factm malaria 4
DESCRIPTION
notes for FACTM part 1TRANSCRIPT
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Malaria 4Clinical Entomology
FACTM Pt 1Tim Inglis
Division of Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, WA
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Malaria series
Malaria 1 Clinical Tropical Medicine
Malaria 2 Clinical Parasitology
Malaria 3 Public Health, Travel & Expedition Medicine
Malaria 4 Clinical Entomology
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Study materials
Medical Entomology for Students. M Service. 4th edn. CUP, 2008. ISBN 13: 9780521709286
• Recommended bookshelf• FACTM study notes• Specialist review articles• Self-assessment questions
Blog http://micrognome.priobe.netWeb www.priobe.netFACTM http://lifeinthefastlane.com/exams/actm-fellowship/
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Summary
Anopheles– Mosquito – 30 important spp, of around 475– Definitive host – Plasmodium spp sporogony– Life cycle: multiple stages, fastest in tropics, susceptible to
environmental change, opportunities for disease control– Other diseases: filariasis, some arbovirus infections
The Anopheles mosquito is a self-propagating, self-propelled syringe armed to the teeth with malaria parasites.
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Life cycle
MOSQUITO HUMAN
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proboscis
palp
antenna
eye
scutum
scutellum
halter
THORAX
HEAD
ABDOMEN
FORE-LEG
WING
MID-LEG
HIND-LEG
femur
tibia
claw
tarsus
Anopheles adult
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Anopheles featuresadult: biting angle
egg: air floats
larva: palmate hairs, no siphon
pupa: spines
adult wing: wing scalesadult head: long palps
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Anopheles biting behaviour
• Sporozoite rate • maximum = 1-5%• circa 5-10 per bite
• Dusk to dawn (crepuscular, nocturnal)• Human or other animal (anthropophagic, zoophagic)• Inside or outside (endophagic, exophagic)• Resting outdoors or indoors (exophilic, endophilic)
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Anopheles breeding• Amplification in stages:
– Egg– Larval instars– Pupa,– adult
• Eggs intolerant of desiccation• Clean water, generally permanent, only small amounts
needed• Larvae sensitive to shadow & movement• Faster breeding at higher temperatures
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Anopheles species
• Australia: An farauti, An koliensis, An punctulatus
• Southeast Asia: An aconitus, An anthropophagus, An balabacensis, An campestris, An culicifacies, An dirus, An donaldi, An flavirostris, An fluviatilis, An letifer, An leucosphyrus, An maculatus, An mimicus, An nigerimus, An sinensis, An sundiacus
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Control measures• Personal: behaviour, clothing, repellent, bed nets• Public health:
– Larval control• Drainage• Petroleum oil, Paris Green• Pyriproxifen• Bacillus thuringiensis• Mosquito fish
– Adult control• Residual house spray: DDT, organophosphorus insecticides• Nets: ITNs, LLINs
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Emerging issues
• Changing distribution• Insecticide resistance• Wetlands• Climate change• Use of DDT• DDT alternatives
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Malaria series
Malaria 1 Clinical Tropical Medicine
Malaria 2 Clinical Parasitology
Malaria 3 Public Health, Travel & Expedition Medicine
Malaria 4 Clinical Entomology
The Anopheles mosquito is a self-propagating, self-propelled syringe armed to the teeth with malaria parasites.