facial reconstruction anatomical method vs. tissue depth method rebecca tokodi

Facial ReconstructionFacial ReconstructionAnatomical Method vs. Tissue Anatomical Method vs. Tissue

Depth MethodDepth Method

Rebecca TokodiRebecca Tokodi

Introduction and BackgroundIntroduction and Background

Research FocusResearch Focus

Materials and MethodsMaterials and Methods

ResultsResults

DiscussionDiscussion

ConclusionConclusion

Introduction and Background Introduction and Background Anatomical MethodAnatomical Method

Uses origins and insertions to rebuild each Uses origins and insertions to rebuild each musclemuscle

Glands and fatty tissue rebuiltGlands and fatty tissue rebuilt

Expertise in biomechanics and anatomy Expertise in biomechanics and anatomy neededneeded

Longer process than tissue depth methodLonger process than tissue depth method

Same for all ethnic groupsSame for all ethnic groups

Introduction and Background Introduction and Background Anatomical MethodAnatomical Method

Temporalis Muscle Temporalis Muscle

Zygomaticus Muscle Zygomaticus Muscle

Masseter Muscle Masseter Muscle

Orbicularis Oris Orbicularis Oris

Parotid Gland Parotid Gland

Buccal Fatty Pad Buccal Fatty Pad

Fat Pad of the Chin Fat Pad of the Chin

http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/research/anthropology/crsp/arccrsppearlstmethods2.html

Introduction and Background Introduction and Background Tissue Depth MethodTissue Depth Method

Uses 21 osteological landmarksUses 21 osteological landmarks

--11 bilateral points11 bilateral points

-10 midline points-10 midline points

Soft tissue built up to depth markersSoft tissue built up to depth markers

- - soft tissue includes muscles, skin, fat, and glandssoft tissue includes muscles, skin, fat, and glands

Depths given by previous studiesDepths given by previous studies

--collected by needle probe method or ultrasoundcollected by needle probe method or ultrasound

Introduction and Background Introduction and Background Tissue Depth MethodTissue Depth Method

Depths given for Depths given for different categoriesdifferent categories

--ethnic backgroundethnic background

-age-age -weight-weight

Faster than anatomical Faster than anatomical methodmethodLess anatomical Less anatomical training neededtraining needed




ResultsResults



Introduction and BackgroundIntroduction and Background Anatomical MethodAnatomical Method

Introduced in 1927 by Mikhail GerasimovIntroduced in 1927 by Mikhail Gerasimov

140 of Gerasimov’s reconstructions were 140 of Gerasimov’s reconstructions were identified and verifiedidentified and verified

Also known as the Russian MethodAlso known as the Russian Method

Used in an archeological contextUsed in an archeological context

--tissue depth of ancient population unknowntissue depth of ancient population unknown

-museum exhibits -museum exhibits

Introduction and BackgroundIntroduction and Background Tissue Depth MethodTissue Depth Method

Introduced in 1895 by W.HisIntroduced in 1895 by W.HisMade famous by reconstruction of Made famous by reconstruction of Johann Sebastian BachJohann Sebastian BachDepths recorded by needle puncture Depths recorded by needle puncture methodmethod

-24 male cadavers-24 male cadavers

-4 female cadavers-4 female cadavers

Used widely today by law enforcement Used widely today by law enforcement agencies for identifying the deadagencies for identifying the dead




ResultsResults




A comparison of facial reconstruction A comparison of facial reconstruction methods, anatomical and tissue depth. methods, anatomical and tissue depth.

Factors that influence tissue depthFactors that influence tissue depth

Frequency of useFrequency of use

Validity of resultsValidity of results


QuestionQuestion


ResultsResults



MaterialsMaterials

Sculpting toolsSculpting toolsGauge (in millimeters)Gauge (in millimeters)Metal scale (in millimeters)Metal scale (in millimeters)Sculpey III modeling claySculpey III modeling clayAcetone soluble adhesiveAcetone soluble adhesiveVinyl machine eraser stripsVinyl machine eraser stripsPing pong ballPing pong ballHigh gloss paintHigh gloss paintPlastic skull replicaPlastic skull replica

MethodsMethods

Determination of sex, race, and ageDetermination of sex, race, and ageCreating prosthetic eyeCreating prosthetic eyeCutting depth markersCutting depth markersPlacement of depth markersPlacement of depth markersSetting of prosthetic eyeSetting of prosthetic eyeConnecting tissue depth markersConnecting tissue depth markersDeveloping facial featuresDeveloping facial featuresPhotographyPhotography

MethodsMethods Determination of sex Determination of sex

MaleMale FemaleFemale

SizeSize LargerLarger SmallerSmaller

ChinChin SquareSquare PointedPointed

MandibleMandible Larger, strongerLarger, stronger Smaller, weakerSmaller, weaker

ForeheadForehead SlopingSloping UprightUpright

Brow Brow ridgeridge

ProjectingProjecting SmoothSmooth

EOPEOP Crest or spine Crest or spine likelike

Smooth formSmooth form

MethodsMethods Determination of raceDetermination of race

CaucasoidCaucasoid NegroidNegroid MongoloidMongoloid

Longer and more Longer and more narrow nasal narrow nasal openingopening

Widest and Widest and shortest nasal shortest nasal openingopening

Nasal opening Nasal opening between Caucasoid between Caucasoid and Negroidand Negroid

Flattened face but Flattened face but zygomatic bones zygomatic bones slant backslant back

Projection of lower Projection of lower faceface

Flattened face with Flattened face with projecting projecting zygomatic boneszygomatic bones

Broad, flat nasal Broad, flat nasal bridgebridge

Short cranial vaultShort cranial vault

MethodsMethods Creating prosthetic eye Creating prosthetic eye

DiameterDiameter 24-25mm24-25mm

ColorColor HazelHazel

IrisIris 12mm12mm

MethodsMethods Depth markers Depth markers

MeasurementMeasurement

MidlineMidline

Normal Normal

Male (mm)Male (mm)

SupraglabellaSupraglabella 4.254.25GlabellaGlabella 5.255.25NasionNasion 6.506.50End of nasalsEnd of nasals 3.003.00Mid-philtrumMid-philtrum 10.0010.00Upper lip marginUpper lip margin 9.759.75Lower lip marginLower lip margin 11.0011.00Chin-lip foldChin-lip fold 10.7510.75Mental eminenceMental eminence 11.2511.25Beneath chinBeneath chin 7.257.25

MethodsMethods Depth markers Depth markers

MeasurementMeasurement

BilateralBilateral

Normal Normal

Male (mm)Male (mm)

Frontal eminenceFrontal eminence 4.254.25SupraorbitalSupraorbital 8.258.25SuborbitalSuborbital 5.755.75Inferior malarInferior malar 13.2513.25Lateral orbitLateral orbit 10.0010.00Zygomatic archZygomatic arch 7.257.25SupraglenoidSupraglenoid 8.508.50GonionGonion 11.5011.50Supra 2Supra 2ndnd molar molar 19.5019.50Occlusal lineOcclusal line 18.2518.25Sub 2Sub 2ndnd molar molar 16.0016.00

MethodsMethods Setting prosthetic eye Setting prosthetic eye

Center eye frontallyCenter eye frontally

Projecting even with Projecting even with top and bottom of top and bottom of orbitorbit

Secured by claySecured by clay

Fatty pad behind eye Fatty pad behind eye deteriorates with agedeteriorates with age

MethodsMethods Connecting tissue depth markers Connecting tissue depth markers

Fill in by strips to Fill in by strips to almost cover depth almost cover depth markersmarkers

No clay is placed on No clay is placed on midline points midline points 3,4,5,6,7, and 83,4,5,6,7, and 8

No clay is placed on No clay is placed on bilateral points 13 and bilateral points 13 and 1515

MethodsMethods Developing the mouth Developing the mouth

Closed mouth easiest Closed mouth easiest

Vertical thickness of Vertical thickness of mouth is upper CEJ mouth is upper CEJ to lower CEJ to lower CEJ (cement (cement enamel junction)enamel junction)

Width is pre-molar to Width is pre-molar to pre-molarpre-molar

Artistic development Artistic development of parting line and of parting line and philtrumphiltrum

MethodsMethods Developing the nose Developing the nose

Measurement for widthMeasurement for width

NegroidNegroid Nasal aperture + 16mmNasal aperture + 16mm

CaucasoidCaucasoid Nasal aperture + 10mmNasal aperture + 10mm

MongoloidMongoloid Nasal aperture + 13mmNasal aperture + 13mm

• Nasal aperture measured at widest width

MethodsMethods Developing the nose Developing the nose

Projection given by:Projection given by:

Length of bony spine x’s 3Length of bony spine x’s 3

added to depth of marker 5added to depth of marker 5

Shape of nose Shape of nose determined by shape of determined by shape of nasal aperturenasal aperture




ResultsResults



ResultsResults

CaucasianCaucasian

Adult maleAdult male

Age- undeterminedAge- undetermined

ResultsResultsEthnicityEthnicity Population 2003Population 2003 % Population% Population

CaucasianCaucasian 234,196,357234,196,357 80.580.5

African AmericanAfrican American 37,098,94637,098,946 12.812.8

American Indian/ InuitAmerican Indian/ Inuit 2,786,6522,786,652 1.01.0

AsianAsian 11,924,91211,924,912 4.14.1

Pacific Islander/ HawaiianPacific Islander/ Hawaiian 495,335495,335 0.20.2

Hispanic/ LatinoHispanic/ Latino 39,898,88939,898,889 13.713.7

Two or more racesTwo or more races 4,307,5754,307,575 1.51.5

• 4.1% of children are biracial (U.S. Census 1990) -number expected to increase• 2,000,000 multiracial children in married-couple households

ResultsResults Negroid and mixed population studyNegroid and mixed population study

Facial tissue for Facial tissue for negroids is thicker in the negroids is thicker in the upper and lower parts of upper and lower parts of the face- Lower lip, the face- Lower lip, frontal eminence, and frontal eminence, and cheek areacheek areaNegroid female tissue Negroid female tissue depths were thicker in depths were thicker in the lower lip, mental the lower lip, mental eminence, frontal eminence, frontal eminence, lateral orbital eminence, lateral orbital margin, supra glenoid, margin, supra glenoid, and cheek areaand cheek area

ResultsResults Caucasoid and mixed population studyCaucasoid and mixed population study

Tissues thickness of the Tissues thickness of the males of the mixed group males of the mixed group was greater in the mid was greater in the mid philtrum, upper lip, and philtrum, upper lip, and gonial areas,gonial areas,

Tissue thickness of Tissue thickness of caucasoid males was caucasoid males was thicker in the nasion, thicker in the nasion, mental eminence, supra mental eminence, supra orbital, lateral orbital, and orbital, lateral orbital, and cheek regionscheek regions




ResultsResults




Negroid males and females have thicker soft Negroid males and females have thicker soft tissue compared to the mixed race populationtissue compared to the mixed race population

The mixed race population had considerable The mixed race population had considerable differences compared to the caucasoid differences compared to the caucasoid populationspopulations

The mixed race group is unique and The mixed race group is unique and measurements should not be considered an measurements should not be considered an average between caucasoid and negroid average between caucasoid and negroid populationspopulations


Argued that reconstruction is not meant to Argued that reconstruction is not meant to make exact portraitmake exact portrait

Many variables that can influence the rate Many variables that can influence the rate of identificationof identification

Too much of an artistic influence can Too much of an artistic influence can change resultschange results


Increase in biracial individuals means an Increase in biracial individuals means an inability to apply tissue depths to inability to apply tissue depths to reconstructionsreconstructions

Not ethical to use insufficient informationNot ethical to use insufficient information

Caucasian becoming less definedCaucasian becoming less defined

Easier when clues are left at the sceneEasier when clues are left at the scene

Facial reproduction still widely used by law Facial reproduction still widely used by law enforcement agencies- including FBIenforcement agencies- including FBI


http://www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/fsc/backissu/oct2000/ubelaker.htm




ResultsResults




More studies need to be conducted on More studies need to be conducted on biracial populationsbiracial populations

Anatomical method new method of Anatomical method new method of choice?choice?

Other options of facial reproductionOther options of facial reproduction

-computerized methods-computerized methods

facial reconstruction anatomical method vs. tissue depth method rebecca tokodi

Documents

tissue depth methodsame

tissue depth markersfill

depth markers soft tissue

depth markersno clay

fatty tissue rebuiltexpertise

midline pointssoft tissue

bilateral points

clayfatty pad