fadama poultry management plus obj

PATRA CONSULTPATRA CONSULT Reinforcing the power to excel

TITLED:TITLED:

IMPROVED HEALTH AND MANAGEMENT TECHNICS IMPROVED HEALTH AND MANAGEMENT TECHNICS

ININ POULTRY FARMING POULTRY FARMING

In Collaboration withIn Collaboration withLAGOS STATE FADAMA DEVELOPMENT OFFICELAGOS STATE FADAMA DEVELOPMENT OFFICE

DATE: 12TH APRIL 2006VENUE: BADAGRY LIBRARY

PATRA CONSULT’s PATRA CONSULT’s Training WorkshopTraining WorkshopPATRA CONSULT’s PATRA CONSULT’s Training WorkshopTraining Workshop


OBJECTIVESTO EQUIP PARTICIPANTS WITH BASIC

POULTRY HEALTH AND HUSBANDRY KNOWLEDGE.

TO INCREASE POULTRY MANAGEMENT SKILLS OF PARTICIPANTS.

TO ENHANCE FARMING BUSINESS EXPERTISE AS CATALYST FOR IMPROVED EFFICIENCY AND PROFITABILITY.


MODULE 1POULTRY

MANAGEMENT TECHNICS

MODULE 1POULTRY

MANAGEMENT TECHNICS

PATRA CONSULT


MODULE 1 PART I

INTRODUCTION TO

POULTRY MANAGEMENT

MODULE 1 PART I

INTRODUCTION TO

POULTRY MANAGEMENT

PATRA CONSULT


BASIC DEFINITIONS

POULTRY ALL AVIAN LIVESTOCK: CHICKEN TURKEY GUINEA FOWL DUCK GEESE QUAIL RATITES

HEALTH MEANS FREEDOM FROM DISEASE. IT INVOLVES PRENVENTION AND CURE. HEALTH FOR ANIMALS GUARANTEES HEALTH FOR HUMANS. PREVENTION IS HOWEVER CHEAPER THAN CURE. THEREFORE HEALTH IS WEALTH BIOSECURITY – PREVENTION SANITATION & DISINFECTION PROPHYLAXIS (SANITATION & DISINFECTION) CHEMOTHERAPY – MEDICAL INTERVENTION TO CURE I.E. USE OF DRUGS.

HUSBANDRY TOTALITY OF MANAGEMENT TO GUARANTEE OPTIMUM

PRODUCTIVITY TOTAL WELL BEING OF LIVESTOCK BREEDING, HOUSING, FEEDING, WATERING, CLEANING, BEHAVIOR,

ENVIRONMENT, BIONOMICS…


Cockerel Layer

TYPES OF POULTRY

Broiler

TurkeysOstrich

IT IS RIGHTEOUS TO CARE FOR LIVESTOCKPROVERBS 12 VS 10.


TYPE OF STOCK

BREEDING STOCK GRAND PARENT STOCK

PARENT STOCK

COMMERCIAL LINES

COMMERCIAL LINES EGG

CHICKEN GUINEA FOWL QUAILS

MEAT CHICKEN

BROILER OLD LAYER

TURKEY GEESE DUCKS OSTRICH


LIVESTOCK POPULATION ESTIMATES (1991 – 2004)

1990 13,947,000 34,495,000 22,104,000 3,210,000 72,480,856 88,000 936,000

1991 14,086,470 35,357,375 22,634,496 3,506,400 76,104,899 88,440 931,320

1993 14,369,608 37,147,342 23,733,989 3,835,786 83,505,651 89,327 922,030

1994 14,513,304 38,076,026 24,303,605 3,989,218 88,100,933 89,773 917,420

1995 14,658,437 38,027,926 24,886,892 3,148,786 92,505,980 90,222 912,833

1996 14,805,022 40,003,624 25,484,177 4,314,738 97,181,279 90,673 908,269

1997 14,953,071 41,003,714 26,095,797 4,487,326 101,987,843 91,125 903,728

1998 15,102,600 42,028,806 26,722,096 4,666,817 107,087,235 91,519 899,187

1999 15,253,625 43,079,525 27,363,426 4,853,488 112,441,597 92,036 894,646

2000 15,406,153 44,256,487 28,020,130 5,047,624 105,294,410 92,431 890,237

2001/2 15,560,214 45,260,399 28,692,613 5,249,529 111,856,193 92,956 885,786

2003/4* 15,560,214 45,260,399 28,692,613 5,249,529 121,856,193** 92,956 885,786

Source: Federal Department Livestock and Pest Control Service Departments, Abuja (2002/4)*No new Estimates for all species.**New estimates for poultry

Cattle Goats Sheep Pigs Poultry Camels Donkeys


Poultry Business Planning Business (Company) Description Operating (Facilities etc.) Requirements Project Costs and Project Funding Product Description Business Environment Description

Market Analysis Industry and Trade Analysis

Competitive Analysis and Profiling Organizational and Human Resource Plan Marketing Strategies/Plan, Financial projections Financial Evaluation References Executive Summary,


Setting Performance ObjectivesSuccessful poultry operation starts with setting of objective and production

planning. -Egg -Meat (Broiler) -Day old Chick

Setting of objectives must cover the followings:Egg production objectives

Livability on monthly basis Age at 50% Hen day production Hen house X performance to 52 weeks Period of peak performance Feed consumed per bird/day Feed consumed per dozen of egg on a monthly basis.

Broilers production objectives Weight at Cropping Livability % Feed Conversion Rate

DOC production objectives Livability % Hatchability % Sexing rate


It is one thing to set objectives, it is another to achieve them. The performance of chick, grower, layer or broiler can be expressed in a simple equation as:

Performance equation = f (Q + D + E + H + Mgt) our goal or objective:

Where Q = Quality of Chicks/BreedersD = Dietary level and qualityE = Environment and housingH = HealthMgt = Management practice and personnel level of

training.

Strategies for achieving Set Objectives


THE TEN GOLDEN RULES

These are 10 (ten) most important factors that make the difference between success and failure of Poultry farming.

CRITERION MORE SUCCESSFUL LESS SUCCESSFUL

1. HUMAN RESOURCES Competent, dedicated Untrained, hired labour motivated, Family owned. 2. TECHNICAL Modern, efficient, Old, inadequate ENVIRONMENT unsophisticated 3. PLACEMENT Long-term plan, single age Short-term plan,

SCHEDULE multiple age 4. SOURCES OF Buying by quality, same Buying by price REPLACEMENTS supplier variable supplier 5. DISEASE CONTROL Strict prophylaxis, check of Standard immune status vaccination 6. FEEDING Controlled, phase feeding Ad lib, cheap feed 7. DEBEAKING Regular, 7 days to 7 weeks Only if necessary to control cannibalism 8. EGG COLLECTION 7 days per week, twice a day, Irregular, seldom or if necessary weekends 9. RECORDS Complete, daily Sporadic (if any) 10. OVERALL OBJECTIVE High quality eggs maximum “Hang on” profits.

AS YOU LAY YOUR BED...... GARBAGE IN GARBAGE OUT.


MODULE 1 PART 11

HUSBANDRY OF CHICKS

MODULE 1 PART 11

HUSBANDRY OF CHICKS

PATRA CONSULT


SOURCING

Does the hatchery have its own breeder farm?Is it a commercial hatchery that pulls breeder eggs of various farms? Does the hatchery have a comprehensive history of vaccination profile of breeders from where your birds are to be hatched?

In all honesty, a reliable hatchery must be able to provide consumers with performance guide as well as efficiency information about annual performance index of their breeding stock.

Such information are expected to include: Average fertility as regards the batch from where the chicks are going to

be hatched out. Information about the batch fertility as well as the hatchability estimate

of the stock.Use of Professional Services

“Garbage in, garbage out”


MAJOR HATCHERIES AND BREEDS IN NIGERIA

HATCHERIESS&DZARTECHECWAAVIANCHI/AJANLAAMOPHEDKIKACHUKWUKADUNA HATCHERIESAGRITEDE.T.C.

BREEDSSHIKA BROWNNERALOHMANNGOLDEN COMETYAFFAANAKH&NHYBROROSSSHAVERSE.T.C


QUALITY of Day old Chicks (DOC)

HEALTHY AND HIGH QUALITY DAY OLD CHICK – is the single most important determinant of Success. “Garbage in, garbage out” DOC should be alert and lively DOC should be free from any obvious deformities such as:

Omphalitis, Crocked beak, Missing eyes, Crossed beak, Red hock, Small chick, Sticky down, Straggly legs and other deformities

“The Hatchery can grow chicks, but it can also grow microbes”.

Chicks Selection – It is ideal to seek a professional’s support. Veterinarians, Salespersons, Animal Scientists etc


Transporting Day-Old Chicks from Hatchery to Farm Site

A successful chick transportation must aim at reaching the destination with minimal stress and mortality. Some necessary conditions must be put into place during transportation of DOC, to achieve successful delivery to farm site.

The DOCs must be packed in perforated cartons of 50 chicks per carton with usually 1-2 chicks extra per carton to offset mortality in transit.

A well-aerated vehicle is ideal to transport the chicks.Precautions for Day-Old-ChickUse good vehicles that allow free in-flow of fresh air, and as such closed vans,

buses, and car boots are not ideal.Do not use trucks to avoid excessive stress and mortality, Transport EASY.Transport chicks during cold weather. The best period is early in the morning

or late in the evening. Over the years, experience with chicks transportation has shown that chicks should not arrive the farm between 12 noon and 4.00 p.m.

Avoid unnecessary stopovers on the way while transporting during the day.Look for the shortest route and best road to the farm site.A well guided and effective chick transportation is sure to reduce transport

mortality while excessive stress has opposite effect.


DAY OLD CHICKS MANAGEMENT Preparing the farm Site.Repairs and brooder house preparation.Keep equipment, house and the brooder’s surroundings clinically

clean. Wash with high-pressure machine and store manure away from

brooder houses. Disinfect thoroughly, clean and disinfect all feeders, tanks and

drinkers, and disinfest to eliminate ectoparasites, rats and lizards as they are carriers of dangerous diseases. The latter two could also waste the feed by competing with the birds.

Prepare your brooders or chicks’ guards ready and commence pre-heating 6 hours before arrival of chicks.

In the raining season, you should pre-heat 9-12 hours before arrival of chicks, this will ensure that shavings are warm and the air temperature us conducive for the chicks. Temperature on arrival must be in the range of 32-350C (90-920F).


Housing and Management of DOC

Spread shavings evenly as uneven litter creates pockets of uneven temperature, which may cause grouping of chicks to hide, depriving themselves of feed and water. Wood shavings are a good litter material, while maize cobs can also be used.

Provide clean water at room temperature before delivery using drinker with a capacity of 3 – 4 litre per 50 DOC.

Do not close the brooder house completely. Allow limited fresh air in. Let your thermometer and the behaviour of the chicks guide you.

Isolate brooder houses and do not allow easy access. Usually the best practice is - All-in, All-out programme. It allows for proper clean-up in the event of a disease outbreak.


HOUSING CONSTRUCTION Environmentally controlled houses. The open sided houses are the most suitable for layer rearing in

the tropics. Poultry houses are normally built with the length facing North

and South while the breadth faces East and West. Guidelines for the construction of a poultry house: Age in weeks Floor space requirement 0 - 6 0.13 – 0.54Sq. feet/bird (0.0123 – 0.05m2/bird) 6 - 12 0.54 – 0.86sqft/bird (0.05-0.08m2/bird) Point of lay 1.08 – 3.2 Sq. feet/bird (0.05 – 1.45m2/bird Note that while making provision for floor space for brooder

house the final space requirement per bird must be the size of the house.


BROODING TECHNIQUESBrooding is the practice of exposing chicks to conducive

environment before they are capable of fully regulating their body temperature,

The heating system in the Brooder house could be: - Heat canopy Space heating -Gas, -Kerosene, -Coal etc.

Other issues:- -Conventional brooder guard should be in place. -Availability of a thermometer : maintain the range of 32-330C under the

brooder itself and about 290C at the spectrum end of the brooder. - The temperature under the brooder should be regulated on a week basis

at the rate of 2.80C or 50F per week until the brooder temperature attains about 270C which is usually achieved within 21 days of brooding in the tropics.


Brooding Techniques Condt.Table of Recommended Brooding Temperature Period of brooding Temperatures(Weeks) (0C) (0F)1st 32-35; 90-952nd 29-32; 84-903rd 26-39; 70-84

4th-5th 21-26; 70-80After 2 weeks, the chick would start to regulate its body temperature due

to increased hormonal secretions, feathering and increased physical activities.


Litter ManagementLitter is important in the regulation of floor temperature

and subsequently the chicken’s body temperature. Routine Litter raking and replacement is essential.The litter temperature should be approximately (300C or

850F). In addition; Remove wet litter promptly, religiously. Avoid wet or caked litter as such litters are conducive to

outbreak of Coccidiosis. Fresh shavings must be dried and friable Avoid introducing wet or damp shaving into brooder houses Do not use saw dust, as it could predispose to respiratory

problems for the chicks.


GROWING PULLET MANAGEMENT

Rearing Techniques from 7-10 weeks to Point of Lay/Cage

Biosecurity – Continuous process.Changes in watering and feeding space management Weighing – weekly Feeding to target weight to avoid over or under weight.Delousing – Leave to expertsDebeaking – Requires expertise and proper timingProphylactic (e.g. probiotics) and Metaphylactic MedicationVaccinationTransfer to Cage

14-16 weeks Avoid stress


GROWING PULLET MANAGEMENT Condt.Supply clean, fresh cool water for the chicks.

Water intake will increase as temperature increases. If you do not supply enough water it will affect the growth rate of the

birds.Avoid water spillage on the litter, so place water trough on raised flat

planks.Use high quality diet to start the chicks.Supply DOC with feed on chick trays, or flat feeders.Be sure that there is sufficient feeder and space to ensure proper growth.Usually, start with 3 bird/10cm for trough feeder and 25 birds/hanging

feeder of 18kg.Do not waste feed, as you know that profit is directly proportional to

cost of feed.Do not fill the feeder to full level as this may cause wastage up to 25%.

The best level is to fill the feeder up to one-third full.Adjust feeder height weekly to the level of the back of the bird.


PATRA CONSULT’S BROILER AND REPLACEMENT PULLET MANAGEMENT GUIDE


MODULE 1 PART III

HUSBANDRY OF LAYERS

MODULE 1 PART III

HUSBANDRY OF LAYERS

PATRA CONSULT


TYPE OF MANAGEMENTCAGE

MANUAL SEMI-AUTOMATED FULL AUTOMATION

FLOOR MANUAL AUTOMATED

RANGE GREEN FARMING


MOST CRITICAL PERIODS LAST THREE WEEKS BEFORE LAYING PERIOD

BEGINS. POINT OF LAY PEAK OF PRODUCTION. VACCINATION AND MEDICATION. STRESS PERIODS

CHANGE OF FEED POOR OR LACK OF FEEDING OR WATERING DISEASE


HOUSING IN THE TROPICS(SECTION PLAN)

CROSS VENTILATIONFREE AIR MOVEMENT


POULTRY COMFORTS


TYPICAL POULTRY HOUSE IN NIGERIA


HOUSING FOR OSTRICH


Facco Nevada cage3 tier cages

POULTRY HOUSING (CHICKENS)

1. SPACE .Layers in Battery Cages- (5,000-6,000 birds)3 tier cages of 10 x 50 x 4m height

10m

50m


CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

2. PLANKS REQUIRED FOR CONSTRUCTION 3 x 4 = 200 (Poles) 2 x 4 = 150 (Rafters 2 x 3 = 250 (To hold slates roof) 2 x 2 = 500 (To hold wire nets)

3. NAILS6” – 2 Bags4” – 2 Bags3” – 2 Bags2” – 2 Bags1 ½ - 2 Bags

4. Wire net 25 rolls of 150ft each

4. Slates = 600 pieces x 3⅓ x 8’


DAY OLD CHICKS REARING PEN

2. PEN PARTITIONING TO SAVE HEAT

150’

week

1

30’ 5500 DOC

week

2

week

3 Week 4-8 remove partitions


LIGHTING PROGRAMSADVANTAGES

BETTER FEED CONVERSION. LOWER ELECTRICITY COSTS FEWER CRACKED EGGS LOWER MORTALITY LOWER WATER INTAKE, DRIER DROPPINGS

UNIMPAIRED PRODUCTION. INCREASED PRODUCTION


RECORD KEEPING: TOOL FOR PROFITABLE LAYER

MANAGEMENTTypes of Records

Financial records Record of raw materials inventory Production records (growers, layers, etc.) Record of diseases outbreaks Record of staff Sales records

In keeping a good and proper record, the under listed variables must be put into consideration on daily basis.

Feed consumption Water consumption Mortality / Livability % Hen day production Hen housed (eggs) Egg weight / Average Egg weight Number of cracks Feed conversion (kg / dozen egg) Medication / vaccination


Basic Ingredients/ characteristics of Good Record Keeping must be timely in recording, record your information promptly, it should never be

delayed to avoid errors and forgetfulness. must be meaningful in presentation. A good record should be brief, precise and

convey meaningful information to a second party reading. record must be dated with month, and year, otherwise such record may not be

useful for further exercise of predication and forecasting. records must be honestly recorded in all projects.

Advantages of Records keepingAlthough some advantages of record keeping have been mentioned, there is a

need to emphasize two major advantages of record keeping in a poultry project.Record keeping allows for comparison on breed, labour, management and annual

performance.Historical records can be processed to indicate trends seasonal variations and

could be projected for future forecast and prediction.From a good Layer records, a project manager can forecast sales or production in

order to generate anticipated revenue for budgeting.Record As a Tool for ForecastingTwo methods of forecasting that can be used include:

The Simple Moving Average Method (SMA) and The Linear Weighted Moving Average Method (LWMA)

RECORD KEEPING Condt


MODULE 1 PART IV

HUSBANDRY OF TABLE

BIRDS(e.g.

BROILERS)

MODULE 1 PART IV

HUSBANDRY OF TABLE

BIRDS(e.g.

BROILERS)

PATRA CONSULT


BROILERS – Genetically and phenotypically designed to grow FAST FAST by efficiently converting highly digestible nutrients.

Broiler Stock Local commercial stock of ≈ 6 million is still less than

20,000MT p.a. Broiler meat market of well over over 200,000MT p.a. is

still dominated by Imports Local Production does not compete favourably with

Imported. Economy of Scale favours large scale production Emerging Opportunities –Expanding Convenience food

market & Ban on Importation of frozen broiler via land borders →→ EXPANDING OPPORTUNITIES FOR NIGERIAN FARMERS

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION


Introduction condt.condt.

Key issues - Biosecurity Chick quality Preparation Housing Nutritional quality Feeding practices Watering and watering

practices Vaccination strategy

A systematic and efficient management programme must be installed, which has to start even before the chicks arrive.

REARING, HOUSING ETC SAME FORMAT WITH CHICKS, BUT DIFFERENT PARAMETERS FOR BROILERS


Biosecurity programMovement and Access ControlLocation - a minimal 2 km perimeter isolationApply an all in, all out system.Restrict as much as possible access to the farm and if needed

build in safety measures.Vermin control program.Hygiene and Environmental practicesClean thoroughly before disinfection.Monitoring and Control program to check the quality of

disinfection and vaccination Development of a good natural immune system.Apply a vaccination program based upon local circumstances


Flock Management

The number of birds placed depends on the control of the climatic conditions in the house. Although chicks can start at a density of 40 birds/m2, the stocking density in kg liveweight/m2 at killing time will determine stocking density. In naturally ventilated houses, a stocking density of 25 kg liveweight/m2 should not be exceeded. In well managed, environmentally controlled houses, a maximum of 30-35 kg liveweight/m2 should be considered. Feeder and drinker space should be sufficient for the stocking density obtained.

Stocking density

WEIGHT WATCH. Weekly weighing of broilers and feed conversion


Water managementWater is one of the most crucial nutritional factors. Fresh water must be available

to avoid dehydration at all times. Water and feed intake are directly related, and without adequate supply of water, feed intake and growth will be reduced. Especially at the end of the growing period, when the majority of the breast meat is formed, adequate uptake of clean, fresh water is essential. Under normal conditions, a water to feed ratio of 1.6:1 (nipple drinkers) to 1.8:1 (bell drinkers) will be obtained. Water consumption increases when air temperature exceeds 20°C with approximately 7% per degree centigrade. Sudden changes in water to feed ratios and demands of water are early indicators of problems with feed quality, diseases or stress in the flock. Therefore monitoring water intake on a daily base is essential.

Water spillage has a negative influence on litter quality, which leads to increased incidence of hockburn and carcass down grading.

Water level: for the first week, the water levels should be 0.5 cm below the top of the drinker rim. After that, the water level should be 0.5 cm above the bottom of the drinker.

Drinker level: bottom of the drinker should be level with the back of the bird from 16-18 days onwards.


Automated Drinking-e.g.Nipples etcMinimises contamination and spillages etc.


Broiler Feed managementObtaining sufficient body weight

at 7 days is crucial for flock performance.

This means that emphasis must be put on the starting period, both in management and in the feed program.

Stimulation of feed uptake by easy access to feed and water and a good quality feed, preferably crumble, are essential for obtaining first week results.

The form of the grower and finisher feed is preferably a 3mm pellet, as this stimulates feed intake.

Broilers are usually fed ad libitum.


Broiler Feed management condt.At start, make sure the feeders are completely filled, for easy

access for theAt start, place the feeders as low as possibleSupply additional feed on paper, feed plates or trays for the

first 3-4 days.Use a good quality feed, preferably in crumble form, as starting

feed (see chapter on nutrition)Use a good quality feed, preferably in a pelleted form, as

grower feed (see chapter on nutrition)After 1 week, allow the feed system to be emptied every day,

for cleaningWithdraw medicated feed and change to clean feed in time for

processing. – (Withdrawal period)Withdraw feed in time for processing.


A typical Nutrient recommendations for broilers.

Nutrient Starter Grower Finisher Feed Feed Feed

Days 0-14 14-35 35 - EndCrude protein % 23.0 22.0 21.0Met. energy kcal/kg 3150 3200 3250 Mj/kg 13.18 13.39 1160Linoleic acid % 1.5 1.3 1.2Total amino acids’Lysine % 1.25 1.18 1.12Methionine % 0.50 0.48 0.45M+C % 0.90 0.88 0.85Threonine % 0.85 0.83 0.75Trypthophan % 0.24 0.22 0.20Calcium % 0.95 0.90 0.85Available Phosphorus % 0.50 0.45 0.42Sodium % 0.16 0.16 0.16Chloride % 0.20 0.18 0.15Potassium % 0.55 0.55 0.55


Brooding and Temperature management

Pre-heating 24 hours prior to arrival of the chicks, to allow the litter to be warmed up.

Temperature of the concrete floor should be at least 27°C when the chicks arrive. Only when very thick layers of litter are used (>10 cm), can this temperature be slightly lower.

The ideal brooding system is a combination of space heating and local heating, as the birds can more or less choose their required temperature. Observing chick behaviour is a good guide to ambient temperature and ventilation problems.

Light management - Conventionally, broilers arc grown in continuous light conditions, to maximise daily weight gain. Give 1 Hour darkness per day.


Litter managementLitter is important in the regulation of floor temperature and

subsequently the chicken’s body temperature. The litter temperature should be approximately (30oC or

85oF). In addition; Remove wet litter promptly, religiously. Fresh shavings must be dried and friable Avoid introducing wet or damp shaving into brooder houses Do not use saw dust, as it could predispose to respiratory

problems for the chicks Avoid wet or caked litter as such litters are conducive to

outbreak of Coccidiosis and hock and leg blisters.


Housing and equipment House design in

production cycles LightingVentilation

Natural, Forced/Extraction

Equipment Watering, Heating,

Feeders etc.

1

1000-1250 birds

2

1000-1250 birds

30ft

Broiler pen -8 weeks growing period

All in all out batch production 4 weeks apart fill

1 and 4 weeks later fill 2.

150ft


2.

or 2 pens of total capacity of 5,000 –

6,000 broilers

1

500-650

2

500-650

2 weeks continuous production system

House design

3

500-650 4

500-650

1

500-650

2

500-650

3

500-650 4

500-650


Heat Stress in broilersBroilers are sensitive to Heat stressHot weather management and Hot climate control therefore

crucial..Evaporative cooling and Increasing the air velocity at bird level to 2-

3 m/s. Heat stress prevention/management

Insulation in walls and roofing designs Insulation of Water tanks and pipes Water sprinklers on the roof to reduce temperature Supply of cool water. Avoid wet litter to reduce humidity. Rear males and females separately, allow lower density stocking

for males. More fat/less carbohydrate Fortifying water with 1g of vitamin C and 0.3g of aspirin per

litre.


Pre-slaughter bird handling

Avoid StressExperienced and humane handling crew – meat quality.Inspection and removal of birds meeting quality standardsObserve withdrawal period.Remove Feed 8-10 hours before processing.Ship in the cool hours and ensure low density crating.Adequate ventilation and cooling system may have to

provided


MODULE 1 PART V

MARKETING OF

POULTRY PRODUCTS

MODULE 1 PART V

MARKETING OF

POULTRY PRODUCTS

PATRA CONSULT


STRUCTURE OF THE NIGERIAN MARKET

ISSUES SEASONALITY ELASTICITY OF DEMAND – VIRTUALLY INELASTIC LOW BUYING POWER HIGH UNIT COST OF PRODUCTION POOR LEVEL OF PROMOTION POOR FUNDING OF MARKETING FUNCTIONS POOR COORDINATION POOR PROCESSING AND STORAGE FACILITIES POWER OUTAGE LACK OF STANDARDS


PRODUCT MARKETING- Current Issues

MARKETING OF DOC ›75% IN THE SW, BAN ON IMPORTS AS CATALYST, NO GPS/PS

MARKETING OF POINT OF LAY/GROWERS/COCKRELS MULTI-LEVELS,

MARKETING OF OLD LAYERS SEASONAL/FESTIVE PERIODS

MARKETING OF EGGS RECURRENT GLUT, LOW DEMAND GENERATION

MARKETING OF BROILER (TABLE/DRESSED) RESTRICTED TO BIG PLAYERS, ECONOMY OF SCALE, ROI.

MARKETING OF TURKEY SEASONAL

MARKETING OF OSTRICHES-GROWING FAST


Meat processingPROCESSING ASSEMBLY LINESTUNNERBOILERDEFEATHERINGEVICERATORCUTTERFREEZE BLASTINGCOLD STORAGE

MEAT PROCESSINGHACCP COMPLIANT MACHINESfor producing the following-ChopsMeat BallsStreaksNuggetsHamburgersRoastsSausages


POULTRY PRODUCT MARKETING - SOLUTION

STANDARDISATIONS Product Business Trade

LEGISLATIVE PROVISIONS Funding Methodical Extraction of Dues and Funds for marketing Membership and Practice

MARKETING STRATEGIES Adverts

TARGET MARKETING School children (Egg in One School meal per day program adopted for

UBE) Mothers and Nurses


INSURANCE FOR POULTRY

One major strategy in managing risk in poultry enterprises is through insurance.

For a long time, farmers in Nigeria have blamed government for not establishing agricultural insurance scheme for livestock and crops, thus it had been identified that lack of insurance coverage constituted a major contributory factor to the fall of the poultry industry.

NIGERIAN AGRIC. INSURANCE CORPORATION is responsible for insuring poultry farming investments (NAIC)

Proper funding and implementation of Agric Insurance plan have been the limiting factors.

In the same vein, lack of COMPENSATION plan to cushion disaster and crisis effects in poultry has limited growth.


LEGISLATIVE CONTROL IN POULTRY INDUSTRY

1. Pharmacists have statutory roles for sales, distribution, manufacture and dispensing of Veterinary

Pharmaceuticals.2. Meat Edict empowers the Veterinary officer for meat

health or meat hygiene.3. Veterinary Surgeon Decree of 19694. The Animal Disease Control decree of 1988.5. Animal Science Practice statutory provision in under

way.


MODULE 2

POULTRYFEEDS AND

FEEDING

MODULE 2

POULTRYFEEDS AND

FEEDING

PATRA CONSULT


INTRODUCTION THE NIGERIAN POULTRY AND FEED INDUSTRY

Raw materials Regular Feed Ingredients Seasonality = Inconsistency in Availability/Quality Versatile Array, including alternatives / non-conventional

feed ingredients Limitation in Commercial Quantity/Localised

availability Fluctuating prices

The Climate/Weather Tropical/Warm/Moist Climate/Vegetation Aids Infestations/Spoilage of Raw Materials. Enhances

Litter-borne Infections Favourable condition for cropping 2-3x..

Commercial or Self-mix Feed The Practice : Usually Mixed/Integrated Critical factors of production efficiency: Animal, Raw

Materials, Expertise, Environment & Management


THE ANIMAL ISSUESTHE ANIMAL ISSUESBREED

DWARF/LONG LEGGEDAGE

STARTER/FINISHERGENETICS

SUPERIOR ENGINEERING & HYBRIDSSOURCE

REPUTABILITY, CONSISTENCY E.TC.USE

FAST FOOD/HOUSE HOLD TABLE MEAT/CULTURAL PREFERENCESOBJECTIVE

HIGH /MEDIUM/LOW GROWTH RATE PERFORMANCE LEAN /SOFT/FATTY/TOUGH MEAT

HEALTH STATUS Factor of Source (above) & Health Management


RAW MATERIALS RAW MATERIALS ISSUES :ISSUES :NUTRIENTS & SOURCESNUTRIENTS & SOURCES

CARBOHYDRATE/ENERGY MAIZE, SORGHUM, MILLET

PROTEIN – ANIMAL: FISH MEAL, MEAT MEAL (NOW BANNED) PLANT: SBM, GNC, CSM, BDY

FAT/OIL OIL SEED SOURCES, P/OIL

FIBRE W/OFFAL, PKC, BDG,

MINERALS MACRO & TRACE

VITAMINS LIFE SUPPORTING/PERFORMANCE DRIVERS

WATER VEHICLE /CARRIER


WORK-FORCE/EXPERTISEWORK-FORCE/EXPERTISE IMPORTANT ISSUESIMPORTANT ISSUES

INFORMATIONINFORMATIONEMPOWERMENTCONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENTCONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENTMOTIVATION

SELF-FULFILLMENT CAREER/LIFE DEVELOPMENT REMUNERATION

WORKABLE♦HUMANE♦ENLIGHTENED♦LIVING♦

FAMILY SENSE OF BELONGING.

DEDICATIONFOCUSED

DETAILED/ATTENTION TO DETAILS

“CHICKEN SENSECHICKEN SENSE”


What the Chicken wants…


THE EXPERTISE THE NUTRITIONIST

FEED FORMULATION / COMPUTER /TECHNICAL SKILL KEY TO COST EFFECTIVE, EFFICIENT AND APPROPRIATE FEED

FORMULATION LEAST COST/OPTIMAL FORMULATION COMPUTER SIMULATED GROWTH MODELS – Beyond Least cost

formulation, moving into Least cost Growth FocusGrowth Modelling Programmes (GMP)

Trajectory of nutrient profile-down to Amino Acids, & feed consumption & Growth curves & Cost..

E.g. Ivey Growth Model or Chickpot NUTRIENT BLENDING SKILL/KNOWLEDGE

Biological Value QUALITY CONTROL → CONSISTENCY &

PROFITABILITY NUTRIENT PROFILE OF RAW MATERIALS THE RIGHT MIX:

Vertical Mixers – Dead Vacuums Attendant Nutrient 2o Deficiency, uneven growth etc.

Horizontal Mixers. - Lower Coefficient of Variation 5% CV is near ideal – i.e. using Specroscopy Test with aid of Marker or test materials

▲–LOGISTICS, TIME AND COST.


BALANCED (COMMERCIAL) FEED OPTION FINISHED FEEDS AND CONCENTRATES FOR CONVENIENTCONVENIENT FEED PROVISION ARE

AVAILABLE IN THE NIGERIAN MARKET MAJOR SUPPLIERS:

LIVESTOCK FEEDS SEEPC VITAL TOP FEEDS ANIMAL CARE AMO BYNG NIG. LTD E.T.C.

FACTORS FOR CHOICE OF SUPPLIERS EVIDENCE OF HIGH FEED CONVERSION RATE (CR). BEST IF THE OFFER

“GMP” MUST HAVE A PROMISE OF CR =/<3:1

COST EFFECTIVE/FRIENDLY PRICE MUST GUARANTEE MINIMUM OF 30-40% P/MARGIN PROJECTED COST OF PRODUCTION

PROMISE OF 1.7-1.9 KG LIVE WEIGHT AT 8 WEEKS AND MAXIMUM 5.7KG FEED


TOLLING SERVICES/CONTRACT MILLINGISSUES-

COMMON PHENOMENOM IN THE SOUTH WEST CHILD OF CIRCUMSTANCE UNREGULATED LOW TO NIL GMP REQUIRES CLOSE SUPERVISION AND THIS IS TIME CONSUMING. COMMON SOURCE EPIZOOTOLOGICAL HAZARDS

RECOMMENDED APPROACH HUMAN CAPITAL ALLOCATION (Trusted Hand) USE NEW BAGS/ WASHED, DISINFECTED AND DRIED BAGS/

BULK DELIVERY SYSTEMS. PATRONISE ONLY THOSE WITH ORGANISED AND

STANDARDISED SET UP. SELF-MILL ON YOUR FARM♦ ISSUES ON SELF MIX DEDICATED PERSONNEL - MUST NOT HINDER POULTRY SUPERVISION MATERIAL MANAGEMENT/QUALITY CONTROL FINANCE ETC.


THE ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

THE MANAGER/MANAGEMENT QUALITY DEVOTION ATTENTION TO DETAILS

HOUSING STANDARD AMPLE VENTILATION SPACE

CLIMATE/WEATHER TEMPERATE TROPICAL

MICRO-CLIMATE: Disturbance/Noise Control. E.t.c.


MANAGEMENT: FEEDING PRACTICES/TECHNICS

STANDARD CONSUMPTION RATE AGE, PRODUCTION e.t.c.

BEST TIME OF FEEDING BROILERS (NIGHT, MORNING AND EVENING HOURS ETC)

DELIVERY RATE –AD LIBITUM TURNING OF THE FEED THOUGH

STANDARD - 4 X OR 3X AUTOMATED TURNING – CHAIN FEEDING

NUTRIENT SPECIFICATIONS / REQUIREMENTS BREED, AGE, SPECIES, PRODUCTION

TARGET/OBJECTIVE ETC.


FEEDING PRACTICES/TECHNICS CONDT. MATERIAL HANDLING

PROPER STORAGE / STACKING LABELLING OF FEED. SHELF LIFE/FIFO/FRESHNESS OF FEED.

SYSTEM OF FEEDINGS: AUTOMATIC SEMI AUTOMATIC MANUAL:

TRAINING/SUPERVISION WASTAGE CURTAILMENTS EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE/MANAGEMENT:

TYPE REGULAR CLEANING/SERVICING

FEEDING SPACE REQUIREMENTS. HYGIENE AND GOOD HEALTH MANAGEMENT


FEEDING PRACTICES/TECHNICS CONDT. SUPERVISORY MANAGEMENTSUPERVISORY MANAGEMENT::

Rules, Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), & Norms

Management by Objectives (MBOs)

LISTS ACTIVITIES/FUNCTIONS OF FARM HANDS

STANDARDIZING/REGIMENTING ACTIVITIES

Feeding, Watering, Cleaning, Medication, Vaccination e.t.c.

CLOCKS/THERMOMETERS IN POULTRY PENS

THE MANAGER

80:20 RULE


ISSUES IN FEEDING AND WATERING CONDT.

STARVING BIRDS OF WATER FOR 3 DAYS WILL RESULT IN MOULTING AND DROP IN PRODUCTION.

FOR EVERY GRAM OF FEED EATEN BY CHICKEN IT WILL NEED 2-3MLS OF WATER.

A SIMPLE RULE OF THE THUMB IS TO MULTIPLY FEED INTAKE BY 2 TO ARRIVE AT WATER INTAKE IN LITRES.

INFLUENCE OF PROTEIN CONTENT ON PERFORMANCE

PROTEIN CONTENT 13.5% 15.0% 16% 17.5%

EGG NUMBER 275 285 287 288

EGG WEIGHT 59.65 60.10 60.55 61.07

MASS 41.70 43.60 44.20 44.80

FCR 2.72 2.59 2.57 2.48

MORTALITY 8.10 7.9 7.6 7. 7


TYPICAL LOCAL FEED AND WEIGHT TARGETS


MODULE 3

POULTRY HEALTH ISSUES

MODULE 3

POULTRY HEALTH ISSUES

PATRA CONSULT


CLASSIFICATION OF POULTRY DISEASES

BACTERIAL VIRAL FUNGAL PROTOZOAN PARASITIC NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES HEREDITARY AND GENETIC TOXIC DISEASES OF UNKNOWN AETIOLOGY


BACTERIAL/MYCOPLASMA DISEASES

PULLORUM INFECTIOUS CORYZA FOWL TYPHOID FOWL CHOLERA CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE ETC


FOWL CHOLERA

Swollen comb and face, wattles

Fragments of egg yolk in the abdominal cavity

Causes: Pasteurella multocidaSymptoms: - Very acute form: sudden death.Acute and chronic form: yellow – greenish diarrhea, loss of appetite, difficult breathing, hyperthermia, swollen and cyanotic wattles and face.

Lesions: - Enlarged liver, with small grey to whitish spots of necrosisHemorrhages in lungs, intestines pericardum.Fragments of egg yolks in abdominal cavity.

Treatment: IMEQUYL 10% 1g/litre of drinking water during days.

Prevention: Hygiene measures.

Vaccination

BACTERIAL DISEASES


CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE

E. Coli septicemia. perihepatitis Nasal discharges•Causes Primary agent: Mycoplasma gallisepticum.Secondary complications: viral (IB, ND) and Symptoms: Respiratory problem: gasping, nasal discharges, coughing, watery eyes, characterized by slow propagation. Reduced growth.Drop in egg production and hatchability.

Lesions: Mucus in trachea, thickened air sacs, pericarditis, perihepatitis.

•Treatment: Against Mycoplasma: SUANOVIL 50:0,50g/litre of drinking water during 3 to 5 days.Against E Coli: IMEQULY 10%: 1g/ litre of drinking water during 3 to 5 days.

Prevention: M.G free day old chicks. Hygiene and isolation measuresSUANOVIL 50 or BELCOSPIRA ORALE preventive programms


OMPHALITIS

Cause: Mainly E. ColiBad egg hygiene conditions for incubation.Bad management of incubators and hatcheries.

Symptoms:Lameness and weakness of chicks.Infected vent and High mortality during the first days of life.

Lesions:

Soft and flabby abdomen, very offensive smell. Infected navel.

Unabsorbed egg yolk, peritonitis, pericarditis and perihepatitis.

Treatment and Prevention:Hygiene of hatching eggs: fumigation immediately after

laying and also in the hatchery.QUINOLONES e.g. IMEQUYL 10% at day – old 1g/ litre of

drinking water for 3-5 days.


FOWL TYPHOID

•Causes: Salmonella gallinarum Symptoms: Loss of appetite, high thirst, green diarrhea, anemia, sudden death.

Lesions: Enlarged liver spleen and kidneys, deformed eggs. Soft liver of brown to greenish color with necroses.

Hemagglutination (positive above) Typical bronze greenish color of liver

Treatment and Presentation: Systematic Blood Test of Breeders.

IMEQUYL 10% 1g/litre of drinking water for 3 – 5 days.


PULLORUM

Whitish diarrhea (in chicks)•Causes: Salmonella pullorum. Vertical transmissionSymptoms: Mainly in chickens less than 15 days of age: whitish diarrhea, high mortality and morbidity, poor growth.Lesions:Slow vitellus resorbtion, whitish kidney, lesions in liver.

•Prevention and Treatment:

Systematic Blood Test of breeders and eradication.

Imequyl 10%: 1g/ litre of drinking water for 3-5 days.


INFECTIOUS CORYZA

•Causes: Haemophilus paragallinarumSymptoms: Disharges from eyes and nose.Swollen head and faceSneezing, coughing, difficulty in breathing, loss of appetite, drop in egg production.

Swollen sinus

•Trretment: IMEQUYL 10% 1g/ litre of drinking water during 3 – 5 days.

Prevention: Vaccination HAEMOVAX


PROTOZOAN DISEASES

COCCIDIOSIS BLACKHEAD- (HISTOMONIASIS)


COCCIDIOSIS

Cause: Protozoa: EIMERIA of different subspecies.

Symptoms:

Paleness, drop in production

Bloody acqueous diarrhea

Ruffled feathers

Death

Lesions:Different according to the type of Eimeria

Hardened intestines with ulcerated bloody

mucus and necrosis.

Caecum with blood (E. tenella)

Treatment:ANTICOCCIDIALS

Prevention: BIOLOGICALS

FEED ADDITIVES e.g. LERBEK in feed.

E. necatrix

E. acervulina


COCCIDIOSIS LIFE CYCLE


Coccidiosis Cond’t


BLACK HEAD DISEASECause – Histomonas meleagridisMainly a disease of Turkeys, not

clinical in chickens (Carriers). Symptoms – Loss of appetitteCyanosis of the snood and wattles

Major source of mortality in young turkeys

Chicken worm (Heterakis gallinae) is the intermediate host for the organism

Prevention. Sanitation, Good management technic e.g. Do not rear chicken and turkey together or else deworm chickens frequently. Metronidazole in Feed.

Treatment – Nitrofurans. Metronidazole


VIRAL DISEASES NEWCASTLE DISEASE GUMBORO FOWL POX AVIAN INFLUENZA INFECTIOUS LARYNGOTRACHEITIS ONCOGENIC VIRUSES

AVIAN LEUKOSIS COMPLEX MAREK DISEASE


Cause: Birnsvirus, characterized by its strong immunosuppressive capability (high incidence for efficacy of any other vaccination).Symptoms: In case immunosuppressive form:•Depression, whitish diarrha, poor feed conversion.•High sensitivity to all other viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases.•In case of acute form:•In broilers, 10% - 25% mortality between 3 to 6 weeks of age•In pullets, 15% - 60% mortality between 3 to 12 weeks of age.Lesions: • Enlanged Bursa of Fabricius•Haemorrhagic lesions in Bursa of Fabricius and muscles

Prevention: •Severe cleaning and disinfection before introducing day – old chickens.•Breeder vaccination with inactivated vaccines (Gumboriffa, Bigopest or Gumbopest) in order to transmit maternal antibodies.•Broiler vaccination as early as possible with live vaccines (BUR-706 or Gumboral CT) in order to quickly stimulate active immunity.•Pullet vaccination same as broiler vaccination. In some cases, usage of killed vaccines (Gumboriffa, Gumbopest) may be necessary.

Swollen Bursa Fabricius

Normal bursas compared to infected ones Hemorrhage

GUMBORO DISEASE


NEWCASTLE DISEASE

Hamorrhage in the proventriculus Torticolis

Cause: Paramyxovirus:Symptons: Respiratory signs: rales, coughing and sneezing.Nervous signs: paralysis, torticolis.Rapid evolution, high mortality, drop in egg production, abnormal eggs,

Prevention: Vaccination


FOWL POX

Grey nodules on the comb and around the eggs

Cause: Virus.

Symptoms:Loss of appetiteScale – like eruptions on the comb, wattles, face and around the eyes.Formation of yellow nodules in the mouth and larynx.Prevention: Vaccination


EGG DROP SYNDROME

Soft or deformed eggs•Cause: Adenovirus 127. Only in layers and breeders during egg production period.

Symptoms: Slight depression.Drop in egg production (15 – 35%).Discoloured and soft – shelled eggs (30% during 5 to weeks).

Lesions: No clear lesions.



INFECTIOUS BRONCHITIS

Cause: Coronavirus

Symptoms: Respiratory signs: gasping, coughings, sneezing.

Drop in egg production, deformed eggs

Lesions: Lungs and trachea congested.

Urates in the kidneys.

Deformation of egg sheel.

Treatment: QUINOLONES for bacteria complications.


Difficulty of breathing in small chicks

Mucus in the trachea

Deformed eggs

Urates in kidney and swollen ovaries


SWOLLEN HEAD SYNDROMECause: Primary agent is a pneumovirus Secondary complications virus (IB) and bacteria (E. Coli-Haemophilus..) which enter through lesions caused by pneumovirus.

Symptoms In broilers:Maximal intensity of symptoms at 4-5 weeks of age: depression, watery eyes, almond-shape eyes, head swellings, nervous symptoms, mortality (up to 20%). In layers and breeders:Light symptoms during rearing period.During laying period, same symptoms as for broilers, together with: drop in egg production (5 to 30%). and hatchability poor quality of day old chicks.

Lesions: Congestion and necrotic lesions of the mucosae of the nasal

cavity, the palative cleft and upper respiratory tract. Subcutaneous oedema on head tissues.

Treatment: QUINOLONES against Gram (-) complications. Vaccination:

Peri orbital oedema (in brilers)

Oedema in head tissue (in breeders)

Torticoli (in broilers)


AVIAN ENCEPHALOMYELITIS

(Epidemic Tremor)Cause: Enterovirus

Symptoms: Between 6 days and 3-4 weeks:

nervous signs, tremor,

paralysis. High mortality in chicks. In layers, sharp drop in egg

production.

Prevention: Vaccination of future breeders and

pullets

Tremor and nervous signs in chicks


INFECTIOUS LARYNGOTRACHEITIS

Cause: Herpes virus.

Symptoms:Difficulty in breathing: gasping, coughing,

squealing,

head drawn back for breathing.

Lesions:Blooded trachea.

Prevention:

Vaccination

Difficulty in breathing

Bloody Exudates in the trachea


INFECTIOUS SYNOVITIS

Causes: Viral-bacterial complications: Reovirus (viral

arthritis).

Staphylococcus, Mycoplasma synoviae.

Symptoms:General weakness, swollen articulation and

metatarses.

Lesions:Purulent arthritis and synovitis.

Ruptured tendons.


Swollen articulations


LYPHOID LEUCOSIS

-Agent: Retro (leuco) virus.

Symptoms:General weakness, decrease of appetite and egg production. Normally birds are affected after 3-4 months of age.

Lesions:Grey to whitish tumors on the ABDOMINAL ORGANS.

Prevention: Selecting breeds with genetical resistance to poultry leucosis.

Strict hygiene measures (isolation, cleaning, disinfection…).


Typical Paralysis Affected liver compared to normal liver•Cause: Herpes virus

Symptoms and Lesions:

Nervous form progressive paralysis from 12 to 20 weeks of egg Visceral form – grey whitish tumors in the liver, kidneys, spleen ovaries and other viscera from 7 weeks of age and onwards.Cutaneous form – cutaneous lesions.


MAREK’S DISEASE


•Symptoms and Lesions:

Incubation period: 3-14 days Birds found deadDrop in egg productionNeurological signsDepression, anorexia, ruffled feathersCombs swollen, cyanoticConjunctivitis and respiratory signs

AVIAN INFLUENZA

•Control and Eradication:Depopulate flock and destroy carcassesRemove manure down to bare concreteHigh pressure spray to clean equipment and surfacesSpray with residual disinfectantEliminate insects and mice\Vaccination.

Cause: RNA OrthomyxovirusThree GroupsType-A: Bird fluType-B: Human fluType-C: Human fluInfluenza AFifteen types H1 to H15Nine Subtypes N1 to N9H5 and H7 subtypes are highly pathogenic H5N1 type

oMorbidity:

Approaches 100%in commercialpoultry flocks

Deaths within 2 to 12 days after first signs of illness

Survivors inpoor condition


FUNGAL DISEASES

ASPERGILLOSIS Aspergillus fumigatus

MYCOTOXICOSIS CAUSED BY MYCOTOXINS (20Metabolites of different

moulds & fungi growing on Agricultural produce either before harvest, during harvest, during transportation or during storage or during processing)

Lethal for POULTS (TURKEYS), CHICKS. Low Production in layers and Poor growth in growing

birds


MYCOTOXINS

Carcinogenic- Aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, fumonisin B1

Oestrogenic- Zearalenone) Neurotoxic- (fumonisin B1) Nephrotoxic- Ochratoxins, citrinin, oosporeine) Dermonecrotic (trichothecenes) Immunosuppressive-Aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, and

T‑2 toxin).


PARASITIC DISEASES

INTERNAL:- VARIOUS HELMINTHS

INTESTINAL WORMS E.G. ROUNDWORMS ETC TRACHEAL WORMS

EXTERNAL:- VARIOUS ECTOPARASITES

LICE, TICKS, FLEAS ETC


INTERNAL PARASITES

NEMATODESCause: Intestinal worms:AscarisHeterakisCapillaria

Symptoms:Paleness, drop in productionWhitish diarrheaProgressive weakness.Lesions:Worms in intestine or caecumTreatment:anthelmentics

Cappillaria Ascaris

Heterakis

Syngamus trachea


NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS

Simple or multiple deficiencies

Primary causes:Deficient feed, old or decomposed, lacking the required amounts in vitamins.

Secondary causes:Stress factors, infections… interfering with untrients

absorption.

Treatment: HIGH DOSE OF WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS in the drinking water, especially during fast growing

period, peak of egg production and after stress period.

Vitamin D deficiency: Ca malabsorption

Vit. E deficiency: Nervous system affection


NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES

DEFICIENCIES OF : VITAMINS MINERALS & other nutrients PREDISPOSE BIRDS TO

DISEASESLysine defc

Thiamine defc

Riboflavin defc.(Curled toe paralysis)

Choline defc.


FUNDAMENTALS OF POULTRY

DISEASE PREVENTION

AND BIO-SECURITY

FUNDAMENTALS OF POULTRY

DISEASE PREVENTION

AND BIO-SECURITY

PATRA CONSULT


QUALITY OF DAY OLD CHICKS BIONOMICS OF PRODUCTION HOUSING DESIGN & ORIENTATION MANURE MANAGEMENT LITTER MANAGEMENT AIR MANAGEMENT WATER QUALITY FEEDER DESIGN BIOSECURITY

POULTRY DISEASE PREVENTION


PREVENTION- NUTRITION RATION MUST BE BALANCED PROVIDE ADEQUATE QUANTITY FEED MUST BE FRESH INCLUDE NUTRACEUTICALS, SUCH AS

ANTIMYCOTOXIN USE NUTRACEUTICALS THAT ARE ANTI

MYCOTOXIN NUTRACEUTICAL –PHYTOGENIC (YUCCA) OR

GEOLOGIC (HSCAS) HSCAS- HYDRATED SODIUM CALCIUM ALUMINO

SILICATE HSCAS –MOST POWERFUL M/TOXIN BINDERS


PREVENTION: CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS

ROUTINE DEWORMING

ROUTINE DELOUSING

ANTISTRESS MEDICATIONS DURING INCLEMENT WEATHER OR STRESS

PREVENTION: MANAGEMENT

OPERATION MONITOR APPETITE

THROUGH DAILY FEED CONSUMPTION

OBSERVE ALERTNESS OF BIRDS

MAINTAIN STRICT CULLING POLICY


PREVENTION: ROUTINE VACCINATIONS

TYPICAL BROILER MEDICATION AND VACCINATION PROGRAM AGE IN DAYS/WEEKS MEDICATION/VACCINATION/ACTIVITIES BROILER 1-4 WKS 1-5 Days INTRA-OCULAR NDV 6-7 Days VIT & ANTIBIOTIC 8-12 Days COCCIDIOSTAT 14 Days VITAMINS 10TH Day GUMBORO (1st short) 17-19 Days VITAMINS 21ST Day NDV LASOTA ORAL 22-23 Days VITAMINS 23-26 Days COCCIDIOSTAT 28TH Day GUMBORO (2nd Short) 4-8 WKS 31 32 Days VITAMINS 33-41 Days ANTI CRD DRUG ADMINISTRATION 44-46 Days ANTI-COCCIDIOSIS 47 50 Days VITAMINS DAYS 42-50 SALES

DAYS 51- 53 CLEAN HOUSE & FUMIGATE DAYS 59-60 RESTOCK


PREVENTION- BIOSECURITY APPROACH

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES OF BIOSECURITYBIBLICAL ACCOUNTS- MOSES LAWS ON SANITATION IN

THE CAMP OF ISRAELALEXANDER THE GREAT 323BC- USED FIREUSE OF OIL BY THE GREAT BRIDGE BUILDERSUSE OF SILVER- KINGS AND PRINCESUSE OF SALT- PRINGLES 18TH CENTURYSEMMELWEIS IN 1849- PUERPERAL FEVER IN VIENNALISTER – FIST SURGEON TO USE PHENOLSLOUIS PASTEURPAUL EHRLICHALEXANDER FLEMING


BIOSECURITY

BIOSECURITY AIMS AT BREAKING THE CHAIN OF TRANSMISSION OF DISEASE AGENTS

DISEASE AGENTS ARE TRANSMITTED DIRECTLY FROM ONE INDIVIDUAL TO ANOTHER OR INDIRECTLY THROUGH FOMITES

SOME DISEASE AGENTS ARE COMMUNICABLE BETWEEN MAN AND ANIMALS, CALLED ZOONOTIC DISEASES

DISEASE AGENTS ARE GROUPED AS FOLLOWS: BACTERIA VIRUSES FUNGI MYCOPLASMA- PPLOs PARASITES- ENDO AND ECTO


POULTRY HEALTH MANAGEMENT -THE ESSENTIALS

BIOSECURITY

Personal Environmental AsepsisHygiene Hygiene and Safety

-Disinfectants -Sanitizers -Etc.

Environmental Pest Control Others Control


Organic/Green Farming

Immunization Chemo-Prophylaxis

PROPHYLAXIS

-Yucca--HSCAS -Additives

-Biologicals

POULTRY HEALTH MANAGEMENT -THE ESSENTIALS. Condt.


Laboratory

Physical Exam.

&Observation

Postmortem-Culture tests -Serologic tests -Genetic detection -Sensitivity tests-Etc.

Proper and Accurate

DIAGNOSIS


Obtaining blood sample


POST MORTEM

Ground Rules:Asepsis

Personal Hygiene

Methodical

Sampling

Differentials

Conclusive Tests

Diagnosis

Recommendation


CHEMOTHERAPY

PROFESSIONAL USE OF CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS:

AntibioticsAnti viral Anti-Infectives

oAntibacterialsoAntimicrobialsoAntifungal

Herbal Products



DISINFECTION AND ANTISEPSIS

DISINFECTION: IS THE PROCESS THROUGH WHICH MOST FORMS OF LIFE ARE ELIMINATED FROM THE OBJECT WHICH IS BEING REFERRED TO AS DISINFECTED

ANTISEPSIS: IS THE PROCESS THROUGH WHICH MOST MICROBIAL FORMS ARE ELIMINATED FROM LIVING TISSUES


GENERAL PROCEDURES FOR EFFECTIVE DISINFECTION

CLEANING- OBJECTIVE IS TO REMOVE AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE ALL ORGANIC MATTER(O.M)

WASHING- OBJECTIVE IS TO SOLUBILIZE REMNANTS OF ORGANIC MATTER FOR EASY REMOVAL

HEATING- TEMPERATURE INFLUENCES RATE OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS


ACTIVITY OF DISINFECTANTS IN THE PRESENCE OF O.M.

Disinfectant Activity in the presence of organic matter

Phenol +Quaternary ammonium +Formaldehyde +++Chlorine ++

Key:+ Slight or weak++ Moderate+++ High


FACTORS AFFECTING THE EFFICACY OF A CHEMICAL

DISINFECTANT contd EFFECT OF PH SOME DISINFECTANTS WORK AT ACIDIC, WHILE

SOME AT ALKALINE ENVIRONMENT QUALITY OF WATER

HARD WATER MAY RENDER A DISINFECTANT INSOLUBLE

HALOGENATIONALL HALOGENS HAVE INTRINSIC

DISINFECTANT ACTIVITY BUT NOT ALL ARE STABLE.

ADDITION OF CHLORINE ATOMS TO A PHENOL INCREASES EFFICACY


Environmental and Movement Control

Strict Traffic EmbargoAvoid crisscrossing and interchanging of StaffDestroy all pest HarbouragesEfficient effluent disposalMaintain manure tanks or clear pits as due


Hygiene and Sanitation Practices

Foot and Tyre DipsEquipment HygienePersonal HygieneEnvironmental Hygiene

Waste management practices

Sanitation Showers


MODULE 4POULTRY

WASTES AND ENVIRONMENTA

L ISSUES

MODULE 4POULTRY

WASTES AND ENVIRONMENTA

L ISSUES

PATRA CONSULT


POULTRY WASTES

SOLID

SEMI-SOLID

LIQUID


FLOW CHART OF COMMON MANURE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS


UNDERFLOOR STORAGE

THE SIZE OF THE STORAGE IS ACCORDING TO THE VOLUME OF WASTES PRODUCED


OPEN LOT SOLID MANURE CONTROL


LIQUID OR SEMI-SOLID WASTE CONTROL


WASTE MANAGEMENT RULESSEPARATE WASTES ACCORDING TO TYPE USING BARRIERS, FILTERS AND PHYSICAL REMOVALS

MAINTAIN MANURE TANKS OR CLEAR PITS AS DUE.

KEEP ALL DRAINAGES CLEAN AND FUNCTIONAL.

KEEP FARM SURROUNDING CLEAN.

AVOID OPEN WASTE COLLECTION OR DUMB

MAINTAIN/CLEAR INCINERATOR ETC.

AVOID RUN-OFFS


WASTE MANAGEMENT RULES COND’T

KEEP EVERY WHERE DRY

DO NOT BE A NUISANCE TO NEIGHBOURS

NO NOT POLLUTE THE ENVIRONMENT

DISPOSE FAR AWAY FROM FARM SITE ACCORDING TO LOCAL AUTHORITY OR WASTE MANAGEMENT COMPANY DIRECTIVES


DON’T JUST HAVE A GOOD DAY,

MAKE IT A GOOD DAY


FINITO

fadama poultry management plus obj

Technology

basic poultry health

set objectives

failure of poultry farming

health mgt

improved health

basic definitions poultry

livestock breeding

production planning