1

5

afla

B1

5

afla

G1

4

feed

stu

ffs

afla

B1B

2G1G

2u

nkn

ow

nle

vels

var

y w

ith

typ

e o

f an

imal

po

ult

ry f

eed

afla

B1G

110

*) er

go

t m

ean

s th

e sc

lero

tiu

m o

r d

orm

ant

win

ter

form

of

the

fun

gu

s C

lavic

ep

s p

urp

ure

a.

Th

e lim

it r

efer

s to

th

e w

eig

ht

of

erg

ot

kern

els

per

to

tal c

om

mo

dit

y w

eig

ht,

an

d n

ot

toxi

n c

on

cen

trat

ion

.

off

icia

lo

ffic

ial

Fee

d

MA

ZIM

BA

BW

E [

ZW

] 20

03:

situ

atio

n 1

996

no

reg

ula

tio

ns

[FA

O 1

997]

ZW

1o

ffic

ial

off

icia

l

Fo

od

gro

un

dn

uts

, mai

ze, s

org

hu

m

MA

Page 133: FAO Worldwide Regulations Food and for mycotoxins in food ...€¦ · in providing information on worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in foods and feeds. The last comprehensive overview

127

Abbreviations and References for Table 3

ALGERIA [DZ] Abbreviation: MT: Ministry of Trade

References: DZ1 AOAC (1990). 986.22. Aflatoxins in peanuts and peanuts products – CB method Food

and Drug Laboratories – Canada – Best food method. DZ2 NF-VF (1980). Animal feed – aflatoxins measurement B1, June 1980:

18-200.

ARGENTINA [AR] Reference: AR1 Mercosur Resolution 56/94

ARMENIA [AM] Abbreviation: SSHAHS: Supervision Service of Haypetstandard and Authorities of Health Sphere References: AM1 Moscow (1997). Foodstuffs and their raw materials. Hygienic requirements for quality

and safety of foodstuffs and their raw materials. Sanitary regulations and norms Sanitary Supervision 2.3.2 560-96.

AM2 Ministry of Health of the USSR (1980). Methodical recommendations for revealing,

identification and determination of Aflatoxins in foodstuffs, December 10,1980 Moscow. No. 2273-80.

AM3 Ministry of Health of the USSR (1980). Methodical recommendations for revealing,

identification and determination of the content of Aflatoxins in foodstuffs and their raw materials, using the high effective liquid chromatography, March 20,1986 Moscow. No. 4082-86.

AM4 Ministry of Health of the USSR (1984). Methodical instructions for revealing,

identification and determination of Zearalenone in foodstuffs, January 23, 1984, Moscow. No. 2964-84.

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128

AM5 GOST 28001-88. Corn, the products of its processing, combicorm. Method of determination of mycotoxins, namely: T-2 toxin, Zearalenone (F-2) and ochratoxin A. Products of fruit and vegetable processing. Method of determination of Patulin.

AM6 Ministry of Health of the USSR (1984). Methodical instructions for revealing,

identification and determination of the content of T-2 toxin in foodstuffs, December 29, 1984, Moscow. No. 3184-84.

AM7 Ministry of Health of the USSR (1985). Methodical instructions for revealing,

identification and determination of Deoxynivalenol (Vomitoxin) in corn and grain products, October 10, 1985, Moscow. No. 3940-85.

AM8 Ministry of Health of the USSR (1990). Methodical instructions for revealing,

identification and determination of Deoxynivalenol (Vomitoxin) and Zearalenone in corn and grain products, July 27,1990, Moscow. No. 5177-90.

AM9 Ministry of Health of the USSR (1982). Methodical recommendations for revealing,

identification and determination of the content of Patulin in both fruit and vegetable juices and those paste, December 30,1982 Moscow. No. 2655-82.

AM10 Products of fruit and vegetable processing. Method of determination of Patulin. GOST

28038-89. AM11 Ministry of Health of the USSR (1985). Methodical recommendations for quality

control of Aflatoxins in food coming from animals, October 11,1985 Moscow. No. 3942-85.

AUSTRALIA [AU] Abbreviations: AQIS : Australian Quarantine Inspection Service STANZHD: State and Territories of Australia New Zealand Health Departments Reference: AU1 Maximum limits of these toxins are listed in Australia New Zealand. Food Standard

Code: Standard 1.4.1 – Contaminants and Natural Toxicants.

AUSTRIA [AT] Abbreviation: MA: Ministry of Agriculture References:

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129129

AT1 CEN-Method prEN 14123. AT2 Lew, et al. (2001). Clean-up by Romer-column, silylation, GC-ECD. Die Bodenkultur

52 (3): 199-207. AT3 Schuhmacher, et al. (1998). Clean-up by immunoaffinity column, HPLC. Fresenius J.

Anal. Chem. 360: 241-245.

BANGLADESH [BD] Abbreviations: MFL: Ministry of Fisheries and Live Stock MHF: Ministry of Health and Planning EIA: Enzyme Immuno Assay References: BD1 Ridascreen Fast Aflatoxin kit, R-Biopharm GmbH, D-Darmstadt, Germany. Enzyme

immunoassay for quantitative determination of aflatoxin. BD2 Giasuddin, et al. (2002). Prevalence of poultry disease in Bangladesh. Journal of Bio.

Sci. 2002: 212-213. BD3 Motalib Khan, Khamar (2001). Ochratoxin, the silent killer of poultry. Monthly

magazine on poultry livestock & fisheries, March 2001: 17-18.

BELARUS [BY] Abbreviation: MPH: Ministry of Public Health References: BY1 Hygienical requirements for food product safety and quality. Sanitarian Code RB 98: 70, 72-74, 76, 79, 80, 81, 98-101, 112, 116, 133, 160. BY2 Hygienical requirements for food product safety and quality. Sanitarian Code RB 98: 85, 90, 92. BY3 Hygienical requirements for food product safety and quality. Sanitarian Code RB 98: 70, 81, 112, 160, 72-75. BY4 Hygienical requirements for food product safety and quality. Sanitarian Code RB 98: 70, 72-75, 160.

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130

BOSNIA & HERZEGOVINA [BA]

References: BA1 Article 57, Federal Register no.2, 1980, Sluzbeni list Socijalisticka Federation

Republika Jugoslavija 2/1980. BA2

BA2 Instruction for sampling methods of foodstuffs/ Federal Register no. 60/1978 Sluzbeni list SFRJ br. 60/1978.

Abbreviation: FCLHSW: Federal Commission Labour Health Social Welfare

BRAZIL [BR] (see also MERCOSUR) Abbreviations: MPH: Ministry of Public Health MA: Ministry of Agriculture References: BR1 Ministry Health (1977). Resolução Nº 34/76, CNNPA/MS – Diário Official da União,

19/01/1977 – Seção I: 710. BR2 Journal AOAC (1989) 72: 22-26 (TLC). BR3 AOAC (1990). Official Methods of Analysis, 15th ed. (TLC or HPLC). BR4 Ministry Agriculture (1988). Portaria Nº 07/88, MAA - Diário Official da União,

14/11/1988, Seção I: 21968-21974. MERCOSUR ME1 Mercosul/GMC/Res No 56/94. ME2 FAO (1993). Food and Nutrition Paper 55. ME3 (1979). International Standard ISO 950. ME4 Cereals – Sampling (as grain). ME5 Walting AE (1980). JAOAC 63: 103-106. ME6 FIL-IDF (1985). International IDF Standard 50B. Milk and Milk Products (and/or

current). ME7 AOAC (1990). Official Methods of Analysis, 15th ed. 968.22 and/or current.

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131

ME8 AOAC (1990). Official Methods of Analysis, 15th ed. 970.44 and 971.22 (standards). ME9 AOAC (1990). Official Methods of Analysis, 15th ed. 970.45 and/or current. ME10 AOAC (1990). Official Methods of Analysis, 15th ed. 980.21 and/or current.

BULGARIA [BG] Abbreviations: MH: Ministry of Health MAF: Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry References: BG1 Ministry of Health in coordination with the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, the

Ministry of Industry and the State Standardization Agency (2000). Regulation No. 11/2000 of 11 July 2000 laying down the maximum levels of mycotoxins in foodstuffs. Official Newspaper of the Republic of Bulgaria No. 58: 18-24.

BG2 Bulgarian State Standard Method BDS 16254-85. BG3 Bulgarian State Standard Method BDS 16254-85. C-IAC with fluorometric

determination. BG4 AOAC (1995). Official Methods of Analysis of the AOAC, 16th Edition, Chapter 49,

Method 973.37. Ochratoxins in Barley, C-IAC with fluorometric determination. BG5 (1993). ISO 8128:2 BG6 Russian State Standard Method GOST 3940-85

AOAC (1995). Official Methods of Analysis of the AOAC, 16th Edition, Chapter 49, Method 986.17. Deoxynivalenol in wheat.

BG7 IAC with fluorometric determination. BG8 (2001). BDS ISO 6870.

CANADA [CA] Abbreviations: HC: Health Canada CFIA: Canadian Food Inspection Agency

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132

References: CA1 Tolerance under Canadian Food and Drugs Act and Regulations B.01.046 (1) and (n)

and B.01.046 (2). CA2 Guideline under Canadian Food and Drugs Act and Regulations, part 4a. CA3 Codex Standard 209, Rev. 1, 2001. CA4 Canadian Grain Commission; Official Grain Grading Guide. Standard Procedures for

Grain Inspection as specified by the CGC. CA5 Unofficial sampling plan of Health Canada [HC]. CA6 Health Protection Branch manual of Official Methods of Analysis – HPB-FC-14, June,

1993. CA7 Canadian Grain Commission; analytical method for aflatoxins, ochratoxins and

zearalenone in grains by HPLC with fluorescence detection. CA8 Health Protection Branch Methods of Analysis, LPFC-155 (DON in wheat and

soybeans) and LPFC-144 (DON in cereals). CA9 Mass Spectral Investigations on Trichothecene Mycotoxins. 1. Application of Negative

Ion Chemical Ionization Techniques for the Simultaneous and Accurate Analysis of Simple Trichothecenes in Picogram Levels, J. of Biomedical and Environmental Mass Spectrometry 13: 503 (1986).

CA10 Methods for the determination of Deoxynivalenol and other Trichothecenes in Foods,

G.A. Lombaert in Mycotoxins and Food Safety, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, Vol. 504, Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, NY, 2002.

CA11 Canadian Grain Commission analytical method for determination of Fusarium

trichothecenes in grain by GC-MS. CA12 Canadian Feeds Act and Regulations (1983), Section 19 (1) (I). CA13 Mycotoxin Factsheet 2000. CA14 Feed Inspection Manual, May 1994. CA15 AOAC Official Method 991.31. CA16 JAOAC Int., 83, 1377 (2000). CA17 CFIA SOP, extraction with acetonitrile/water (84/16), cleanup with Romer MycoSep

227, trifluoroacyl derivatives, GC/MS (ion-trap using acetonitrile CI). CA18 CFIA SOP, extraction with acetonitrile/water (90/10), cleanup with IAC,

LC/fluorescence detection.

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133

CHILE [CL] Abbreviations: MPH: Ministry of Public Health MA: Ministry of Agriculture References: CL1 For food established in the Sanitary Regulations of Foods. CL2 Procedure NCh 1479 (1979) for food and feed. CL3 For feed established in the Resolution 736. Ministry of Agriculture: Servicio Agricola y

Ganadero.

CHINA [CN] Abbreviation: MH: Ministry of Health

References: CN1 The compilation of food hygiene standards (1991). Chinese Standards Publishing

House. Hygienic standards of food additive-red rice, 360. Hygienic standards of food additive-a-amylase preparation, 401.

Hygienic standards of food additive-glucoamylase preparation, 402. Hygienic standards of irradiated peanut, 503-504. Hygienic standards of irradiated rice, 509-510. Hygienic standards of food for infants and young children-infant formula-soybean, 650-654. Hygienic standards of food for infants and young children-infant formula-“5410”, 655-659. Hygienic standards of food for infants and young children- formulated weaning foods, 660-665.

Hygienic standards of food for infants and young children- weaning supplementary foods, 666-671. CN2 Handbook of food hygiene standards [section of food hygiene standards] (1996).

Chinese Standards Publishing House. Hygienic standards of fermented bean products, 157. Hygienic standards of starch products, 158. Hygienic standards of edible vegetable oil, 163-164. Hygienic standards of soybean sauce, 165. Hygienic standards of grain paste, 166. Hygienic standards of vinegar, 167. Hygienic standards of fermented wine, 220-221. Tolerance limits of Aflatoxin B1 in foods, 269. Hygienic standards of batter cake, 316-317. Hygienic standards of pastry, biscuit and bread, 318-319.

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Tolerance limits of Aflatoxin M1 in milk and milk products, 377. Hygienic standards of salad oil. Chinese Standards Publishing House: 473-474. Hygienic standard for tolerance limits of patulin in apple and hawthorn products, 561-563. Tolerance limits of Aflatoxin M1 in foods for infant and young children-infant formula milk powder, 776-784. Tolerance limits of Aflatoxin M1 in foods for infant and young children-infant formula milk powder, 785-794.

CODEX ALIMENTARIUS Abbreviation: CCFAC: Codex Committee on Food Additives and Contaminants References: CC1 Maximum level and sampling plan for total aflatoxins in peanuts intended for further

processing. CODEX STAN 209-1999, Rev.1-2001: 5 pp. CC2 Maximum level for patulin, CODEX STAN -2003, pre-publication. CC3 Maximum level for aflatoxin M1 in milk, CODEX STAN 232-2003.

COLOMBIA [CO] Abbreviations: MH: Ministry of Health MA: Ministry of Agriculture References: CO1 Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas, ICONTEC. Document NTC 3581. CO2 NTC366. CO3 Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas, ICONTEC. Document NTC 740: Livestock

Industry – Animal Food - Sampling. CO4 Diaz GJ, Perilla NS and Royas Y (2001). Occurrence of aflatoxins in selected

Colombian foods. Mycotoxin Research, 17: 15-20. CO5 NTC 535-1. CO6 NTC 535-2. CO7 Instituto Colombiano de Normas Técnicas, ICONTEC. Document NTC 602.

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CO8 Agropecuario, ICA. Document No. DIP-3-100-002. CO9 Céspedes AE and Diaz GJ (1997). Analysis of aflatoxins in poultry and pig feeds and

feedstuffs used in Colombia. J. of AOAC Int., 80:1215-1219. CO10 Diaz GJ and Céspedes AE (1997). Natural occurrence of zearalenone in feeds and

feedstuffs used in poultry and pig nutrition in Colombia. Mycotoxin Research, 12: 81-87.

COTE d'ÍVOIRE [CI] Abbreviations: MPH: Ministry of Public Health MAP: Ministry of Animal Production MC: Ministry of Commerce

CROATIA [HR] Abbreviation: MPH: Ministry of Public Health References: HR1 Rhône Diagnostics Technologies and TLC, HPLC. HR2 Rhône Diagnostics Technologies and TLC, HPLC. HR3 AOAC (1990). Official Methods of Analysis, 974.18. HR4 Rhône Diagnostics Technologies and HPLC.

CUBA [CU] Abbreviations: MPH/ INHA: Ministry of Public Health/Instituto de Nutricion e Higiene de los Alimentos MA: Ministry of Agriculture References: CU1 Ministerio de Salud Pública (1999). Manual de indicadores empleados en la evaluación

sanitaria de alimentos. Instituto de Nutrición e Hygiene de los Alimentos (INHA), Diciembre de 1999.

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CU2 NC76-06: 85. CU3 (1991). Determinación de patulina en frutas frescas y conservas. Rev. Cub Alim.Nutr.

No. 2. CU4 Otero E, Arias JA, Sersa R (2001). Presencia de patulina en purés y jugos de frutas. Rev.

Alimentaria No. 321: 133.5. CU5 Otero E, Arias JA, Sersa R. España Validación de un método para la determinación de

patulina en purés y jugos de frutas por HPLC. Rev. Cub. Alim. y Nutr. (En prensa). CU6 Arauce Calderius, Lic. JJ (2002). Determinación de fumonisina B1 en harina de maíz.

Tésis de Maestría en Nutrición. INHA, abril 2002. CU7 Methodo Modif. Trucksess.

CYPRUS [CY] Abbreviations: MH: Ministry of Health MANRE: Ministry of Agriculture Natural Resources & Environment

References:

CY1 Acquis Communautaire. EC Regulation No. 1528/98. CY2 EU Directive 98/53/EC.

CY3 AOAC (2000). Official Method 991.31. CY4 Acquis Communautaire. CY5 Kakouri E, et al. (1995). Food & Agriculture Immunology 7: 131-137.

CY6 (1993, 2001).Feedingstuffs and Feed Additives (Control of Quality, Supply and Use). Law 13 (I) of 1993 & 34 (I) of 2001, harmonized to the relevant Acquis Communautaire.

CY7 AOAC methods 2000. CY8 EU method. CY9 AOAC methods 2000. CZECH REPUBLIC [CZ] Abbreviations: MAH: Ministry of Agriculture and Health

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MA: Ministry of Agriculture References: CZ1 Czech Republic Law Collection (2002). Chemical requirements on health

unexceptionality of food and food raw materials. Decree No. 53/2002 Coll. CZ2 Czech Republic Law Collection (2001). Decree No. 339/2001 Coll. CZ3 Adensam L, Lebedová M, Turek B (1986). Determination of very low concentrations of

aflatoxins. Cs. Hyg. 31, 5. CZ4 AOAC Official Methods of Analysis. CZ5 Adensam L, Lebedová M, Turek B (1989). Determination of ochratoxin A in children

and infant children food. Cs. Hyg. 3, 1. CZ6 Atelier du Travail International sur l’Ochratoxine A (UNESCO, FAO, IUPAC, ICSU)

[1995] de protocoles pour l’analyse de l’ochratoxine A. Tunisie, Sousse, Faculté de Médecine, 14-17.11: 1-28.

CZ7 Manual of the OCHRAPREP® immunoaffinity columns, Rhone-diagnostics

technologies Ltd. CZ8 Manual of the ROMER MycoSepTM DON-Column, Coring System Diagnostics GmbH. CZ9 Adensam L, Lebedová M, Turek B (1987). Determination of very low concentrations of

aflatoxins – Monitoring of aflatoxins in milk for infant children. Cs. Hyg. 32, 6. CZ10 Ministry of Agriculture (2000). Decree No. 451/2000 Coll.

DENMARK [DK] Abbreviation: DVFA: Danish Veterinary and Food Administration

Reference: DK1 Legal basis for OA legislation: Circular letter of 20 November 1980.

EGYPT [EG] Abbreviation: MA: Ministry of Agriculture

Reference:

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EG1 Egyptian Standard UDC 615.91. Maximum Limits for Mycotoxin.

In Foods Part I: Aflatoxin. ESTONIA [EE] Abbreviations: VFB: Veterinary and Food Board PPI: Plant Production Inspectorate

References: EE1 Regulation of the Government of the Republic (2000). Establishment of the list and

permitted limits of permitted contaminants by food group No. 14 of 12 January 2000. Official Journal of Estonia Riigi Teataja (RT I, 2000, 6, 38).

EE2 Regulation of the Government (2000). The methods of sampling and analysis for

determination of aflatoxins in foodstuffs No. 334 of 18 October 2000. EE3 The list of undesirable substances and the maximum allowed quantities for the content

thereof in feedingstuffs, containing undesirable substances of feed materials, which exceed the maximum allowed quantities for the manufacture of feedingstuffs. No. 54 of 17 June 2002.

EE4 The procedure for taking of control samples from feedingstuffs. No. 43 of

13 June 2002.

EUROPEAN UNION [EU]

References: EU1 Commission Directive 2003/13/EC of 10 February 2003 amending Directive 96/5/EC

on processed cereal-based foods and baby foods for infants and young children. Official J. European Union L 41 (2003) 33-36.

EU2 Commission Regulation (EC) No 466/2001 of 8 March 2001 setting maximum levels

for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Official J. European Commun. L 77 (2001) 1-13. EU3 Commission Regulation (EC) No 2174/2003 of 12 December 2003 amending

Regulation (EC) No 466/2001 as regards aflatoxins. Official J. European Union L 326 (2003) 12-15.

EU4 Commission Regulation (EC) No 472/2002 of 12 March 2002 amending Regulation

(EC) No 466/2001 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Official J. European Commun. L 75 (2002) 18-20.

EU5 Commission Regulation (EC) No 1425/2003 of 11 August 2003 amending Regulation

(EC) No 466/2001 as regards patulin. Official J. European Union L 203 (2003) 1-3.

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EU6 Draft Commission Recommendation on the reduction of the presence of deoxynivalenol in cereals and cereal products. SANCO /1925/00-rev-1 pp. 5 .

EU7 Commission Directive 98/53/EC of 16 July 1998 laying down the sampling methods

and the methods for analysis for the official control of the levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Official J. European Commun. L 201 (1998) 93-101.

EU8 Commission Directive 2002/27/EC of 13 March 2002 amending Directive 98/53/EC

laying down the sampling methods and the methods of analysis for the official control of the levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Official J. European Commun. L 75 (2002) 44-45.

EU9 Commission Directive 2002/26/EC of 13 March 2002 laying down the sampling

methods and the methods of analysis for the official control of the levels of ochratoxin A in foodstuffs. Official J. European Commun. L 75 (2002) 38-43.

EU10 Commission Directive 2003/78/EC of 11 August 2003 laying down the sampling

methods and the methods of analysis for the official control of the levels of patulin in foodstuffs. Official J. European Union L 203 (2003) 40-44.

EU11 Commission Recommendation of 11 August 2003 on the prevention and reduction of

patulin contamination in apple juice and apple juice ingredients in other beverages. Official J. European Union L 203 (2003) 54-59.

EU12 Commission Directive 2003/100/EC of 31 October 2003 amending Annex I to

Directive 2002/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on undesirable substances in animal feed. Official Journal of the European Union

L 285 (2003) 33-37. EU13 Council Directive 1999/29/EC of 22 April 1999 on the undesirable substances and

products in animal nutrition. Official J. European Commun. L 115 (1999) 32- 46. EU14 EC-directive 76/371/01.03.1976. Official J. European Commun. L 102 (1976) 8. EU15 Seventh Commission Directive of 1 March 1976 establishing Community methods of

analysis for the official control of feedingstuffs. EC-Directive 76/372/EEC. Official J. European Commun. L 102 (1976) 9-18.

EU16 Commission Directive 92/95 EEC of November 9, 1992 amending the Annex of the

Seventh Directive (76/372/EEC) establishing Community methods of analysis for the official control of feeding stuffs. Official J. European Commun. L 327 (1992) 54-62.

FINLAND [FI] Abbreviations: MAF [EELA]: Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry [National Veterinary and Food Research

Institute] MAF [KTTK]: Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry [Plant Production Inspection Centre]

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MF [FC]: Ministry of Finance [Finnish Customs] References: FI1 Regulation by Ministry of Trade and Industry for food products not included in EU

food legislation. FI2 Official import control in Finland by customs. FI3 Proposal prEN 14123.

FRANCE [FR] Abbreviations: DGCCRF: Direction Générale de la Concurrence, de la Consommation et de la Répression

des Fraudes, Ministère de l’Economie, des Finances et de l’Industrie DGAL: Direction Général de l’Alimention, Ministère de l’Agriculture et de la Pêche References: FR1 Avis du Conseil Supérieur d’Hygiène Publique de France du 8/12/1998. FR2 CEN-NF EN 13585. FR3 CEN-PrEN 14352.

GERMANY [DE] Abbreviations: BMVEL: Bundesministerium für Verbraucherschutz, Ernährung und Landwirtschaft

(Federal Ministry of Consumer Protection, Food and Agriculture) Ministry of Public Health

LMBG: Lebensmittel- und Bedarfsgegenständegesetz (Act on Food and Commodities) References: DE1 Mykotoxin – Höchstmengenverordnung. (Ordinance laying down maximum levels for

mycotoxins in foodstuffs). Das Deutsche Bundesrecht 834. Lieferung Oktober 1999. DE2 Diätverordnung (Ordinance on dietetic foodstuffs). Das Deutsche Bundesrecht 832.

Lieferung September 1999. DE3 Sampling based on § 42 LMBG considering Commission Directive 98/53/EC of 16 July

1998 [see EU6]. DE4 Sampling based on § 35 LMBG considering Commission Directive 98/53/EC of 16 July

1998 [see EU6].

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GREECE [GR] Abbreviations: MA: Ministry of Agriculture GCSL: General State Laboratory EFET: Hellenic Food Authority Reference: GR1 Ministerial decision 91587/3.11.1992.

HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION, CHINA [HK] Abbreviation: FEHD: Food and Environmental Hygiene Department of the Hong Kong SAR References: HK1 Harmful substances in Food Regulations, Cap. 132 of the laws of Hong Kong SAR. HK2 Aflatoxin B1B2G1G2: In house method referenced to AOAC official method 991.31 HK3 Aflatoxin M1: In house method referenced to AOAC official method 200.08

HUNGARY [HU] Abbreviations: MPH: Ministry of Public Health MA: Ministry of Agriculture Reference: HU1 17/1999. (VI.16.) EüM Order and its amendment : 9/20003. (III.13.) ESZCSM Order’s

3rd Annex.

INDIA [IN] Abbreviations: MHFW: Ministry of Health & Family Welfare MFCS [DCS]: Ministry of Food and Civil Supplies [Department of Civil Supplies] References:

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IN1 Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India. Prevention of Food Adulteration Act (PFA) 1954 & Rules 1955.

IN2 Official method of sampling ISI 1548 (1981). Published by Bureau of Indian Standards. IN3 Method for aflatoxin analysis – ISI 9071 Part I (1979). Published by Bureau of Indian

Standards. IN4 Licence under the solvent extraction oil, deoiled meal and edible flour (control) order

1967. IN5 Indian Standards Institution IS: 1714 (1960) and IS: 4115 (1967). INDONESIA [ID] Abbreviation:

NADFC: National Agency of Drug and Food Control [BADAN POM]

References:

ID1 Hishashi Kamimura. Report in Indonesia.

ID2 (1985). Modification. Journal AOAC, Vol. 68, No. 3.

ID3 AOAC 1995 (by HPLC).

IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF [IR]

Abbreviations:

ISIRI: Institute of Standard and Industrial Research of the Islamic Republic of Iran MOH: Ministry of Health and Medical Education References:

IR1 National standard of Institute of Standard and Industrial Research of the Islamic Republic of Iran (ISIRI) [2002]. Maximum tolerated levels of mycotoxins in food and feeds. No. 5925.

IR2 National standard of Institute of Standard and Industrial Research of the Islamic Republic of Iran (ISIRI) [2002]. Code of practice for sampling of pistachio and pistachio kernel for aflatoxin analysis. No. 5197.

IR3 National standard of Institute of Standard and Industrial Research of the Islamic Republic of Iran (ISIRI) [2002]. Code for practice for sampling of agricultural products for aflatoxin analysis. No. 2581.

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IR4 National standard of Institute of Standard and Industrial Research of the Islamic Republic of Iran (ISIRI) [2003]. Determination of aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) in foodstuffs – Immunoaffinity column clean-up with thin-layer chromatography method. No. 6696.

IR5 National standard of Institute of Standard and Industrial Research of the Islamic Republic of Iran (ISIRI) [2003]. Determination of aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) in foodstuffs – Immunoaffinity column clean-up with high performance liquid chromatography. In Press.

IR6 ISO [1997]. Sampling of milk and milk powder for aflatoxin analysis. No. 707.

IR7 ISO [1998]. Milk and milk powder – Determination of aflatoxin M1 content – clean-up by immunoaffinity column and determination by high performance liquid chromatography. No. 14501.

IRELAND [IE]

Abbreviation:

FSAI: Food Safety Authority of Ireland

ISRAEL [IL]

Abbreviation:

MH: Ministry of Health

References:

IL1 AOAC Official Method Chapter 49 994.08, pages 24 – 24A.

IL2 VICAM Instruction Manual [publication foreseen].

IL3 ISO/CD 14501: 1995.

IL4 Journal of Chromatography (1993). A 654: 247-254.

IL5 VICAM. Zeara latest Instruction Manual.

ITALY [IT]

Abbreviations:

MH: Ministry of Health RA&AP: Regional Authorities & Autonomous Provinces

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References:

IT1 Ministry of Health (1999). Circular of the Ministry of Health no. 10, 9 June 1999, indicating limits for food matrix not included in Regulation, according to indication of the National Health Institute (ISS).

IT2 Ministry of Health (2000). The Decree of the Ministry of Health 23.12.2000, transposing Directive 98/53/EC, indicates methods of analysis for food products.

JAPAN [JP]

Abbreviations:

MHL&W: Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare MAF&F: Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

Reference:

JP1 An analytical method for aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 in spices using a multifunctional column clean-up; Hiroshi Akiyama, Yukihiro Goda, Toshitsugu Tanaka and Masatake Toyoda, Journal of chromatography A 932 (2001) 153 – 157.

JORDAN [JO]

Abbreviation:

MH: Ministry of Health

Reference:

JO1 Minister of Finance and Customs Instructions (5/35/8251) 11.03.1981; letter of Minister of Health (48/37/2049)-03.03.1981.

KENYA [KE]

Abbreviation:

MH: Ministry of Health

References:

KE1 Foods, Drugs and Chemical Substances Regulations, Kenya Gazette, 01.07.1978.

KE2 Official Methods of Analysis, AOAC.

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KOREA, REPUBLIC OF [KR]

Abbreviations:

KFDA: Korean Food and Drug Administration MAF: Ministry of Agriculture & Forestry

References:

KR1 Korean Food and Drug Administration (2002). The food Index of Korea: pp 127.

KR2 Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (2001). Specification on maximum allowance levels of harmful materials and chemical residues in animal feed:pp 4.

KR3 Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry [MAF]. Feed Manual.

KUWAIT [KW]

Abbreviation:

MH: Ministry of Health

Reference:

KW1 Aflatoxin M1 concentration in commercial samples of milk and dairy products in Kuwait; Srivastava, Bu-Abbas, Alaa-Basuny, Al-Johar, Al-Mufti and Siddiqui, Food Additives and Contaminants 18 (2001) 993 – 997.

LATVIA [LV]

Abbreviation:

MA: Ministry of Agriculture

References:

LV1 Regulations of Cabinet of Ministers of Latvia. “About contamination of food”. No. 292.

LV2 AOAC 994.08.

LV3 Analytical instruction. R-biopharm ELISA test kit. LV4 AOAC 995.10.

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LITHUANIA [LT]

Abbreviation:

SFVS: State Food and Veterinary Service [Ministry of Health] MA: Ministry of Agriculture

References:

LT1 Hygiene norm HN 54-2001.

LT2 The Director of the State Food and Veterinary Services and the Minister of Health (2002). Order No. 286/300, 24 June 2002.

LT3 The Minister of Health Order No.679, 24 December, 2002, laying down sampling and methods of analysis. Prepared according Commission Directives 98/53/EC of 16 July 1998 and 2001/22/EC laying down the sampling methods and the methods of analysis for the official control of the levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs.

LT4 The order of the State Food and Veterinary Service No. B1-356, April 7, 2003. Sampling for monitoring of substances and residues in food of animal origin. Prepared according Commission Directives 96/23/EC.

LT5 RIDASCREEN. Aflatoxin B1. Art. No. R 1201.

LT6 EUR 19027 EN (1999). Standard operation procedure for the determination of aflatoxins in various food matrixes by immunoaffinity clean-up and thin layer chromatography.

LT7 Determination of Aflatoxin B1 by HPLC. SOP 5.4.Ch.16: prepared according to J.Stroka, E.Anklam Project SMT-CT96-2045.Validation of Analytical Method to Determine the Content of Aflatoxins, 1997.

LT8 Determination of Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2 by HPLC. SOP 5.4.Ch.27: prepared according to J.Stroka, E.Anklam Project SMT-CT96-2045.Validation of Analytical Method to Determine the Content of Aflatoxins, 1997.

LT9 Immuno sorbent assay of total Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2 in grain and feedingstuffs. SOP 5.4.Ch.20: prepared according to R 4701 RIDASCREEN Aflatoxin total.

LT10 Immuno sorbent assay of Ochratoxin A in grain and feeding stuff. SOP 5.4.Ch.22: prepared according to R 1301 RIDASCREEN Ochratoxin A.

LT11 Immuno sorbent assay of Aflatoxin M1 in milk and cheese.SOP 5.4.Ch.21: prepared according to R 1101 RIDASCREEN Aflatoxin M1.

LT 12 Immuno sorbent assay of DON (deoxynivalenol) in grains and feedingstuff. SDP 5.4.Ch.24: prepared according to R 5906 RIDASCREEN DON.

LT13 Immuno sorbent assay of Zearalenone in grain and feedingstuff. SOP 5.4.Ch.23: prepared according to R 1401 RIDASCREEN Zearalenone.

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MACEDONIA, FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF [MK]

Abbreviation:

FCLHSW: Federal Committee for Labour, Health and Social Welfare

References:

MK1 Article 57, Federal Register no. 2, 1980, Slusbeni list Socijalisticka Federation Republika Jugoslavija 2/1980.

MK2 Instruction for sampling methods of foodstuffs/ Federal register no. 60/1978 Slusbeni.

MALAWI [MW]

References:

MW1 Letter of Malawi Bureau of Standards BS/1/1 of 24.06.1976.

MALAYSIA [MY]

References:

MY1 Food Regulations, 1985.

MALTA [MT]

Abbreviation:

DPH: Department of Public Health

References:

MT1 Draft legislation available on Malta Standards Authority website. http://www.msa.org.mt

MT2 European Community Directive 98/53/EC.

MAURITIUS [MU]

Abbreviation:

MHQL : Ministry of Health & Quality of Life

References:

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MU1 Food regulations made under the Food Act 1998; Ninth schedule, regulation 62 (2) (c): maximum permissible quantity of mycological contaminants in food.

MEXICO [MX]

Abbreviation:

MPH: Ministry of Public Health

References:

MX1 Official Norm of cereals. Flour, seeds for human consumption. National control and imports. Norm NOM-147-SSA 1996. Official diary of Mexican Government, December 10th (1999).

MX2 Eppley method for peanuts and oilseeds.

MX3 Modified CB method for aflatoxin in corn and tortilla.

MX4 Aflatest. Official method.

MOLDOVA, REPUBLIC OF [MD]

Abbreviation:

MH: Ministry of Health

Reference:

MD1 Medico-biological regulations and sanitary norms of quality for food raw materials and food, approved by USSR Ministry of Health, ur. 5061-89 from 01.08.1989, revised by Russian Federation in 1996 and approved on 06.08.2000 by the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Moldova.

MOROCCO [MA]

References:

MA1 Ministère de l’Agriculture, du Dévéloppement Rural et des Eaux et Forêts. Project de circulaire sur les contaminants. Direction de la Protection des Végétaux, des Contrôles Techniques et de la Répression des Fraudes. Circulaire de discussion au niveau de la Commission Interministérielle Permanente pour le Contrôle et la Répression des Fraudes. Rabat [received May 2002]

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MOZAMBIQUE [MZ]

Abbreviation:

MH: Ministry of Health

Reference:

MZ1 Codex Alimentarius limits.

NEPAL [NP]

Abbreviations:

MA: Ministry of Agriculture DFTCC: Department of Food Technology and Quality Control

References:

NP1 Food Act 1966.

NP2 Romer mini-column method.

NP3 CB method of AOAC.

NP4 Feed Act 1976.

THE NETHERLANDS [NL]

Abbreviation:

CBAF: Commodity Board Animal Feedstuffs

References:

NL1 Productschap Diervoeder. Maximale normstelling DON. Besluit Productschap Diervoeder, PDV 2098, PDV, Den Haag, The Netherlands.

NEW ZEALAND [NZ]

See Australia

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NIGERIA [NG]

Abbreviation:

NAFDAC: National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control

References:

NG1 National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) Decrees: SON (Standards Organisation of Nigeria) Industrial Standard.

NG2 AOAC methods

NORWAY [NO]

Abbreviations:

MHAF: Ministry of Health, Agriculture and FisheriesSNT: Norwegian Food Control Authority

OMAN [OM]

Abbreviation:

MCI: Ministry of Commerce and Industry

References:

OM1 Omanian Standard 46/1984 “Annex B: Prescribed Limit for harmful substances in compound animal feeds” Official Gazette 7/2/14054 of 01.11.1984.

OM2 Omanian Standard 48 “Methods of Sampling Animal Feeds”.

PERU [PE]

Abbreviations:

MPH: Ministry of Public Health (for processed products) MA: Ministry of Agriculture (for raw products)

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THE PHILIPPINES [PH]

Abbreviations:

DA-BAI: Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal industry PHILCOA: Philippine Coconut Authority

References:

PH1 Action Levels for Contaminants in Food; Food, Drug and Devices, and Cosmetics Act (R.A. 3720).

PH2 Inform client-example FAO sampling plan.

PH3 AOAC and Chromatographia.

PH4 Philippine Coconut Authority (PHILCOA), Diliman Quezon City, Phillippines. Implementing guidelines of board resolution No. 034-91, prohibiting exports of copra meal, copra cake and copra pellets containing aflatoxin level of more than twenty parts per billion (20 ppb). Administrative Order No. 03, series of 1991.

POLAND [PL]

Abbreviations:

MA: Ministry of Health MARD: Ministry of Agriculture Rural Development

References:

PL1 Ministry of Health (2001). Regulation of 27 December 2001, Dz.U. No. 9, 72.

PL2 European Commission (1996). National Veterinary Residue Control Plan according to Council Directive 96/23/EC of 29 April 1996 on measures to monitor certain substances and residues thereof in life animals and animal products (organized by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development).

PL3 Polish Standard (2001). Foodstuffs – Determination of aflatoxin B1 and the sum of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 in cereals, shell-fruits and derived products – High performance liquid chromatographic method with post column derivatization and immunoaffinity column clean-up. PN-EN-12955.

PL4 Postupolski J, Jankowska B, Urbanek-Karlowska B (1996). Ocena metody oznaczania aflatoksyn w orzechach arachidowych przy uzyciu chromatografii powinowactwa immunologicznego z detekcja. Roczn. PZH, 47, 3: 277-283.

PL5 Polish Standard (2000). Foodstuffs – Determination of ochratoxin A in cereals and cereal products – Part 1: High performance liquid chromatographic method with silica gel clean up. PN-EN-ISO-15141-1.

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PL6 Polish Standard (2000). Foodstuffs – Determination of ochratoxin A in cereals and cereal products – Part 2: High performance liquid chromatographic method with bicarbonate clean up. PN-EN-ISO-15141-2.

PL7 Polish Standard (1997). Apple juice - Apple juice concentrates and drinks containing

apple juice – Determination of patulin content – Part 1: Method using high-performance liquid chromatography. PN-ISO 8128-1.

PL8 Polish Standard (1997). Apple juice - Apple juice concentrates and drinks containing

apple juice – Determination of patulin content – Part 2: Method using thin-layer chromatography. PN-ISO 8128-2.

PL9 Polish Standard (2002). Milk and milk powder – Determination of aflatoxin M1 content

– Clean up by immunoaffinity chromatography and determination by high-performance liquid chromatography. RPr. PN-ISO-14501.

PL10 Czerwiecki L (1998). Oznaczanie wybranych mikotoksyn w zywnosci. Cz. I. Dobór

optymalnych warunków oznaczania aflatoksyny M1 w mleku metoda wysokosprawnej chromatografii cieczowej. Roczn. PZH, 49, 1: 1-11.

PL11 Polish Standard (1994). Animal feedingstuffs - Aflatoxins admissible content and

determination. PN-R-64757. PL12 Polish Standard (2001). Animal feedingstuffs – Determination of aflatoxin B1 content of

mixed feedingstuffs – Method using high performance liquid chromatography. PN-ISO-14718.

PL13 Kozak A, Wisniewska-Dmytrow H, Zmudzki J (1995). Oznaczanie zawartosci

aflatoksyny B1 w paszach metoda immunoenzymatyczna – Ocena testu Ridascreen® Aflatoxin B1. Bromat. Chem. Toksykol. XXVIII, 4: 383-387.

PL14 Polish Standard (1994). Animal feedingstuffs -Aflatoxins admissible content and

determination. PN-R-64757. ROMANIA [RO] Abbreviation: MAFF: Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forests; National Sanitary Veterinary

Agency; Hygiene Institute of Public Veterinary Health References: RO1 Health Ministry (1998). Order no. 975/1998, article 100. Official Journal 268/11-06-

1999: 47 pp. RO2 Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forests (1995). Order no. 186/22-9-2000. Official

Journal of Romania no. 179/1995, part 1: 28 pp.

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RO3 AOAC Official method 970.44. Standard preparation for mycotoxins through TLC. RO4 AOAC Official method 977.16. Sampling and preparation of samples for determination

of mycotoxins through TLC. RO5 AOAC Official method 978.15. Aflatoxin B1 in eggs through TLC. RO6 AOAC Official method 982.96 for aflatoxin M1 determination from liver. RO7 ELISA test method provided with the kit test. RO8 AOAC Official method 980.21. M1 aflatoxins in milk and cheese by TLC. RO9 SR ISO 6651-93. Determination of aflatoxin B1 content from feeds.

THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION [RU] Abbreviation: MH: Ministry of Health

Reference: RU1 Sanitary Rules and Standards, Moscow (1997). Hygienic requirements for quality and

safety of food raw materials and food products. SanPiN 2.3.2.560-96. Official publication.

SENEGAL [SE] Abbreviations: MC: Ministry of Commerce MPH: Ministry of Public Health

References: SE1 Journal Officiel de la République du Sénégal. SE2 EC-directive 76/372/01.03.1976. Official Journal EC L102/9, 1976.

SAUDI ARABIA [SA] Abbreviation: SASO: Saudi Arabian Standard Organisation Reference:

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SA1 Aflatoxin M1 concentration in commercial samples of milk and dairy products in Kuwait; Srivastava, Bu-Abbas, Alaa-Basuny, Al-Johar, Al-Mufti and Siddiqui, Food Additives and Contaminants 18 (2001) 993 – 997.

SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO [YU] Abbreviations: MPH: Ministry of Public Health MA: Ministry of Agriculture References: YU1 Regulations on amounts of pesticides, metals and other toxic substances, anabolics and

other toxic substances, in foodstuff (1992). YU2 Guide on sampling method for analysis and superanalysis of samples of food and

general use items ( 60/78 – 1980). YU3 AOAC methods. YU4 Regulations of maximum permissible concentrations of toxic and harmful ingredients in

feedstuff (1990). YU5 Regulation on sampling method and physical, chemical and microbiological analysis of

feed (15/87 – 1987).

SINGAPORE [SG] Abbreviation: AVA: Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority

References: SG1 Regulation 34 of the Singapore Food Regulations.

SG2 AOAC International, 17th Edition, 990.33. SG3 JAOAC (1992), Vol. 3: 481. SG4 Food & Agricultural Immunology (1990). Vol.2: 189-195. SG5 JAOAC (1978). Vol. 61, 6: 1359-1362. SG6 J. Chromatography A (1999). 859: 23-28. SG7 JAOAC International (1997). 80: 825-828.

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SG8 VICAM, ZearalaTest HPLC Document. SG9 J. Chromatography A (1987). Vol. 407: 393-398. SLOVAKIA [SK] Abbreviations: MA: Ministry of Agriculture MH: Ministry of Health

References: SK1 Food Codex of Slovak Republik. Registered in Collection of Laws from 29 June 1996. SK2 ELISA test [ Standard Operating Protocol].

SLOVENIA [SI] Abbreviations: MHHI: Ministry of Health, Health Inspectorate VARS: Veterinary Administration of Republic Slovenia MAFF: Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food

References: SI-1 Rules on contaminants in foodstuffs (OJ RS 69/2003, 16.07.2003). SI-2 Immunoaffinity columns, HPLC, Kobra cell (Rhone Diagnostics). SI-3 AOAC, immunoaffinity columns, HPLC (Rhone Diagnostics). SI-4 Rules on the Sanitary Suitability of Feedingstuffs (OJ RS 65/2002). SI-5 Rules on the method of sampling and analysis for the official control of feedingstuffs.

(OJ RS 41/2003, 05.05.2003). SI-6 Rules on the method of analysis for the official control of feedingstuffs (OJ RS 73/2003,

29.07.2003; - in accordance with CD 76/372 EEC and 94/14 EEC). SI-7 AOAC (1995). 16th Ed. Combination with Romer minicolumns. SI-8 Easi-Extract Zearalenone, Application of immunoaffinity columns for sample clean-up

prior to detection of zearalenone using HPLC analysis, Rhone Diagnostics, EE Zearalenone IFU (RP91v7). Doc 27-10-99.

SI-9 Rood HD et al. (1988). Gas chromatographic screening method for T-2 toxin, DAS,

DON and related trichothecenes in feeds. Journal of AOAC 71, 493-498.

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SI-10 AOAC (1995). Analysis method for Trichothecenes. DON, 3-Acetyl-DON, 15-Acetyl-

DON, FUS X, NIV by TLC, Romer; 3 Toxin Test – Analysis Method for Aflatoxin B1, Zearalenone and Deoxynivalenol, Romer, AOAC, 16th Ed.

SOUTH AFRICA [ZA] Abbreviation: DH: Department of Health

Reference: ZA1 Regulations R.313 of 16 February 1990, published under the Foodstuffs, Cosmetics and

Disinfectants Act (Act 54 of 1972).

SPAIN [ES] SRI LANKA [LK] Abbreviations: MA: Ministry of Agriculture MH: Ministry of Health

Reference: LK1 Food (Labelling & Miscellaneous) Regulations 1993.

THE SUDAN [SD] Abbreviation: SSMO: not given

SWEDEN [SE] Abbreviations: NFA: National Food Administration SBA: Swedish Board of Agriculture References:

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SE1 SLVFS 1993:36. SE2 SLVFS 2002:16, annexes 1 & 2. SE3 SLVFS 2000:43. SE4 SLVFS 1993 :17, annex 15.

SWITZERLAND [CH] Abbreviation: OFCACS: Official Food Control Authorities of the Cantons of Switzerland EVD: Eidgenössische Volkswirtschaftsdepartement

References: CH1 Verordnung über Fremd- und Inhaltsstoffe in Lebensmitteln. SR817.021.23, see

http://www.admin.ch/ch/d/sr/c817_021_23.html

CH2 Verordnung über Probenerhebung von Lebensmitteln und Gebrauchsgegenständen. SR817.94, see http://www.bk.admin.ch/ch/d/sr/c817_94.html

CH3 Schweizerisches Lebenmittelbuch. Ausgabe 2002, Deutsche Version, Kapitel 54. CH4 CEN-methods. CH5 Verordnung des EVD vom 10. Juni 1999 über die Produktion und das Inverkehrbringen

von Futternmitteln, Zusatzstoffen für die Tierernährung, Silierungszusätzen und Diätfuttermitteln (Futtermittelbuch-Verordnung, FMBV). SR916.307.1, Artikel 15 und Artikel 17 (Anhang 10, Teil 1, Aflatoxin B1) (available at www.admin.ch/ch/d/sr/c916_307_1.html).

SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC [SY] Abbreviations: MS: Ministry of Supply MH: Ministry of Health MA: Ministry of Agriculture

TAIWAN PROVINCE OF CHINA [TW] Abbreviations: DH: Department of Health CA: Council of Agriculture

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References: TW1 Standard for the tolerance of aflatoxin in foods. DOH Food No. 8189322 Announced,

1/4/1993. TW2 Sanitation Standard for Infant Foods. DOH Food No. 8189322. Announced, 1/4/1993. TW3 Chinese National Standard, General No. 12925, Classified No. N6233, Method of Test

for Grains-Sampling. TW4 AOAC official method 991.31. TW5 Lin SS, Lin FM, Fu YM, Shih YC (2002). Survey of Aflatoxins of Peanut Products in

Taiwan. Ann. Rept. NLFD Taiwan, R.O.C. 20: 257-262. TW6 Chinese National Standard, General No. 4090, Classified No. N6097, Method of Test

for Aflatoxins in Foods. TW7 Lin SS, Lai CL, Fu YM, Shih YC. Analysis of ochratoxin A of cereals by Reversed

Phase HPLC with fluorescence detector (unpublished). TW8 AOAC official method 995.10. TW9 Lai CL, Fu YM, Shih YC (2000). Determination of Mycotoxin Patulin in Apple Juice.

Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 8 (2): 85-96. TW10 Journal of AOAC Int. (1995). 78: 705-710. TW11 Chung YJ, Fu YM. Assay of mycotoxin fumonisins in foods (unpublished). TW12 Chinese National Standard, General No. 3440, Classified No. 6056, Method of Test for

Milk and Milk Products-General Rules. TW13 Journal of AOAC Int. (2001). 84: 437-443. TW14 Fu YM (1996). Determination of aflatoxin M1 in milk and milk powder using immuno-

affinity column and fluorescence measurement. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 4 (2): 178-183.

TW15 Chinese National Standard, General No. 13631, Classified No. N6282, Method of Test

for Milk and Milk Products-Test for Aflatoxins M1 and M2 in Fluid Milk.

TANZANIA, UNITED REPUBLIC OF [TZ] Abbreviation: NFCC: National Food Control Commission of the Ministry of Health

References:

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TZ1 The Food (Control of Quality / Importation of Food) Regulations (1982). TZ2 Sampling of Agricultural Products and their analysis for Aflatoxin Determination

Manual (1989) FAO/UNEP/USSR Tanzanian Project FP/7101/86/03, Centre for International Projects, USSR State Committee for Environment Protection, Moscow.

TZ3 AOAC and ROMER Methods.

THAILAND [TH] Abbreviation: MPH-FDA: Ministry of Public Health – Food and Drug Administration References:

TH1 Notification of Ministry of Public Health No. 98 B.E. 2529. Re: Standard of food containing contaminants.

TH2 Notification of Ministry of Public Health No. 193 B.E. 2543 and its amendment Notification No. 239 B.E. 2544. Re: Prescribing the methods of production, tools and utensils, used in the production and storage of food.

TUNISIA [TN] Abbreviations: MH: Ministry of Health ANCSEP: National Agency for the Sanitary Control for Products References: TN1 Official Journal of the Republic of Tunisia. Standard NT 117.02 – 1985. TN2 EEC published methods. TURKEY [TR] Abbreviation: MARA: Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs References: TR1 Turkish Food Codex Regulation. 1997. Official Gazette (16 November 1997) No.

23172: 1-198 and the amendments to this Codex Regulation: Official Gazette (23 September 2002) No. 24885: 29-40.

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TR2 AOAC Official Method 999.07 (2000). Aflatoxins and total aflatoxins in peanut butter, pistachio paste, fig paste and paprika powder. Immunoaffinity column-liquid chromatography with post-column derivatization. First action 1999. J AOAC Int. 83: 320.

TR3 AOAC Official Method 2000.16. Aflatoxin B1 in Baby Food. AOAC Official Methods

of Analysis; Chapter 49: 37. TR4 ISO 14501. Milk and milk powder. Determination of aflatoxin M1 content; clean-up by

immunoaffinity chromatography and determination by high-performance liquid chromatography. First edition 1998-11-15.

TR5 Entwisle C, et al. (2000). Liquid Chromatographic Method with Immunoaffinity

Column Cleanup for Determination of Ochratoxin A in Barley. AOAC Official Method 2000.03. J. AOAC Int. 83: 1377.

TR6 Ochratest. Procedure for Currants and Raisins. Vicam Ochratest. HPLC Procedure. TR7 ISO 8128-1 (1993). Apple juice, apple juice concentrates and drinks containing apple

juice. Determination of patulin content. Part 1: Method using high-performance liquid chromatography.

TR8 MAFF-UK. Survey of Aflatoxin M1 in Retail Milk and Milk Products. CSL Food

Science Laboratory. Norwich Research Park, Colney. Norwich NR4 7UQ. Report No. FD 94/98A.

TR9 Official Gazette (1991). (5 August 1991) No. 20982. TR10 Stroka J, Von Holst C, Anklam E (2003). Immunoaffinity Column Cleanup with Liquid

Chromatography Using Post-Column Bromination for Determination of Aflatoxin B1 in Cattle Feed: Collaborative Study. AOAC Official Method 2000.02. J. AOAC Int 86: 1179-1186.

UKRAINE [AU] Abbreviations: MHP: Ministry of Health Protection SDVM: State Department of Veterinary Medicine (Ministry of Agricultural Policy) References: UA1 The order of the Ministry of Health of USSR No. 5061-89. Medical and biological

requirements and sanitary norms of the quality of food raw materials and ready products.

UA2 The order of the Ministry of Agricultural Complex of Ukraine, State Department of

Veterinary Medicine No. 16 from 03.11.1998. On approval of the mandatory minimal list of tests of the materials, products of animal and plant origin, raw materials for

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animal combined feed, vitamins etc. to be conducted by the state laboratories of veterinary medicine and as a result of which the veterinary document F2 is issued.

UA3 Ministry of Health – The issuing agency (2001). Temporary hygienic norms for the

contents of chemical and biological contaminants in the biologically active additives. No. TH 4.4.8.073-2001.

UA4 Ministry of Health of USSR. Methodology recommendations for detection,

identification and determination of contents of aflatoxins in food products. No. 2273-80. UA5 Ministry of Health of USSR. Methodology recommendations for detection,

identification and determination of contents of patulin in fruit and vegetable juices and puree. No. 2655-82.

UA6 Ministry of Health of USSR. Methodology recommendations for detection,

identification and determination of contents of deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) in grain and grain products. No. 3940-84.

UA7 Ministry of Health of USSR. Methodology recommendations for detection,

identification and determination of contents of T-2 toxin in food products and food raw materials. No. 3184-84.

UA8 Ministry of Health of USSR. Methodology recommendations for detection,

identification and determination of contents of zearalenone in food products. No. 2964-84.

UA9 Ministry of Health of USSR. Methodology recommendations for detection, identification and determination of aflatoxins in food raw materials and food products by means of high performance liquid chromatography. No. 4082-86.

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES [AE] Reference: AE1 Information about maximum residue levels established in various countries. Australian

Government, Department of Agriculture , Fisheries and Forestry; Commonwealth of Australia 2003. Internet access date: 6 October 2003; http://www.affa.gov.au > Product Integrity / Animal and Plant Health > National Residue Survey (NRS).

UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND [UK] Abbreviation: FSA via PHA and LAEHTSO: Food Standards Agency via the Port Health Authorities and the

Local Authority Environmental Health and Trading Standards Officers.

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URUGUAY [UY] Abbreviations: TLU: Technological Laboratory of Uruguay MSP: Ministerio de Salud Pública MGAP: Ministerio de Ganaderiá Agricultura y Pesca References: UY1 Decreto 315/994. Reglamento Bromatológico Nacional (1994) page 99, 100A, 283,

302A, 336A. UY2 Decreto 315/994. Reglamento Bromatológico Nacional (1994) page 99, 100A. UY3 Decreto 533/001. Ministerio de Salud Pública (2001). UY4 AOAC (2000). 970.45 UY5 AOAC (2000). 993.17. UY6 Journal of AOAC International (1994). 77:1518. UY7 AOAC (2000). 974.18. UY8 AOAC (2000). 986.17. UY9 AOAC (2000). 985.18. UY10 Resoluciones 26 dic. 2001, 7 February 2002, 28. Ministerio de Ganadería Agricultura y

Pesca (2002). UY11 Decreto 737/986. Ministerio de Ganadería Agricultura y Pesca (1986). UY12 Fajardo JE, Dexter JE, Roscoe MM, Nowicki TW (1995). Retention of Ergot Alkaloids

in Wheat during Processing. Cereal Chem 72 (3): 291-298.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA [US] Abbreviations: FDA: Food and Drug Administration USDA: United States Department of Agriculture References: US1 Compliance Policy Guides. CPG 555.400, CPG 570.200, CPG 570.375, CPG 570.500. US2 Compliance Policy Guide. CPG 510.150.

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US3 Unpublished letter from FDA to State Agricultural Directors, State Feed Control

Officials, and Food, Feed and Grain Trade Organizations, September 16, 1993.

US4 FDA (2001). Guidance for Industry: Fumonisin Levels in Human Foods and Animal Feeds, November 9, 2001.

US5 http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/fumongu2.html . US6 FDA Investigative Operations Manual,

http://www.fda.gov/ora/inspect_ref/iom/Contents/ch4_TOC.html . US7 FDA Compliance Program, Mycotoxins in Domestic Foods (7307.001), Mycotoxins in

Imported Foods (7307.002). US8 AOAC International (2000). Official methods of Analysis, 17th Edition, Chapter 49. US9 Trucksess et al. (1996). Journal of AOAC International 79 (4): 883-887. US10 Compliance Policy Guide. CPG 527.400. US11 Compliance Policy Guide. CPG 683.100. US12 FDA Compliance Program, Feed Contaminants (7371.003).

http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~comm/cp04004.html .

VENEZUELA [VZ] References: VZ1 AOAC [Title, source, page] VZ2 AOAC [Title, source, page]

VIET NAM [VN] Abbreviations: MH: Ministry of Health MARD: Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development References: VN1 Ministry of Health (1998). List of hygiene standard of foodstuffs issued with the

Decision No. 867/1998/QDD-BYT dated 4/4/1998: 55. VN2 Ministry of Health. Viet Nam Standards, Normal Rule.

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VN3 AOAC VN4 Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. Normal Rule

YEMEN [YE] Abbreviations: MCI: Ministry of Commerce and Industry DGSS: Directorate General of Standards & Specifications Reference: YE1 AOAC Official Methods (2000). Detection of Natural Toxins. Chapter 49.

ZIMBABWE [ZW] Abbreviation: MA: Ministry of Agriculture

Reference: ZW1 Government Gazette no. 4959- 16.01.1976.

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Table 4: Medians and ranges of maximum tolerated levels (µg/kg) for some (groups of) aflatoxins in 1995 and 2003 and numbers of countries known to have relevant regulations

1995

2003

aflatoxin/matrix combination

median (µg/kg)

range (µg/kg)

countries median (µg/kg)

range (µg/kg)

countries

afla B1 in foodstuffs 4 0–30 33 5 1–20 61

afla B1+B2+G1+G2 in foodstuffs

8 0–50 48 10 0–35 76

afla M1 in milk 0.05 0–1 17 0.05 0.05–15 60

afla B1 in feedstuffs

5 5–50 25 5 5–50 39

afla B1+B2+G1+G2 in feedstuffs

20

0–1 000 17 20 0–50 21