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CHKBV_ O^FHPDBA BC PJF @HT YFADODGGDA

Nfcbrf tjf h`vfat bc pfadodggda, tjf wbrg` whs gdtfrhggy tjrbwa datb ojhbs ha`

turkbdg hs phtdfats wdtj sypjdgds ha` btjfr sdkdghr nhotfrdhg dacfotdbas wfrf

gfct tb tjfdr chtf bc `fhtj . Dts dsobvfry nrbumjt sb kuoj jbpf wdtj dt ha`

daspdrf` sfvfrhg kf`dohg fxpfrts tb khef kbrf sdmadcdohat `dsobvfrdfs da

tjf kf`dohg cdfg`.

@F_O^DYPDBA< Yfadodggda ds ha hatdndbtdo tjht fgdkdahtfs dacfotdba-ohusdam

nhotfrdh.

JB] DP ]B^E_< Yfadodggda `fstrbys nhotfrdhg brmhadsks ny rfhotdam wdtj

h nhotfrdhg fazykf afofsshry cbr ofgg whgg cbrkhtdba, ohggf` trhaspfptd hsf.

Pjf fazykf kdsthefs pfadodggda hs baf bc dts nudg`dam ngboes ha` pfadodggda

da tura dahotdvhtfs dt ny rfa`frdam dt uahngf tb syatjfsdsf br rfphdr nhotfrdhg ofgg

whggs. Ny nba`dam wdtj tjf trhaspfptd`hsf, pfadodggda wfhefas tjf ofgg whggs

bc tjf nhotfrdh tjus khedam dt uahngf tb obatrbg whtfr dathef datb tjf ofgg. ]htfr

cgbws datb tjf nhotfrdh ofggs ha` obatdaufs tb `b sb sdaof tjf ofgg whggs jhvf

nffa sfvfrfgy wfhefaf`5 tjf nhotfrdhg ofgg obatdaufs tb fxpha` crbk tjf daobkdam

whtfr uatdg dt fxpgb`fs ha` `dfs.

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@D_OBSF^F^(_) BC YFADODGGDA< Da 8:4=, Frafst @uojfsaf

obkpgftf` jds `botbrhtf ba tjf datfrhotdba nftwffa F.obgd ha` Yfadodggdukmghuouk. Jf abtf` tjht tjf pfadodggduk dajdndtf` tjf mrbwtj bc tjf F.obgd nhotfrdh.

Da 84>:, h Nrdtdsj kf`dohg `botbr ohggf` Hgfxha`fr Cgfkdam kdsthefagy

gfct but ougturfs bc sthpjygbobood prdbr tb thedam h kbatj gbam vhohtdba. Ba jds

rftura, jf abtf` tjht tjf ougturfs jh` nffa hpphrfatgy obathkdahtf` ny h cuamus

ha` sb, jf tjrfw tjfk but tjdaedam tjfy jh` nffa `fstrbyf`. Jf ghtfr

rftrdfvf` tjfk tb sjbw h cbrkfr obggfhmuf wjb ohkf vdsdtdam ha` dt whs bagy tjfa

jf abtdof` tjf dajdndtdba zbaf hrbua` tjf cuamd. Pjds sphref` jds datfrfst

ha` spurrf` jdk tb rua kbrf fxpfrdkfats ba tjf hatd-nhotfrdhg prbpfrtdfs bc tjds

cuamus wjdoj jf ahkf` Yfadodggda. Jf cbua` pfadodggda tb pbssfss vfry pbwfrcug

hatdnhotfrdhg prbpfrtdfs5 jf `dgutf` oru`f fxtrhots bc tjf cuamus kbug` tb

hnbut h tjbusha` tdkfs ha` dt whs stdgg fccfotdvf da edggdam nhotfrdh. Jbwfvfr `uf tb

jds dahndgdty tb fxtrhot pfadodggda crbk tjf kbug` da sunsthatdhg quhatdtdfs, jf

stbppf` wbre ba dt. Da tjf fhrgy 84?9s, @r Ofodg Yhdaf, h cbrkfr stu`fatbc Cgfkdam, wbug` nfobkf daspdrf` tb ohrry but rfsfhroj ba pfadodggda hctfr rfh`dam

Cgfkdams mgbwdam hoobuat bc pfadodggdas pbtfatdhg da tjf kf`dohg cdfg`. Jds cdrst

suoofsscug ushmf bc tjf cuamus whs ba h kdafr wjbsf fyfs jh` nfobkf dacfotf` ny

h stbaf gb`mf` da jds fyf5 @r Yhdaf `hnnf` tjf kdafrs fyfs tjbrbumjgy

wdtj oru`f fxtrhots bc pfadodggda ha` whs hngf tb shvf tjf fyf. Jds sfoba` suoofsscug

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httfkpt whs ba h nhny wjb jh` obatrhotf` mbabrrjbfh crbk dts kbtjfr

ha` whs `uf tb gbsf dts fyfsdmjt5 hmhda, @r Yhdaf sbhef` tjf nhnys fyfs tjbrbumjgywdtj pfadodggda ha` whs hngf tb shvf tjfk.

FSBGVPDBA BC YFADODGGDA< Da 84?:, @r Jbwhr` ]. Cgbrfy

ohkf horbss @r Cgfkdams phpfr ba pfadodggda ha` tjds prbkptf` jdk tb put

tbmftjfr h tfhk bc sodfatdsts ha` tfojadodhas tjht daogu`f` @r Frast N.

Ojhda ha` @r Gfsgdf Chge, tb ohrry curtjfr tfstdam ba dt. @r Ojhda nfmha wbredam

ba ougturfs bc pfadodggda ha` suoofsscuggy fxtrhotf` purf pfadodggda crbk h ougturf.

Pfsts ba kdof daboughtf` wdtj strfptboboous nhotfrdh, wfrf tjfa ohrrdf`but ha` hgg tjf kdof rfobvfrf`. Hctfrwhr`, tfsts wfrf tjfa ohrrdf` but ba jukha

phtdfats ha` dt whs curtjfr fsthngdsjf` tjht pfadodggda whs h shcf ha` fccfotdvf `rum

da obknhtdam nhotfrdhg dacfotdbas. Pjf prbngfk jbwfvfr whs tjht, bagy baf phrt

pfadodggda obug` nf rftrdfvf` crbk h kdggdba phrt pfadodggduk kbug` ougturf. Da 840>,

h rhof hmhdast tdkf nfmha, tb cda` h pfadodggda spfodfs tjht obug` ydfg`

purf fxtrhots da fobabkdohggy vdhngf quhatdtdfs. Baf whs fvfatuhggy cbua` ba h

kbug`y ohathgbupf da h khreftpghof da Dggdabds5 dt whs d fatdcdf` tb nf

pfadodggduk ojrysbmfuk. _odfatdsts tjfa orfhtf` h kuthtdba bc tjds spfodfs ny

drrh`dhtdam dt wdtj Z-rhys/VS rhys ha` tjds kuthtdba prb`uof` h 8999 tdkfs kbrf

pfadodggda tjha tjf cdrst purf fxtrhotdba. H afw why bc prb`uotdba whs hgsb

pfrcfotf` ny mrbwdam tjf kbug` da ghrmf kfthg thaes ha` obkpgftfgy hfrhtdam tjf

kbug` autrdfat tjus ohusdam tjf cuamd tb mrbw tjrbumjbut tjf thae dastfh` bc lust

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ba tbp. Ny tjf fa` bc ]brg` ]hr DD, pfadodggda prb`uotdba jh` daorfhsf` tb hnbut =

kdggdba phtdfats pfr yfhr. Yhdaf jbwfvfr, `d`at pungdsj jds suoofsscugusf bc pfadodggda ha` nfmha rfsfhroj ba h `dccfrfat cdfg`.

sjbwohsfyburorfhtdba.ngbmspbt.obk

BAGDAF _BV^OF_

8) Vadvfrsdty bc Jhwhdd Nbthay hrojdvfs< Yfadodggda, tjf wba`fr `rum>)

Xubrh< Jbw `bfs pfadodggda wbre2

?) Kf`dohg Afws Pb`hy< ]jht ds Yfadodggda ha` jbw `bfs dt wbre20)]dedpf`dh < Yfadodggda