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Factor Analysis is Your Friend AnnMaria De Mars, PhD. The Julia Group & 7 Genera>on Games

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Page 1: Factor Analysis Presentation - The Julia Group...Factor%analysis%is%for%…% % • 1.%Revealing%paerns%of%interrelaonships%among% variables% • 2.%Detec=ng%clusters%of%variables%

Factor  Analysis  is  Your  Friend  

AnnMaria  De  Mars,  PhD.  The  Julia  Group  &  7  Genera>on  Games    

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WHY?  

Imagine  this  

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What  exactly  were  you  planning  on  doing  with  that?  

Let’s  say  you  have  a  massive  pile  of  data  …      

 

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You  Could:  

       “9%  of  adolescents  reported  blah  blah  blah”        “23%  of  adults  said  blah  blah  blah”        

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The  Problem:  

1.  Boring!  No  one  is  going  to  read  each  one.    

2.  Cannot  conduct  rela=onal  analysis  of  each  variable  -­‐-­‐-­‐  sta=s=cal  sin    

3.  Individual  items  are  notoriously  unreliable.    

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SUBSCALES  ?  

• Do  you  own  guinea  pigs?  • Do  you  have  any  stuffed  animals?  

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Conceptually,  it’s  preJy  simple  

Don’t  Be  Scared  of  Factor  Analysis!  

Image  Source:  scoJyoungpsalm37.blogspot.com    

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Factor  analysis  is  for  …    

•  1.  Revealing  paJerns  of  interrela=onships  among  variables  

•  2.  Detec=ng  clusters  of  variables  

•  3.  Reducing  a  large  number  of    variables  to  a  smaller  number  of  variables,  the  factors  of  factor  analysis.  

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You  can  factor  analyze  anything  

–  test  scores,    –  individual  items  on  a  test  – measurements  of  various  dimensions  (i.e.  height  or    weight)    

– agricultural  measures  like  yield  of  a  rice  field  – Socioeconomic  measres  

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Is  this  a  fair  test?    

•  You  have  studied  for  a  final  exam  in  Biology  101.  There  is  one  ques=on,  “What  is  the  rela=onship  between  respira=on  and  photosynthesis?”  

•  Your  child  is  in  fi[h  grade.  Her  weekly  spelling    test  consists  of  one  word.  

 

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You  already  understand  this  

 True  Variance  vs.  Error  Variance  

Variability  &  Validity  

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Ques>ons  …  Image  Source:  www.edudemic.com  

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How  do  I  …  

•  Decide  on  the  number  of  factors  •  Interpret  factors  •  With  SAS  Enterprise  Guide  

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How  to  do  Factor  Analysis  using  SAS  Enterprise  Guide  

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A  Brief  Overview  of  the  Process  

1.  Open  a  data  set,  run  a  factor  analysis,  and  observe  the  data’s  fit.    

2.  If  necessary,  run  a  correla=on  analysis  to  create  a  dataset  to  analyze  

3.  If  necessary  ,  make  modifica=ons  and  run  your  model  once  or  twice  more  

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A  complete  project  

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Our  data  

•  From  the  500  Family  Study  •  Hundreds  of  ques=ons  answered  •  Example  uses  42  items  asked  adolescents  regarding  parent  communica=on,  rules,  decision-­‐making  

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FILE  >  OPEN  >  DATA    

   

   

   

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   Hold  down  shi=  key  to  select  more  than  one  at  a  Ame  

Select  the  variables  

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TASKS  >  MULTIVARIATE  >  FACTOR  ANALYSIS  

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Look  at  your  log  first!  

•  When  you  get  your  results,  do  NOT  look  at  your  results  first.  Be  smarter  than  most  people  and  look  at  your  log.  To  do  that  you  click  on  the  tab  that  says  LOG  

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What  if  you  see  this?  

 •  WARNING:  123  OF  465  OBSERVATIONS  IN  DATA  SET  WORK.SORTTEMTABLESORTED  OMITTED  DUE  TO  MISSING  VALUES.  

•  If  we  didn’t  have  a  lot  of  people  missing  data,  we  could  skip  the  next  few  steps,  but  hey,  that’s  life.    

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Tasks  >  Describe  >  Summary  sta=s=cs  

Drag  and  drop  to  select  variables  to  analyze  

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•  The  default  for  SAS  is  to  delete  a  record  if  it  is  missing  ANY  of  the  variables.  

Why  factor  analyze  the  correla>on  matrix?  

My  first  analysis  was  missing  120  records  but  no  single  item  was  missing  for  more  than  49  people  

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by  clicking  on  them  and  pressing  the  blue  arrows  in  between  the  panes      

Select  the  variables  you  want  

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DATA  SET  >  TASKS  >  MULTIVARIATE  >  CORRELATIONS.  

Step  Two:  Create  a  Correla>on  Matrix  Dataset  

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Output  matrix  as  SAS  dataset  of  type=CORR:    

OUTPUT  DATA  >  SAVE  OUTPUT  >  DATA  >  RUN      

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TASKS  >  MULTIVARIATE  >  FACTOR  ANALYSIS  

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   Hold  down  shi=  key  to  select  more  than  one  at  a  Ame  

Select  the  variables  

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So  Now  What  does  all  of  this  Factor  Analysis  crap  mean,  anyway?    

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What  exactly  is  a  factor?  

•  Recall,  a  factor  is  some  underlying  trait  that  is  measured  indirectly  by  the  items  you  measured  directly.    

•  AKA  ‘dimension  reduc@on  technique’      

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How  many  factors?  

3  possibili=es  

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Eigenvalue    

•  The  amount  of  variance  in  the  individual  measures  explained  by  the  factor.          

Square  the  loadings  in  the  factor  paJern  and  add  them  up.  The  total  is  the  eigenvalue.    Predic=on:  At  least  one  person  who  reads  this  will  do  exactly  that    and  be  surprised  that  I  am  right.  Contrary  to  appearances,  I  do  not  make  this  s***  up.      

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Eigenvalue    

       

•  Common  criterion  for  deciding  the  number  of  factors  is  “Minimum  eigenvalue  greater  than  1.”    

 •  Makes  intui@ve  sense  but  …  

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Method  3  

•  Parallel  analysis  criterion  (macros  available  –  Google  it)  

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Now  do  it  again  

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What  do  the  factors  mean?  

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Important  Point  One  

•  The  correla=on  of  a  variable  with  a  factor  is  called  the  loading.    –  loadings  can  be  posi=ve  or  nega=ve.    

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Important  point  two  

•  To  ease  interpreta=on  we’d  really  like  to  have  “simple  structure”    – variables  load  close  to  1.0  on  one  factor  and  close  to  zero  on  the  others.    

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Next  step:  iterate  

No,  it  is  not  party  in  the  pool,  sorry.  

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Secret  to  factor  analysis  

•  Finding  a  solu=on  that  is  defensible  BOTH  sta=s=cally  and  theore=cally  

•  Nice  first  step  to  structural  equa=on  modeling.  In  fact,  it  IS  the  first  step.